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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11454 ***
+
+A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841
+
+BY JOSEPH STURGE
+
+1842
+
+BOSTON: DEXTER S. KING, NO. 1 CORNHILL.
+  "'Tis liberty alone that gives the flower
+  Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;
+  And we are weeds without it. All constraint,
+  Except what wisdom lays on evil men,
+  Is evil; hurts the faculties, impedes
+  Their progress in the road of science; blinds
+  The eyesight of discovery; and begets,
+  In those that suffer it, a sordid mind."
+
+
+COWPER.
+
+
+
+
+
+    Preface to the American Edition
+
+    Preface to the English Edition
+
+    A Visit, &c.
+
+    General Observations
+
+    Appendix A: ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+    Appendix B: EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO
+
+    Appendix C: Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of
+    Friends, &c.
+
+    Appendix D: ELISHA TYSON.
+
+    Appendix E: THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES"
+
+    Appendix F: Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY
+
+    Appendix G: OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.
+
+    Appendix H: LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.
+
+    Appendix I: GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.
+
+    Appendix K: The Society of Friends in America and the
+    Colonization Society
+
+    Appendix L: Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to
+    the Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.
+
+
+Within a few years past, several of our visitors from the other side of
+the Atlantic, have published their views of our country and her
+institutions. Basil Hall, Hamilton and others, in their attempts to
+describe the working of the democratic principle in the United States,
+have been unfavorably influenced by their opposite political
+predilections. On the other hand, Miss Martineau, who has strong
+republican sympathies, has not, at all times, been sufficiently careful
+and discriminating in the facts and details of her spirited and
+agreeable narrative.
+
+The volume of Mr. Sturge, herewith presented, is unlike any of its
+predecessors. Its author makes no literary pretensions. His style, like
+his garb, is of the plainest kind; shorn of every thing like ornament,
+it has yet a truthful, earnest simplicity, as rare as it is beautiful.
+The reader will look in vain for those glowing descriptions of American
+scenery, and graphic delineations of the peculiarities of the American
+character with which other travellers have endeavored to enliven and
+diversify their journals. Coming among us on an errand of peace and good
+will--with a heart oppressed and burdened by the woes of suffering
+humanity--he had no leisure for curious observations of men and manners,
+nor even for the gratification of a simple and unperverted taste for the
+beautiful in outward nature. His errand led him to the slave-jail of the
+negro-trafficker--the abodes of the despised and persecuted colored
+man--the close walls of prisons. His narrative, like his own character,
+is calm, clear, simple; its single and manifest aim, _to do good_.
+
+Although this volume is mainly devoted to the subject of emancipation,
+and to his intercourse with the religious Society of which he is a
+member, yet the friends of peace, of legal reform, and of republican
+institutions, will derive gratification from its perusal. The liberal
+spirit of Christian philanthropy breathes through it. The author's deep
+and settled detestation of our slavery, and of the hypocrisy which
+sustains and justifies it, does not render him blind to the beauty of
+the republican principle of popular control, nor repress in any degree
+his pleasure in recording its beneficent practical fruits in the free
+States.
+
+The labors of Mr. Sturge in the cause of emancipation have given him the
+appellation of the "Howard of our days." The author of the popular
+"History of Slavery," page 600, thus notices his arduous personal
+investigations of the state of things in the West India Islands, under
+the apprenticeship system. "The idea originated with Joseph Sturge, of
+Birmingham, a member of that religious body, the FRIENDS, who have ever
+stood pre-eminent in noiseless but indefatigable exertions in the cause
+of the negro; and who seem to possess a more thorough practical
+understanding than is generally possessed by statesmen and politicians,
+of the axiom that the shortest communication between two given points,
+is a straight line. While others were speculating, and hoping that the
+worst reports from the West Indies might not be true, and that the evils
+would work their own cure, this generous and heroic philanthropist,
+resolved to go himself and ascertain the facts and the remedy required."
+On his return, Mr. Sturge, with his companion, Thomas Harvey, published
+a full account of their investigations into the working of the
+apprenticeship system; and his testimony before the Parliamentary
+Committee, occupied seven days. His disclosures sealed the fate of the
+apprenticeship system. Such a demonstration of popular sentiment was
+called forth against it, that the Colonies, one after another, felt
+themselves under the necessity of abandoning it for unconditional
+emancipation. It was a remark of Brougham, in the House of Lords, that
+the abolition of the apprenticeship was the work of one man, and that
+man was Joseph Sturge.
+
+Mr. Sturge's benevolent labors have not been confined to the abolition
+of slavery. He is a prominent member of the Anti-corn Law League. He is
+an active advocate of the cause of universal peace. He has given all his
+influence to the cause of the oppressed and laboring classes of his own
+countrymen: and his name is at this moment, the rallying-word of
+millions, as the author and patron of the "Suffrage Declaration," which
+is now in circulation in all parts of the United Kingdom, pledging its
+signers to the great principle of universal suffrage--a full, fair and
+free representation of the people. It was reserved for the untitled
+Quaker of Birmingham to take the lead in the great and good work of
+uniting, for the first time, the middle and the working classes of his
+countrymen, and in so doing, to infuse hope and newness of life into the
+dark dwellings of the English peasant and artisan. The Editor of the
+London Non-Conformist, speaking of this movement of Mr. Sturge, says:
+"The Declaration is put forth by a man, who, perhaps, in a higher degree
+than any other individual, has the confidence of both the middle class
+and the working men. The former can trust to his prudence; the latter
+have faith in his sincerity."
+
+Such is the man, who, prompted by his untiring benevolence, visited our
+shores during the past year. This volume is the brief record of his
+visit, and of the impressions produced upon his mind by our conflicting
+interests and institutions. It is now republished, in the belief that
+the opinions of its author will be received with candor and respect by
+all classes of our citizens, and that they are calculated to make a
+permanent and salutary impression, in favor of the great cause of
+universal freedom.
+
+
+Boston, May, 1842.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.
+
+
+In visiting the United States, the objects which preferred the chief
+claim to my attention were the _universal abolition of slavery_, and
+_the promotion of permanent international peace_. Deeply impressed with
+the conviction that the advancement of these is intimately connected
+with the progress of right views among professing Christians in that
+country, it was my desire not only to inform myself of the actual state
+of feeling and opinion among this important class, but if possible, to
+contribute my mite of encouragement and aid to those who are bearing the
+burden and heat of the day, in an arduous contest, on whose issue the
+alternative of a vast amount of human happiness or misery depends. This
+general outline of my motives included several specific, practical
+objects, which will be found detailed in the ensuing pages.
+
+For obvious reasons, _the abolition of slavery in the United States_ is
+the most prominent topic in my narrative; but I have freely interspersed
+observations on other subjects of interest and importance, as they came
+under consideration. Short notices are introduced of some of the
+prominent abolitionists of America; and, though sensible how imperfectly
+I have done justice to exertions, which, either in degree or kind, have
+scarcely a parallel in the annals of self-denying benevolence, I fear I
+shall occasionally have hurt the feelings of the individuals referred
+to, by what they may deem undeserved or unseasonable praise; yet I trust
+they will pardon the act for the sake of the motive, which is to
+introduce the English anti-slavery reader to a better acquaintance with
+his fellow laborers in the United States. My short stay, and the limited
+extent of my visit, prevented my becoming acquainted with many who are
+equally deserving of notice.
+
+Less than twelve months have elapsed since I embarked on this "visit;"
+and though, with the help of steam by sea and land, an extensive journey
+may now be performed in a comparatively short time, yet, during this
+brief interval, my own engagements would have prevented my placing the
+following narrative so early before the public without assistance. It is
+right to state that a large portion of the work has been prepared for
+the press from a rough transcript of my journal, from my correspondence,
+and other documents, by the friend who accompanied me on a former
+journey to the West Indies, and who then compiled the account of our
+joint labors.
+
+Nearly the whole of the narrative portion of this publication has been
+sent to America, to different individuals who were concerned in, or
+present at the transactions related, and has been returned to me with
+their verification of the facts; so that the reader has the strongest
+guaranty for their accuracy. The inferences and comments I am solely
+responsible for, and I leave them to rest on their own merits.
+
+In undertaking this journey, I was careful not to shackle my individual
+liberty by appearing as the representative of any society, whether
+religious or benevolent; and, on the other hand, none of those friends,
+who kindly furnished me with letters of introduction, are in any way
+responsible for my proceedings in the United States, or for any thing
+which this volume contains.
+
+In conclusion,--should these pages come under the notice of any, who,
+though well wishers to their species, are not yet identified with
+anti-slavery effort, I would entreat such to "come over and help us." If
+they are ambitious of a large and quick return for their outlay of
+money, of time, of labor,--for their painful sympathies and self-denying
+prayers,--where will they find a cause where help is more needed, or
+where it would be rewarded more surely and abundantly? Let them reflect
+on what has been effected, within a few short years, in the British West
+Indies, so recently numbered among "the dark places of the earth, full
+of the habitations of cruelty,"--but now scenes of light, gladness, and
+prosperity, temporal and spiritual. To show what remains to be
+accomplished for the universal abolition of slavery--a field in which
+the laborers are few indeed, in proportion to its extent--I may be
+allowed to quote the following comprehensive statement, from the preface
+to one of the most important volumes that ever issued from the press on
+the subject of slavery:[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "Proceedings of the London Anti-Slavery Convention."]
+
+
+    "The extent of these giant evils may be gathered from a brief
+    statement of facts. In the United States of America, the slave
+    population is estimated to be 2,750,000; in Brazil, 2,500,000;
+    in the Spanish Colonies, 600,000; in the French Colonies,
+    265,000; in the Dutch Colonies, 70,000; in the Danish and
+    Swedish Colonies, 30,000; and in Texas, 25,000; besides those
+    held in bondage by Great Britain, in the East Indies, and the
+    British Settlements of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang; and by
+    France, Holland, and Portugal, in various parts of Asia and
+    Africa; amounting in all to several millions more; and exclusive
+    also of those held in bondage by the native powers of the East,
+    and other parts of the world, of whose number it is impossible
+    to form a correct estimate.
+
+    "To supply the slave-markets of the Western world, 120,000
+    native Africans are, on the most moderate calculation, annually
+    required; whilst the slave-markets of the East require 50,000
+    more. In procuring these victims of a guilty traffic, to be
+    devoted to the rigors of perpetual slavery, it is computed that
+    280,000 perish in addition, and under circumstances the most
+    revolting and afflicting.
+
+    "But this is not all. In the Southern section of the United
+    States, and in British India, a vast internal slave-trade is
+    carried on, second only in horror and extent to that which has
+    so long desolated and degraded Africa.
+
+    "These facts exhibit, also, the magnitude of the responsibility
+    which devolves upon abolitionists; in view of it they may well
+    be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all sectarian motive, all
+    party feeling: 'Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace,
+    good will to man,' is their aim: consistently with the blessed
+    character of this gospel anthem, they recognize no means as
+    allowable for them, in the prosecution of their holy enterprise,
+    than those which are of a moral, religious, and pacific nature;
+    in the diligent use of these means, and trusting in God, they
+    cherish the hope that, under His blessing, they may be permitted
+    to accomplish the great work to which they are devoted; and thus
+    be made instrumental in advancing the sacred cause of freedom,
+    and its attendant blessings, civilization and religion,
+    throughout the earth."
+
+    J.S.
+
+    Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Second Month, 1st, 1842.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT, &c.
+
+I embarked at Portsmouth, on board the British Queen steam packet,
+commanded by Captain Franklin, on the 10th of the 3d Month, (March,)
+1841. During the first two or three days, the weather was unusually fine
+for the season of the year, and gave us the prospect of a quick and
+prosperous voyage. The passengers, about seventy in number, were of
+various nations, including English, French, German and American.
+
+The very objectionable custom of supplying the passengers with
+intoxicating liquors without limit and without any additional charge,
+thus compelling the temperate or abstinent passenger to contribute to
+the expenses of the intemperate, was done away. Each individual paid for
+the wine and spirits he called for, a circumstance which greatly
+promoted sobriety in the ship; but I am sorry to say three or four, and
+these my own countrymen, were not unfrequently in a state of
+intoxication. On one occasion, after dinner, one of these addressed an
+intelligent black steward, who was waiting, by the contemptuous
+designation of "blackey;" the man replied to him in this manner:--"My
+name is Robert; when you want any thing from me please to address me by
+my name; there is no gentleman on board who would have addressed me as
+you have done; we are all the same flesh and blood; I did not make
+myself; God made me." This severe and public rebuke commended itself to
+every man's conscience, and my countryman obtained no sympathy even from
+the most prejudiced slaveholder on board. Several of my fellow
+passengers stood in this relation; and I found I could freely converse
+with a native American slaveholder not only with less risk of giving
+offence, but that he was more ready to admit the inherent evils of
+slavery than the Europeans who had become inured to the system by
+residence in the Southern States of America, or than the American
+merchants residing in the Northern cities, whose participation in the
+commerce of the Slave States had imbued them with pro-slavery views and
+feelings. One of them, a French merchant of New Orleans, went so far as
+to assure me, that in his opinion it would be as reasonable to class the
+negroes with monkeys, as to place them on an equality with the whites.
+
+On the nights of the 14th and 15th the Aurora Borealis was very
+beautiful and vivid, which is said to be, in these latitudes, an
+indication of stormy weather. Accordingly on the 16th the weather became
+less favorable, with an increased swell in the sea, wind more ahead, and
+occasional squalls. On the night of the 18th we encountered one of the
+most awful hurricanes ever witnessed by the oldest sailor on board; and
+from this date to the 24th inst. we experienced a succession of storms
+of indescribable violence and severity, which at some intervals caused
+great and I believe very just alarm for the safety of the ship. The
+President steamer, coming in the opposite direction, is known to have
+encountered the same weather, and was doubtless lost, not having since
+been heard of. Our escape, under Divine Providence, must be attributed
+to the great strength of the vessel, which had been thoroughly repaired
+since her last voyage, and to the skill and indefatigable attention of
+the Captain. On the 25th the wind abated, and the greater number of the
+floats or propelling boards of the paddle wheels having been carried
+away, and our stock of coals very much reduced, the Captain decided to
+make for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where we arrived on the evening of the
+30th. After a stay of twenty-four hours, for repairs and supplies, we
+again left for New York, where we arrived safely on the night of 4th
+Month, (April,) 3d.
+
+The following day, being the first of the week, I landed about the time
+of the gathering of the different congregations, and inquired my way to
+the meeting of the orthodox section of the Society of Friends, and
+afterwards took up my abode at the Carlton Hotel. Here I met, for the
+first time, my friend J.G. Whittier, whom I had been anxious to
+associate with myself in my future movements, and who kindly consented
+to be my companion as far as his health would permit. The next morning,
+on returning to the vessel to get my luggage passed, a custom-house
+officer manifested his disapproval of my character and objects as an
+abolitionist, by giving me much unnecessary trouble, and by being the
+means of my paying duty on a small machine for copying letters for my
+own private use, and other articles which I believe are usually passed
+free. Ordinarily at this port, the luggage of respectable passengers is
+passed with little examination, on an assurance that it comprises no
+merchandise. This was almost the only instance of discourteous treatment
+I met with in the United States. We remained in New York from the 4th to
+the 10th of this month, which time was occupied in visiting different
+friends of the anti-slavery cause, and in receiving calls at our hotel.
+
+I had much pleasure and satisfaction in my intercourse here with several
+individuals distinguished in the anti-slavery cause, some of whom I had
+met in 1837, during a short visit to New York on my way from the West
+Indies. Among these, ought particularly to be mentioned the brothers
+Arthur and Lewis Tappan. The former was elected president of the
+American Anti-Slavery Society on its formation, and remained at its head
+until the division which took place last year, when he became president
+of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. His name is not more a
+byeword of reproach, than a watchword of alarm throughout the slave
+states; and the slave holders have repeatedly set a high price upon his
+head by advertisement in the public papers. In the just estimation of
+the pro-slavery party, Arthur Tappan is abolition personified; and truly
+the cause needs not to be ashamed of its representative, for a more
+deservedly honored and estimable character it would be difficult to
+find. In personal deportment he is unobtrusive and silent; his sterling
+qualities are veiled by reserve, and are in themselves such as make the
+least show--clearness and judgment, prudence and great decision. He is
+the head of an extensive mercantile establishment, and the high
+estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens, notwithstanding
+the unpopularity of his views on slavery, is the result of a long and
+undeviating career of public spirit and private integrity, and of an
+uninterrupted succession of acts of benevolence. During a series of
+years of commercial prosperity, his revenues were distributed with an
+unsparing hand through the various channels which promised benefit to
+his fellow creatures; and in this respect, his gifts, large and frequent
+though they were, were probably exceeded in usefulness by the influence
+of his example as a man and a Christian.
+
+His brother Lewis, with the same noble and disinterested spirit in the
+application of his pecuniary resources, possesses the rare faculty of
+incessant labor; which, when combined, as in his case, with great
+intellectual and physical capacity, eminently qualifies for a leading
+position in society. He unites in a remarkable degree, the apparently
+incompatible qualities of versatility and concentration; and his
+admirable endowments have been applied in the service of the helpless
+and the oppressed with corresponding success. He has been from the
+beginning one of the most active members of the central Anti-Slavery
+Committee in New York, a body that has directed the aggressive
+operations against slavery, on a national scale, with a display of
+resources, and an untiring and resolute vigor, that have attracted the
+admiration of all, who, sympathizing in their object, have had the
+privilege of watching their proceedings. Of those who have impressed the
+likeness of their own character on these proceedings, Lewis Tappan is
+one of the chief; and he has shared with his brother the most virulent
+attacks from the pro-slavery party. Some years ago he had the ear of a
+negro sent to him by post, in an insulting anonymous letter. During the
+past year, though marked by a severe domestic affliction, in addition to
+his engagements as a merchant, in partnership with his brother Arthur,
+and his various public and private duties as a man and as a citizen, in
+the performance of which I believe he is punctual and exemplary, he has
+edited, almost without assistance, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+Reporter, and has also been one of the most active members of a
+committee of benevolent individuals formed to watch over the interest of
+the Amistad captives. Besides superintending the maintenance, education,
+and other interests of these Africans, it was necessary to defend their
+cause against the whole power of the United States' Government, to raise
+funds for these objects, to interest foreign Governments in their
+welfare, and more than all, to keep them constantly before the public,
+not only for their own sakes, but that a portion of the sympathy and
+right feeling which was elicited in their favor might be reflected
+towards the native slave population of the country, whose claim to
+freedom rests upon the same ground of natural and indefeasible right.
+With what success this interesting cause has been prosecuted is well
+expressed in a single sentence by a valued transatlantic correspondent
+of mine, who, writing at the most critical period of the controversy,
+says:--"We, or rather Lewis Tappan, has made the whole nation look the
+captives in the face."
+
+Joshua Leavitt, proprietor and editor of the New York Emancipator, a
+large weekly abolition newspaper, and secretary of the American and
+Foreign Anti-slavery Society, is another remarkable man, clear and sound
+in judgment, and efficient in action. He is justly regarded by American
+abolitionists as one of their ablest supporters.
+
+La Roy Sunderland, member of the Executive Committee, and editor of
+"Zion's Watchman," a Methodist, religious, and anti-slavery newspaper,
+with his slight figure, dark intellectual face, and earnest manner, is
+pointed out to the anti-slavery visitor from the Old World as the most
+prominent advocate of emancipation among the Wesleyans. His boldness and
+faithfulness have combined against him the leading influences of his
+denomination, but notwithstanding he has been several times tried by
+ecclesiastical councils, they have always failed to substantiate the
+charges against him, and his vindication has been complete.
+
+Theodore S. Wright, member of the committee, is a colored presbyterian
+preacher in this city--an amiable man, much and deservedly respected.
+
+All the above mentioned individuals, who have from an early period been
+among the most zealous and laborious members of the anti-slavery
+committee, found themselves placed by the events of last year in the
+position of seceders from the American Anti-Slavery Society, though
+their opinions had undergone no change. They now belong to the American
+and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, or as it is technically called the
+"new organization," a distinction which will be afterwards explained.
+
+James M'Cune Smith, a young colored physician, I had known in England,
+where he studied for his profession, having been shut out of the
+colleges of his own country by the prejudice against his complexion.
+Notwithstanding this prejudice he is now practising, I understand, with
+success, and has fair prospects.
+
+I had a pleasant interview with Isaac T. Hopper, whom also I had met in
+1837. He belongs to the American Anti-Slavery Society, or "old
+organization," and has been a zealous and fearless abolitionist for half
+a century. He has been recently disowned by the "Hicksite Friends" for
+his connection with the newspaper called the "National Anti-Slavery
+Standard."
+
+Early on the morning of the 10th, we left for Burlington by railroad,
+where we were most kindly received by our venerable friends Stephen
+Grellett and his wife. On the following day, we took tea with John Cox,
+residing about three miles from Burlington, at a place called Oxmead,
+where formerly that eminent minister of the Society of Friends, George
+Dillwin, resided. J.C. is now in his eighty-seventh year, enjoying a
+green and cheerful old age, and feeling all the interest of his youth in
+the anti-slavery cause. It was cheering and animating to witness the
+serene spirit of this venerable man, and deeply were we interested in
+the reminiscences of his youth. He well remembered John Woolman, whose
+former residence, Mount Holly, is within a few miles of Oxmead, and of
+whom he related various particulars characteristic of the simplicity,
+humanity, and great circumspection of his life and conversation. When
+John Woolman first brought the subject of slavery before the yearly
+meeting of the Society of Friends at Philadelphia, at a time when its
+members were deeply implicated both in slave-holding and in
+slave-dealing, he stood almost alone in his anti-slavery testimony,
+which he expressed in few and appropriate words. Some severe remarks
+were made by others in reply, on this and on successive similar
+occasions, when he introduced the subject, but such treatment provoked
+no rejoinder from John Woolman, who would quietly resume his seat and
+weep in silent submission.
+
+He was not deterred by this discouraging reception from again and again
+bringing the subject before the next Yearly Meeting, and finally his
+unwearied efforts, always prosecuted in the "meekness of wisdom,"
+resulted in the Society of Friends entirely wiping away the reproach of
+this abomination.
+
+The great qualification of John Woolman for pleading the cause of the
+oppressed was the same which has been ascribed with equal truth and
+beauty to his contemporary and co-worker, Anthony Benezet: "a peculiar
+capacity for being profoundly sensible of their wrongs." The biographer
+of the latter has described another occurrence in the Philadelphia
+Yearly Meeting at a subsequent stage of this momentous controversy,
+which may prove an interesting counterpart to the foregoing relation.
+
+"On one occasion during the annual convention of the Society at
+Philadelphia, when that body was engaged on the subject of slavery, as
+it related to its own members, some of whom had not wholly relinquished
+the practice of keeping negroes in bondage, a difference of sentiment
+arose as to the course which ought to be pursued. For a moment it
+appeared doubtful which opinion would preponderate. At this critical
+juncture Benezet left his seat, which was in an obscure part of the
+house, and presented himself weeping at an elevated door in the presence
+of the whole congregation, whom he thus addressed--'Ethiopia shall soon
+stretch out her hands unto God.' He said no more: under the solemn
+impression which succeeded this emphatic quotation, the proposed measure
+received the united sanction of the assembly."[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Life of Anthony Benezet, by Roberts Vaux.]
+
+Even the passing observer is aware how closely the Society of Friends is
+identified with the anti-slavery cause, and if such an one were to make
+this fact the subject of historical investigation, he would probably
+find it one of considerable interest.--He would learn that some years
+before the call of Thomas Clarkson in his early manhood, by a series of
+distinct and remarkable Providences, into this field of labor, this
+Society in America had been pervaded by a noiseless agitation on the
+subject of slavery, which resulted in the abandonment of the
+slave-trade, in the liberation of their slaves, and in the adoption of a
+rule of discipline excluding slaveholders from religious fellowship; so
+that for many years past, the sins in question have been not so much as
+to be named among them, or the possibility of their commission hinted
+at, by any one bearing the name and professing the principles of a
+"Friend." The change described, was effected, not by "pressure from
+without," but by the constraining influence of the love of Christ. The
+chief instruments in the hands of Divine Providence in bringing about so
+remarkable a reformation, were John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, of whom
+the former was the earlier in the field and broke up the fallow ground,
+under circumstances of the greatest discouragement, of which the
+instance above related is an example.
+
+The life of this ever-memorable man was a pattern of apostolic
+Christianity--pure, patient, self-denying, meek. Love was the element he
+breathed. His heart not only yearned towards the oppressed of the human
+family, but his compassion extended to the brute creation, under whose
+sufferings in the service of man, to use his own expression, "creation
+at this day doth loudly groan." Though dependent on his own labor for a
+livelihood, he was careful in a most exemplary degree, "not to entangle
+himself with affairs of this life, that he might please Him who had
+called him to be a soldier;" and the reader of his life will find that
+this unworldly man took similar pains to avoid wealth, which others do
+to acquire it. Perhaps I may be excused for dwelling a moment on this
+theme, when I state that one of the latest public acts of my beloved and
+lamented father-in-law, James Cropper, was to cause John Woolman's
+auto-biography and writings to be re-edited, and a large and cheap
+edition to be struck off, which has appeared since his decease.[A] This
+work is well known to the Society of Friends, but should any other
+reader be induced by these desultory remarks to peruse it, he will find
+himself richly repaid. In the picturesque simplicity of its style,
+refined literary taste has found an inimitable charm,[B] but the
+spiritually minded reader will discover beauties of a far higher order.
+
+[Footnote A: A Journal of the Life, Gospel Labors, and Christian
+Experience, &c. &c. of John Woolman. Warrington, Thomas Hurst.]
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Charles Lamb's Works.]
+
+Taking leave for the present of our venerable friends at Oxmead and
+Burlington, we proceeded on the 12th to Philadelphia, where we remained
+several days, at the Union Hotel. During this brief stay, we received
+visits from a large number of the friends of the anti-slavery cause, and
+made some calls in return. Among others, I had the pleasure of seeing
+James Forten, an aged and opulent man of color, whose long career has
+been marked by the display of capacity and energy of no common kind. The
+history of his life is interesting and instructive, affording a
+practical demonstration of the absurdity, as well as injustice, of that
+prejudice which would stamp the mark of intellectual inferiority on his
+complexion and race.
+
+I returned to New York on the 15th, in company with several anti-slavery
+friends. One of these, Dr. Bartholomew Fussell, resided on the borders
+of the State of Maryland, and had afforded relief and aid to many
+negroes escaping from slavery. He had kept no account of the number thus
+assisted till last year, when there were thirty-four, being fewer he
+thought than the average of several years preceding. The same individual
+related some interesting particulars of the late Elisha Tyson, of
+Baltimore, an abolitionist of the old school, who had rescued many
+negroes from illegal bondage. Dr. Fussell was an eye witness of the
+following occurrence: A poor woman had been seized by the agents of
+Woolfolk, the notorious Maryland slave dealer, and was carried along the
+street in which Elisha Tyson lived. When they arrived opposite his
+house, she demanded to see "Father Tyson." A crowd collected about the
+party, and she so far moved their pity, that they insisted that her wish
+should be complied with. One of the men hereupon went to inform his
+employer, who galloped off, pistol in hand, and found Elisha Tyson
+standing at his own door. Woolfolk with an oath declared he would "send
+him to hell for interfering with his _property_." Elisha Tyson coolly
+exposed his breast, telling him that he dared not shoot, and that he
+(Woolfolk) "was in hell already, though he did not know it." An
+investigation followed; the poor woman was proved to be illegally
+detained, and was set at liberty.[A] It is generally allowed that so
+bold and uncompromising an advocate of the negroes' right as Elisha
+Tyson does not now remain in the slave States.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix D for a brief account of this ancient
+philanthropist.]
+
+As the old school of abolitionists has been mentioned, and will
+occasionally be referred to hereafter, the following historical
+statement of its rise and decline, and of the commencement of the
+present abolition movement, will probably be interesting to the
+anti-slavery reader on this side of the Atlantic. It is from the pen of
+my valued coadjutor John G. Whittier.
+
+
+    "The old Anti-Slavery Societies, established about the period of
+    the American Revolution, and of which the late Judge Jay,
+    Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Rush, and other distinguished statesmen
+    were members, were composed mainly of the Religious Society of
+    Friends. These societies were for many years active and
+    energetic in their labors for the slave, and the free people of
+    color; and little, if any, serious opposition was made to their
+    exertions, which indeed seem to have been confined to the
+    particular states in which they were located. They rendered
+    essential service in promoting the gradual abolition of slavery
+    in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.
+
+    "In 1819 commenced the discussion of what is now known as the
+    'Missouri Question.' The Anti-Slavery Societies took ground
+    against the admission into the Union of the territory of
+    Missouri as a slave state. They succeeded in arousing the public
+    attention; and for two sessions the subject was warmly debated
+    in Congress; the slave-holders finally carrying their point by
+    working upon the fears of a few Northern members, by means of
+    that old threat of dissolving the Union, which in the very
+    outset of the Government had extorted from the Convention which
+    framed the Constitution, a clause legalizing the Foreign Slave
+    Trade for twenty years. The admission of Missouri as a slave
+    State was a fatal concession to the South: the abolitionists
+    became disheartened: their societies lingered on a few years
+    longer, and nearly all were extinct previous to 1830. The
+    colonization scheme had in the mean time, in despite of the
+    earnest and almost unanimous rejection of it by the colored
+    people, obtained a strong hold on the public mind, and had
+    especially enlisted the favorable regard of some of the leading
+    influences of the Society of Friends. Here and there over the
+    country, might be found still a faithful laborer, like Elisha
+    Tyson, of Baltimore, Thomas Shipley, of Philadelphia, and Moses
+    Brown, of Rhode Island, holding up the good old testimony
+    against prejudice and oppression in the midst of a wide spread
+    apostacy. I should mention in this connection, Benjamin Lundy, a
+    member of the Society of Friends, who devoted his whole life to
+    the cause of freedom, travelling on foot thousands of miles,
+    visiting every part of the slave States, Mexico and the Haytian
+    Republic. About the year 1828, he visited Boston, and enlisted
+    the sympathies of William Lloyd Garrison, then a very young man.
+    Not long after, he was joined by the latter as an associate
+    editor of _The Genius of Universal Emancipation_, an
+    anti-slavery paper which he had established at Baltimore. After
+    a residence in Baltimore of about six months, Garrison was
+    thrown into prison for an alledged libel upon a northern
+    slave-trader, whence he was liberated on the payment of his fine
+    by the benevolent Arthur Tappan. Lundy continued his paper some
+    time longer in Baltimore, where he was subjected to brutal
+    personal violence from the notorious Woolfolk, the great
+    slave-dealer of that city. He afterwards removed it to
+    Philadelphia; and in 1834 made a tour through the South Western
+    States and Texas, in which he encountered great dangers, and
+    suffered extreme hardships from sickness and destitution. This
+    journey was deemed by many an unprofitable and hazardous
+    experiment, but it proved of great importance. He collected an
+    immense amount of facts, developing beforehand the grand
+    slave-holding conspiracy for revolutionizing Texas, and annexing
+    it to the American Union, as a slave territory. These he
+    published to the world on his return; and it has justly been
+    said of him, by John Quincy Adams, that his exertions alone,
+    under Providence, prevented the annexation of Texas to the
+    United States. This bold and single-hearted pioneer died not
+    long since in the State of Illinois, whither he repaired to take
+    the place of the lamented Lovejoy, who was murdered by a mob in
+    that State, in 1837.
+
+    "In 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison commenced, under great difficulties
+    and discouragements, the publication of the _Liberator_, in
+    Boston; and by the energy and earnestness of his appeals, roused
+    the attention of many minds to the subject of slavery. Shortly
+    after, a society was formed in Boston in favor of immediate
+    emancipation. It consisted at first, if I remember right, of
+    only twelve members. Previous to this, however, a society,
+    embracing very similar principles, had been formed in
+    Pennsylvania. In 1833, upwards of sixty delegates from several
+    of the free States, met at Philadelphia; among them were Elizur
+    Wright and Beriah Green, (who had been compelled to give up
+    their Professorships in Western Reserve [Ohio] College, for
+    their attachment to freedom,) Lewis Tappan, William Lloyd
+    Garrison, Charles W. Denison, Arnold Buffum, Amos A. Phelps, and
+    John G. Whittier. This Convention organized the American
+    Anti-Slavery Society, proposing to make use of the common
+    instrumentalities afforded by the Government and laws, for the
+    abolition of slavery; at the same time, disavowing a design to
+    use any other than peaceful and lawful measures."
+
+
+In some of the Southern States there are professing Christian churches
+who permit slave-holding, but disallow the selling of slaves, except
+with their own consent. Dr. Fussell informed me how this fair-seeming
+rule of discipline was frequently evaded. First, a church member wishing
+to turn his negroes into cash, begins by making their yoke heavier, and
+their life a burden. Next they are thrown in the way of decoy slaves,
+belonging to Woolfolk, or some other dealer, who introduce themselves to
+the intended victims, for the purpose of expatiating on the privileges
+enjoyed by the slaves of so indulgent a master as theirs; and thus the
+poor unhappy dupes would be persuaded to go and petition to be sold, and
+so the rule of discipline, above cited, would be _literally_ complied
+with. So great, generally, is the dread of being sold to the South, that
+my informant said the larger number of runaways escape when the price is
+high, as the danger of being sold is then most imminent. The greater
+proportion of those who thus emancipate themselves are domestics, owing
+to their superior intelligence, and their opportunities of ascertaining
+the best mode of escape.
+
+On the 16th, I met the Executive Committee of the American and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society, at their office, No. 128 Fulton street, New York.
+The chair was taken by the President of the Society. The subject under
+discussion was the best time and place of holding another Convention of
+the friends of the anti-slavery cause from all parts of the world. After
+deliberate consideration, the following resolutions were unanimously
+adopted.
+
+_Resolved_,--"That this Committee fully recognise and adopt the
+principles upon which the General Anti-Slavery Convention, held in
+London last year, was convened, and upon which it acted; that we feel
+greatly encouraged by the results of its meetings, and that we would
+strongly recommend our transatlantic friends to summon a second
+Convention in London, at about the same period in 1842; and that in the
+event of their doing so, we will use our best exertions to promote a
+good representation of American abolitionists on the occasion."
+
+_Resolved_,--"That we deeply sympathize with the British and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society, in their noble efforts for the abolition of
+slavery and the slave-trade; that we assure them of our hearty
+co-operation in their well devised plans and energetic labors; and that
+so long as the slave question--in connection with the promotion of the
+rights of the free people of color--and nothing else, is admitted to a
+place in anti-slavery meetings, they may expect the co-operation of all
+true-hearted abolitionists throughout the world, in carrying forward the
+great objects of our associations to a glorious consummation."
+
+I returned to Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 17th, but before
+leaving my hotel in New York, informed one of the proprietors that I
+intended being in that city on the week of the anniversaries of the
+Religious and Benevolent Institutions; that as I took a lively interest
+in the anti-slavery question, it was probable some of my friends among
+the people of color would call upon me, and that if he, or any of his
+southern customers objected to this, I would go elsewhere; he answered
+that he had no objection, and even intimated his belief that public
+opinion was undergoing a favorable change in reference to this
+prejudice. Although I did not arrive in Philadelphia till near midnight,
+I found my kind friends, Samuel Webb and wife waiting to receive me,
+whose hospitable dwelling I made my home, whenever I afterwards lodged
+in this city. Samuel Webb is one of the few on whose shoulders the
+burden of the anti-slavery cause mainly rests in Philadelphia. He is a
+practical man, conversant with business, thoroughly acquainted with the
+anti-slavery subject in all its phases, and a strenuous advocate for
+bringing political influence to bear upon the question. He was one of
+the most active in promoting the erection of Pennsylvania Hall, a
+beautiful edifice designed to be open to the use of the anti-slavery
+societies; which was no sooner so appropriated than it was destroyed by
+a mob in the 5th Month, (May,) 1838. The fire-scathed ruin of this
+building yet stands a conspicuous token that the principles of true
+liberty, though loudly vaunted, are neither understood nor enjoyed in
+this Capital of a _free_ republic. If freedom of thought, of speech, of
+the press, and the right of petition had been _realities_ in
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall would have been yet standing. Samuel
+Webb has since taken the chief labor of an appeal to the legal tribunals
+for compensation for this infamous destruction of property, and a jury
+have at length awarded damages, though to a very inadequate amount.
+
+During the ensuing week I was chiefly occupied in attending the
+Philadelphia Friends' Yearly Meeting. In the intervals of the sittings,
+I had many opportunities of meeting "Friends" from whom I received much
+kindness, and many more invitations than it was possible for me to
+accept.
+
+There are many "Friends" of this city who take a deep interest in the
+anti-slavery cause; among whom I may mention Thomas Wistar, an aged and
+influential individual, who, like his venerable contemporary, John Cox,
+has been an abolitionist from his youth up, and a member of the original
+society; and one who has been accustomed to bear his testimony on behalf
+of the oppressed, on suitable occasions, in the presence of his brethren
+in religious fellowship, and whose communications of this kind, are
+always weighty, solemn, and impressive. Dr. Caspar Wistar, son of Thomas
+Wistar, is a warm hearted, active abolitionist, a liberal contributor of
+his pecuniary means, and deeply solicitous that "Friends" in the United
+States should be induced to engage earnestly in the cause of
+emancipation. Edward Needles, a kind and open hearted man, a native of
+Maryland, and President of the "old Abolition Society," is a devoted
+friend to the anti-slavery cause.
+
+The subject of slavery was introduced in the Yearly Meeting by the
+reading of certain minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings, from which it
+appeared that meeting, (the executive Committee of the Society,) had
+taken up the question of the foreign slave-trade, but had not yet
+entertained the consideration of the slavery and internal slave-trade of
+their own country. On the subject of the latter, a very faithful minute
+from the Meeting for Sufferings in London was received and read.
+
+As this term will sometimes occur in the ensuing pages, it may be
+necessary to state for the information of the general reader, that the
+Society of Friends is distributed into various "Yearly Meetings," of
+which there are several on the Continent of North America. Within the
+compass of each an annual assembly is held to regulate all the affairs
+and discipline of that section of the body. There is also in each Yearly
+Meeting a permanent committee called the "Meeting for Sufferings" for
+administering the affairs of the Societies, in the intervals of its
+annual assemblies. The technical name of this committee is an expressive
+memorial of those times of trial, when its chief employment was to
+record "sufferings" and persecutions, and to afford such succor and
+alleviation as circumstances admitted.
+
+An address from the Yearly Meeting of London on slavery was also
+read,[A] which was followed by observations from several, which evinced
+great exercise of mind on the subject. Three thousand copies of it were
+ordered to be printed for distribution among Friends of Pennsylvania,
+and the whole subject of slavery and the slave-trade was referred to
+their Meeting for Sufferings, with a recommendation that an account
+should be drawn up and printed of the former abolition of slavery within
+the limits of the Society of Friends. I need hardly state how much these
+measures were in unison with my own feelings, and that I heartily
+rejoiced at signs of an awakening zeal in my American brethren. Let them
+but ask for the ancient ways, and follow in the footsteps of their
+predecessors, whose memorials are their precious inheritance, and once
+more shall they be made a blessing to mankind, and messengers of mercy
+and deliverance to the oppressed.[B]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix A.]
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Appendix B.]
+
+It will be interesting to some of my English readers to be informed,
+that both the sale and use of spirituous liquors come within the scope
+of discipline among "Friends" in America. In this Yearly Meeting it is
+required that the subordinate meetings should report the number of their
+members, who continue to sell, use, or give ardent spirits. If I
+remember rightly the number of cases reported was fifty-nine. At present
+the moderate use of spirits subjects to admonition, but it was discussed
+at this time whether the rule of discipline should not be rendered more
+stringent, and this practice made a disownable offence. Finally it was
+resolved to make no alteration at present, but to recommend the local
+meetings of Friends to use further labor in the line of reproof and
+persuasion. I am informed that some of the American Yearly Meetings of
+Friends go still farther on this subject. It will scarcely be questioned
+that public sentiment both in the United States, and in England,
+condemns even the moderate use of ardent spirits as a beverage, though
+some difference of opinion will exist as to the propriety of a religious
+society making it a cause of disownment or exclusion. In this case of
+the Philadelphia Meeting, however, it may be remarked, that in a
+community of many thousand members, the practice may be regarded as
+almost eradicated by the milder methods of persuasion. It is a fact
+deserving of notice, that the same worthies of the last century,
+Woolman, Benezet, and others, who raised the standard of anti-slavery
+testimony, also by the same process of independent thinking, and
+single-minded, unhesitating obedience to convictions of duty,
+anticipated the verdict of public opinion on this subject. Woolman found
+that even the most moderate use of ardent spirits, was unfavorable to
+that calm religious meditation, which was the habit of his mind, and has
+left his views on record in various characteristic passages. I shall
+also, I trust, be excused for introducing the following anecdote of two
+of his contemporaries.
+
+"Jacob Lindley, to adopt his own designation of himself was a
+'stripling' when he attended a Yearly Meeting of Friends held at
+Philadelphia; his mind had been for some time much afflicted with an
+observation of the pernicious effects of spirituous liquors, and he was
+anxious that the religious society to which he belonged, should cease to
+use, and prevent any of its members from being instrumental in
+manufacturing or vending them. He therefore rose and developed his
+feelings to the assembly, in the energetic and pathetic manner for which
+he was peculiarly remarkable. When the meeting adjourned, he observed a
+stranger pressing through the crowd towards him, who took him by the
+hand in the most affectionate manner, and said, 'My dear young friend, I
+was very glad to hear thy voice on the subject of spirituous liquors; I
+have much unity with thy concern, and hope that no discouragement may
+have been received from its not being farther noticed; and now I want
+thee to go home, and take dinner with me, having something farther to
+say to thee on the subject.' Lindley accepted the invitation, and after
+they had dined, Benezet introduced his young guest into a little room
+used as a study, where he produced a manuscript work on the subject of
+spirituous liquors, in an unfinished state; he opened the book and laid
+it on a table before them, saying, 'This is a treatise which I have been
+for some time engaged in writing, on the subject of thy concern in
+meeting to-day; and now if thou hast a mind to sit down, and write a
+paragraph or two, I will embody it in the work, and have it
+published.'"[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Life of Anthony Benezet, p. 107-109.]
+
+These eminent men, John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, had much in common;
+yet their characters were as unlike as opposite temperaments, and as
+alike as similarity of views, could make them. So marked was their
+coincidence of sentiment in opposition to the prevailing opinions and
+practices of that day, that it might be surmised one was a disciple of
+the other, yet there is no reason to suppose such was the case. Each had
+the single eye; both learned in the same school, and sat at the feet of
+the same Divine Master. It is an interesting fact that on the subject
+last noticed, their labors should have been comparatively fruitless, and
+for a long interval almost forgotten, while their views on slavery
+rapidly spread, and produced extensive and permanent results. Does not
+this illustrate the lesson long ago taught by a great master of wisdom:
+"In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thy hand;
+for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or
+whether they shall both be alike good." May we not infer from this, that
+even those labors, rightly undertaken, which do not immediately prosper,
+are yet owned and accepted in the Divine sight?
+
+To return from this digression to our attendance of the Yearly Meeting
+in Philadelphia: one interesting part of the business was the annual
+report on education; from which it appeared, that the whole number of
+children, of an age for education, within the compass of this Yearly
+Meeting, was eighteen hundred and fourteen, and of these ninety-eight
+were temporarily absent, though most of them had been receiving
+instruction during part of the year.
+
+I was also deeply interested in the statements made relative to the
+wicked expatriation of the Indians living within this Yearly Meeting's
+limits, by the United States Government, from lands which had been
+secured to them by treaty in the most solemn manner, to the Western
+wilderness, under plea of a fraudulently obtained cession of their
+lands, by a few of their number. What greatly aggravates the case is the
+fact, that these Indians were making rapid progress in civilization, and
+from a nation of hunters had generally become an agricultural people.
+Their whole history is a reproach and blot on the American Government,
+and shews either that public and private virtue amongst the people is at
+a low ebb, or that "the wicked bear rule." On behalf of this injured
+people, "Friends" appear to have made strenuous efforts, but have failed
+in producing any decidedly favorable impression on the Government. The
+report on this subject, embodied a very affecting letter from the chiefs
+of this tribe, describing their grief and distress at the prospect of a
+cruel removal from the homes of their ancestors.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix C.]
+
+During this week, my valued friends, John and Maria Candler, arrived
+from Hayti, after a stay of many months in Jamaica. At the close of the
+Yearly Meeting, a meeting was held, and attended by about three hundred
+"Friends," to whom John Candler gave much interesting information,
+detailing the results of emancipation in that Island, from his own
+extensive observations and inquiries. At the request of some individuals
+present I added a few observations at the close, on the principles and
+objects of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
+
+I visited at this time the celebrated Schuylkill waterworks, which are
+beautifully situated on the river of that name. The water is raised to
+large reservoirs, at a higher level than the tops of the houses, by
+pumps worked by the current of the river. The supply not only suffices
+for the domestic use of the inhabitants, but is abundant for every
+public purpose of ornament or utility. My kind host, Samuel Webb, who
+accompanied me, pointed out a plot of land, presented by William Penn to
+a friend, to enable him to keep a cow, which is now worth many hundred
+thousand dollars for building purposes. He also showed me a mansion, the
+late proprietor of which had received a large accession of wealth from
+the quantities of plate which had been shipped to him in coffee barrels
+from St. Domingo, on the eve of the revolution in that Island, and whose
+owners are supposed to have subsequently perished, as they never
+appeared, with one solitary exception, to claim their property.
+
+It will be necessary, in order to make certain passages of the
+succeeding narrative intelligible to my readers in this country, that
+some account should be given of the schism which has recently taken
+place in the once united and compact organizations of the abolitionists.
+
+The American Anti-Slavery Society, whose origin has been already
+described, acted with great unity and efficiency for several years;
+auxiliaries were formed in all the free States; it scattered its
+publications over the land like the leaves of autumn, and at times had
+thirty or forty lecturers in the field. It kept a steady and vigilant
+eye upon the movements of the pro-slavery party, and wherever a
+vulnerable point was discovered, it directed its attacks. In its
+executive committee were such men as Judge Jay, Arthur and Lewis Tappan,
+La Roy Sunderland, Simeon S. Jocelyn, (the early laborer on behalf of
+the free colored people,) Joshua Leavitt, Henry B. Stanton, and the late
+Dr. Follen, a German political refugee, equally distinguished for his
+literary attainments and his love of liberty.
+
+Until the last three or four years, entire union of purpose and concert
+of action existed among the American abolitionists. This harmony was
+first disturbed by the course pursued in the Boston Liberator. The
+editor of that paper, William Lloyd Garrison, whose early anti-slavery
+career has already been alluded to, and who was deservedly honored by
+the great body of the abolitionists, for his sufferings in their cause,
+and for his triumphant exposure of the oppressive tendencies of the
+colonization scheme, had always refused to share with any society or
+committee, the editorial responsibility of his journal. About the time
+referred to, several pieces were inserted in the _Liberator_,
+questioning the generally received opinions on the first day of the
+week. These were followed by others on other subjects, and he continued
+to keep his readers apprised of the new views of ethics and theology,
+which from time to time were presented to his own mind. His paper was
+not the special organ of any anti-slavery society, yet it was regarded,
+by general consent of the friends and enemies of the cause, as the organ
+of the anti-slavery movement. The discussion in its columns of new and
+startling doctrines, on subjects unconnected with slavery, occasioned
+many of the former much uneasiness and embarrassment, while it furnished
+the latter with new excuses for their enmity, and with the pretence that
+under cover of _abolition_, lurked a design of assailing institutions
+and opinions justly held in regard throughout the Christian world.
+
+In the summer of 1837, Sarah and Angelina Grimke visited New England for
+the purpose of advocating the cause of the slave, with whose condition
+they were well acquainted, being natives of South Carolina, and having
+been themselves at one time implicated in the system. Their original
+intention was to confine their public labors to audiences of their own
+sex, but they finally addressed promiscuous assemblies. Their intimate
+knowledge of the true character of slavery; their zeal, devotion, and
+gifts as speakers, produced a deep impression, wherever they went. They
+met with considerable opposition from colonizationists, and also from a
+portion of the New England clergy, on the ground of the impropriety of
+their publicly addressing mixed audiences. This called forth in the
+Liberator, which at that time, I understand, was under the patronage,
+though I believe not under the control of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery
+Society, a discussion of the abstract question of the entire equality of
+the rights and duties of the two sexes. Here was a new element of
+discord. In 1838, at the annual New England convention of abolitionists,
+a woman was for the first time placed on committees with men, an
+innovation upon the general custom of the community, which excited much
+dissatisfaction in the minds of many.
+
+About this time the rightfulness of civil and church government began to
+be called in question, through the columns of the Liberator, by its
+editor and correspondents. These opinions were concurrently advocated
+with the doctrine of non-resistance. Those who hold these opinions,
+while they deny that civil and ecclesiastical government are of divine
+authority, are yet passively submissive to the authority of the former,
+though they abstain from exercising the political rights of citizenship.
+There were not wanting those, among the opponents of abolition, to
+charge the anti-slavery body at large with maintaining these views, and
+in consequence serious embarrassments were thrown in the way of a
+successful prosecution of the cause. The executive committee of the
+Society at New York were placed in a difficult position, but as far as I
+am able to judge, they endeavored to hold on the steady tenor of their
+way, without, on the one hand, countenancing the introduction of
+extraneous matters upon the anti-slavery platform; or, on the other
+hand, yielding to the clamor of the pro-slavery party, whether in church
+or state.
+
+In subsequent anti-slavery meetings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere,
+it became manifest that there was a radical difference of opinion on the
+subject of political action; the non-resistant and no-government
+influence, operating decidedly against the employment of the elective
+franchise in the anti-slavery cause; and the agitation of this question,
+as well as that of the rights of women, in their meetings, gave to them
+a discordant and party character, painfully contrasting with the
+previous peaceful and harmonious action of the societies. That some of
+both parties began to overlook the great subject of the slaves'
+emancipation, in zealous advocacy of, or opposition to, these new
+measures, I cannot well doubt, judging from the testimony of those, who,
+not fully sympathizing with either, endeavored to bring all back to the
+single object of the anti-slavery association. In addition to these
+intestine troubles, the pro-slavery party made strenuous exertions to
+fasten upon the society the responsibility of the opinions and
+proceedings of its non-resistant and no-government members. Under these
+circumstances it is easy to understand the interruption, for a season,
+of the unity of feeling and action which had previously characterized
+the assemblies of the abolitionists. The actual separation in the
+societies took place in the Spring of 1840. The members of the executive
+committee at New York, with one exception, seceded and became members of
+the committee of the "new organization," under the name of the "American
+and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." There are, therefore, now two central
+or national anti-slavery societies; the "old organization," retaining
+the designation of the "American Anti-Slavery Society." The State
+Societies have, for the most part, taken up a position of neutrality, or
+independence of both. It is important to add that the division took
+place on the "women's rights" question, and that this is the only one of
+the controverted points which the American Anti-Slavery Society has
+officially affirmed; and it is argued, on behalf of their view of this
+question, that since, in the original "constitution" of the society, the
+term, describing its members, officers, et cet., is "persons," that
+women are plainly invested with the same eligibility to appointments,
+and the same right to vote and act as the other sex. I need not say how
+this "constitutional" argument is met on the other side. The other new
+views are held by comparatively few persons, and neither anti-slavery
+society in America is responsible for them. In conclusion, I rejoice to
+be able to add, that the separation, in its effects, appears to have
+been a healing measure; a better and kinder feeling is beginning to
+pervade all classes of American abolitionists; the day of mutual
+crimination seems to be passing away, and there is strong reason to hope
+that the action of the respective societies will henceforward
+harmoniously tend to the same object. That such may be the result is my
+sincere desire. It is proper in this connection to state that a
+considerable number of active and prominent abolitionists do not
+entirely sympathize with either division of the anti-slavery society;
+and there are comparatively few who make their views, for or against the
+question on which the division took place, a matter of conscience.
+
+I have now given a brief, and I trust an impartial account of the origin
+of these dissensions. Some may possibly regard the views and proceedings
+above referred to, as the natural growth of abolitionism, but as well
+might the divisions among the early reformers be charged upon the
+doctrines of the Reformation, or the "thirty years' war" upon the
+preaching of Luther.
+
+On the evening of the 14th instant, we met at a social party the leading
+abolitionists of Philadelphia of the "old organization." There were
+present all but one of the delegates from Pennsylvania to the London
+Convention. I availed myself of the opportunity of briefly and
+distinctly stating the unanimous conclusion of the London Anti-Slavery
+Committee, in which I entirely concurred, on the points at issue. I
+observed, in substance, that in the struggle for the liberation of the
+slaves in the British Colonies, one great source of our moral strength
+was, the singleness of our object, and our not allowing any other
+subject, however important or unexceptionable, to be mixed up with it;
+that though the aid of our female coadjutors had been of vital
+importance to the success of the anti-slavery enterprize, yet that their
+exertions had been uniformly directed by separate committees of their
+own sex, and that the abolitionists of Europe had no doubt that their
+united influence was most powerful in this mode of action: that the
+London Committee being convinced that no female delegate had crossed the
+Atlantic, under the belief that the "call" or invitation was intended to
+include women, felt themselves called upon, without in the slightest
+degree wishing to interfere with private opinion on this, or any other
+subject, to withhold their assent to the reception of such delegates, as
+members of the Convention, and that their decision, when appealed
+against, had been ratified in the Convention itself, by an overwhelming
+majority, after a protracted discussion: finally, that those whose views
+I represented, could not be parties to the introduction, in any future
+convention, of this or any other question, which we deemed foreign to
+our cause, and therefore that for those with whom it was a point of
+conscience to carry out what they deemed "women's rights," I saw no
+alternative but a separate organization, in which I wished that their
+efforts on behalf of the oppressed colored race, might be crowned with
+the largest measure of success. I observed, in conclusion, that my
+object was simply to state the decision of those with whom I acted in
+Great Britain, and that I must decline discussion, being fully convinced
+that it was better that the now separate societies should aim at the
+common object, in a spirit of kind and friendly co-operation, each in
+its own sphere, rather than that they should waste their energies in
+mutual contentions, and in the unprofitable discussion of topics not
+legitimately belonging to the great question of the abolition of
+slavery.
+
+Although I had to address a company almost unanimously opposed on these
+points to myself, my communication was received in a kind and friendly
+spirit, and I was courteously informed that it would be taken into
+consideration at the next meeting of the Committee.
+
+My friend, Daniel Neall, at whose house this interview took place, is a
+venerable looking man, a native of Delaware, and son-in-law of the
+excellent Warner Mifflin. He has been an abolitionist from his boyhood.
+Two years ago, he was dragged from the house of a friend in Delaware,
+and tarred and feathered, and otherwise mal-treated by a mob of
+slave-holders and their abettors; he mildly told those near him that if
+they would call at his house at Philadelphia, he would treat them in a
+very different manner. He was president of the Pennsylvania Hall
+Association, and in the terrible mobs of 1838, manifested a calm, quiet
+courage, as rare as it is commendable.
+
+I remained in Philadelphia until the morning of the 28th, and during
+this interval paid many visits, and obtained much information, on the
+state of the anti-slavery feeling in this city, and more particularly
+amongst the members of the religious community to which I belong. On one
+occasion an esteemed individual kindly invited a number of "Friends" to
+meet me at his house, including some who object to uniting in
+anti-slavery effort with those of other denominations. I was introduced
+by the reading of a certificate of membership from the monthly meeting
+to which I belong, and also a document from a number of "Friends" in
+England, well known to those in America, commending me, and the cause in
+which I was engaged, to their kind and favorable consideration.
+
+I then briefly related the leading objects of my visit to America, and
+that it was my anxious wish the members of my own religious society in
+this land, could see it their place to take the same active and
+prominent part in the anti-slavery cause, as their brethren in England
+had done, especially as the principles on which the British and Foreign
+and the American and Foreign Societies were founded, were entirely in
+accordance with the views of the Society of Friends. Those who spoke in
+reply mostly vindicated the course pursued in the United States. From
+this interview, as well as from others of a more private nature, with
+leading "Friends," I came to the conclusion, that a number of these
+would continue, by their influence and advice, to oppose their fellow
+members joining anti-slavery societies, though it is not probable that
+any disciplinary proceedings would be taken against such who might act
+in opposition to this counsel, so long as the recognized principles of
+the Society were not compromised. On this, to me, painfully interesting
+subject, I could dwell at length, but I will simply remark that, while
+it is evident that anti-slavery feeling is at too low an ebb among
+"Friends" here, yet doubtless, many of those who thus excuse themselves
+from active and effective service in the cause, still deeply sympathize
+with their oppressed fellow-men, and are not quite at ease in view of
+the apathy and inaction of the body to which they belong.
+
+On the 28th we arrived at Baltimore; during a stay of two or three days,
+we found several persons who were friendly to our cause. There are
+computed to be five thousand slaves in this city, but of course slavery
+does not obtrude itself on the casual observer. Here, as in other
+countries, he who would see it as it is, must view it on the
+plantations.
+
+The free people of color in Baltimore, are alive to the importance of
+education. One individual told us, that in distributing about two
+hundred and fifty religious books, which had been sent to be
+gratuitously supplied to the poor of this class, he found only five or
+six families, in which the children were not learning to read and write.
+
+While in Baltimore, the inquiries I made respecting Elisha Tyson, fully
+confirmed the impression I have attempted to convey of his extraordinary
+character; perhaps no one has so good a claim to be considered the
+Granville Sharp of North America, and I have inserted in another place
+some particulars drawn from his biography, which will be found full of
+interest.[A] I am glad also to state, that if there is no one citizen of
+Baltimore on whom his mantle rests, there are yet some who are active in
+preventing the illegal detention of negroes, and of bringing such cases
+before the proper tribunal. One of these related the following case of
+recent occurrence. A woman, who was the wife of a free man, and the
+mother of four children, and who had long believed herself legally free,
+was claimed by the heir of her former master. The case was tried, and
+his right of property in her and her children affirmed. He then sold the
+family to a slave dealer for a thousand dollars; of whom the husband of
+the woman re-purchased them, (his _own_ wife and children,) for eleven
+hundred dollars, to repay which he bound himself to labor for the person
+from whom it was borrowed, for twelve years. Yet this is but a mitigated
+instance of oppression in this _Christian_ country.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix D.]
+
+The religious public of this city appear to be doing nothing
+collectively, to abolish or ameliorate slavery, and with the exception
+of "Friends," and the body who have lately seceded from them, I fear
+that all are more or less implicated in its actual guilt. I was informed
+not long since, even the Roman Catholics, who are more free from the
+contamination than many other religious bodies, had, in some part of the
+State, sold several of their own church members, and applied the
+proceeds to the erection of a place of worship. We called upon the Roman
+Catholic Bishop to inquire into the truth of this, but he was from home.
+When at Philadelphia afterwards, in conversation with a priest, I gave
+the particulars, and said I should be glad to be furnished with the
+means of contradicting it. I have not heard from him since.
+
+I am informed that the Yearly Meeting of "Friends" has advised its
+members not to unite with the anti-slavery societies, and has latterly
+discontinued petitioning the legislature for the abolition of the
+internal slave trade, and the amelioration of the slave code; such is
+the prevailing influence of a pro-slavery atmosphere. The code in
+question has of late years been rendered more severe, and the legal
+emancipation of slaves more difficult; yet I was pleased to learn that
+public opinion has in this respect counteracted legislative tyranny;
+that slavery has in fact become milder, and the number of manumissions
+has not lessened.
+
+The mischievous influence of the Colonization Society is very extensive
+among professing Christians in Baltimore, and is paramount in the
+legislature of the State.
+
+The _American_ slave trade is carried on in the most open manner in this
+city. We paid a visit to the establishment of an extensive slave dealer,
+a large new building in one of the principal streets. The proprietor
+received us with great courtesy, and permitted us to inspect the
+premises. Cleanliness and order were every where visible, and, might we
+judge from the specimens of food shewn us, the animal wants of the
+slaves are not neglected. There were only five or six negroes _in
+stock_, but the proprietor told us he had sometimes three or four
+hundred there, and had shipped off a cargo to New Orleans a few days
+before. That city is the market where the highest price is generally
+obtained for them. The premises are strongly secured with bolts and
+bars, and the rooms in which the negroes are confined, surround an open
+court yard, where they are permitted to take the air. We were
+accompanied and kindly introduced by an individual who has often been
+engaged in preventing negroes from being illegally enslaved; and the
+proprietor of the establishment expressed his approval of his efforts,
+and that when such cases come before himself in the way of trade, he was
+accustomed to send them to our friend for investigation; he added that
+slaves would often come to him, and ask him to purchase them, and that
+he was the means of transferring them from worse masters to better; that
+he never parted families, though of course he could not control their
+fate, either before they came into his hands, or after they left him. He
+said he frequently left his concerns for weeks together, under the care
+of his head slave, whose wife he had made free, and promised the same
+boon to him, if he conducted himself well a few years longer. I thought
+it right to intimate my view of the nature of slavery and the slave
+trade, and that I deemed it wholly inconsistent with the plain precept
+"do unto others as ye would they should do unto you." This he did not
+attempt to controvert, yet he stated in extenuation, that the law
+permitted the trade in slaves, though he should be as willing as any one
+to have the system abolished, if the State would grant them compensation
+for their property. He farther said, that he was born in a slave State,
+that his mother had been for fifty years a member of the Wesleyan body,
+and that though he had not joined a Christian church himself, he had
+never sworn an oath, nor committed an immoral act in his life. He also
+shewed, I think, convincingly, that dealing in slaves was not worse than
+slave holding. On leaving the premises, we found the door of his office
+had been locked upon us during this conference. I subsequently learned
+that this person, though living in considerable style, was not generally
+received in respectable society, and that a lady whom he had lately
+married, was shunned by her former acquaintance. Such is the testimony
+of the slave-holders of Baltimore against slave dealing, by which they
+condemn themselves in the sight of God and man, and add the guilt of
+hypocrisy to their own sin. Some time afterwards I addressed the
+following letter to this individual, which was published in many of the
+American papers:
+
+
+    "To HOPE H. SLAUGHTER, _Slave Trader, Baltimore_:
+
+    "Since thou courteously allowed me, in company with my friend,
+    J.G. Whittier, to visit thy slave establishment in the city of
+    Baltimore, some weeks since, I have often felt a desire to
+    address a few lines to thee. I need not, perhaps, say that my
+    feelings were painfully exercised in looking over thy buildings,
+    fitted up with bolts and bars, for the reception of human beings
+    for sale. A sense of the misery and suffering of the unfortunate
+    slaves, who have been from time to time confined there--of their
+    separation from home and kindred--and of the dreary prospect
+    before them of a life of unrequited toil in the South and South
+    West--rested heavily upon me. I could there realize the true
+    nature of the system of slavery. I was in a market-house for
+    human flesh, where humanity is degraded to a level with the
+    brute; and where children of our common Father in Heaven, and
+    for whom our blessed Redeemer offered up the atoning sacrifice
+    of his blood, were bargained for and sold like beasts that
+    perish. And when I regarded thee as the merchant in this
+    dreadful traffic, and heard thee offer remarks, which might in
+    some degree be considered as an apology for thy business,
+    calling our attention to the cleanly state of the apartments,
+    the wholesome provisions, et cet.; and especially when I heard
+    thee declare that thou hadst been educated by a pious
+    mother--that thou wast never addicted to swearing or other
+    immoralities--and that thy business was a legalized one--that
+    thou didst nothing contrary to law--and that, while in thy
+    possession, the poor creatures were treated kindly--that
+    families were not separated,[A] et cet.,--I was glad to perceive
+    some evidence that the nature of thy employment had not
+    extinguished the voice of conscience within thee. In thy
+    sentiments, and in the manner of their utterance, I thought I
+    could see that truth had not left itself without a witness in
+    thy breast, and that a sense of the wrongfulness of thy
+    occupation still disturbed thee.
+
+    [Footnote A: "The latter remark, of course, applies only to the
+    time they remained with thee. For, on the day we visited thy
+    establishment, a friend with whom I was dining informed me, that
+    a few days before a woman and child had been sold to thee, whose
+    husband and father was a free man, who, in his distress, had
+    been offering to bind himself for a term of years, in order to
+    raise the sum (I think $800) demanded for them; but, as he had
+    been unable to do so, my friend had no doubt they had been sent
+    off with the very lot of slaves, which, we were told by thyself
+    had just been forwarded to New Orleans from thy prison. _Who_ is
+    most guilty in this atrocious transaction--the slave owner, who
+    sold thee the woman and child at Baltimore--_thou_, the
+    transporter of them for ever from their husband and parent--_the
+    purchasers_ of the mother and child at New Orleans, where they
+    may be for ever separated from each other--or the _citizen_ who,
+    by his vote and influence, creates and upholds enactments which
+    legalize this monstrous system, is known only to Him before whom
+    the secrets of all hearts are unfolded."]
+
+    "To thy remark that thy business was necessary to the system of
+    slavery, and an essential part of it--and if slave-_holding_
+    were to be justified at all, the slave-_trade_ must be also--I
+    certainly can offer no valid objection; for I have never been
+    able to discover any moral difference between the planter of
+    Virginia and the slave dealer of Baltimore, Richmond, and
+    Washington. Each has his part to act in the system, and each is
+    necessary to the other. And if the matter were not, in all its
+    bearings, painfully serious, it would be amusing to witness the
+    absurd contempt with which the slave owner of Maryland or
+    Virginia professes to look upon the trader, whose purchase of
+    his surplus slaves alone enables him to retain the residue in
+    his possession; for it seems very evident that the only
+    profitable part of the system in those States, at the present
+    time, is the sale of the annual increase of the slaves.
+
+    "In passing from thy premises, we looked in upon the Triennial
+    Convention of the Baptists of the United States, then in session
+    in the city of Baltimore, where I found slave-holding ministers
+    of high rank in the church, urging successfully the exclusion
+    from the Missionary Board of that Society, of all those who, in
+    principle and practice, were known to be decided abolitionists;
+    and the results of their efforts satisfied me that the darkest
+    picture of slavery is not to be found in the jail of the
+    slave-trader, but rather in a convocation of professed ministers
+    of the Gospel of Christ, expelling from the Board of a Society
+    formed to enlighten the heathen of other nations, all who
+    consistently labor for the overthrow of a system which denies a
+    knowledge of the Holy Scriptures to near three millions of
+    heathen at home!
+
+    "But allow me, in a spirit, as I trust, of Christian kindness,
+    to entreat thee not to seek excuses for thy own course in the
+    evil conduct of others. Thou hast already reached the middle
+    period of life--the future is uncertain. By thy hopes of peace
+    here and hereafter, let me urge thee to abandon this occupation.
+    It is not necessary to argue its intrinsic wickedness, for thou
+    knowest it already. I would therefore beseech thee to listen to
+    that voice which, I am persuaded, sometimes urges thee to 'put
+    away the evil of thy doings,' to 'do justice and love mercy,'
+    and thus cease to draw upon thyself the curse which fell upon
+    those merchants of Tyre, who 'traded in the persons of men.'
+    That these warnings of conscience may not longer be neglected on
+    thy part, is the sincere wish of one who, while he abhors thy
+    occupation, feels nothing but kindness and good will towards
+    thyself.
+
+    "Thy friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_New York, 6th Month 30th, 1841._"
+
+
+The Baptist Convention alluded to in the foregoing letter was one whose
+proceedings I regarded with considerable interest, for it had been
+generally understood that the ministers delegated from the South, as
+well as some of those from the Northern States, intended to exclude
+abolitionists from every office on the missionary board, and especially
+to remove my friend, Elon Galusha, a distinguished Baptist minister,
+from the station of vice-president, for the offence of attending the
+London Anti-Slavery Convention, and more particularly for supporting the
+following resolutions of that assembly:
+
+
+    "1. That it is the deliberate and deeply-rooted conviction of
+    this Convention, which it thus publicly and solemnly expresses
+    to the world, that slavery, in whatever form, or in whatever
+    country it exists, is contrary to the eternal and immutable
+    principles of justice, and the spirit and precepts of
+    Christianity; and is, therefore a sin against God, which
+    acquires additional enormity when committed by nations
+    professedly Christian, and in an age when the subject has been
+    so generally discussed, and its criminality so thoroughly
+    exposed.
+
+    "2. That this Convention cannot but deeply deplore the fact,
+    that the continuance and prevalence of slavery are to be
+    attributed in a great degree to the countenance afforded by many
+    Christian churches, especially in the Western world, which have
+    not only withheld that public and emphatic testimony against the
+    crime which it deserves, but have retained in their communion,
+    without censure, those by whom it is notoriously perpetrated.
+
+    "3. That this Convention, while it disclaims the intention or
+    desire of dictating to Christian communities the terms of their
+    fellowship, respectfully submits that it is their incumbent duty
+    to separate from their communion all those persons who, after
+    they have been faithfully warned in the spirit of the gospel,
+    continue in the sin of enslaving their fellow-creatures, or
+    holding them in slavery--a sin, by the commission of which, with
+    whatever mitigating circumstances it may be attended in their
+    own particular instance, they give the support of their example
+    to the whole system of compulsory servitude, and the unutterable
+    horrors of the slave trade.
+
+    "4. That it be recommended to the Committee of the British and
+    Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in the name of this Convention, to
+    furnish copies of the above resolutions to the ecclesiastical
+    authorities of the various Christian churches throughout the
+    world."
+
+
+On entering the meeting, we found the question was already before them,
+previous to balloting for the officers for the ensuing three years. The
+pro-slavery party were anxious to prevent all discussion, but some on
+the other side proposed questions which compelled their notice. Among
+the rest it was plainly asked, if the southern delegates did not come
+pledged against the re-election of Elon Galusha. This was denied, but
+certain resolutions which had appeared in the public papers were
+appealed to in proof of the fact. The inquiry becoming more searching,
+an expedient was resorted to, which, though quite novel to me, was, I am
+told, not unfrequently adopted when discussions assume a shape not quite
+satisfactory to the controlling powers of a synod. It was proposed that
+they should pray, and then proceed at once to the ballot. The ministers
+called upon were R. Fuller and Elon Galusha, who were considered to
+represent the opposite sides of the discussion. The former individual is
+a large slave-holder, an influential leader in his denomination, and had
+canvassed and condemned Elon Galusha's views and conduct in the public
+newspapers. I must avow, this whole proceeding was little calculated to
+remove my objection to the practice of calling upon any individual to
+offer supplication in a public assembly. After prayer had been offered,
+they proceeded to the ballot, and we left the meeting, deeply impressed
+with the profanation of employing the most solemn act of devotion to
+serve the exigencies of controversy.
+
+In the evening I met a number of the anti-slavery members of the
+Convention, from whom I learned that the vote had excluded Elon Galusha
+and all other known abolitionists from official connection with the
+board, by an hundred and twenty-four to an hundred and seventeen, which
+being a much smaller majority than was expected, they considered the
+result a triumph rather than a defeat.
+
+On the 1st of the 5th Month, (May) we returned to Wilmington, in
+Delaware, where we remained at the hospitable residence of our friend
+Samuel Hilles, till the 3d instant, and met a number of "Friends," and
+others, who treated us with great kindness and hospitality, inspected
+one of the flour mills on the Brandywine river, and the process of
+drying Indian corn before it is ground; these are some of the oldest
+flour mills in the State. A. large peach orchard of one of my friends in
+the neighborhood, was beautifully in bloom. Great quantities of this
+delicious fruit are raised in Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland. Here,
+as in other parts of the States, much money, has been lost by a silk, or
+rather mulberry tree, mania. Young mulberry trees rose to a dollar and a
+quarter each, though they can be multiplied almost without limit in a
+single year. As might have been expected, a re-action took place, many
+parties were ruined, and berry trees may now be had for the trouble of
+digging them up.
+
+The number of slaves in this small State is now reduced to four or five
+thousand, and from all the information I could collect, I feel convinced
+that if those who are friendly to emancipation were to exert themselves,
+they would succeed, without much difficulty, in procuring the abolition
+of slavery within its limits.
+
+My friend, John G. Whittier, being, from increase of indisposition,
+unable to go forward, I left Wilmington alone, and arrived in New York
+in time to be present at a Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention, which I had
+been invited to attend, and at which I was called upon to make a few
+observations on the present state of the question. Several important
+resolutions were unanimously adopted, containing a cordial approval of
+the principles of proceeding of the London Convention, a recommendation
+that another Convention should be held at the same place in 1842, and an
+assurance that exertions should be used to promote a good delegation
+from the Baptist anti-slavery body.
+
+On that respecting Christian fellowship with slave-holding churches, Dr.
+Brisbane spoke in a touching manner, and said he must support it, though
+his friends and relations were in the South, and some of those dearest
+to him still countenanced slavery, or were themselves slave-holders.
+
+On the 6th I returned to Philadelphia, and that evening attended, by
+invitation, a meeting of the Juvenile Anti-Slavery Society, but took no
+part in the proceedings. This Society is one of the most efficient in
+the State; it is entirely confined to young men. I also received a
+formal invitation to attend other meetings about to be held, which I
+felt under the necessity of declining, from a belief that I could not
+participate in the discussions of the meetings with advantage to the
+cause which we all had at heart, and from the fact that previous to
+receiving the invitation I had made other arrangements which would
+occupy most of my time.
+
+The present organized anti-slavery societies in Pennsylvania insist upon
+the mixed action of men and women in committees, et cet. Those who do
+not hold with their views have either silently withdrawn, avoid
+participating in measures which they disapprove, or do not attend
+meetings when it is expected any such measures will be brought forward.
+Among such measures may be reckoned the censures which in a few
+instances have been passed on the London Convention, and the British and
+Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; censures sometimes more decided in
+sentiment than temperate in expression. My own inclination would have
+led me to attend several of these meetings, when my other engagements
+would have permitted, if I could have done so as an ordinary spectator
+and hearer; but on considering that I might appear on the one hand to
+give a tacit sanction to acts and sentiments which I disapproved, or on
+the other hand, that I might be drawn into controversy by explaining my
+objections, I concluded to forego the gratification which the
+proceedings might have afforded me, and I subsequently saw no reason to
+repent the decision I came to.
+
+During this visit to Philadelphia, I made calls upon various individuals
+who are deeply interested in the anti-slavery cause, but who have not
+joined any anti-slavery society. Among these I must instance Professor
+Charles D. Cleveland, an excellent individual, of the Presbyterian
+persuasion, a man of fine talents and an accomplished scholar, who is
+the editor of a paper called the American Intelligencer, in which he has
+reprinted a very large edition of J.J. Gurney's "Letters from the West
+Indies," and has extensively distributed it through the post office.
+This effort of judicious zeal, will probably make hundreds of
+emancipationists, and disarm hostility and rouse indifference to a great
+extent. No impartial and benevolent mind can read these authentic
+details of the results of emancipation in the British Colonies, and
+remain unconvinced of its safety and blessed fruits to every class of
+the community. The Professor has published and circulated Dr. Channing's
+"Emancipation," in the same shape. I also called upon the late Governor
+of Illinois, Edward Coles, who was born in a slave State, but in early
+life, while at college, from a conviction of the sinfulness of
+slave-holding, he resolved upon liberating the negroes which would come
+into his possession on the death of his father. This he faithfully
+performed, removed the people to Illinois, and presented them; with
+lands for their subsistence. He himself soon removed there and became
+Governor of the territory. It was owing to his determined and vigorous
+efforts that slavery was made unconstitutional in that State. He was a
+friend of President Jefferson, and corresponded with him on the subject
+of slavery. All his liberated slaves prospered, all learned to read and
+write, two are now ministers of the gospel, and one is the Governor's
+agent, and a man of property. The number thus freed were between thirty
+and forty, and their value amounted to half his property; but a,
+blessing has followed the sacrifice, and he has now retired to
+Philadelphia with a handsome competence. In the course of conversation,
+the Governor spoke of the prejudice, against color prevailing here as
+much stronger than in the slave States, I may add, from my own
+observation, and much concurring testimony, that Philadelphia appears to
+be the metropolis of this odious prejudice, and that there is probably
+no city in the known world, where dislike, amounting to hatred of the
+colored population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly love!
+
+Among the proofs of this, and of the same feeling in the State at large,
+it may be noticed that two or three years since, a convention was called
+for amending the State constitution, which among other changes, formally
+deprived men of color of the elective franchise. Practically this was of
+little importance, for it was taking away a right, the exercise of
+which, if attempted, would have roused popular indignation to the peril
+of their lives. A yet more obvious sign to the stranger in Philadelphia,
+are the ruins of "Pennsylvania Hall," which most of my readers are
+probably aware was destroyed by a pro-slavery mob in the spring of 1838.
+It stood near the centre of the city, and was sixty-two feet front by
+one hundred deep, and fifty-two feet to the eaves: the large saloon in
+the second story with its galleries being capable of holding three
+thousand persons. On the occasion of its opening, a large number of the
+friends of emancipation assembled in the city, to attend the anniversary
+of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and some other meetings
+connected with the cause. Letters of congratulation on the opening of
+the hall were received by the managers from ex-president Adams, William
+Slade and Francis James, members of Congress, Thomas Morris of the U.S.
+Senate, Judge Jay, Gerritt Smith, and other distinguished friends of
+equal rights. The letter of the venerable ex-president is written with
+his characteristic energy, and I quote an extract from it in further
+proof of the sentiments already expressed on the state of feeling in the
+land of Penn and Benezet, Pemberton and Franklin, on the subject of
+slavery.
+
+
+    "The right of discussion upon slavery, and an indefinite extent
+    of topics connected with it, is banished from one-half the
+    States of this Union. It is _suspended_ in both houses of
+    Congress; opened and closed at the pleasure of the slave
+    representation; opened for the promulgation of nullification
+    sophistry; closed against the question, What is slavery? at the
+    sound of which the walls of the capitol staggered like a drunken
+    man.
+
+    "For this suppression of the freedom of speech and press, and
+    the right of petition, the people of the _free_ States of this
+    Union are responsible, and the _people of Pennsylvania most of
+    all_. Of this responsibility, I say it with a pang, sharper than
+    language can express, _the city of Philadelphia must take
+    herself the largest share_."
+
+
+The meetings of the first day passed without disturbance. On the evening
+of the second day, a meeting of the Female Anti-Slavery Society was held
+in the hall, the proceedings of which were greatly disturbed by a mob of
+from 1500 to 2000 persons, assembled without. The windows on all sides
+were beaten in by stones and other missiles, and one or two persons
+severely injured. The next day the mob lingered about the building, no
+effort being made by the pro-slavery authorities to disperse them. In
+the evening the building was attacked, the doors burst open, and fire
+communicated to the interior; and in the midst of at least 20,000
+persons, the noble and costly hall was consumed, with the exception of
+its bare walls. My friend John G. Whittier, who was present at the time,
+states that the most dreadful threats were uttered by the rioters
+against the prominent abolitionists. The house of Samuel Webb was
+particularly marked for destruction; and as the mob assembled nightly
+for several days, it is scarcely possible to conceive a more trying
+situation than that in which the abolitionists were placed. The
+"Friends" asylum for colored orphans, a small but useful institution,
+was attacked by a portion of the mob, and the next day the association
+to which it belongs publicly disclaimed any connection with the
+abolition societies. One of the daily papers also contained the
+following, headed "Communication."
+
+"An opinion having become prevalent that a considerable number of the
+society of Orthodox Friends were present at the late meetings in
+Pennsylvania Hall, taking an active part in the proceedings, and that
+they still uphold the principles in relation to slavery and the colored
+race there promulgated, it is but justice to this respectable body of
+people to correct public opinion in relation to the subject, by
+observing that _very few_ if any attended the meetings; that among the
+society it is doubtful whether twenty individuals are to be found in
+this city who embrace their doctrines, and that they, as a body, are
+opposed to the indiscreet course which has been taken by the ultra
+abolitionists. Had their views been understood in relation to the
+subject, their property in Thirteenth street would, no doubt, have been
+spared the violence it has suffered, being in no way connected with
+abolitionism, but merely designed as a shelter for an unfortunate class
+of children who have large claims upon the community; and who, upon
+application made in their behalf for the purposes for which this asylum
+was designed, even to the _mob_, I have no hesitation in saying that, as
+_human beings_, they would not oppose it."
+
+While other portions of the community were in like manner propitiating
+the mob, the few but faithful abolitionists of the city calmly but
+firmly maintained their principles, even at the peril of life and
+estate. On the morning after the burning of the Hall, the State
+Anti-Slavery Society, pursuant to adjournment, met at the ruins of the
+Hall, and, amidst the smoking walls, and with the mob lingering about
+them, they proceeded to their business--Abraham L. Pennock, the Vice
+President of the Society, presiding. The editor of the Pennsylvania
+Freeman, John G. Whittier, whose publication office and papers had been
+destroyed by the mob, in his next paper published the following
+editorial article, which I have copied simply to show that while the
+abolitionists on this occasion maintained their sentiments in a clear
+and unequivocal manner, they did not indulge in the language of revenge
+or anger.
+
+
+    "We perhaps need offer no apology to our distant readers, for
+    the want of variety in our present number. Ours must be this
+    week a record of violence--a story of persecution and outrage.
+    We hardly dare trust ourselves to speak upon this matter. It is
+    our desire to do so, if at all, in a tone of calmness,--to hold
+    ourselves aloof, as far as possible, from the present
+    excitement,--to utter our abiding testimony, now dearer than
+    ever to our hearts, not in the language of passion, but firmly
+    and decidedly.
+
+    "Our readers will gather from the statements made in the
+    different extracts in our paper, and especially from the Address
+    of the Executive Committee of the State Anti-Slavery Society,
+    the leading facts of the outrage. Of the course pursued by the
+    civil authorities, we leave the community to judge. Our own
+    reliance for protection has been upon that Providence whose
+    mercy is over all,--in the justice of our cause, and in our
+    conscious innocence of heart and integrity of purpose. We
+    rejoice, and in so doing, the abolitionists of Pennsylvania
+    unite with us, that human life was not sacrificed in defence of
+    our Hall, our persons, and our property. We know, indeed, that
+    had the attack been made upon the United States Bank, or any
+    similar institution in this city, the civil authorities would
+    have met its fury, not as now, with a speech only, but with
+    loaded firelocks and fixed bayonets. We know, it is true, that
+    the mob were in a great measure left free to work their
+    mischievous will upon us. But if those in authority have, _upon
+    their own principles_, treated us with neglect in the hour of
+    our peril, upon them let the responsibility rest. We have thus
+    far survived the onset. Under God, for to him alone are we
+    indebted for protection, we are still left to bear our testimony
+    to the truth. Our consciences are in this matter void of
+    offence. In cheerful serenity of spirit, and not in the tone of
+    menace or boasting, we declare our faith in the principles of
+    emancipation unfaltering--our zeal undiminished--our
+    determination to persevere unaltered. Our confidence in the
+    triumphant and glorious issue of the present struggle remains
+    firm.
+
+      'Truth smote to Earth revives again;
+      The eternal years of God are hers--
+      But error wounded, shrieks with pain,
+      And dies among her worshippers.'
+
+
+    "From this time henceforward, Pennsylvania must become the great
+    battle-field of opinion on the subject of slavery. The light of
+    that evening's sacrifice has reached already every portion of
+    our State. Men are every where inquiring why the sacrifice was
+    made? Why a mighty city was convulsed with violence? Why a noble
+    hall was burned by incendiaries in the view of gazing thousands?
+    Why the 'shelter for orphan children' was set on fire, and why
+    the houses of our citizens were surrounded by a ruffian mob?
+    They may be told now by the perpetrators of these outrages, that
+    all has been occasioned by the conduct of the abolitionists. But
+    the delusion cannot last. Truth will make its way to the abused
+    ear of the community; and it will be known that the scenes which
+    have disgraced our city, are directly attributable to the
+    influence of southern slavery. The spirit of free inquiry, now
+    fairly awakened, will never again slumber in this state. Like
+    the Greek fire, it will blaze with fiercer intensity for every
+    attempt to extinguish it."
+
+
+The proceedings of the authorities and the public at large, consequent
+upon this act of incendiarism and outrageous violence, were truly
+characteristic. It is supposed that the destruction of the Hall was
+planned beforehand, and there is some evidence to show that strangers
+from the South were implicated in the conspiracy; but, as usual, the old
+drama of the wolf accusing the lamb was enacted over again, and a
+pretext was laid hold of, that, in the peculiar state of feeling
+existing in the community, was almost deemed a justification of all that
+had happened; though, in truth, it was in the last degree ridiculous. It
+was asserted that colored men had been seen walking arm in arm with
+white ladies, and that white men had handed colored females out of their
+carriages at the door of the Hall, as politely as if they had not
+belonged to the proscribed class. In several instances, if not in all,
+these reports were untrue in point of fact, and originated in the
+existing paradox, that colored men and women are sometimes white, and
+that white gentlemen and ladies are not unfrequently of dark complexion.
+As an illustration, I quote the following scene from a letter addressed
+to me by Robert Purvis, an intelligent and educated man of color, and
+the son-in-law of James Forten, a wealthy and venerable colored citizen
+of Philadelphia, recently deceased.
+
+"In regard to my examination before the jury in the Pennsylvania Hall
+case, I have to say, that it was both a painful and ludicrous affair. At
+one time the fulness of an almost bursting heart was ready to pour forth
+in bitter denunciation--then the miserable absurdity of the thing,
+rushing into my mind, would excite my risible propensities. You know the
+county endeavored to defend itself against the award of damages, by
+proving that the abolitionists were the cause of the destruction of the
+building, in promoting promiscuous intermingling, in doors and out, of
+blacks and whites, thereby exciting public feeling, &c. A witness, whose
+name I now forget, in proof of this point, stated, that upon a certain
+day, hour, &c., a '_negress_' approached the Hall, in a carriage, when a
+white man assisted her in getting out, offered his arm, which was
+instantly accepted, and he escorted her to the saloon of the building!
+In this statement he was collected, careful, and solemn--minutely
+describing the dress, appearance of the parties, as well as the
+carriage, the exact time, &c.--the clerks appointed for the purpose
+taking down every word, and the venerable jurors looking credulous and
+horror-stricken. Upon being called to _rebut_ the testimony I, in truth
+and simplicity, confirmed his testimony in every particular!! The
+attorney, on our behalf, David Paul Brown, Esq., a gentleman, scholar,
+and philanthropist, in a tone of irony peculiarly severe, demanded,
+'whether I had the unblushing impudence, in broad day-light, to offer my
+arm to my wife?' I replied, in deep affectation of the criminality
+involved, that the only palliation I could offer, for conduct so
+outrageous was, that it was unwittingly done, it seemed so natural.
+This, as you might well suppose, produced some merriment at the expense
+of the witness for the county, and of all others, whose gullibility and
+prejudice had given credit to what would have been considered, had I
+been what is called a white man, an awful story."
+
+The proceedings in the case are, I believe, still pending. My friend,
+Samuel Webb, in a letter dated "11th Month 16th, 1841," says:
+
+
+    "Last 7th day, after several years incessant struggle, we
+    brought the case of the Pennsylvania Hall before the Court of
+    Criminal Sessions. George M. Dallas, Counsel for the County, in
+    opposing the award of the appraisers, (thirty-three thousand
+    dollars, not one-third of what it ought to have been,) spoke for
+    about one hour--the purport of his speech was--that here was no
+    mob at all, (!) that the jury appointed to ascertain the facts
+    had reported to the Court, that the mob, if mob it might be
+    called, was composed of orderly, respectable citizens; and of,
+    course, orderly, respectable citizens could not be a mob. After
+    this I should not be surprised to hear it doubted whether there
+    ever was such a building, or if there was, whether it was ever
+    destroyed; but unluckily the ruined walls are still standing,
+    and if I had my way, _there they should stand_, until slavery
+    shall be abolished, which it will be, soon after your East India
+    possessions can grow cotton for six cents per lb. by free
+    labor."
+
+
+To resume the narrative: I paid a visit to the widow of Joseph
+Lancaster, who, with her three children by a former husband, are living
+in great obscurity in the suburbs of this city.
+
+I returned to New York on the 10th, for the purpose of being in the city
+at the time when the religious and benevolent anniversaries are held,
+and of meeting parties who attend them. Here I had the pleasure of
+meeting with several warm-hearted abolitionists from distant parts of
+the country. The first meeting I attended was the anniversary of the
+American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which, though held at a
+distance from the centre of the city, in consequence of the
+pre-engagement of the New York Tabernacle, was well attended, and I
+believe gave general satisfaction. I was present also at two other of
+its meetings. I attended several adjourned sittings of a convention
+called for the purpose of organizing a political "Liberty party," on the
+grand principle of the abolition of slavery. The chief business in hand
+was to nominate a President and Vice President of the United States, for
+the next election, and the choice fell upon my friend James G. Birney,
+for President, and Thomas Morris, late United States Senator from Ohio,
+for Vice President. A plan was arranged for putting in nomination
+abolition candidates for every office in the free States, down to that
+of constable.
+
+I listened to the discussions that took place with considerable
+interest, as there are some valuable friends to the cause, men, whose
+opinions justly carry great weight, who do not think this the best means
+of bringing political influence to bear upon the question, but who would
+prefer voting for such anti-slavery candidates, as might be nominated by
+either of the two great parties already existing, or in the absence of
+any such candidate would decline voting at all. My own bias was in favor
+of this course, since it was the one pursued in Great Britain, and which
+had been so eminently successful in the general election of 1833. I
+became convinced, however, that the "third party" has strong reasons in
+its favor, and that in various important respects the abolitionists of
+the United States are differently circumstanced in regard to elections
+from those of my own country; and it must not be forgotten that many of
+the men who pledged themselves on the hustings in England were not
+faithful at the time of trial. At the last sitting of the Convention, I
+stated the advantage we had found in England, when we wished to carry
+any specific measure, of a personal interview with the members of the
+legislature, who might state facts to them and answer their objections.
+It was immediately suggested to send a deputation to Albany, where the
+senate and assembly of the State of New York were then in session, to
+promote the repeal of two iniquitous laws affecting people of color, and
+which were to be brought before the consideration of the Houses. One of
+them is known as the "nine months law." By its provisions a slave-holder
+could bring his negro "with his own consent" into this _free_ State, and
+keep him there in slavery for nine months! At the expiration of the time
+it was of course very easy by a short journey to a neighboring State, to
+obtain a new license, and thus perpetuate slave-holding in the State of
+New York. The other law was an act restricting the elective franchise of
+men of color, to those possessing a fixed amount of property, no such
+restriction existing in the case of white men. This suggestion was
+adopted by the Convention, and a deputation appointed, with what success
+will be seen hereafter.
+
+In order to give a general idea of the course pursued by the "Liberty
+party," I subjoin a statement of the plan of operation issued by a
+Philadelphia committee.
+
+
+    "PLAN OF OPERATION.
+
+    "A national committee to meet at Utica, to have a general care
+    and oversight of the cause throughout the nation, and to act as
+    a central corresponding committee.--State committees, to perform
+    similar duties, in their States.--County committees, the same in
+    their respective counties.--City and district committees, the
+    same in their respective cities and districts.--Township and
+    ward committees, to have the particular charge of their
+    respective townships or wards.
+
+    "This duty may be performed by their appointing a sub-committee,
+    to consist of one member for each block, square, section,
+    sub-division, or neighborhood, whose duty it will be to endeavor
+    to abolitionize his sub-division; or, at least, ascertain, as
+    far as practicable, how many of the legal voters will vote the
+    Liberty ticket, and transmit the number to his city or county
+    committee, which is to forward the number of voters in their
+    city or county to their Stale committee, and the State committee
+    is to forward the number of voters in their State to the
+    national committee; and also to distribute, or cause to be
+    distributed, in his sub-division, such tracts, circulars,
+    notices, tickets, &c., as shall be furnished by his superior
+    committee for that purpose.
+
+    "Each committee is to communicate with its next superior
+    committee once a year, or oftener, if required, and to meet at
+    such time and place not less than once a month, as shall be
+    agreed upon between it and its superior committee."
+
+
+I afterwards was present at one of a series of meetings, held for the
+purpose of introducing to the public the Amistad captives, Africans of
+the Mendi country, who had recently regained their freedom. The case of
+these people is so singularly interesting, that, though some of my
+readers may be already well acquainted with it, I venture to introduce a
+brief statement of their history in the Appendix.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix E.]
+
+On this occasion a very crowded and miscellaneous assembly attended, to
+see and hear the Mendians, although the admission had been fixed as high
+as half a dollar, with the view of raising a fund, to carry them to
+their native country. Fifteen of them were present, including one little
+boy and three girls. Cinque their chief, spoke with great fluency in his
+native language; and his action and manner were very animated and
+graceful. Not much of his speech was translated, yet he greatly
+interested his audience. The little boy could speak our language with
+facility; and each of them read without hesitation one or two verses in
+the New Testament. It was impossible for any one to go away with the
+impression, that in native intellect these people were inferior to the
+whites. The information which I privately received, from their tutor and
+others who had full opportunities of appreciating their capacities and
+attainments, fully confirmed my own very favorable impressions.
+
+One evening during my stay, I took tea with twelve or fifteen colored
+gentlemen, at the house of a colored family. The refined manners and
+great intelligence of many of them would have done credit to any
+society. The whites have a monopoly of prejudice, but not a monopoly of
+intellect; nor of education and accomplishments; nor even of those more
+trivial, yet fascinating graces, which throw the charm of elegance and
+refinement over social life.
+
+I found from the conversation I had with my colored friends, on
+different occasions, that the prejudice against them was steadily, and
+not very slowly, giving way; yet several instances were mentioned, of
+recent occurrence, which show that it is still strong: I will quote one
+only. A colored gentleman informed me that last winter a near female
+relative being about to take a journey by railway to Philadelphia, she
+was compelled, though in delicate health, to travel in the comfortless,
+exposed car, expressly provided for negroes, though he offered to pay
+double fare for a place in the regular carriage. A lady, not of the
+proscribed class, who has long resided in New York, mentioned to me as a
+marked indication of a favorable change in regard to color, the holding
+of such meetings as those at which the Amistad captives were introduced.
+Such an exhibition, instead of causing a display of benevolent interest
+among all classes, would, some years ago, have excited the malignant
+passions of the multitude, and probably caused a popular out-break.
+Another sign of the times was, that white and colored children might be
+seen walking in procession without distinction, on the anniversaries of
+the charity schools. The same lady, in whose veracity I place full
+confidence, informed me that there is now residing in this city, a
+native of Cuba, formerly a slave-holder at the Havana, who had narrowly
+escaped assassination from a negro. He had threatened the slave with
+punishment the following day, but the desperate man concealed himself in
+his master's room, and in the night, stabbed and killed his mistress by
+mistake, instead of his master. Three negroes were executed as principal
+and accessories; but their intended victim was so terrified that he left
+Havana for New York. His fears, not his conscience, were alarmed, for he
+still carries on his diabolical traffic between Africa and Cuba, and is
+reported to have gained by it, last year, one hundred thousand dollars.
+He lives in great splendor, and has the character of a liberal and
+generous man, but with the most implacable hatred to the blacks. "One
+murder makes a villain, thousands a hero." How wide the distinction
+between this man and the wretches who paid the forfeit of their lives
+for a solitary murder![A]
+
+[Footnote A: Sir F. Buxton has shown that two lives at least are
+sacrificed for every slave carried off from Africa.]
+
+On the evening of the 17th, in company with several of my abolition
+friends, I started for Albany, where the State legislature was then in
+session. The distance from New York is about a hundred and fifty-five
+miles, and is frequently performed by the steamers, on the noble river
+Hudson, in nine hours and a half up the stream, and in eight hours down.
+On these steamers there is accommodation for several hundred passengers
+to lodge, and the fare is only one dollar, with an extra charge for beds
+and meals. For an additional dollar, two persons may secure a state room
+to themselves.
+
+As night drew on, and the deck began to be cleared, I observed a
+well-dressed black man and woman sitting apart, and supposing they could
+obtain no berths on account of their color, I went and spoke to them. I
+told them I and several others on board were abolitionists. The man then
+informed us they were escaping from slavery, and had left their homes
+little more than two days before. They appeared very intelligent, though
+they could neither read nor write, and described to us how they had
+effected their escape. They had obtained leave to go to a wedding, from
+which they were not expected to return till the evening of the day
+following. Having procured forged certificates of freedom, for which
+they paid twenty-five dollars, each, they came forward with expedition
+by railway and steam boat. They had heard of emancipation in the British
+West Indies, and the efforts of the abolitionists in the States, but
+they were unacquainted with the existence of vigilance committees, to
+facilitate the escape of runaway slaves. We assisted them to proceed to
+the house of a relative of one of our party, out of the track of the
+pursuer, should they be followed. There is little doubt that they have
+safely reached Canada, for I was told at Albany, public opinion had
+become so strong in favor of self-emancipation, that if a runaway were
+seized in the city, it is probable he would be rescued by the people.
+
+I would also point attention to the fact, which is brought to light by
+this relation, that the slave-holders have not only to contend with the
+honest and open-handed means which the abolitionists most righteously
+employ,[A] to facilitate the escape of slaves, but with the mercenary
+acts of members of their own community, who live by the manufacture and
+sale of forged free papers.
+
+[Footnote A: See Deut. xxiii, 15, 16.]
+
+During my stay in Albany, I waited upon William H. Seward, the Governor,
+and on Luther Bradish, the Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York.
+It will, I trust, be considered no breach of confidence, if I state that
+I found their sentiments on the true principles of liberty, worthy of
+the enlightened legislators and first magistrates of a free republic.
+They concur in the general sentiment that public opinion in this
+metropolitan State is making rapid progress in favor of full and
+impartial justice to the people of color, a movement to which their own
+example in the high stations which they adorn has given a powerful
+impulse.
+
+I attended part of the sittings of the Senate and Assembly, and
+conversed with a number of members of both houses. The public business
+was transacted with at least as much order and decorum as in the Lords
+and Commons of Great Britain. I left Albany the same evening, and had
+the satisfaction of hearing, a few days afterwards, that the repeal of
+"the nine months law" had passed both houses, and was ratified by the
+Governor; and that in the Assembly upwards of fifty members had voted
+for it, although it was thought not ten would have done so two years
+since. By this change of the law any slave brought by his master within
+the limits of the State, even with his own consent, is not obliged to
+return to slavery.
+
+I proceeded by way of New York to Hartford in Connecticut, in order to
+be present at an anti-slavery meeting of the State Society, to which I
+had been invited. On my arrival, on the afternoon of the 19th, I found
+the meeting assembled, and in the chair my friend J.T. Norton, a member
+of the Connecticut legislature, a munificent and uncompromising friend
+to the anti-slavery cause, and one of the delegates to the London
+Convention. A black minister of religion addressed the meeting in an
+able and interesting manner. Soon after the close of his speech, a
+circumstance, quite unexpected to me, introduced a discussion on the
+right of women to vote and publicly act, conjointly with men. The
+chairman decided that the motion in favor of it was negatived, but the
+minority required the names on both sides to be taken down; this
+consumed much time, and disturbed the harmony of the meeting. I attended
+in the evening a committee of the legislature, which was sitting at the
+court house, to hear the speeches of persons who were allowed to address
+the committee in support of a petition that the word "white" should be
+expunged from the constitution of Connecticut. This change would of
+course give equal rights to the colored class. When I entered, the same
+colored minister I had heard in the afternoon, was addressing the
+committee. He was listened to with great attention, not only by the
+members, but by near two hundred of the inhabitants, who were present.
+He was followed on the same side, by a white gentleman in a very strong
+and uncompromising speech. The next day I paid my respects to William W.
+Ellsworth, the Governor of the State, and to one of the judges of the
+court; and afterwards attended the adjourned meeting of the Anti-Slavery
+Society. The vexed question of "women's rights" was again brought
+forward in another shape; the names on both sides again called for, with
+the same result as before. My belief was fully confirmed, that those who
+differ so widely in sentiment, have no alternative but to meet and act
+in distinct organizations.
+
+The Amistad captives arrived at Hartford on the afternoon of the same
+day, and were to address a meeting in the evening. An anti-slavery
+bazaar or fair which I visited this day, furnished ample testimony of
+the zeal of the female friends of the oppressed slave in this district.
+I returned the same evening to New Haven, and subsequently received a
+copy of two resolutions, approving the proceedings of the general
+Anti-Slavery Convention, in which it is stated by the Connecticut
+anti-slavery committee, "they have abundant evidence that the cause of
+the slave has been essentially promoted thereby;" also recommending
+"that a convention of men from all parts of the world, friendly to the
+cause of immediate emancipation, be again called in London, in the
+summer of 1842."
+
+On the 21st, I proceeded to the residence of Judge Jay, where I was very
+kindly received by his wife and family, the Judge himself being from
+home. On his return the next day, I had much interesting conversation
+with him on the prospects of our cause. He is convinced that it is
+making steady progress, notwithstanding the schism in the anti-slavery
+ranks. He said also, that of the runaway slaves who called at his house,
+some have told him that their condition had improved of late years;
+others saw no change in their treatment; not one has complained that
+they suffered more than formerly, in consequence of the discussions at
+the North about abolition. With regard to the free blacks, he fears that
+the persecution of them by the slave-holders has increased; though at
+the North the prejudice against them has unquestionably, in his opinion,
+been much mitigated by the efforts of the abolitionists. It is an
+interesting fact, and one that ought to encourage the humble and retired
+laborer in the cause of truth and righteousness, that this able and
+distinguished advocate of the claims of the oppressed slaves and people
+of color, was converted to his present views by Elizabeth Heyrick's
+pamphlet, "Immediate, not Gradual, Abolition of West India Slavery." Let
+me for a moment pause to render a tribute of justice to the memory of
+that devoted woman. Few will deny that the long and heart-sickening
+interval that occurred between the abolition of the slave-trade of Great
+Britain, and the emancipation of her slaves, was owing to the false, but
+universal notion, that the slaves must be gradually prepared for
+freedom: a notion that we now confess is as contrary to reason and
+Christian principle as it is opposed to the past experience of our
+colonies. Yet a generation passed away while the abolitionists of Great
+Britain were trying to make ropes of sand--to give practical effect to
+an impracticable theory; pursuing a delusion, which this honored woman
+was the first to detect; and that less by force and subtlety of
+argument, than by the statement of self-evident truths, and by the
+enforcement of the simple and grand principle that Christianity admits
+of no compromise with sin. This was an easy lesson, yet it was one which
+our senators and statesmen, our distinguished philanthropists, and our
+whole anti-slavery host were slow to learn. The pamphlet produced little
+immediate effect, but to cause its writer to be regarded as an amiable
+enthusiast and visionary. It now remains a monument of the
+indestructible nature, and the irresistible power of truth, even when
+wielded by feeble and despised hands.
+
+Judge Jay read to me part of a very interesting and important
+manuscript, which he had prepared on the preservation of international
+peace. He suggests that any two nations, entering into an alliance,
+should embody in their treaty a clause mutually binding them to refer
+any dispute or difficulty that may arise, to the arbitration of one or
+more friendly powers. As he has concluded to publish his pamphlet, I
+trust it will shortly be in the hands of the friends of peace in this
+country, as well as in America. This idea is beautifully simple, and of
+easy application. Through the kindness of the author, I have been
+furnished with a long and important extract from his manuscript, which I
+am permitted to lay before the British public by anticipation, in the
+Appendix to the present work.[A] On returning from his hospitable
+mansion, he obligingly sent his carriage with me to Sing Sing, but the
+steamboat had started earlier than we expected, and I hired a carriage
+and a pair of horses, with the driver, who was also the proprietor, to
+convey me the remainder of the way to New York. The distance for which I
+engaged it, was thirty-six miles, for the moderate sum of five dollars.
+On the road, the man pointed out the place where Major Andre was taken,
+whose tragical end excites sympathy even to this day, in the breast of
+the Americans. On entering the city, we passed a man in livery, and my
+driver remarked, "There, that is English; I would not wear _that_ for a
+hundred dollars a day." Long may the American, who lives by his daily
+labor, preserve this feeling of honorable independence.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix F.]
+
+During my stay at New York this time, I was the guest of my friend
+William Shotwell, Jr., at whose hospitable dwelling, I afterwards took
+up my abode, whenever I lodged in the city. From the 24th to the 28th, I
+was chiefly occupied in attending the sittings of the Friends' Yearly
+Meeting of this State; and, during the intervals, in seeing many Friends
+in private company. I was much encouraged to find among them, a
+considerable number thoroughly imbued with anti-slavery sentiments;
+especially, from the western parts of the State. The subject of slavery
+was introduced, in the Yearly Meeting, by reading the Epistle from the
+Society in England, which is elsewhere quoted.[A] This was followed on
+the part of many, by expressions of deep feeling; and the question was
+referred to a committee, for practical consideration. In consequence of
+the report of this committee, at a subsequent sitting, five hundred
+copies of the English address were directed to be printed, and
+circulated among Friends, within the compass of the Yearly Meeting; and
+the whole subject was referred to its "meeting for sufferings," with an
+earnest recommendation, that they should embrace every right opening for
+furthering the great object. The clerk of the Yearly Meeting expressed
+his firm conviction, that the work was on the wheel, and that nothing
+would be permitted to stop its progress, until, either in mercy or in
+judgment, the bonds of every slave should be broken. He spoke in a very
+powerful manner. In most of the epistles sent out from this Yearly
+Meeting, as well as from that of Philadelphia, the subject of slavery
+was introduced, and commended to the earnest consideration of the body,
+here and elsewhere. Previous to the assembling of the Yearly Meeting, I
+had placed in the hands of one of its members, the following letter:
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix A.]
+
+
+    My Dear Friend,--Wilt thou have the kindness to ask the Friends
+    with whom it rests to grant such a request, to permit the use of
+    the meeting house at a convenient time, either during the Yearly
+    Meeting, or before those who attend from the country leave the
+    city, for the purpose of affording my friend John Candler an
+    opportunity of giving Friends some outline of emancipation in
+    Jamaica. I should like at the same time to give a little
+    information on the state of the anti-slavery question in other
+    parts of the world. John Candler, it is I believe generally
+    known, visited Jamaica with the full sanction of the "meeting
+    for sufferings," in London. My visit to this country had no
+    particular reference to the members of our Society, but my
+    friends in England kindly furnished me with the enclosed
+    documents.
+
+    Affectionately,
+
+    JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    _New York, 5th Month 17th_, 1841.
+
+
+This request was kindly complied with. The large meeting house was
+granted for the evening of the 27th. The clerks of the men's and women's
+meetings gave public notice of it in their respective assemblies. The
+former, the venerable and worthy Richard Mott, encouraged Friends to be
+present, and said, as a thinking and reasoning people, they need fear no
+harm from a calm consideration of the subject. The attendance was large,
+including, I believe, most of those Friends who were from the country.
+The following brief notice of it in the American and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Reporter, will explain the character of the meeting.
+
+
+    "On Thursday evening of last week, the members of the Society of
+    Friends (Orthodox,) assembled in this city at their Annual
+    Meeting, met at their meeting house in Orchard street, to listen
+    to the statements of John Candler, of England, lately returned
+    from a visit to the West India Islands, as to the results of
+    emancipation in those Islands, and also of our esteemed friend,
+    Joseph Sturge, in reference to the general subject of
+    emancipation throughout the world.
+
+    "The meeting was largely attended. The successful and happy
+    results of the immediate emancipation of the slaves of the
+    colonies, as detailed by John Candler, were calculated to
+    strengthen the conviction that to do justice is always
+    expedient. Joseph Sturge gave a history of the progress of the
+    anti-slavery cause in Great Britain from the time of the old
+    abolition society, of which Thomas Clarkson was a member, and of
+    which he is sole survivor. He also glanced at the state of the
+    cause in other quarters of the globe--at the efforts for East
+    India emancipation, and at late movements in France, Brazil and
+    Spain, in favor of emancipation; concluding with a most
+    affecting appeal to the members of his religious society to omit
+    no right opportunity for pleading for the slave, and for
+    hastening the day of his deliverance.
+
+    "We take pleasure in recording such evidences that the good old
+    testimony of the Society of Friends, on this subject, is still
+    maintained among them. The Friends of the past generation set a
+    noble example to other Christian sects, by emancipating their
+    slaves, from a sense of religious duty; and it seems to us, that
+    those of the present day have great responsibilities resting
+    upon them; and that it especially becomes them to see to it that
+    their light is not hidden in this hour of darkness and
+    prejudice, on the subject of human rights. The slaveholder and
+    his victim both look to them;--the one with deprecating gesture,
+    and words of flattery--the other in beseeching and half
+    reproachful earnestness. We cannot doubt that the agonizing
+    appeal of the latter is listened to by all who truly feel the
+    weight of their religious testimonies resting upon them; and we
+    trust there will be found among them, an increasing zeal to
+    secure to these unhappy victims of avarice and the lust of
+    power, that liberty which George Fox, two centuries in advance
+    of his contemporaries, declared to be 'the right of all men.'"
+
+
+When the assembly broke up, the clerk of the Yearly Meeting, who sat by
+us, expressed to me his entire satisfaction with the proceedings, as did
+others present. One influential member of the Society, however, who met
+me the next day in the street, stated very decidedly his disapprobation
+of the tenor of certain parts of my address; but I found that he
+condemned me on hearsay evidence, not having attended the meeting
+himself. On the 29th, I was favored with a call from Lieutenant Governor
+Cunningham, of St. Kitts, on his way to England, who gave a very
+favorable account of the continued good conduct of the emancipated
+slaves in that Island. It is surely an eminent token of the divine
+blessing on a national act of justice and mercy, that evidence of this
+kind should have been so abundantly and uniformly supplied from every
+colony where slavery has been abolished. A fine black man was brought to
+me about this time, who showed me papers by which it appeared he had
+lately given one thousand five hundred dollars for his freedom. He had
+since been driven from the State in which he lived, by the operation of
+a law, enacted to prevent the continued residence of free people of
+color, and has thus been banished from a wife and family, who are still
+slaves. He has agreed with their owner, that if he can pay two thousand
+five hundred dollars, in six years, his wife and six children shall be
+free, and he was then trying to get employment in New York, in the hope
+of being able to raise this large sum within the specified time.
+
+On the 29th, I proceeded to Burlington; while I was there five or six
+Friends drew up and presented me with a resolution, expressive of their
+readiness and desire to join with other members of their religious
+society in active efforts for the abolition of slavery.
+
+On the 30th, I paid a second visit to my venerable friend John Cox. The
+next morning his grandson kindly accompanied me to Mount Holly, to see
+the humble dwelling of the late John Woolman. I afterwards received from
+John Cox a letter, from which I quote the following extract relating to
+this remarkable man, whose character confers interest even on the most
+trivial incidents of his life which can now be remembered:
+
+
+    "Since our separation on the morning of the 31st ultimo, when my
+    grandson accompanied thee to Mount Holly, I have been there, it
+    having been previously reported that the ancient, humble dome,
+    which passed under thy inspection as the residence of John
+    Woolman, he never inhabited, though that he built the house (as
+    Solomon built the temple,) is admitted. With a view to remove
+    this erroneous impression, I sought and obtained an interview
+    with the only man now living in the town, who was contemporary
+    with John Woolman, (now eighty years of age,) and in habits of
+    occasional intercourse with him. He informed me that John
+    Woolman's daughter (an only child,) and her husband resided in
+    the house when her father embarked for London, which was in the
+    year 1772, as recorded in his journal. The fact of residence is
+    corroborated by the circumstance of the search for and
+    destruction of caterpillars in the apple orchard, which I think,
+    was related to thee.
+
+    "The sage historian of by-gone days, whom I met at Mount Holly,
+    spake of his being at John Woolman's little farm, in the season
+    of harvest, when it was customary, and so remains to the present
+    time, for farmers to slay a young calf or a lamb; the common
+    mode is by bleeding in the jugular vein; but with a view to
+    mitigate the sufferings of the animal in that mode, he had
+    prepared, and kept by him for that express purpose, a large
+    block of wood with a smooth surface, and after confining the
+    limbs of the animal, it was laid gently thereon, and the head
+    severed from the body at one stroke."
+
+
+While in this neighborhood, I made a call on Nathan Dunn, the proprietor
+of the "Chinese collection." He resided many years at Canton, and since
+his return has built himself a mansion in the Chinese style. His museum
+of Chinese curiosities is by far the most extensive and valuable which
+has ever been seen out of that country, and forms one of the most
+attractive and instructive exhibitions in Philadelphia; one whose
+character and arrangement are quite _unique_, and which has some
+pretensions to the title of "China in miniature." It occupies the whole
+of the lower saloon of that splendid building recently erected at the
+corner of Ninth and George streets, by the Philadelphia Museum Company.
+The visitor's notice is first attracted by a series of groups of
+figures, representing Chinese of nearly every grade in society, engaged
+in the actual business of life. The figures, in their appropriate
+costume, are modeled in a peculiarly fine clay, by Chinese artists, with
+exquisite skill and effect. All are accurate likenesses of originals,
+most of whom are now living. The following enumeration of one of the
+cases, expanded in the subsequent description, which I quote from the
+catalogue, will give an idea of the manner in which Chinese life and
+manners are illustrated:
+
+
+    "CASE VIII.--_No_. 21. _Chinese Gentleman_.--22. _Beggar asking
+    alms_.--23. _Servant preparing breakfast_.--24.
+    _Purchaser_.--25. _Purchaser examining a piece of black silk.
+    The proprietor behind the counter making calculations on his
+    counting board_.--_Clerk entering goods_.--_Circular table, with
+    breakfast furniture_.
+
+    "This has been arranged so as to afford an exact idea of a
+    Chinese retail establishment. Two purchasers have been placed by
+    the counter: one of whom is scrutinizing a piece of black silk
+    that lies before him. The owner, behind the counter, is
+    carelessly bending forward, and intent on casting an account on
+    the 'calculating dish,' while his clerk is busy making entries
+    in the book, in doing which he shows us the Chinese mode of
+    holding a pen, or rather brush, which is perpendicularly between
+    the thumb and all the fingers. A servant is preparing breakfast.
+    A circular eight-legged table, very similar to those used by our
+    great grandfathers, is spread in the centre of the shop. Among
+    its furniture, the ivory chopsticks are the most novel. On the
+    visitor's right hand sits a gentleman, with a pipe, apparently a
+    chance comer, 'just dropped in' about meal time; on the left, a
+    blind beggar stands, beating two bamboo sticks against each
+    other, an operation with which he continues to annoy all whom he
+    visits, till he is relieved by some trifling gratuity, usually a
+    single _cash_. A gilt image of Fo is inserted in the front part
+    of the counter, and a small covered tub, filled with tea, with a
+    few cups near by, standing on the counter, from which customers
+    are always invited to help themselves.
+
+    "The merchants and shop-keepers of Canton are prompt, active,
+    obliging, and able. They can do an immense business in a short
+    time, and without noise, bustle, or disorder. Their goods are
+    arranged in the most perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of
+    its place. These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising
+    of the Western nations, and place them in prominent contrast
+    with the rest of the Asiatics. It is confidently asserted by
+    those who have had the best opportunities of judging, that as
+    business men, they are in advance of Spanish, Italian, and
+    Portuguese merchants.
+
+    "There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the scrolls hung
+    up in the interior of some of the shops, which serve at the same
+    time to mark the thrifty habits of the traders. A few specimens
+    are subjoined:--'Gossipping and long sitting injure business.'
+    'Former customers have inspired caution--no credit given.' 'A
+    small stream always flowing.' 'Genuine goods; prices true.'
+    'Trade circling like a wheel,' et cet."
+
+
+In addition to the above models, the collection includes an almost
+innumerable variety of specimens of the fine arts and manufactures,
+comprising almost every article of use and luxury--furniture, modern and
+antique porcelain, models houses, pagodas, boats, junks, and bridges;
+pieces of silk, linen, cotton, grass-cloth, and other fabrics
+manufactured in China for home consumption; books and drawings, costume,
+idols, and appendages of worship; weapons, musical instruments, signs,
+mottoes, and entablatures, and numerous paintings, which last, it is
+justly observed, "will satisfy every candid mind that great injustice
+has been done to the Chinese artists, in the notion hitherto entertained
+respecting their want of skill. They paint insects, birds, fishes,
+fruits, flowers, with great correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy
+and variety of their colors cannot be surpassed. They group with
+considerable taste and effect, and their perspective--a department of
+the art in which they have been thought totally deficient--is often very
+good."
+
+Many of the paintings represent actual scenes and occurrences; and thus,
+like the models before mentioned, bring living China before the mind's
+eye. The following is a good example.
+
+
+    "910. _View of the interior of the Consoo House, with the court
+    in session, for the final decision of the charge of piracy
+    committed by the crew of a Chinese junk on a French captain and
+    sailors, at a short distance from Macao_.
+
+    "The French ship, Navigatre, put in to Cochin China in distress.
+    Having disposed of her to the government, the captain, with his
+    crew, took passage for Macao in a Chinese junk belonging to the
+    province of Fokien. Part of their valuables consisted of about
+    100,000 dollars in specie. Four Chinese passengers bound for
+    Macao, and one for Fokien, were also on board. This last
+    apprised the Frenchmen in the best manner he could, that the
+    crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take their
+    lives and seize their treasure. He urged that an armed watch
+    should be kept. On reaching the Ladrone Islands, the poor Macao
+    passengers left the junk. Here the Frenchmen believed themselves
+    out of danger, and exhausted by sickness and long watching,
+    yielded to a fatal repose. They were all massacred but one, a
+    youth of about nineteen years of age, who escaped by leaping
+    into the sea, after receiving several wounds. A fishing boat
+    picked him up and landed him at Macao, where information was
+    given to the officers of government, and the crew of the junk,
+    with their ill-gotten gains, were seized, on their arrival at
+    the port of destination in Fokien.
+
+    "Having been found guilty by the court, in their own district,
+    they were sent down to Canton, by order of the Emperor, to the
+    Unchat-see, (criminal judge) to be confronted with the young
+    French sailor. This trial is represented in the painting. The
+    prisoners were taken out of their cages, as is seen in the
+    foreground. The Frenchman recognized seventeen out of the
+    twenty-four; but when the passenger, who had been his friend,
+    was brought in, the two eagerly embraced each other, which scene
+    is also portrayed in the painting. An explanation of this
+    extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the man forthwith
+    set at liberty. A purse was made up for him by the Chinese and
+    foreigners, and he was soon on his way homeward. The seventeen
+    _were_ decapitated, in a few days, in the presence of the
+    foreigners; the captain, was to be put to a 'lingering death,'
+    the punishment of traitors, and the stolen treasures were
+    restored."
+
+
+I do not quote the above for the sake of the anecdote, though the
+relation is authentic, but as, affording a striking illustration of the
+advanced civilization of the Chinese. It shows that the supremacy of the
+law is universal, and its administration efficient. The criminals, in
+this instance, are promptly seized, tried, and condemned on strong
+evidence; but, before they are executed, reference is made to the
+distant metropolis, Pekin. Here it is observed, that the most important
+witness was not 'confronted with the prisoners,' and they are forthwith
+directed to be conveyed to Canton, to be examined in his presence.
+Seventeen are recognized by him and are executed. The rest escape. Now
+this is just what might have taken place under the best ordered
+governments of Europe. The humane maxims of British jurisprudence, if
+not acknowledged in theory, may be here witnessed in practical
+operation, and the single circumstance of referring capital convictions
+to the Emperor, in his distant metropolis, for confirmation, before they
+are carried into effect, shows a respect for human life, even in the
+persons of criminals, which is one of the surest tokens of a high state
+of civilization. Such is the criminal jurisprudence of China, in
+practice; in theory, its just praise has been awarded, some years ago,
+by an able writer in the Edinburgh Review. He says:--
+
+
+    "The most remarkable thing in this code, is its great
+    reasonableness, clearness, and consistency; the businesslike
+    brevity and directness of the various provisions, and the
+    plainness and moderation of the language in which they are
+    expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct series of
+    enactments, savoring throughout of practical judgment and
+    European good sense. When we turn from the ravings of the
+    Zendavesta, or the Puranas, to the tone of sense and of business
+    of this Chinese collection, we seem to be passing from darkness
+    to light--from the drivellings of dotage to the exercise of an
+    improved understanding; and, redundant and minute as these laws
+    are in many particulars, we scarcely know any European code that
+    is at once so copious and so consistent, or that is nearly so
+    free from intricacy, bigotry and fiction."
+
+
+In addition to what have been noticed, the Chinese exhibition includes a
+copious and very interesting collection of specimens of the natural
+history of China.
+
+I trust the extended notice I have given to the subject, will at least
+prove that this is not an ordinary exhibition, but a representation of a
+distant country and remarkable people, in which amusement is most
+skilfully and philosophically made subservient to practical instruction.
+A beneficent Creator has implanted within us a thirst for information
+about other scenes and people. To be totally devoid of this feeling
+would argue, perhaps, not merely intellectual but moral deficiency. Such
+being the case, the founder of the "Chinese collection" deserves to be
+regarded as a public benefactor, for, by spending a few hours in his
+museum, with the aid of the descriptive catalogue, one may learn more of
+the Chinese than by the laborious perusal of all the works upon them
+that have ever been written.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: While the above was passing through the press, I have
+learned that this interesting Collection has arrived for exhibition in
+this country.]
+
+I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing my deep regret that the
+British public should appear to view with indifference, or complacency,
+the cruel and unjust war which our Government is now waging against this
+highly cultivated and unoffending people, at the instigation of a
+handful of men, who have acquired wealth and importance in the vigorous
+pursuit of an immoral and unlawful traffic, by means the most criminal
+and detestable. I have attempted, since my return from the United
+States, to give some expression to my sentiments, in a letter which has
+been widely circulated, and which will be found reprinted in the
+Appendix.[A] I trust none under whose notice this subject may come will
+endeavor to evade their share of responsibility. If the present war with
+China were the sole consideration, perhaps no course would be left to
+the Christian citizen, but to record his protest and mourn in silence;
+but the conclusion of the war _per se_ would not terminate the
+difficulty, for trade and mutual intercourse between the two countries,
+_on the basis of a reciprocation of interests_, can never be restored
+till the EAST INDIA COMPANY'S OPIUM TRADE, a traffic, like the slave
+trade, hateful in the sight of God and man, is suppressed; or at least,
+until British connection with it is severed; If asked who are the guilty
+persons, I would say, in the first instance, the East India Company;
+secondly, the opium smugglers; thirdly, the British government, and
+lastly, the British people, who, by silent acquiescence, make the whole
+guilt, and the whole responsibility their own.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix G.]
+
+The author of the most popular modern work on China, who long
+superintended the interests of the British merchants at Canton, and
+whose work, to a considerable extent, reflects their views, after
+stating the increasing discouragements imposed by the authorities on
+foreign commerce, the effect for the most part of opium smuggling, and
+other lawless proceedings, observes:--"These (discouragements) are their
+(the British merchants) real subjects of complaint in China; and
+whenever the accumulation of wrong shall have proved, by exact
+calculation, that it is more profitable, according to merely commercial
+principles, to remonstrate than submit, these will form a righteous and
+equitable ground of quarrel!!"[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Davis's China and the Chinese, (Murray's Family Library,)
+vol. i. p. 195.]
+
+The remonstrance here alluded to is WAR, as is apparent from the context
+of the passage, as well as from the fact, that by the author's own
+showing no other kind of remonstrance remained to be tried. The true
+"casus belli" is set forth by anticipation in this passage without
+disguise, and by one who knew well, and has clearly described the causes
+that were operating to produce a rupture. The opium merchants have
+discovered that now, in the fulness of time, it is _profitable_ to go to
+war with China, and forthwith the vast power of Great Britain, obedient
+to their influence, is put in motion to sustain their unrighteous
+quarrel, to the unspeakable degradation of the character of this
+professedly Christian nation. The morality of the war on our side, is
+the morality of the highwayman; that morality by which the strong in all
+ages have preyed upon the weak. And though a handful of unprincipled men
+find their account in it, before the people of Great Britain have paid
+the expenses of the war, and the losses from derangement and
+interruption of commerce, it will cost millions more than all the profit
+that has ever accrued to them from the opium trade. From what motive
+then, do we uphold a traffic, which is the curse of China, the curse of
+India, and a calamity to Great Britain? Such a war may be fruitful in
+trophies of military glory, if such can be gained by the slaughter of
+the most pacific people in the world; but to expect that it will promote
+the reputation, the prosperity, or the happiness of this country, would
+be to look for national wickedness to draw down the Divine blessing. The
+descriptive catalogue of the "Ten thousand Chinese things," concludes
+with sentiments on this subject which do equal honor to the head and
+heart of the writer.
+
+
+    "Alas for missionary efforts, so long as the grasping avarice of
+    the countries, whence the missionaries go, sets at nought every
+    Christian obligation before the very eyes of the people whom it
+    is sought to convert! Most devoutly do we long for the
+    auspicious day, when the pure religion, that distilled from the
+    heart, and was embodied in the life of Jesus, shall shed its
+    sacred influence on every human being; but, in our inmost soul
+    we believe it will not come, till the principles of religion
+    shall take a firmer hold on the affections of those who profess
+    to receive it, and rear a righteous embankment around their
+    sordid and stormy passions. When the missionary shall find an
+    auxiliary in the stainless life of every compatriot who visits
+    the scene of his labors, for purposes of pleasure or of
+    gain,--when he can point not only to the pure maxims and sublime
+    doctrines proclaimed by the Founder of his faith, but to the
+    clustering graces that adorn its professors,--then indeed will
+    the day dawn, and the day star of the millennium arise upon the
+    world."
+
+
+During my short stay in Philadelphia on this occasion, I visited several
+of its prisons, philanthropic institutions, et cet. These are
+pre-eminently the glory of this beautiful city; yet as they have been
+often described, I shall pass them by in silence, with the exception of
+two, the Refuge, and the Penitentiary; which I briefly notice because I
+may offer a few general remarks in another place, on the important
+subject of prison discipline. The Refuge is an asylum for juvenile
+delinquents, founded on the just and benevolent principle that offences
+against society, committed by very young persons, should be disciplined
+by training and education, rather than by punishment. In this
+establishment there are from eighty to ninety boys, and from forty to
+fifty girls, of ages varying from eight to twenty-one years. The former
+are employed in various light handicraft trades, and the latter in
+domestic services, and both spend a portion of their time in school.
+They remain from six months to four years. From the statements of the
+superintendent and matron, it appeared that about three-fourths of the
+male, and four-fifths of the female inmates become respectable members
+of society, and the remainder are chiefly such as are fifteen or sixteen
+years of age when first admitted into the Refuge, an age at which
+character may be considered as in a great measure formed. The labor of
+the children pays about one-fifth of the expense of the establishment,
+the rest being defrayed by the legislature.
+
+The prejudice of color intrudes even here, no children of that class
+being admitted into the Refuge. Colored delinquency is left to ripen
+into crime, with little interference from public or private
+philanthropy. As might have been expected, colored are more numerous
+than white criminals, in proportion to relative population; and this is
+appealed to as a proof of their naturally vicious and inferior
+character; when in fact the government and society at large are
+chargeable with their degradation.
+
+The Penitentiary contained, at the time of my visit, about three hundred
+and forty male, and thirty-five female prisoners. In this celebrated
+prison, hard labor is combined with solitary confinement, an arrangement
+which is technically known as the "separate system." Silence and
+seclusion are so strictly enforced as to be almost absolute and
+uninterrupted; even the minister who addresses the prisoners on the
+Sabbath is known to them only by his voice. A marked feature of this
+institution is security without the aid of any deadly weapon, none being
+allowed in the possession of the attendants, or indeed upon the
+premises. As compared with the "silent system," exhibited in the not
+less famed prisons of the State of New York, this is much less
+economical, as the mode of employing the prisoners, in their solitary
+cells, greatly lessens the power of a profitable application of their
+labor. If prisoners exceed their allotted task, one-half of their
+surplus earnings is given to them on being set at liberty. My visit was
+too cursory to enable me to give a decisive opinion on the "separate
+system," but I confess my impression is, that the punishment is one of
+tremendous and indiscriminating severity, and I find it difficult to
+believe that either the safety of society, or the welfare of the
+prisoner, can require the infliction of so much suffering. Criminals are
+sometimes condemned for very long periods, or for life; and in these
+cases, I was informed, occasionally manifested great recklessness and
+carelessness of their existence. I am also not quite convinced that the
+reformation of prisoners is effected to the extent sometimes inferred
+from the small number of recommittals. A statistical conclusion cannot
+be drawn from this datum, unsupported by other proofs.
+
+On the 2d of the 6th Month, (June,) I proceeded to Wilmington, Delaware,
+with my friend John G. Whittier. Here we met a company of warm-hearted
+and intelligent abolitionists, with whom we discussed the prospects of
+the cause. It was calculated that if compensation were conceded, to
+which many would on principle object, a tax of less than one dollar per
+acre would buy up all the slaves in the State for emancipation. It was
+admitted by all, that the abolition of slavery would advance the price
+of land in a far greater ratio; probably ten or twenty dollars per acre.
+
+We went forward the same evening to Baltimore, accompanied by one of our
+Wilmington acquaintance, and in the railway carriage was a member of the
+Society of Friends from North Carolina, who, though a colonizationist,
+appeared to be a man of candor. He gave it as his opinion that the
+majority of the free people of that State are in favor of the abolition
+of slavery. We also had the company, a part of the way, of Samuel E.
+Sewall, Counsellor at Law, in Boston, an early and tried abolitionist,
+and a faithful friend and legal adviser of the free people of color.
+
+The next morning, we left Baltimore for Washington, two hours' ride by
+railway. The railroads of this country being often extremely narrow, the
+trains frequently pass almost close to the piers of the bridges and
+viaducts, a circumstance which explains the following printed notice in
+the carriages: "Passengers are cautioned not to put their arms, head, or
+legs out of the window."
+
+In passing from a free to a slave State, the most casual observer is
+struck with the contrast. The signs of industry and prosperity on the
+broad face of the country are universally in favor of the former, and
+that to a degree which none but an eye witness can conceive. This fact
+has been often noticed, and has been affirmed by slaveholders
+themselves, in the most emphatic terms. In cities the difference is not
+less remarkable, and was forcibly brought to our notice in the hotel at
+which we took up our residence on arriving at Washington, and which,
+though the first in the city, and the temporary residence of many
+members of Congress, was greatly deficient in the cleanliness, comfort,
+and order, which prevail in the well-furnished and well-conducted
+establishments of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, &c. At this house, I
+understood, some of the servants were free, and others slaves.
+
+We were now in the District of Columbia, the seat of this powerful
+Federal Government, and in the city of Washington, the metropolis of the
+United States. Here are concentrated as it were into one focus, the
+associations of the past, connected with the great struggle for
+independence, and the memory of those names and events which already
+belong to history. Whatever may be our political principles, or the
+opinions of those who like myself consider all resort to arms as
+forbidden under the Christian dispensation, it is impossible to recall
+without emotion, transactions which have exerted and will continue to
+exert, so marked an influence on the destinies of mankind. This city was
+not the scene of those events, but it was erected to be a perpetual
+monument of them, and in the limited district of ten miles square, in
+which it stands, the Government which was then called into existence
+reigns sole and supreme. If a stranger were to inquire here for the
+monuments of the fathers of the Revolution, the American would proudly
+point to the Capitol, with the national Congress in full session, and to
+the levee of the President, crowded by free citizens, and
+representatives of foreign nations. The United States were thirteen
+dependent colonies, they are now twenty-six sovereign States, rich and
+populous, covering the face of this vast continent, and compacted into
+one powerful confederacy. But notwithstanding the glowing emotions which
+seem naturally called forth by the locality, there is many an American
+who bitterly feels that the District of Columbia is the shame, rather
+than the glory of his country. Here is proclaimed to the whole world by
+the united voice of the American people, "We hold these truths to be
+self-evident--that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by
+their Creator with certain inalienable rights--that among these are
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" and here also by a
+majority of the same people expressing their deliberate will, through
+their representatives, this declaration is trampled under foot, and
+turned into derision.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "Large establishments have grown up upon the national
+domain, provided with prisons for the safe keeping of negroes till a
+full cargo is procured; and should, at any time, the factory prisons be
+insufficient, the public ones, erected by Congress, are at the service
+of the dealers, and the United States Marshal becomes the agent of the
+slave trade."--_Judge Jay's View of the action of the Federal Government
+in behalf of Slavery_, _page_ 93. "But the climax of infamy is still
+untold. This trade in blood,--this buying, imprisoning, and exporting of
+boys and girls eight years old,--this tearing asunder of husbands and
+wives, parents and children,--is all legalized, in virtue of authority
+delegated by Congress!! The 249th page of the laws of the city of
+Washington is polluted by the following enactment, bearing date 28th
+July, 1838:--'For a _license_ to trade or traffic in slaves for profit,
+four hundred dollars.'"--_Ibid_, _page_ 98.]
+
+The District of Columbia is the chief seat of the American slave trade;
+commercial enterprize has no other object! Washington is one of the best
+supplied and most frequented slave marts in the world. The adjoining and
+once fertile and beautiful States of Virginia and Maryland, are now
+blasted with sterility, and ever-encroaching desolation. The curse of
+the first murderer rests upon the planters, and the ground will no
+longer yield to them her strength. The impoverished proprietors find now
+their chief source of revenue in what one of themselves expressly
+termed, their "crop of human flesh." Hence the slave-holding region is
+now divided into the "slave-breeding," and "slave-consuming" States.
+From its locality, and, from its importance as the centre of public
+affairs, the District of Columbia has become the focus of this dreadful
+traffic, which almost vies with the African slave trade itself in extent
+and cruelty, besides possessing aggravations peculiarly its own.[A] Its
+victims are marched to the south in chained coffles, overland, in the
+face of day, and by vessels coastwise. Those who protest against these
+abominations are the abolitionists; a body whose opinions are so
+unpopular that no term of reproach is deemed vile enough for their
+desert; yet if these should hold their peace, the very stones would
+surely cry out. The state of things in this District has one peculiar
+feature; being under the supreme local government of Congress, it
+presents almost the only tangible point for the political efforts of
+those hostile to slavery. Against slavery in any but their own States,
+the abolitionists have neither the power nor the wish to exert that
+constitutional interference which they rightfully employ in the States
+of which they are citizens; but with respect to the District of
+Columbia, they are, in common with the whole republic, responsible for
+the exercise of political influence for the abolition of slavery within
+its limits. Hence this is the grand point of attack. They have
+experienced a succession of repulses, but their eventual success is
+certain; the political influence of the slave-holding interest, which is
+now paramount, and which controls and dictates the entire policy of the
+general Government will be destroyed. Then will the abolition of
+American slavery be speedily consummated.
+
+[Footnote A: "Human flesh is now the great staple of Virginia, In the
+legislature of this State, in 1833, Thomas Jefferson Randolph declared
+that Virginia had been converted into 'one grand menagerie, where men
+are reared for the market, like oxen for the shambles.' This same
+gentleman thus compared the foreign with the domestic traffic: 'The
+trader (African) receives the slave, a stranger in aspect, language and
+manner, from the merchant who brought him from the interior. But _here_,
+sir, individuals whom the master has known from infancy,--whom he has
+seen sporting in the innocent gambols of childhood,--who have been
+accustomed to look to him for protection,--he tears from the mother's
+arms, exiles into a foreign country, among a strange people, subject to
+cruel task-masters. In my opinion, it is much worse.'--Mr. Gholson, of
+Virginia, in his speech in the legislature of that State, January 18,
+1831, says: 'The master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her
+nursed and attended during the period of her gestation, and raises the
+helpless and infant offspring. The value of the property justifies the
+expense; and I do not hesitate to say, that in its increase consists
+much of our wealth.'--Professor Dew, now President of the College of
+William and Mary, Virginia, in his review of the debate in the Virginia
+legislature, 1831-3, speaking of the revenue arising from the trade,
+says: 'A full equivalent being thus left in the place of the slave, this
+emigration becomes an advantage to the State, and does not check the
+black population as much as at first view we might imagine; because it
+furnishes every inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to
+_encourage breeding_, and to cause the greatest number possible to be
+raised. Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State, for other
+States.'--Mr. C.F. Mercer asserted, in the Virginia Convention of 1829,
+'The tables of the natural growth of the slave population demonstrate;
+when compared with the increase of its numbers in the commonwealth for
+twenty years past, that an annual revenue of not less than a million and
+a half of dollars is derived from the exportation of a part of this
+population.'"--_Judge Jay's View_, _pages_ 88, 89.]
+
+Very soon after our arrival, we proceeded to the House of
+Representatives, then sitting, and were favored, by introductions from a
+member, with seats behind the Speaker's chair. The subject before the
+House was, of course, peculiarly interesting to me, being the proposed
+re-enactment of the "gag;" a rule of the House, by which petitions for
+the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, are laid upon the
+table, without being read or referred, and thus are virtually rejected.
+One of the speakers, William Slade, of Vermont, who was opposed to the
+"gag," told the pro-slavery members that they were greatly mistaken in
+supposing that such a measure would suppress the anti-slavery feeling of
+the country. They might, for a time, block up the Potomac, but it would
+only be to direct its waters into a new channel; in the same way as the
+rejection of anti-slavery petitions had resulted in the formation of a
+third abolition political party, which was now regularly organized and
+in the field. Having previously heard much of the virulence of the
+pro-slavery members, I was particularly impressed with the silence and
+attention with which they listened to this speech, and with the feeling
+which seemed evidently to prevail, that the subject could no longer be
+met with contempt and ridicule. One of the liberal members told me
+afterwards, that they felt themselves in a different atmosphere to what
+they did two years ago, both in the House and in the city, when touching
+upon this subject. Before the debate closed, the House divided on the
+question, whether ex-president Adams, the veteran defender of the
+constitutional right of petition, and who had brought forward this
+motion for the repeal of the "gag," was entitled to the right of reply.
+This was decided in his favor, and the House adjourned till the
+beginning of the following week.
+
+In the afternoon, I proceeded, by a steam packet, with one of my
+friends, to Alexandria, about six miles distant, on the other side of
+the Potomac. A merchant, to whom I had an introduction, kindly
+accompanied us to a slave-trading establishment there, which is
+considered the principal one in the District. The proprietor was absent;
+but the person in charge, a stout, middle-aged man, with a good-natured
+countenance, that little indicated his employment, readily consented to
+show us over the establishment. On passing behind the house, we looked
+through a grated iron door, into a square court or yard, with very high
+walls, in which were about fifty slaves. Some of the younger ones were
+dancing to a fiddle, an affecting proof, in their situation, of the
+degradation caused by slavery. There were others, who seemed a prey to
+silent dejection. Among these was a woman, who had run away from her
+master twelve years ago, and had married and lived ever since as a free
+person. She was at last discovered, taken and sold, along with her
+child, and would shortly be shipped to New Orleans, unless her husband
+could raise the means of her redemption, which we understood he was
+endeavoring to do. If he failed, they are lost to him for ever. Another
+melancholy looking woman was here with her nine children, the whole
+family having been sold away from their husband and father, to this
+slave-dealer, for two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. This
+unfeeling separation is but the beginning of their sorrows. They will,
+in all probability, be re-sold at New Orleans, scattered and divided,
+until not perhaps two of them are left together. The most able-bodied
+negro I saw, cost the slave-dealer six hundred and eighty-five dollars.
+
+Our guide told us that they sometimes sent from this house from fifteen
+hundred to two thousand slaves to the South in a year, and that they
+occasionally had three hundred to four hundred at once in their
+possession. That the trade was not now so brisk, but that prices were
+rising. The return and profits of this traffic appear to be entirely
+regulated by the fluctuations in the value of the cotton. Women are
+worth one-third less than men. But one instance of complete escape ever
+occurred from these premises, though some of the slaves were
+occasionally trusted out in the fields. He showed us the substantial
+clothing, shoes, &c., with which the slaves were supplied when sent to
+the South; a practice, I fear, enforced more by the cupidity of the
+buyers, than the humanity of the seller. Our informant stated, in answer
+to inquiries, that by the general testimony of the slaves purchased,
+they were treated better by the planters than was the case ten years
+ago. He also admitted the evils of the system, and said, with apparent
+sincerity, he wished it was put an end to.
+
+We went afterwards to the city jail, to see a youth whose case I had
+heard of in Delaware, who had come to Alexandria on board a vessel, and
+had here been seized and imprisoned on suspicion of being a slave, not
+having any document to prove his freedom. He had now been incarcerated
+for near twelve months, and though admitted by the jailer and every one
+else to be free, he was about to be sold in a few days into slavery for
+a term, in order to pay the jail-fees, amounting to eighty dollars. In
+the evening on returning to Washington, we paid a visit by appointment
+to John Quincy Adams, ex-president of the United States; who though
+considerably more than seventy years of age, is yet one of the most
+assiduous and energetic members of the House of Representatives, and one
+of the most influential public men of the day. To this must be added the
+far higher praise that his distinguished powers are employed in the
+service of humanity, truth, and justice. How rare is it to witness such
+a union of intellectual and moral greatness! Posterity will do justice
+to his fame, when slavery shall exist only in the records of the past,
+and when it shall be related with wonder, that this venerable man,
+standing almost alone in his defence of the right of petition, received
+daily anonymous letters threatening him with assassination. He received
+us very kindly, and in the course of conversation expressed how much
+importance he attached to the late repeal of the "nine months law," in
+the State of New York, as a favorable indication of the current of
+public feeling. He did not appear sanguinely to anticipate that he
+should be in a majority on his pending motion for the repeal of the
+"gag."
+
+One of the principal objects of my visit to Washington was to present an
+Address to the President, from the Committee of the British and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society. In the course of my inquiries of various official
+persons, members of Congress, et cet., I found that to obtain an
+audience for the express purpose would be very difficult, as no member
+of Congress appeared willing to undertake the unpopular service of
+introducing the bearer of such a document. I was not disposed to apply
+to the British Ambassador, who on some occasions had shown a want of
+sympathy with the anti-slavery cause. I found, however, that it was not
+contrary to etiquette, in this country, for a private individual to
+address a note to the President, to which, in ordinary courtesy,
+according to the custom of the place, he has a right to expect a reply.
+I would remark, however, that nothing is more easy than to gain access
+to the President; but I felt that to avail myself of those facilities,
+to place in his hands a document which he might object to receive, would
+be uncandid. I therefore addressed a note to him, stating that I was the
+bearer of a memorial from the Committee of the British and Foreign
+Anti-slavery Society, signed by Thomas Clarkson, addressed to the
+President of the United States, in which I said, "It may, perhaps, be
+right to state, that the memorial refers to slavery and the slave-trade
+in the United States, and that it was written before the death of
+General Harrison was known in Europe." I then asked permission to
+present it.
+
+To this I received no reply. We were afterwards introduced to the
+President, by a member of Congress, who evinced an anxiety that I should
+make no reference to the memorial; and the President, on his part, made
+no allusion to it, or to my letter to himself. After this interview, we
+proceeded to the Senate, but it had risen just as we entered. I had a
+short conversation with Henry Clay, who alluded to Joseph John Gurney's
+work on the West Indies, which I need scarcely add, is written in a
+series of letters to this statesman. He said that the recent short crop
+of sugar in Jamaica was a proof that the author had been misled in the
+favorable information he had collected, and also that this deficiency in
+the crop was a proof not only of the idleness, but of the immorality of
+the negroes. He accused my companion, John G. Whittier, of deserting
+him, after having been his warm friend; and on J.W.'s giving his reasons
+for so doing, he complained that the abolitionists improperly interfered
+with the affairs of the South, though he made an exception in favor of
+the Society of Friends. He inquired if J.G. Whittier was a "Friend" in
+regular standing, evidently intimating a doubt on that point, on account
+of his being so decided an abolitionist. The praise of such men is the
+strongest testimony that could be adduced to the declension of the
+Society of Friends in anti-slavery zeal. To a great extent I fear their
+sentiments on this subject have been held traditionally; and that in
+many cases, they have not only done nothing themselves, but by example
+and precept have condemned the activity of others; I trust, however, a
+brighter day in regard to their labors is approaching. I feel
+disinclined to take leave of Henry Clay, without some animadversions
+which, on the public character of a public man, I may offer without any
+breach of propriety. In early life, that is in some part of the last
+century, he supported measures tending to the "eradication of slavery"
+in Kentucky, and at various periods since, he has indulged in cheap
+declamation against slavery, though he is not known to have committed
+himself by a solitary act of manumission. On the contrary, having
+commenced life with a single slave, he has industriously increased the
+number to upwards of seventy. As a statesman, his conduct on this
+question has been consistently pro-slavery. He indefatigably negotiated
+for the recovery of fugitive slaves from Canada, when Secretary of
+State, though without success. In the Senate he successfully carried
+through the admission of Missouri into the Union, as a slave State. He
+has resisted a late promising movement in Kentucky in favor of
+emancipation; and lastly, in one of his most elaborate speeches, made
+just before the late presidential election, the proceedings of the
+abolitionists were reviewed and condemned, and he utterly renounced all
+sympathy with their object. By way of apology for his early
+indiscretion, he observes, "but if I had been then, or were _now_, a
+citizen of any of the planting States--the southern or southwestern
+States--I should have opposed, and would continue to oppose, any scheme
+whatever of emancipation, gradual or immediate."
+
+In this extract, and throughout the whole speech, slavery is treated as
+a pecuniary question, and the grand argument against abolition, is the
+loss of property that would ensue. Joseph John Gurney, who appears to
+have been favorably impressed by Henry Clay's professions of liberality,
+his courteous bearing, and consummate address, manifested a laudable
+anxiety that so influential a statesman should be better informed on the
+point on which he seemed so much in the dark; he therefore addressed to
+him his excellent "Letters on the West Indies," of which the great
+argument is, that emancipation has been followed by great prosperity to
+the planters, and attended with abundant blessings, temporal and
+spiritual, to the other classes, and that the same course would
+necessarily be followed by the same results in the United States. He has
+accumulated proof upon proof of his conclusions supplied by personal and
+extensive investigation in the British Colonies. But Henry Clay shews no
+sign of conviction. Yet though he made to us the absurd remark, already
+quoted, on Joseph John Gurney's work, I have too high an opinion of his
+understanding to think him the victim of his own sophistry. He is a
+lawyer and a statesman. He is accustomed to weigh evidence, and to
+discriminate facts. I have little doubt that all my valued friend would
+have taught him, he knew already. He could not be ignorant of the
+contrast presented by his own State of Kentucky, and the adjoining State
+of Ohio, and that the difference is solely owing to slavery. If J.J.
+Gurney could have shewn that abolition would soon be the high road to
+the President's chair, it is not improbable that he would have made an
+illustrious convert to anti-slavery principles. Henry Clay's celebrated
+speech before alluded to, was delivered in the character of a candidate
+for the Presidency just before the last election--it was prepared with
+great care, and rehearsed beforehand to a select number of his political
+friends. The whig party being the strongest, and he being the foremost
+man of that party, he might be looked upon as President-elect, if he
+could but conciliate the south, by wiping off the cloud of abolitionism
+that faintly obscured his reputation. He succeeded to his heart's desire
+in his immediate object, but eventually, by this very speech, completely
+destroyed his sole chance of success, and was ultimately withdrawn from
+the contest. Thus does ambition overleap itself.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: As a practical commentary on Henry Clay's professions of a
+regard for the cause of human liberty, I append the following
+advertisement, which, about two years ago, was circulated in Ohio:
+
+    "THREE HUNDRED DOLLAR'S REWARD.
+
+    "_Run away_ from James Kendall, in Bourbon County, Ky., to whom
+    he was hired the present year, on Saturday night last, the 14th
+    instant, a negro man, named Somerset, about twenty-six years of
+    age, five feet, seven or eight inches high, of a dark copper
+    color, having a deep scar on his right cheek, occasioned by a
+    burn, stout made, countenance bold and determined, and voice
+    coarse. His clothing it is thought unnecessary to describe, as
+    he may have already changed it.
+
+    "ALSO,
+
+    "From E. Muir, of the same county, on the same night, (and
+    supposed to have gone in company,) a negro man, named Bob, about
+    twenty-nine years old, near six feet high, weighing about 180 or
+    90 pounds, of a dark copper color, of a pleasant countenance,
+    uncommonly smooth face, and a remarkable small hand for a negro
+    of his size. He spells and reads a little. His clothing was a
+    greenish jean coat and black cloth pantaloons.
+
+    "We will give the above reward for the delivery of said negroes
+    to the undersigned, or their confinement in jail, so that we get
+    them; or 150 dollars for either of them, if taken out of the
+    State, or 100 dollars for them, or 50 dollars for either, if
+    taken out of the county, and in the State.
+
+    "HENRY CLAY, Senior,
+
+    "E. MUIR.
+
+    "_Bourbon Co. Ky., Sept_. 17, 1839."
+
+]
+
+On leaving the Senate House, we drove to a slave-dealer's establishment,
+near at hand, and within sight of the _Capitol_. I have given some
+particulars of this visit elsewhere, which I need not repeat. I cast my
+eye on some portraits and caricatures of abolitionists, British and
+American, among whom Daniel O'Connell figured in association with Arthur
+Tappan, and the ex-president Adams. The young man in charge of the
+establishment began to explain them, for our amusement; on which, one of
+my companions pointed to me, and informed him I was an English
+abolitionist. He looked uneasy at our presence, and evidently desirous
+we should not prolong our stay. He told us there were five or six other
+dealers in the city who had no buildings of their own, and who kept
+their slaves here, or at the public city jail, at thirty-four cents per
+diem, the difference in comfort being wholly on the side of the private
+establishments.
+
+We subsequently visited the city jail, to which reference is made in the
+letter below, and were able to confirm this statement from our own
+observation.
+
+We left for Baltimore this afternoon. Although I had not succeeded in
+presenting the address before-mentioned to the President, I little
+regretted the failure, being convinced that it would not be less
+generally read by the public on that account, and in this I have not
+been disappointed. I proceeded at once, the next morning, to
+Philadelphia; and here I concluded to print and publish the following
+letter, which, was sent, through the post, to the President, and to each
+member of the Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+
+    "_To the Abolitionists of the United States_.
+
+    "I was commissioned by the committee of the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society, to present a memorial from them to your
+    President, and proceeded to Washington, a few days ago,
+    accompanied by John G. Whittier, of Massachusetts, and a friend
+    from the State of Delaware.
+
+    "It was my first visit to the seat of legislation of your great
+    republic. On our arrival we went to the House of
+    Representatives, then in session. A member from Maryland was
+    speaking on our entrance, who was the author of a resolution,
+    which had been carried in a former Congress, excluding nearly
+    three millions of your countrymen, on whom every species of
+    wrong and outrage is committed with impunity, from all right of
+    petition, either by them selves or their friends. He was
+    advocating the re-enactment of this very resolution for the
+    present Congress, and stated that he had a letter from your
+    President approving the measure. Although I believe I do not
+    speak too strongly when I say an attempt to enforce such a
+    resolution by any crowned head in the civilized world, would be
+    inevitably followed by a revolution, yet it seemed evident that
+    no small portion of your _present_ members were in favor of it.
+    It was with no ordinary emotion that I saw the venerable
+    ex-president Adams at his post, nobly contending against this
+    violation of the rights of his countrymen, and I could not but
+    regret that, with one or two exceptions, be appeared to find
+    little support from his younger colleagues of the free States.
+
+    "The same day we visited one of the well-known slave-trading
+    establishments at Alexandria. On passing to it we were shewn the
+    costly mansion of its late proprietor, who has lately retired on
+    a large property acquired by the sale of native born Americans.
+    In an open enclosure, with high walls which it is impossible to
+    scale, with a strong iron-barred door, and in which we were told
+    that there were sometimes from three to four hundred persons
+    crowded, we saw about fifty slaves. Amongst the number thus
+    incarcerated was a woman with nine children, who had been
+    cruelly separated from their husband and father, and would
+    probably be shortly sent to New Orleans, where they would never
+    be likely to see him again, and where the mother may be for ever
+    severed from every one of her children, and each of them sold to
+    a separate master. From thence we went to the Alexandria city
+    jail, where we saw a young man who was admitted to be free even
+    by the jailer himself. He had been seized and committed in the
+    hope that he might prove a slave, and that the party detaining
+    him would receive a reward. He had been kept there nearly twelve
+    months because he could not pay the jail fees, and instead of
+    obtaining any redress for false imprisonment, was about to be
+    sold into slavery for a term to reimburse these fees.
+
+    "The next morning I was desirous of handing to the President the
+    memorial, of which the following is a copy:
+
+
+        "'_Address to the President of the United States, from
+        the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+        Society_.
+
+        "'SIR,--As the head of a great Confederacy of States,
+        justly valuing their free constitution and political
+        organization, and tenacious of their rights and their
+        character, the Committee of the British and Foreign
+        Anti-slavery Society, through their esteemed coadjutor
+        and representative, Joseph Sturge, would respectfully
+        approach you in behalf of millions of their fellow-men,
+        held in bondage in the United States. Those millions are
+        denied, not only the immunities enjoyed by the citizens
+        of your great republic generally, and of the equal
+        privileges and the impartial protection of the civil
+        law, but are deprived of their personal rights, so that
+        they cease to be regarded and treated, under your
+        otherwise noble institutions, as MEN, except in the
+        commission of crime, when the utmost rigor of your penal
+        statutes is invoked and enforced against them; but are
+        reduced to the degraded condition of "chattels personal
+        in the hands of their owners and possessors, to _all
+        intents, constructions, and purposes, whatsoever_."
+
+        "'This is the language and the law of slavery; and under
+        this law, guarded with jealousy by their political
+        institutions, the slaveholders of the South rest their
+        claims to property in man But, sir, there are claims
+        anterior to all human laws, and superior to all
+        political institutions, which are immutable in their
+        nature,--claims which are the birthright of every human
+        being, of every clime, and of every color,--claims which
+        God has conferred, and which man cannot destroy without
+        sacrilege, or infringe without sin. Personal liberty is
+        among these, the greatest and best, for it is the root
+        of all other rights, the conservative principle of human
+        associations, the spring of public virtues, and
+        essential to national strength and greatness.
+
+        "'The monstrous and wicked assumption of power by man,
+        over his fellow man, which slavery implies, is alike
+        abhorrent to the moral sense of mankind; to the
+        immutable principles of justice; to the righteous laws
+        of God; and to the benevolent principles of the gospel.
+        It is, therefore, indignantly repudiated by all the
+        fundamental laws of all truly enlightened and civilized
+        communities, and by none more emphatically than by that
+        over which, Sir, it is your honor to preside.
+
+        "'The great doctrine, that God hath "created all men
+        equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights,
+        and that amongst these are life, liberty, and the
+        pursuit of happiness," is affirmed in your Declaration
+        of Independence, and justified in the theory of your
+        constitutional laws. But there is a stain upon your
+        glory; slavery, in its most abject and revolting form,
+        pollutes your soil; the wailings of slaves mingle with
+        your songs of liberty; and the clank of their chains is
+        heard, in horrid discord with the chorus of your
+        triumphs.
+
+        "'The records of your States are not less distinguished
+        by their wise provisions for securing the order and
+        maintaining the institutions of your country, than by
+        their ingenious devices for riveting the chains, and
+        perpetuating the degradation of your colored brethren;
+        their education is branded as a crime against the
+        State--their freedom is dreaded as a blasting
+        pestilence--the bare suggestion of their emancipation is
+        proscribed as treason to the cause of American
+        independence.
+
+        "'These things are uttered in sorrow; for the committee
+        deeply deplore the flagrant inconsistency, so glaringly
+        displayed between the lofty principles embodied in the
+        great charter of your liberties, and the evil practices
+        which have been permitted to grow up under it, to mar
+        its beauty and impair its strength. But it is not on
+        these grounds alone, or chiefly, that they deplore the
+        existence of slavery in the United States. Manifold as
+        are the evils which flow from it--dehumanizing as are
+        its tendencies--fearful as its reaction confessedly is
+        on its supporters,--the reproach of its existence does
+        not terminate on the institutions which gave it birth:
+        the sublime principles and benign spirit of Christianity
+        are dishonored by it. In the light of Divine Truth it
+        stands revealed, in all its hideous deformity, a crime
+        against God,--a daring usurpation of the prerogative and
+        authority of the Most High! It is as a violation of His
+        righteous laws, an outrage on His glorious attributes, a
+        renunciation of the claims of His blessed gospel, that
+        they especially deplore the countenance and support it
+        receives among you; and, in the spirit of Christian love
+        and fraternal solicitude, would counsel its immediate
+        and complete overthrow, as a solemn and imperative duty,
+        the performance of which no sordid reasons should be
+        permitted to retard--no political considerations
+        prevent. Slavery is a sin against God, and ought,
+        therefore, to be abolished.
+
+        "'The utter extinction of slavery, and its sister
+        abomination, the internal slave-trade of the United
+        States, second only in horror and extent to the African,
+        and in some of its features even more revolting, can
+        only be argued, by the philanthropy of this country, on
+        the abstract principles of moral and religious duty; and
+        to those principles the people of your great republic
+        are pledged on the side of freedom beyond every nation
+        in the world!
+
+        "'The negro, by nature our equal, made like ourselves in
+        the image of his Creator, gifted by the same
+        intelligence, impelled by the same passions and
+        affections, and redeemed by the same Savior, is reduced
+        by cupidity and oppression below the level of the brute,
+        spoiled of his humanity, plundered of his rights, and
+        often hurried to a premature grave, the miserable victim
+        of avarice and heedless tyranny! Men have presumptuously
+        dared to wrest from their fellows the most precious of
+        their rights--to intercept as far as they may the bounty
+        and grace of the Almighty--to close the door to their
+        intellectual progress--to shut every avenue to their
+        moral and religious improvement, to stand between them
+        and their Maker! It is against this crime the committee
+        protest as men and as Christians, and earnestly but
+        respectfully call upon you, Sir, to use the influence
+        with which you are invested, to bring it to a peaceful
+        and speedy close; and, may you in closing your public
+        career, in the latest hours of your existence on earth,
+        be consoled with the reflection that you have not
+        despised the afflictions of the afflicted, but that
+        faithful to the trust of your high stewardship, you have
+        been "just, ruling in the fear of the Lord," that you
+        have executed judgment for the oppressed, and have aided
+        in the deliverance of your country from its greatest
+        crime, and its chiefest reproach.
+
+        "'On behalf of the Committee,
+
+        "'THOMAS CLARKSON.
+
+        "'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the
+        Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade throughout the
+        world.
+
+        "'27, _New Broad Street, London, March 5th_, 1841.'
+
+
+    "I thought it most candid to address a letter to the President
+    informing him of the character of the foregoing memorial, rather
+    than take advantage of a merely formal introduction to present
+    it, without a previous explanation. To this letter no reply was
+    received, and no allusion was made to it by the President at a
+    subsequent introduction, which we had to him. It may be proper
+    to mention in this connection, that memorials of a similar
+    character, bearing upon slavery and the slave-trade, signed by
+    the venerable Clarkson, have been presented to different Heads
+    of Governments, in other parts of the world, and have been
+    uniformly received with marked respect.
+
+    "Previous to our departure, we visited a private slave-trading
+    establishment in the city, and looked in upon a group of human
+    beings herded together like cattle for the market, within an
+    enclosure of high brick walls surrounding the jail. The young
+    man in attendance, informed us that there were five or six other
+    regular slave-dealers in the city, who, having no jails of their
+    own, either placed their slaves at this establishment, or in the
+    public CITY PRISON. The former was generally preferred, on
+    account of its superior accommodations in respect to food and
+    lodging. On my making some remarks to the young man on the
+    nature of his occupation, he significantly, and as I think, very
+    justly replied, that he knew of no reasons for condemning
+    slave-traders, which did not equally apply to slave-holders. You
+    will bear in mind that this was said within view of the Capitol,
+    where slave-holders control your national legislation, and
+    within a few minutes' walk of that mansion where a slave-holder
+    sits in the presidential chair, placed there by your votes; and
+    it is certainly no marvel, that, with such high examples in his
+    favor, the humble slave-dealer of the District should feel
+    himself in honorable company, and really regard his occupation
+    as one of respectability and public utility.
+
+    "From thence we proceeded to the city prison, an old and
+    loathsome building, where we examined two ranges of small stone
+    cells, in which were a large number of colored prisoners. We
+    noticed five or six in a single cell, barely large enough for a
+    solitary tenant, under a heat as intense as that of the tropics.
+    The keeper stated that in rainy seasons the prison was
+    uncomfortably wet. The place had to us a painful interest, from
+    the fact that here Dr. Crandall, a citizen of the free States,
+    was confined until his health was completely broken down, and
+    was finally released only to find a grave, for the crime of
+    having circulated a pamphlet on emancipation, written by one of
+    the friends who accompanied me.[A] On inquiry of the keeper, he
+    informed us that slaves were admitted into his cells, and kept
+    for their owners at the rate of thirty-four cents per day, and
+    that transfers of them from one master to another sometimes took
+    place during their confinement; thus corroborating the testimony
+    of the keeper of the private jail before mentioned, that this
+    city prison, the property of the people of the United States,
+    and for the rebuilding of which, a large sum of your money has
+    been appropriated, is made use of by the dealers in human beings
+    as a place of deposit and market; and thus you, in common with
+    your fellow citizens, are made indirect participators in a
+    traffic equal in atrocity to that foreign trade, the suppression
+    of which, to use the words of your President in his late
+    message, 'is required by the public honor, and the promptings of
+    humanity.'
+
+    [Footnote A: On being released from prison, Dr. Crandall went to
+    Kingston, Jamaica, to recruit his health. A gentleman of that
+    city, W. Wemyss Anderson, found him in his lodgings, solitary
+    and friendless, and rapidly sinking under his disease. He took
+    him, though a perfect stranger, into his own house; and the last
+    days of Dr. Crandall were soothed by the kind sympathy and
+    attentions of a Christian family. It was also manifest, that he
+    enjoyed the sunshine of inward peace, and the rich consolations
+    of the gospel. His kind host, whom I count it a privilege to
+    call my friend, obeyed, in this instance, the apostolic
+    injunction, and experienced the consequent reward, "Be not
+    forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have
+    entertained angels unawares."]
+
+    "As one who has devoted much of his humble labors to the cause
+    you wish to promote, I perhaps shall be excused for thus stating
+    these facts to you, as they all passed before my personal
+    observation in the course of a few hours. I shall deem it right
+    to publish them in Europe, where I am about shortly to return.
+    Recollect, they all occurred and exist within the District of
+    Columbia, and that those who elect the legislators who uphold
+    the slave system, are justly responsible for it in the sight of
+    God and man. Is it not all the natural consequence of your
+    electing slave-holders and their abettors to the highest offices
+    of your State and nation? Some of your most intelligent citizens
+    have given it as their opinion that fully two-thirds of the
+    whole population of the United States are in favor of the
+    abolition of slavery; and my own observation, since I landed on
+    these shores, not only confirms this opinion, but has convinced
+    me that there is a very rapid accession to their numbers daily
+    taking place; and yet we have the extraordinary fact exhibited
+    to the world, that about two hundred and fifty thousand
+    slave-holders--a large proportion of whom, bankrupt in fortune
+    and reputation, have involved many of the North in their
+    disgrace and ruin--hold in mental bondage the whole population
+    of this great republic, who permit themselves to be involved in
+    the common disgrace of presenting a spectacle of national
+    inconsistency altogether without a parallel. I confess that,
+    although an admirer of many of the institutions of your country,
+    and deeply lamenting the evils of my own government, I find it
+    difficult to reply to those who are opposed to any extension of
+    the political rights of Englishmen, when they point to America
+    and say, that where all have a control over the legislation but
+    those who are guilty of a dark skin, slavery and the slave-trade
+    remain not only unmitigated, but continue to extend; and that
+    while there is an onward movement in favor of its extinction,
+    not only in England and France, but even in Cuba and Brazil,
+    American legislators cling to this enormous evil, without
+    attempting to relax or mitigate its horrors. Allow me,
+    therefore, to appeal to you by every motive which attaches you
+    to your country, seriously to consider how far you are
+    accountable for this state of things, by want of a faithful
+    discharge of those duties for which every member of a republican
+    government is so deeply responsible; and may I not express the
+    hope that, on all future occasions, you will take care to
+    promote the election of none as your representatives who will
+    not _practically_ act upon the principle that in every clime,
+    and of every color, 'all men are equal?'
+
+    "Your sincere friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_Philadelphia, 6th Month 7th_, 1842."
+
+
+This letter was extensively reprinted, not only in the anti-slavery but
+in pro-slavery newspapers, both in the North and South. In the numerous
+angry comments upon it, no attempt that has come to my knowledge was
+made to deny any one of my statements. One of the papers intimates that
+the vote by which the house soon after refused to adopt a specific and
+exclusive rule against abolition petitions, was brought about by "the
+sinister influence of Mr. Sturge." I need not add how happy I should
+have been to have possessed the influence with which this writer has so
+liberally invested me, and that I should have regarded it as a talent to
+be employed and improved to the very utmost.
+
+I spent from the 5th to the 11th of the Sixth Month, (June) in
+Philadelphia and the vicinity, during which time, I made numerous calls,
+and met several large parties in private.
+
+During this stay, in company with John G. Whittier, I paid a visit to my
+excellent friend, Abraham L. Pennock, at his residence in Haverford,
+Delaware county, about ten miles from the city. He is an influential
+member of the Society of Friends, and until recently he has been a
+resident in the city. He has, for many years, been an uncompromising
+abolitionist, and an active member and officer of anti-slavery
+societies; yet he appears to enjoy the respect and confidence not only
+of his anti-slavery associates, but of the Society of Friends, and the
+community generally. I found him a warm advocate, in practice as well as
+theory, of entire abstinence from the products of slave labor, as well
+as of independent political action on the part of abolitionists. He
+expressed much regret that he was unable to attend the General
+Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, and gave his cordial approbation to
+its proceedings.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix H.]
+
+We reluctantly bade farewell to our kind friend and his interesting
+family, all the members of which appear to share his zeal and untiring
+devotion to the cause of the oppressed, and returned to our lodgings in
+the city. Even now I look back to this visit as among the most grateful
+recollections of my sojourn in the United States.
+
+I may mention, in this connection, that A.L. Pennock, as well as others
+with whom I conversed on the subject, spoke with much regret of the want
+of faithfulness on the part of members of the Society of Friends, in
+maintaining their testimony against slavery, while exercising their
+civil rights as citizens and electors. From all I could learn, I have
+been led to fear that "Friends" in the United States, with few
+exceptions, are in the practice of voting for public officers, without
+reference to their sentiments on the important subject of slavery. At
+the late Presidential election it is very evident that the great body of
+"Friends" who took any part in it, voted for John Tyler, the
+slaveholder.
+
+Among the active friends of emancipation, who occupy a high station in
+our society, I can scarcely omit mentioning Enoch Lewis, of Chester
+county, Pennsylvania, whose talents and literary acquirements, devoted
+as they are, to the maintenance and promulgation of the principles and
+Christian testimonies of our religious society, deservedly command a
+high degree of respect.
+
+Among the members of the society which have separated from "Friends" in
+Philadelphia and elsewhere, I met with many warm and steady friends of
+emancipation, some of whom have proved their sincerity by great
+sacrifices. Amongst these I cannot omit mentioning James and Lucretia
+Mott, James Wood, Dr. Isaac Parish, and Thomas Earle, of this city.
+
+I republished in Philadelphia, with the permission of the author, in two
+separate pamphlets, for distribution amongst those to whom it was
+addressed, "A Letter to the Clergy of various Denominations, and to the
+Slave-holding Planters in the Southern parts of the United States of
+America, by Thomas Clarkson." This remarkable production was written
+after its venerable author had attained his eightieth year, and has been
+pronounced by a very competent judge the most vigorous production of his
+pen. As its circulation had but just commenced when I left the United
+States, I could not judge of the effect produced by this energetic
+appeal from one whose name must command respect, even from the
+slave-holders; but I have since been informed it has been read with
+interest and attention.
+
+I had several conferences with "Friends" who were interested in the
+cause, to discuss the best mode of engaging the members of the Society
+to unite their efforts on behalf of the oppressed and suffering slaves;
+and though no immediate steps were resolved on, yet I found so much good
+feeling in many of them, that I cannot but entertain a hope, that fruit
+will hereafter appear. I had spent much of my time and labor in
+Philadelphia, particularly among that numerous and influential body with
+whom I am united in a common bond of religious belief, and I trust of
+Christian affection. Of the kindness and hospitality I experienced I
+shall ever retain a grateful recollection; yet I finally took my leave
+of this city, under feelings of sorrow and depression that so many of
+the very class of Christian professors who once took the lead in efforts
+for the abolition of slavery, efforts evidently attended with the favor
+and sanction of the Most High, should now be discouraging, and holding
+back their members from taking part in so righteous a cause. Among the
+warmest friends of the slave, sound both in feeling and sentiment, are a
+few venerable individuals who are now standing on the brink of the
+grave, and whose places, among the present generation, I could not
+conceal from myself, there were but few fully prepared to occupy. I had
+found in many Friends much passive anti-slavery feeling, and was to some
+extent cheered by the discovery. May a due sense of their responsibility
+rest upon every follower of Christ, to remember them that are in bonds,
+and under affliction, not only with a passive, but with an active and
+self-denying sympathy, a sympathy that makes common cause with its
+object.
+
+Apart from the fact, that Philadelphia is one of the most beautiful
+cities in the world, to a member of the Society of Friends it must ever
+be an object of peculiar interest. Here William Penn made his great
+experiment of a Christian government. Here, to the annual assemblies of
+Friends, came Warner Mifflin, and John Woolman, and James Pemberton, and
+George Dillwyn, and other worthies of the past, who have now gone from
+works to rewards. A few miles distant, in Frankford, is still to be seen
+the residence of the excellent Thomas Chalkley. Here Benezet
+exemplified, in the simplicity, humility, and untiring benevolence of
+his daily life, the lessons inculcated in his writings. And here, at
+this day, are a larger number of members of our religious society than
+can be found congregated elsewhere, within an equal space of territory.
+They are, in general, in easy circumstances, many of them wealthy, and
+occupying a high rank in the community.
+
+Who can recur, without a lively feeling of interest, to the hopes and
+prayers of the benevolent founder of the city, as expressed in affecting
+terms in his farewell letter, written as he was about taking his final
+departure for England.
+
+
+    "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this province,
+    named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what service,
+    and what travail has there been to bring thee forth, and
+    preserve thee from such as would defile thee! Oh, that thou
+    mayest be kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee! that
+    faithful to the God of Mercies, in a life of righteousness, thou
+    mayest be preserved to the end!"
+
+
+On the 11th, with John G. Whittier, I left for New York, and the next
+day we proceeded by steam packet to Newport, on Rhode Island, to attend
+the New England yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, which was to
+be held the next week. We arrived about seven o'clock in the morning. I
+found the change of climate particularly refreshing and agreeable.
+During the last fortnight, the range of the thermometer had frequently
+reached 94 degrees or 96 degrees in the shade: a tropical heat, without
+those alleviations which render the heat of the tropics not only
+tolerable, but sometimes delightful. In Rhode Island, the climate, while
+we were there, was almost as temperate as an English summer.
+
+Some parts of the New England States are much resorted to by southern
+families of wealth; and their annual migrations have the effect of
+materially adding to the vast amount of complicated pro-slavery
+interests which exist in the free States, as well as of diffusing
+pro-slavery opinions and feelings throughout the entire community. We
+may hope this current will soon set in the opposite direction. The
+season was too early for the arrival of these visitors, and the hotels
+were generally filled with "Friends," collected from near and distant
+places, to attend the yearly meeting. There were upwards of a hundred
+boarding at the same house with ourselves. Soon after our arrival I
+addressed a letter, making the same application for the use of the
+meeting house for my friend, John Candler, who was also here, and
+myself, which had been complied with at New York, forwarding at the same
+time my credentials. My request, however, in this instance was not
+granted. Yet there was plainly a willingness on the part of many to
+receive information, and we caused it to be known that we should be at
+home at our hotel, on the evening of the sixteenth. About two hundred
+friends assembled, and appeared interested in a brief outline of the
+state and prospects of the cause in Europe which I endeavored to give
+them.
+
+The subject of slavery was brought before the yearly meeting by a
+proposition from one of its subordinate, or "quarterly meetings," to
+encourage more action, on the part of the society, for its abolition. A
+proposal was immediately made, and assented to without discussion, that
+the consideration of it should be referred to a committee. On the
+reading of the address on slavery from the London yearly meeting, it
+was, in like manner, immediately proposed and agreed to, that it should
+be referred to the same committee. At a subsequent sitting, this
+committee reported, that they should recommend the whole subject to be
+left under the care of their "Meeting for Sufferings," which was
+adopted. With the exception of reading the documents, and going through
+the necessary forms of business, these proceedings passed almost in
+silence; yet, in the several epistles drawn up to be forwarded to the
+other yearly meetings, allusion was made to the deep exercise of Friends
+at this meeting, on the subject of slavery, and their strong desire and
+wish to encourage others to embrace every right opening for promoting
+its abolition; with a plain intimation, however, in their epistle to
+Great Britain, of their disapproval of Friends uniting with any of the
+anti-slavery associations of the day. These passages in the epistles
+passed without remark or objection. The Meeting for Sufferings, of Rhode
+Island, has thus virtually undertaken to do, or at least to originate,
+all that is to be done, during the present year, by Friends of New
+England, to help the helpless, and to relieve the oppressed slaves.
+Sincerely do I desire, that it may not incur the responsibility of
+neglecting so solemn a charge. I subsequently met, on board the steamer
+in which we left Newport, many members of this body; with one of whom I
+had some conversation, in the presence of other Friends, to whom I felt
+it right to state, that the declarations of sympathy for the slaves, in
+the epistles which had been sent out, were stronger, in my judgment,
+than was justified by any thing which had been expressed, or had been
+manifested, in the Yearly Meeting. This conviction I yet retain. I
+afterwards obtained some authentic extracts from the laws of Rhode
+Island, affecting the people of color, and under which slavery is very
+distinctly recognized and sanctioned, even in this _free_ State. I felt
+it my duty to forward a copy of these to the "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+accompanied by the following letter:--
+
+
+    "_To the Meeting for Sufferings of New England_
+
+    _Yearly Meeting of Friends._
+
+    "On passing through Providence, from the Yearly Meeting at Rhode
+    Island, a solicitor of that place kindly furnished me with the
+    annexed extracts from the laws of the State of Rhode Island. I
+    thought it best to send a copy to you, as it is probable some
+    members of your meeting may not be aware of their precise
+    nature; and it is a source of regret to me, and I know it will
+    be so to my friends in England, to know that in the State in
+    which your Yearly Meeting is held, slavery is fully legalized,
+    if the slaves are the property of persons not actually citizens
+    of that place;--the most odious distinctions of color also
+    remain on the statute book, including one (Section 10, No. 2,)
+    which is a disgrace to any civilized community. I may add, that
+    two very respectable solicitors in Providence expressed their
+    decided opinion, that if Friends heartily promoted the repeal of
+    these obnoxious laws, which throw all the moral influence of the
+    State on the side of slavery, it might easily be accomplished. I
+    cannot but hope the subject will receive your prompt attention.
+
+    "Truly your friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+
+To soften the impression which I fear the preceding detail will give, I
+may remark, that I am convinced, from extensive private communication
+with Friends in New England, that there is yet among them much genuine
+anti-slavery feeling, especially where the deadening commercial
+intercourse with the South does not operate; and though, at present,
+with some bright individual exceptions, this is a talent for the most
+part hidden or unemployed, I trust that many faithful laborers in this
+great cause will yet be found among them.
+
+During our stay in Rhode Island, we twice visited Dr. Channing, at his
+summer residence, a few miles from Newport. The delicacy which ought
+ever to protect unreserved social intercourse, forbids me to enrich my
+narrative with any detail of his enlightened and comprehensive
+sentiments; yet I cannot but add, that, widely differing from him as I
+do, on many important points, I was both deeply interested and
+instructed by his modest candor and sincerity, and by the spirit of
+charity with which he appeared habitually to regard those of opposite
+opinions. Our conversation embraced various topics. I may be allowed to
+mention, that he highly approved of Judge Jay's suggestion for the
+promotion of permanent international peace. He also made a practical
+suggestion on the anti-slavery movement, which I trust will be acted
+on--That petitions should be sent to Congress, praying that the free
+States should be relieved from all direct or indirect support of
+slavery. As the South has loudly complained of Northern interference,
+this will be taking the planters on their own ground.
+
+Sixth Month, (June) 19th.--We went on to New Bedford, where, the next
+day, we called on a number of persons friendly to abolition, and met a
+large party of them the same evening, at the house of a Friend. A public
+meeting for worship was appointed during our stay, at the request of a
+minister of the Society of Friends from Indiana, which we attended. I
+had the pleasure of witnessing the colored part of the audience, placed
+on a level, and sitting promiscuously with the white, the only
+opportunity I had of making such an observation in the United States;
+as, on ordinary occasions, the colored people rarely attend Friends'
+meetings. One of the waiters at our hotel told me he had escaped from
+slavery some years before. The idea of running away had been first
+suggested to his mind, by reflecting on his hard lot, being over-worked,
+and kept without a sufficiency of food, and cruelly beaten, while his
+owner was living in luxury and idleness, on the fruits of his labor. He
+had been flogged for merely speaking to one of his master's visitors, in
+reply to a question, because it was suspected he had divulged matter
+that his master did not wish the stranger to know.
+
+On the 21st, we arrived at Boston, and stopped at the Marlborough hotel.
+One of the first things noticed by a visitor to the States is the number
+and extent of the hotels, almost all of which are on the principle of
+the English boarding houses. Besides the number of casual visitors in a
+population which travels from place to place, perhaps more than any
+other in the world, the hotels are the permanent homes of a numerous and
+important class of unmarried men, engaged in business, and often indeed
+of young married persons, who choose to avoid expense and the cares of
+housekeeping. At many, if not most of the hotels, cleanliness,
+regularity, and order, pervade all the arrangements, and as much comfort
+is to be found as is compatible with throng and publicity. Still the
+domestic charm of private life is wanting, and its absence renders the
+system of constant residence most uncongenial to English habits and
+feelings. An unsocial reserve lies on the surface of English character,
+and the love of privacy, or at least of a retirement which can be closed
+and expanded at will, is an extensive and deep-seated feeling. Yet the
+Anglo-American, even of the purest descent, has early lost the latter
+characteristic, while he often retains the first unimpaired. What law
+governs the hereditary transmission of such traits? Several first rate
+hotels in New England are strictly on the temperance plan, and among
+them is the Marlborough, in Boston, the second in extent of business in
+this important city, and which makes up from one hundred to two hundred
+beds. No intoxicating liquor of any kind can be had in the house.
+Printed notices are also hung up in the bed rooms, that it is the
+established rule to take in no fresh company and to receive no accounts
+on the first day of the week, and the cooking and other preparations are
+as much as possible performed before hand, that the servants may enjoy
+the day of rest, and partake of the moral and Spiritual benefit of a
+weekly pause from the whirl and turmoil of secular engagements.
+
+I had scarcely ventured to hope that I should ever witness a large hotel
+like this, conducted on such principles; but having now seen it, it adds
+additional strength to my conviction, that in proportion as Christianity
+is carried out in common life, in the same proportion is the lost
+happiness of man recovered. Too many in the present day, who are not
+behind-hand in profession, keep their principles more for show than use.
+They acknowledge the purity of them, and have some faint perception of
+their moral beauty, but secretly believe, and sometimes, openly avow
+them to be impracticable in the present state of the world. They who
+exhibit proof of the contrary, are benefactors to their fellow men; and
+among these, justly deserves to be classed Nathaniel Rogers, the
+proprietor of the Marlborough Hotel, in Boston.
+
+We called upon several of our anti-slavery friends on the day of our
+arrival, and in the evening, took tea with a number of those who approve
+of the proceedings of the London Convention, and who concur in the
+principles of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The subjects
+discussed were the time and place of a future convention of the friends
+of the slave of different nations. London was unanimously approved as
+the place, and the preponderance of sentiment was in favor of 1842 as
+the time.
+
+On the 22d we went on to Lynn. Here are a very considerable number of
+the Society of Friends, who are desirous of taking part in active
+anti-slavery exertion, when they can do so without compromise of
+principle. It is greatly to be regretted that in this vicinity, a few
+individuals, formerly members of our religious society, have embraced,
+in connection with their abolition views, the doctrines of
+non-resistance, or non-government, in church and state, and thus greatly
+added to the difficulties in the way of efficient action on the part of
+consistent members; but whatever may be the errors and indiscretions of
+these individuals, they furnish no valid excuse for the apathy and
+inaction on the part of "Friends," nor lessen, in the slightest degree,
+their responsibility for the firm and faithful maintenance of our
+Christian testimony against oppression. We proceeded, the same evening,
+to Amesbury, where the family of my friend and companion John G.
+Whittier reside, in whose hospitable and tranquil retreat we remained
+till the 25th. Here I found myself in a manufacturing district, and paid
+a visit to a large woollen mill, and was much pleased with the
+cleanliness and order displayed, and with the evident comfort and
+prosperity of the working people, who are chiefly young women, none of
+whom are admitted under sixteen years of age. Any person given to
+intoxication would be instantly discharged. All the manufactories in
+this place are joint-stock companies, and the mills are worked by water
+power, of which there is an abundant supply.
+
+I had agreed, on my return to Boston, to meet my abolition friends at a
+tea party, and found an entertainment provided from the Marlborough
+Hotel, in a large room adjoining one of the chapels, on a scale of great
+profusion, a little to my disappointment, as I had anticipated one of a
+social rather than of a public character, though I could not but feel
+the kindness which it was intended to manifest. Charles Stewart Renshaw,
+from Jamaica, was opportunely present, and his information on the state
+of that Island added much interest to the evening, the proceedings of
+which, I hope, gave pretty general satisfaction. In condescension to my
+wish, my valued friend, Nathaniel Colver, suggested to the company to
+dispense with the usual form of public prayer, and substitute an
+interval of silence, after the reading of a portion of scripture, which
+was kindly complied with.
+
+Before leaving Boston, I had a long interview with William Lloyd
+Garrison. His view of "women's rights" is so far a matter of conscience
+with him, as to be made an indispensable term of union; yet though
+widely differing on this, and other important points, we parted, I
+trust, as we met, on personally friendly terms; and certainly on my part
+with a desire to promote a spirit of forbearance, and with a deeper and
+stronger conviction that the friends of the bleeding and oppressed
+slave, should not spend their strength in unprofitable contention upon
+points in regard to which both parties claim to act conscientiously,
+while the common cause requires their undivided energies.
+
+On the 28th I left Boston for the beautiful town of Worcester, about
+forty miles distant, on the principal line of railway to New York, where
+I had the pleasure of visiting, at his own residence, my friend, Cyrus
+P. Grosvenor, one of the delegates to the Anti-Slavery Convention last
+year. There are here a considerable number of sincere abolitionists, of
+whom we met a small company in the evening, in a room used as the
+Friends' meeting house. I gave them a brief account of the state of the
+anti-slavery cause in other parts of the world. In company with John M.
+Earle, editor of one of the Worcester papers, with whom I had formed a
+previous acquaintance at the Yearly Meeting, I also called on the
+Governor of the State of Massachusetts, who resides in this place. We
+had some friendly conversation, but he seemed cautious on the subject of
+abolition. The temperance cause in Worcester has made so much progress
+that at the three largest and best hotels, which make up nearly one
+hundred beds each, no intoxicating liquor of any kind is sold. A people
+thus willing to carry out their convictions, to the sacrifice of
+prejudice, appetite, and apparent self-interest, cannot long remain a
+nation of slave-holders. In common with the rest of New England, this
+town is remarkable for the number, size, and beauty of its places of
+worship. I calculated, with the aid of a well-informed inhabitant, that
+if the entire population were to go to a place of worship, at the same
+hour, in the same day, there would be ample accommodation, and room to
+spare. Yet here there is no compulsory tax to build churches, and
+maintain ministers. By the efficacy of the voluntary principle alone is
+this state of things produced.
+
+My dear friend, John G. Whittier returned home from Worcester on account
+of increased indisposition, while I proceeded alone to New York. The
+journey from Boston to the latter city is a remarkably pleasant one.
+Leaving Boston at four in the afternoon, we proceed on one of the best
+railways in the States, at the rate of upwards of twenty miles an hour,
+through a very beautiful and generally well cultivated country, to the
+city of Norwich, in the State of Connecticut, where the train arrives
+about eight in the evening, and the passengers immediately embark on a
+handsome steamer, for New York, enjoying, as long as daylight lasts, the
+fine scenery on the banks of the Thames. The night I went was moonlight;
+and, after long enjoying the coolness of the evening on deck, the
+company retired to their berths, and arrived at New York at the
+seasonable hour of six the following morning.
+
+I remained in New York until the 7th of the Seventh Month (July). My
+friends, William Shotwell and wife, had left the city during the hot
+months, but very kindly placed their town house at my service, and I
+found the retirement thus at my command both refreshing and very
+serviceable, in enabling me to bring up arrears of writing. During this
+interval, I spent one very pleasant day with Theodore and Angelina
+Grimke Weld, and their sister, Sarah Grimke, who reside on a small farm,
+a few miles from Newark. To the great majority of my readers these names
+need no introduction; yet, for the benefit of the few, I will briefly
+allude to their past history. When the American Anti-Slavery Society was
+formed, in 1833, Theodore D. Weld was at the Lane Seminary, near
+Cincinnati, Ohio. He was unable to attend on that occasion, but wrote a
+letter, declaring his entire sympathy with its object. Soon after,
+through the influence and exertions of himself and Henry B. Stanton, a
+large majority of the students at Lane Seminary, comprising several
+slave-holders and sons of slave-holders, became members of an
+Anti-Slavery Society. The Faculty opposed the formation of this society,
+and finally expelled its members from the seminary. For two or three
+years after, Theodore Weld was engaged in anti-slavery effort,
+principally in the States of Ohio and New York. His voice failed at
+last, and for several years he was unable to address a public assembly.
+Angelina Grimke Weld, and her sister, Sarah Grimke, were natives of
+South Carolina, the daughters of a distinguished Judge of that State;
+for several years they resided in Philadelphia. Having long felt a deep
+interest in the condition of the slaves, in the year 1837 they, in
+accordance with what they believed to be a sense of religious duty,
+visited New York and New England, to plead the cause of those, with
+whose sorrows, degradation, and cruel sufferings, they had been familiar
+in their native State. They are evidently women of superior endowments,
+kind-hearted and energetic, and still retain something of the warmth and
+fervor of character peculiar to the South.
+
+Few, even of the well informed abolitionists of England, have an
+adequate idea of the extent, variety, and excellence of the anti-slavery
+literature of the United States, or of the amount of intellectual power
+which has been willingly consecrated to this service. Of the cause
+itself, with all its exigencies, we may adopt, in a yet more limited
+sense, the sentiment of the Christian poet, on the transient nature of
+all sublunary things,
+
+  "These, therefore, are occasional, and pass."
+
+
+The time approaches when the shackles of the slave will fall off--when
+his suffering and despairing cry will be no more heard. Slavery itself
+is a temporary exigency; but its removal has called, and will yet call
+forth, works bearing the impress of intellectual supremacy, which will
+be embodied in the permanent literature of the age, and will contribute
+to raise the character, and to extend the reputation, of that
+literature. The names of Channing, Jay, Child, Green, and Pierpont, are
+already their own passport to fame. Other names might be mentioned; but,
+one instance excepted, selection might be invidious. That exception is
+Theodore D. Weld, whose palm of superiority few would be disposed to
+contest. His principal works are, "The Bible against Slavery;" "Power of
+Congress over Slavery in the District of Columbia;" and "Slavery as it
+is."
+
+All his writings are marked by varied excellence; yet their chief
+characteristic is an irresistible and overwhelming power of argument.
+Although brief and compressed in style, he exhausts his subject; and his
+two principal works, though on warmly controverted topics, have never
+been replied to. He would be a bold antagonist who should enter the
+lists against him: he would be a yet bolder ally who should attempt to
+go over the same ground, or to do better what has been done so well.
+
+One of the most voluminous and popular writers that ever lived, observed
+to a friend, "that he was more proud of his compositions for manure,
+than of any other compositions with which he had any concern." My
+friend, has the same love of rural occupations, and has found severe
+manual labor essential for the recovery of health, broken by labor of
+another kind. I found him at work on his farm, driving his own wagon and
+oxen, with a load of rails. When he had disposed of his freight, we
+mounted the wagon, and drove to his home. Two or three of his
+fellow-students at the Lane Seminary arrived about the same time, and we
+spent the day in agreeable, and, I trust, profitable intercourse. In the
+household arrangements of this distinguished family, Dr. Graham's
+dietetic system is rigidly adopted, which excludes meat, butter, coffee,
+tea, and all intoxicating beverages. I can assure all who may be
+interested to know, that this Roman simplicity of living does not forbid
+enjoyment, when the guest can share with it the affluence of such minds
+as daily meet at their table. The "Graham system," as it is called,
+numbers many adherents in America, who are decided in its praise.
+
+My friends, Theodore D. and Angelina Weld, and Sarah Grimke, sympathize,
+to a considerable extent, with the views on "women's rights," held by
+one section of abolitionists; yet they deeply regret that this, or any
+other extraneous doctrine, should have been made an apple of discord;
+and, since the rise of these unhappy divisions, they have held aloof
+from both the anti-slavery organizations, though, as among the most able
+and successful laborers in the field, they may justly be accounted
+allies by each party. Difference of opinion on these points did not, for
+a moment, interrupt the pleasure of our intercourse; and I could not but
+wish, that those, of whatever party, who are accustomed to judge harshly
+of all who cannot pronounce their "shibboleth," might be instructed by
+the candid, charitable, and peace-loving deportment of Theodore D. Weld.
+
+During my visit to New York, I became acquainted with many who were
+deeply interested in the abolition cause, not a few of whom were members
+of my own religious society. Among these, I may particularly mention my
+venerable friends, Richard Mott and Samuel Parsons. I paid a second
+visit to the residence of the latter at Flushing, but regret to say, I
+found him too unwell to enjoy company.[A] His sons are anxiously
+desirous of furthering the abolition cause on every suitable occasion.
+One evening I spent with a respectable minister, who is a man of color,
+and who assured me that most of the intelligent persons of his class in
+New York approve of the course pursued by the late Convention in London,
+and the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. I saw
+at his house a man who had purchased his freedom for twelve hundred
+dollars, intending to remain in the same State, but, as in a precisely
+similar case already noticed, he afterwards found he had no alternative
+but to emigrate, leaving his still enslaved family behind him, or to be
+again sold into slavery himself, under the laws enacted to drive out
+free people of color. He was trying to raise the large sum of fourteen
+hundred dollars, to purchase his wife and four children.
+
+[Footnote A: This illness terminated fatally. One of his intimate
+friends in this country, has favored me with the following communication
+respecting him. "Samuel Parsons had been from early life, a warm friend
+to the African race; his love of peace rendered him at the first
+accessible to prejudice against the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+through the misrepresentations respecting its violent and rash measures;
+which misrepresentations it was much more easy to believe than to
+investigate. Yet his interest for the negro and colored population of
+the United States continued, and he extended acts of protection and
+kindness towards them, whenever opportunity for it was afforded. In the
+Eleventh Month, last year, I find the following paragraph in one of his
+letters to us, viz. 'Though sensible that I am drawing towards the close
+of time, I cannot avoid taking a deep interest in the moral reformation,
+relative to slavery and intemperance, which is progressing in the earth;
+my son Robert and I look at these publications as they appear, with deep
+solicitude. The proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention of the world,
+and its movements, are of great moment to the whole civilized world. The
+anti-slavery cause, has not, I fear, advanced much the last year; the
+separation in the National Society, and the truckling to the South of
+the politicians of both sides, during the late Presidential election,
+has for a time marred the work; but the anti-slavery banner of a third
+party is still displayed, and it will probably continue to nominate till
+it seriously influences the elections. In the mean time, the individual
+States, one after another, are freeing the colored people from part of
+their civil disabilities. A hard battle is to be fought, but mighty is
+truth, and must prevail.'"]
+
+"The fourth of July," the anniversary of the independence of the United
+States, fell this year on the first day of the week, and was therefore
+celebrated the day following. It is still marked by extravagant
+demonstrations of joy, and often disgraced by scenes of intemperance and
+demoralization. The better part of the community wisely counteract the
+evil, to a great extent, by holding, on the same day, temperance
+meetings, school examinations, opening their places of worship, et cet.
+I accompanied my friend Lewis Tappan to attend an anti-slavery meeting
+at Newark, in which Theodore Weld was expected to take a part for the
+first time after an interval of five years' discontinuance of public
+speaking. Several years before, he had been carried away by the stream
+in crossing a river, and had very narrowly escaped drowning. This
+accident caused an affection of the throat, and eventually disqualified
+him for public labor except with the pen, to which, though deemed a
+great loss at the time by his fellow-laborers in the anti-slavery cause,
+we probably owe the invaluable works before referred to. It was on the
+same anniversary, five years ago, that he had spoken last, a
+circumstance to which he made a touching allusion: he spoke very
+impressively for more than half an hour without serious inconvenience,
+and I hope it may please Providence to restore his ability to plead, as
+he was wont to do with great power, for the cause of the oppressed.
+
+In the afternoon there was a public examination of the scholars
+belonging to the place of worship in which the preceding meeting was
+held, and in connection with this a little incident occurred, which may
+serve to illustrate the state of public feeling. Newark, from its
+extensive trade with the south, is much under pro-slavery influence. But
+the congregation of this chapel are generally anti-slavery, and have
+several colored children in their school. One of these, a little black
+girl, was qualified to take part in the public examination; but this, in
+the estimation of some of the parents of white scholars, and several
+even of the trustees, could not be borne. Others, on the contrary,
+resolved to battle with the prejudice of caste, and to call for her, if
+she were not brought forward; and, finally, I suppose, by way of
+compromise, she was brought on the platform to recite alone, after the
+little scholars who could rejoice in the aristocratic complexion had
+performed their parts, without suffering the indignity of a public
+association with a colored child. Even this was, however, considered a
+victory by the anti-prejudice party.
+
+I left on the seventh for Niagara, being desirous to see the celebrated
+Falls, and to visit some friends living in the western part of this
+State, as well as to find relief from the oppressive and tropical heat.
+I hoped also to fall in with my friends and fellow laborers, J. and M.
+Candler, who had gone with a party in the same direction. I need not
+describe a route so often traversed by Europeans. One of its agreeable
+incidents was an accidental meeting with John Curtis, of Ohio, on his
+way, on a free trade mission, to Great Britain, from motives which I
+believe to be disinterested and philanthropic. His labors, which are
+principally intended to show the evils of our taxes upon food, will not
+be in vain; though he will find many in England, as I found in America,
+who have no ear for truth when it opposes their prejudices or imaginary
+self-interest. He gave me a most cheering account of the march of
+abolition in Ohio, and said he had lately attended a meeting held at the
+invitation of the abolitionists, on the 5th of July, at which there were
+three thousand persons, who had come to the place of meeting in nine
+hundred vehicles of different kinds. He said he had never witnessed a
+more enthusiastic meeting. Another gentleman and his wife made
+themselves known to me, in the railway carriage, as warm abolitionists,
+and spoke favorably of the prospects of the cause in this part of the
+State of New York. The gentleman said he had lately had a discussion
+with a deacon of a church he attended, who defended the admission of
+slave-holders to the communion. On being asked, however, whether he
+would admit sheep-stealers, he acknowledged this was not so great a
+crime as man-stealing, and pleaded no further in favor of
+church-fellowship with slave-holders.
+
+The journey from New York to the Falls of Niagara, a distance of 480
+miles, is performed in about forty-eight hours, and when the railway
+communication is further completed, and the speed raised to the standard
+of the best English lines, it will probably be accomplished in less than
+thirty hours. The railway passed for many miles through the original
+forest, in which I observed very lofty trees, but none of an
+extraordinary girth. In many places the ground was crowded with fallen
+trees, in every stage of decay. I found my friends at the Eagle Hotel,
+at Niagara, where I remained till the twelfth, enjoying with them the
+views and scenery of "the Falls," a spectacle of nature in her grandest
+aspect, which mocks the limited capacity of man to conceive or to
+describe.
+
+On the eleventh, being the first day of the week, we held a meeting for
+worship, at our hotel, and were joined by an Irish lady and her three
+daughters, who had been living here some months. This lady told me she
+was present when M'Leod was arrested in this hotel. From all I have been
+able to learn, there are a number of reckless men on both sides the
+border line, who are anxious to foment war for the sake of plunder; but
+the great bulk of the American people, I am persuaded, are for peace,
+and especially for peace with England, a feeling which time is
+strengthening.
+
+On the twelfth, our whole party left for Buffalo, by railway, getting a
+transient view of Lake Ontario before entering the city. Here we parted
+company, they proceeding to Toronto, by steam packet, and I to Syracuse
+by coach. The American vehicle of this name, carries nine inside
+passengers on three cross seats. It is hung on leather springs, so as to
+be fitted to maintain the shocks of a _corduroy_ road. Wishing to see
+the country, I mounted the box, by the side of the coachman, but at
+times had some difficulty in retaining my seat. The value of land in
+this part of the country, when cleared and in cultivation, I understood
+to be from thirty to fifty dollars per acre. A large breadth of wheat is
+grown, of which the yield is generally good; but this year there will
+be, in many cases, a short crop, from the extreme drought in the two
+preceding months. I went forward from Syracuse to Rochester by railway,
+and thence, with the exception of twelve miles by coach, by the same
+conveyance to Auburn, where we arrived at two o'clock in the morning.
+One of my fellow-passengers had been a soldier in the so-called
+"patriot" army, which enlisted against Santa Anna, in the revolt of
+Texas. He stated, that some planters were emigrating from Mississippi,
+with as many as two hundred "hands," (slaves,) and plainly said, it was
+intended to plant the Anglo-Saxon flag on the walls of Mexico. If half
+what he asserted was true, the worst apprehensions of the abolitionists
+are too likely to be realized by the Texian revolution, and the
+establishment of a new slave-holding power on the vast territory claimed
+by that piratical band of robbers, and forming the South-western
+frontier of the United States.
+
+At Auburn I paid a visit to the celebrated State Prison, and though,
+from want of time to call upon a gentleman in the city for whom I had a
+letter, I was unprovided with an introduction, I was politely admitted
+by the superintendent, who refused to receive the fee customarily paid
+by visitors, when he found, from the entry of my name and address, I was
+an Englishman. I passed through the different workshops, in which nearly
+all handicraft trades are carried on, and very superior work is
+frequently executed by the prisoners. Besides other less complicated
+machines, one complete locomotive engine has been constructed within
+these walls. As the system of discipline adopted here is the same as at
+Sing Sing, also in this State, I defer for the present, any remarks upon
+its character and success.
+
+I left Auburn, in a hired carriage, for Skaneateles, to pay a visit to
+my friend, James Cannings Fuller. He has a rich farm of 156 acres, with
+a good house upon it, about a quarter of a mile west of the large and
+flourishing village of Skaneateles, which overlooks a beautiful lake of
+the same name, sixteen miles in length, and in some places two miles
+wide. James C. Fuller left England about seven years ago, and has
+carried his abolition principles with him to his adopted country. He
+told me that there had been a great change for the better in the public
+mind since his residence in this neighborhood. Abolitionism was once so
+unpopular, that he has been mobbed four times in his own otherwise quiet
+village. On one occasion he was engaged in a public discussion on
+slavery, and a mob so much disturbed the meeting, by the throwing of
+shot, and yells the most discordant the human voice could make, that his
+opponent moved an adjournment, and afterwards accompanied him on his way
+to his own house, with many other persons, as a body-guard. They were
+followed by a large number of other persons, who attempted to throw him
+down, and were very free in the use of missiles and mud; the mob were so
+vociferous, that their shoutings were heard two and a half miles
+distant, many persons leaving their houses to endeavor to ascertain the
+cause of such an uproar. On James C. Fuller's entering his house, the
+mob surrounded his parlor windows, and these would, most probably, have
+been smashed in pieces, and the building defaced, had not one of the
+assailants been seized with a fit, and in that state conveyed into James
+C. Fuller's parlor, where he lay insensible for three quarters of an
+hour. This sudden seizure diverted the attention of the mob from my
+friend and his property to their own companion.
+
+James C. Fuller informed me that mobs in America are generally, if not
+always, instigated by "persons of property and standing;" and the most
+blameable, in his case, were not those who yelled, et cet., et cet., but
+others who prompted the outrage. Happily this state of things is now
+altered: as much order and decorum, with fixed attention, is now
+witnessed at an abolition lecture as at any other lecture; and a colored
+man can now collect a larger meeting in Skaneateles than a white man,
+and the behavior of the audience is attentive, kind, and respectful. My
+friend, John Candler, who was here a fortnight before me, collected a
+large assembly to hear his account of the effects of emancipation in our
+West India Islands, and many expressed themselves much gratified with
+his narrative.
+
+Being anxious to proceed to Peterboro', to visit Gerrit Smith, I
+accepted James C. Fuller's kind offer to take me in his carriage. The
+distance is nearly fifty miles, and the roads were, in some parts, very
+rough; but they intersect a fine country. Much wheat is grown in many
+places, and here the crop appeared generally good.
+
+Having started rather late in the afternoon, we were benighted before we
+reached Manlius Square, where we lodged. Though my kind friend would not
+permit me to pay my share of the bill, yet, to gratify my curiosity, he
+communicated the particulars of the charge, as follows: Half a bushel of
+oats for the horses, 25 cents; supper for two persons, 25 cents; two
+beds, 25 cents; hay and stable-room for the two horses, 25 cents; total,
+one dollar, or about 4s. 2d. sterling.
+
+We arrived at Peterboro' early the following morning, where I remained
+till the sixteenth, at the house of Gerrit Smith. He was once a zealous
+supporter of the Colonization Society, but when convinced of the evil
+character and tendency of that scheme, he withdrew from it, and became a
+warm and able advocate of the immediate abolition of slavery. He is one
+of the few Americans who have inherited large property from their
+parents, and he has contributed to this cause with princely munificence.
+Gerrit Smith and Arthur Tappan have, each on one or more occasions given
+single donations of ten thousand dollars (upwards of two thousand pounds
+sterling) to promote anti-slavery objects. His wife, Ann Carroll Smith,
+who is a native of Maryland, and his daughter, an only child, share in
+my valued friend's ardent sympathy for the sufferings of the slave.
+During my stay, he received a letter from Samuel Worthington, of
+Mississippi, who held in slavery Harriet Russell. Harriet was formerly
+the slave of Ann Carroll Smith, having been given to her when they were
+both children. Ann C. Smith was but twelve years old when, with her
+father's family, she removed from Maryland to New York. Harriet was left
+in Maryland. Shortly after Ann C. Smith's marriage, and when she was
+about eighteen years of age, her brother, James Fitzhugh, of Maryland,
+wrote to ask her to give Harriet to him, stating that she was, or was
+about to be, married to his slave, Samuel Russell. She consented: and
+her brother soon after emigrated to Kentucky, taking Samuel and Harriet
+with him. After this Samuel and Harriet were repeatedly sold.
+
+Some years ago, Gerrit and Ann C. Smith having become deeply impressed
+with the great sin of slavery, were anxious to learn what had become of
+Harriet. But they did not succeed in ascertaining her residence, until
+the letter received during my visit informed them of it, and which also
+stated that Harriet and her husband were living, and that they had
+several children. The price put upon the family was four thousand
+dollars.
+
+James C. Fuller having kindly offered to go into Kentucky, where Samuel
+Worthington then resided, to negotiate with him for the purchase of the
+family, G. Smith gladly accepted the offer of one so well qualified for
+this undertaking. James C. Fuller succeeded in purchasing the family for
+three thousand five hundred dollars, exclusive of his travelling
+expenses, and those of the slave family, which amounted to about two
+hundred and eighty dollars. He has published a very interesting account
+of his journey, in a letter addressed to myself, from which some
+extracts are given in the Appendix.[A] Eighteen months ago, G. and A.C.
+Smith united with other children of her father, the late Col. Fitzhugh,
+in purchasing, at the cost of four thousand dollars, the liberty of ten
+slaves, who, or their parents, were among the slaves of Colonel Fitzhugh
+when he left Maryland. I have recently learned that they are negotiating
+the purchase of the liberty of other slaves, who formerly belonged to
+Colonel Fitzhugh. It is nearly seven years since Gerrit Smith and his
+family adopted the practice of total abstinence from all slave produce,
+thus additionally manifesting the sincerity of those convictions which
+have induced him to contribute so largely of his wealth both to the
+anti-slavery funds, and for the liberation of all slaves with which his
+family property had the most remote connection.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix I.]
+
+Here, I had some expectation of again meeting my friend, James G.
+Birney, who was gone on a journey to Ohio, and is well known to English
+abolitionists, by his able assistance at the great Anti-Slavery
+Convention, as one of its vice-presidents, and by his subsequent labors,
+which are thus acknowledged, on his return to America, by the Committee
+of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:--
+
+
+    "That this committee are deeply sensible of the services
+    rendered to the anti-slavery cause by their esteemed friend and
+    coadjutor, James Gillespie Birney, Esq., whilst in this country,
+    in a course of laborious efforts, in which his accurate and
+    extensive information, his wise and judicious counsels, and his
+    power of calm and convincing statement, have become eminently
+    conspicuous.
+
+    "The committee also take the present occasion to record their
+    sense of his zealous and disinterested labors in defence of the
+    rights of outraged humanity in his own country, during a period
+    of great excitement and opposition: and of the proof he has
+    given of his sincerity, in having twice manumitted the slaves
+    that had come into his possession; a noble example, which they
+    trust others will not be slow to follow."
+
+
+Whilst J.G. Birney was in this country, in addition to his arduous
+labors, in addressing large assemblies in many of the cities of the
+United Kingdom, he prepared and published his excellent work, "The
+American Churches the Bulwark of American Slavery," which is eminently
+deserving of the attentive perusal of all Christian readers. The
+estimation in which James G. Birney is held by American abolitionists,
+is marked by his having been twice unanimously selected by the "Liberty
+Party," as a candidate for the Presidential chair.
+
+I found G. Smith as much interested in the subject of temperance, as in
+that of slavery. No person in the whole of the township in which he
+lives is licensed to sell drams. For an innkeeper to sell a glass of
+spirits, or even of strong beer, is illegal, and exposes him to a heavy
+fine.
+
+The next morning I left early for Utica, where I had the pleasure of
+again meeting the friends I had parted from at Buffalo, with whom I paid
+a visit to the Oneida Institute, about two miles from Utica. This
+college was the first in the United States to throw open its doors to
+students, irrespective of color. It was also one of the earliest
+institutions to combine manual labor with instruction. The principle is
+adopted partly from a motive of economy, but principally because
+intellectual vigor is believed to depend on bodily health, and that
+these can be best secured and preserved by exercise and labor,
+especially out of door and agricultural employments. The labor of the
+students defrays a considerable part of the expense of their support,
+but as the severe pressure of the times has limited the means of many
+liberal benefactors of Oneida, the establishment, which usually
+comprises one hundred young men, is now limited to about one-third of
+the number. Several of these are colored. The Oberlin Institute in Ohio
+is on a much larger scale than this, and is on an equally liberal
+footing with regard to color. I much regretted being unable, from want
+of time, to comply with the urgent request of my friend, Wm. Dawes and
+others, to visit this important and interesting establishment. The
+number of students at Oberlin last year was five hundred and sixty,
+including those in the department for females.
+
+I was much pleased to have the opportunity of becoming further
+acquainted with the President of Oneida, Beriah Green, and with his
+friend, Wm. Goodell, who resides in the neighborhood. Their names will
+be reverenced by the abolitionists of America as long as the memory of
+anti-slavery efforts shall survive. Before we left, we had an
+opportunity of meeting the students together, who appeared much
+interested with my friend John Candler's details of the results of
+emancipation in Jamaica. I was disappointed in not finding at home Alvan
+Stewart, one of the ablest and most zealous friends of the Anti-Slavery
+cause; but Beriah Green kindly accompanied me to call upon several of
+their abolition friends in the city.
+
+My limited time prevented my paying a visit to Henry B. Stanton, who was
+residing not far from Utica, and whose acquaintance I had the pleasure
+of making in England. He also will be remembered for his able assistance
+at the Convention, and by his eloquent addresses at public meetings in
+this country. The following record of his services is made by the
+Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:--
+
+
+    "That this Committee, in taking leave of their friend and
+    fellow-laborer in the cause of universal emancipation, Henry
+    Brewster Stanton, Esq., record their high estimate of the
+    valuable services rendered by him to that cause, whilst in Great
+    Britain, by his eloquent and powerful advocacy; and, in
+    tendering him their thanks, they express their sincere desire
+    for his success in the great work to which he has devoted
+    himself."
+
+
+The name of Henry B. Stanton previously occurs in conjunction with that
+of Theodore D. Weld, as having left Lane Seminary with many other
+students, rather than be silent on the abolition question: becoming from
+that time a strenuous and powerful anti-slavery advocate.
+
+I proceeded in the evening to Albany, and thence to New York the next
+morning; where I remained from the 17th to the 26th instant, and, during
+this time, I put in circulation the following address:--
+
+
+    "_To the Members of the Religious Society of Friends in the
+    United States of America_.
+
+    "Dear Friends,--Having for many years believed it my duty to
+    devote a considerable portion of my time and attention to the
+    promotion of the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade, I
+    have acted in cordial co-operation with the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society since its formation. The principles of that
+    Society may be briefly explained by the following extract from
+    its constitution: 'That so long as slavery exists, there is no
+    reasonable prospect of the annihilation of the slave-trade, and
+    of extinguishing the sale and barter of human beings: that the
+    extinction of slavery and the slave-trade will be attained most
+    effectually by the employment of those means which are of a
+    moral, religious, and pacific character: and that no measures be
+    resorted to by this society in the prosecution of their objects,
+    but such as are in entire accordance with these principles.'
+
+    "My visit to this country had reference, in a great measure, to
+    the objects for which this society was established; but,
+    although I left my native land with the general approbation and
+    full unity of my friends, they concurred with me in opinion,
+    that any _official_ document, beyond a certificate from 'my
+    monthly meeting,' expressive of sympathy with my engagement,
+    might rather obstruct than promote the end I had in view. I was
+    desirous of a personal interchange of sentiment with many of the
+    abolitionists in this land, upon matters having an important
+    bearing upon our future exertions. The warm attachment which I
+    have ever felt to the religious society with which I am
+    connected, and the ready co-operation of its members with their
+    Christian neighbors in promoting this cause in Great Britain,
+    inclined me to embrace every suitable opportunity to communicate
+    with Friends in this country. And I have been encouraged, not
+    only by the great personal kindness I have received from them
+    generally, but also by the lively interest expressed by most, on
+    the subject of emancipation, wherever I have introduced it.
+
+    "A further acquaintance with Friends in the compass of the three
+    or four 'Yearly Meetings,' in which my lot has been cast, and my
+    inquiries respecting the state of the other Yearly Meetings, has
+    convinced me that a large number of their most consistent
+    members, including many aged and universally respected Friends,
+    are desirous of embracing every right opening, both individually
+    and collectively, for the promotion of the abolition cause. And
+    while they are fully aware that there are reasons growing out of
+    the existing state of things, which render great circumspection
+    necessary, they can see no good ground for believing that the
+    manner in which Friends of this country, of a former generation,
+    labored for the liberation of the slave, was not under the
+    guidance of the Spirit of truth.
+
+    "This is now the course pursued by Friends generally in England.
+    That there may be no misapprehension as to the conduct of
+    Friends, with regard to this subject, in Great Britain, I may
+    mention, that I am the bearer of a document expressive of unity
+    with my visit, signed by William Allen, Josiah Forster, William
+    Forster, George Stacey, Samuel Fox, George W. Alexander, and
+    Robert Forster, who declare themselves fellow members with
+    myself of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee. This
+    committee is composed of persons of various religious
+    denominations, amongst whom it will be seen are many of the
+    prominent members of our meeting for sufferings. Upon the list
+    of delegates to the late Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, are
+    the names of nearly one hundred well known Friends, including
+    those of four who are, or have been clerks of the yearly
+    meeting; and the present clerk of that meeting, my esteemed
+    friend, George Stacey, took an active part, and rendered
+    essential service in the Convention. The meeting house in
+    Gracechurch Street was freely granted by Friends in London, who
+    have charge of it, for the use of the Convention, and the
+    concluding sittings of that body were held in it.
+
+    "In fact, Friends generally in England think it their duty to
+    render every aid in their power to the anti-slavery cause,
+    whether in their collective capacity, or individually uniting
+    with their fellow-citizens, when they can do so without any
+    compromise of our religious principles and testimonies. I speak
+    more explicitly on this point, because I have ascertained with
+    much concern, that there is an influential portion of the
+    Society, including, I have no doubt, some sincere abolitionists,
+    who have been so fearful that the testimonies of the Society
+    might suffer by any union with others, that they have not only
+    avoided such a co-operation themselves, but have dissuaded those
+    of their brethren, who have believed it incumbent upon them to
+    act otherwise; and in one 'Yearly Meeting,' at least, I have too
+    much reason to fear they have tacitly, if not actively
+    sanctioned the omission of the names of Friends on meeting
+    appointments,--however consistent in their conduct, and
+    concerned for the welfare of the society--simply because they
+    have felt it their duty to act with persons of other
+    denominations in promoting the abolition of slavery; thus, in
+    appearance at least, throwing the whole weight and influence of
+    the society, in its collective capacity, against a movement,
+    which, although doubtless partaking of the imperfections
+    attendant upon all human instrumentality, has already aroused
+    the whole country to a sense of the wrongs of the slave, and
+    secured to the nominally free colored citizens, in many of the
+    States, rights of which they have been so long and so unjustly
+    deprived.
+
+    "Though I can hardly expect that any thing from one entertaining
+    my view of the subject, can have much weight with those Friends,
+    who, with a full understanding of the heavy responsibility they
+    were assuming, have discountenanced anti-slavery exertions, and
+    the use of our meeting houses, even by consistent members, for
+    the purpose of giving information on the subject:[A] yet, as it
+    has occasioned me no small degree of anxiety, both in reference
+    to the anti-slavery cause, and the Society of Friends itself, I
+    believe I cannot return to my native land with peace of mind,
+    without earnestly and affectionately pressing upon such Friends,
+    the great importance of a careful examination of the ground
+    which they have taken. Our unwearied adversary is sometimes
+    permitted to lead us into the most fearful errors, when he
+    assumes the appearance of an angel of light. And is there not
+    great danger, in encouraging the young and inexperienced to
+    suppose that the maintenance of any of our testimonies may be
+    neglected, except when we feel a Divine intimation to uphold
+    them, and may it not open the door to great laxity in our
+    practice? While I fully believe that the true disciple of Christ
+    will be favored with the immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit
+    whenever it is needful to direct his steps; it appears to me
+    especially important, that, in matters of self-sacrifice and
+    conflicting with our worldly interest or reputation, we should
+    guard against being deluded into a neglect of duty, by waiting
+    for this direct Divine intimation, where the path of duty is
+    obvious and clearly understood, and when testimonies are
+    concerned, which we have long considered it our duty, on all
+    occasions, to support. If, under such a view of the subject, we
+    do believe it our duty to cease to act ourselves, and discourage
+    our brethren from laboring in the cause of the slave; a close
+    self-examination surely is needful, in order to ascertain if we
+    are consistently carrying out the same principle in our daily
+    walk in life--in our mercantile transactions--our investments of
+    property--in our connection with public institutions,--and with
+    political parties.
+
+    [Footnote A: "It is right to state, that I was much encouraged
+    by the lively expression of sympathy in the anti-slavery cause
+    in the Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and New York: that at the
+    former place Friends opened a room at the meeting house for my
+    friend John Candler to give some information on the subject, and
+    at New York the large meeting house was not only readily granted
+    to him and me for the same purpose, but the clerks of the Yearly
+    Meeting kindly gave notice and invited Friends to attend."]
+
+    "It should be borne in perpetual recollection, that we are in no
+    small danger of shrinking from a faithful maintenance of those
+    testimonies which are unpopular with the world, as well as of
+    not seeing our own neglect of duty, while censuring the zeal or
+    supposed indiscretion of others. Besides, if this good cause be
+    really endangered by popular excitement, and the indiscretion of
+    its imprudent advocates, the obligation of consistent Friends to
+    be found at their posts, faithfully maintaining the testimony of
+    truth on its behalf, is greatly increased; and it is under such
+    circumstances that I think I have seen the peculiar advantage
+    and protection to our young friends in England, of having their
+    elder brethren with them, aiding them by their sympathy, as well
+    as by their advice and counsel. I am persuaded that those who
+    are called to occupy the foremost ranks in society cannot be too
+    careful not to impose a burden upon tender consciences, by
+    discouraging, either directly or indirectly, a course of conduct
+    which is sanctioned by the precepts and examples of our Divine
+    Master, lest they alienate from us some of His disciples, and
+    thereby greatly injure the society they are so laudably anxious
+    to 'keep unspotted from the world.'
+
+    "We are told, on the highest authority, that 'by their fruits'
+    we are to judge of the laborers in the Christian vineyard; and,
+    while I am fully aware of the greater difficulties in the way of
+    emancipation _here_, as compared with Great Britain, I have been
+    almost irresistibly led to contrast the difference in the
+    results of the course pursued by Friends in the two countries.
+    In America, during the last twenty-five years, it is evident
+    that slavery and the slave-trade have greatly increased; and
+    even where the members of our society are the most numerous and
+    influential, the prejudice against color is as strong as in any
+    part of the world,[A] and Friends themselves, in many places,
+    are by no means free from this prejudice. In Great Britain,
+    Friends, by society action, and by uniting with their
+    fellow-countrymen, not only contributed, under Providence, in no
+    small degree, to the passage of the act of 1834, for the
+    abolition of slavery in the British West Indies; but, when it
+    was found that the system of apprenticeship which this act
+    introduced, was made an instrument of cruel oppression to the
+    slaves, a renewal of similar labors for about twelve months,
+    resulted in the _complete_ emancipation of our colored brethren
+    in those colonies.
+
+    [Footnote A: "I should, I believe, do wrong to conceal the
+    sorrow which I have felt that the scheme of African
+    colonization, the great support of which, at the present time,
+    appears to be hostility to anti-slavery efforts and an
+    unchristian prejudice against color, still has the sympathy and
+    the active aid of some members of our society."]
+
+    "In closing this letter, I wish to address a few words to that
+    numerous and valuable class of Friends, previously alluded to,
+    with whom I deeply sympathize, who are only deterred from more
+    active exertion by their reluctance to give dissatisfaction to
+    those whom they respect. The sorrow which I feel, under the
+    consideration that, in parting with many of you, we never
+    probably shall meet again in mutability, is softened by the
+    persuasion, that the difficulties by which you are surrounded
+    are lessening, and that some who are now opposing you, will, ere
+    long, join you in efforts, which shall remove from the minds,
+    both of abolitionists and slave-holders, the belief so generally
+    entertained, that the Society of Friends in this country are not
+    earnestly engaged for the _total and immediate_ abolition of
+    slavery. No one regrets more than myself that any friends to the
+    cause of abolition should connect other topics with it, which,
+    however suitable to be discussed on their own merits, must
+    necessarily interfere with this simple and momentous object. You
+    are aware of some of the circumstances which may have led to the
+    state of feeling, with many in our society, which we so much
+    deplore. And it is my fervent desire that none of you, in any
+    steps you may consider it your duty to take, may afford just
+    cause of uneasiness, by any compromise of Christian principle,
+    any improper harshness of language, or by the introduction of
+    any subject not strictly belonging to the anti-slavery cause.
+    Your situation is one of peculiar difficulty and delicacy. Both
+    from a regard to your own religious society and the suffering
+    slave, you have need to exercise great watchfulness, and to
+    cultivate feelings of brotherly love and that 'charity which
+    suffereth long, and is kind.' The beautiful example of John
+    Woolman, in this respect, is worthy of your imitation. His
+    labors were, for years, far less encouraged by the leading
+    influences of society than your own at the present time; yet we
+    find, in reading his invaluable journal, no traces of bitterness
+    or uncharitable feeling.
+
+    "Finally, dear friends of all classes,--In thus freely
+    addressing you, I have written, not only with a strong
+    attachment to our religious society, but, I trust, under a
+    feeling of a degree of that love, which is not confined to
+    geographical boundaries, or affected by color or by clime. The
+    prayer of my heart is, that each of you may be willing to be
+    made instrumental, in the Divine Hand, in faithfully maintaining
+    our Christian testimony against slavery; bearing in mind, that
+    the labors of your ancestors have greatly increased your
+    responsibility, by separating you from those influences which so
+    deaden the feelings and harden the heart against the claims of
+    our brethren in bonds. May these considerations, viewed in
+    connection with the difficulties which obstruct the progress of
+    emancipation in this land, stimulate you to increased exertion;
+    and when you are summoned to the bar of that final tribunal,
+    towards which we are all hastening, may you have the
+    inexpressible consolation of reflecting, that you have performed
+    all you could towards 'undoing the heavy burden and letting the
+    oppressed go free.'
+
+    "I am, very sincerely,
+
+    "Your friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+    "New York, Seventh Month 17th, 1841."
+
+
+The above letter so fully embodies my view of the state of the Society
+in reference to the anti-slavery cause, that I shall think it needless,
+after a few general observations, again recur to this subject. I feel
+bound to acknowledge that this public mode of making my sentiments known
+was disapproved by some Friends; yet of all the objections that were
+made to the proceeding, none tended to impugn the accuracy of my
+representation of the existing state of things. This is approved by
+some, and deplored by others, but my statement has not been denied by
+any. In consequence of a remonstrance made to me on special grounds in
+the kindest and most Christian manner by two beloved friends, I felt
+called upon to subject my motives and conduct, in issuing such an
+address, to deliberate reconsideration; and the result was, that I not
+only felt myself clear of just censure, but that in no other way could I
+have discharged my duty according to my own interpretation of its
+dictates. Of other objectors, I may add, that simply to enumerate their
+reasons, stated to me in private conference, would be the severest
+public animadversion that could be made, either on the individuals
+themselves, or on the Society whose views they professed to represent.
+
+In the present state of this great controversy, the abolitionists may
+justly say, "he that is not with us, is against us," while the
+pro-slavery party can witness, "he that is not against us, is on our
+side." Hence the praise bestowed on the neutrality of the Society of
+Friends by the great slave-holding senator, Henry Clay. Hence also the
+suspicious compliments of the late President Van Buren, the first act of
+whose administration was a pledge to refuse his signature to any bill
+for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. I fear it is
+undeniable that in the last eight years the collective influence of the
+Society has been thrown into the pro-slavery scale, and this
+notwithstanding the existence of much diffused and passive sympathy and
+right feeling on behalf of the slave, in the breasts of probably a large
+majority of individual members. The abolitionists of the United States
+have been treated by too many influential Friends, as well as by the
+leading professors of other denominations, as a party whose contact is
+contamination; yet to a bystander it is plainly obvious that the true
+grounds of offence are not always those ostensibly alleged, but the
+activity, zeal, and success with which they have cleared themselves of
+participation in other men's sins, and by which they have condemned the
+passive acquiescence of a society making a high profession of
+anti-slavery principles. I do not intend to defend all the proceedings
+of the anti-slavery societies. That they have sometimes erred in
+judgment and action,--that they have had unworthy men among their
+members, I have little doubt. But, the same objections might have been
+raised to the old anti-slavery societies, in which the leading Friends
+of the United States took an active part with their neighbors of other
+denominations, and, with far greater force against the Colonization
+Society, which is patronized, even to this day, both by individual
+members and by at least one Meeting of Sufferings.[A] The causes that
+have produced the state of things I have attempted to describe, derive
+their origin, I believe, from one source--inaction. After the Society of
+Friends had purified itself from slave-holding, it gradually subsided
+into a state of rest, and finally lapsed into lethargy and indifference
+on this question. In the world we live in, evil is the quick and
+spontaneous growth, while good is the forced and difficult culture. Good
+principles can only be preserved bright, pure, and efficient, by
+watchful care and constant use; if laid aside, they rust and perish.
+These are the necessary effects of the fall of man by disobedience from
+that state of happiness and holiness in which he was formed by a
+beneficent Creator. In a state of inaction, Friends have been exposed to
+the influences of a corrupt public sentiment; they have, to a
+considerable extent, imbibed the prejudice against color, while some of
+them have been caught by the gilded bait of southern commerce.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix K.]
+
+In a former part of this work I have briefly alluded to that memorable
+reformation, which, in the latter part of the preceding century, purged
+the Society of Friends from the heinous sins of slave trading and
+holding slaves. This reformation in Great Britain, with perhaps a few
+individual exceptions, consisted merely in the adoption of new
+convictions, and the abandonment of lax opinions; but, on the American
+continent, it was sealed by the willing sacrifice of an immense amount
+of property. One can scarcely avoid looking back with regret to times
+when convictions of duty had such power, when Christian principle was
+carried out, whatever the cost. Then, indeed, was exhibited, by the
+American Friends, the fruit of a world-overcoming faith. It must be
+confessed that the present position of their descendants presents an
+unpleasing contrast; yet I trust, that from all I have written, the
+conclusion will be drawn, that I look forward to the future with hope;
+though it is a hope chastened with fear. Next to a fervent desire that
+slavery may be speedily abolished, it is one of the warmest wishes of my
+heart, that the "Society of Friends" in America, may be among the
+chiefly honored agents in accomplishing, in the wisdom and power of
+Jesus Christ, so great a work, thereby contributing to the fulfilment of
+the angelic prophecy of "Glory to God, and good will to man."
+
+I subsequently visited, in company with a colored gentleman, one of the
+principal colored schools in New York, in which there were upwards of
+three hundred children present. All the departments appeared to be
+conducted, under colored teachers, with great order and efficiency, and
+the attainments of the higher classes were very considerable. On the
+whole, this school would bear comparison with any similar school for
+white children which I ever visited.
+
+Having received from Great Britain the minutes of a special meeting of
+the Anti-Slavery Society, called to consider the time of holding a
+second General Convention, I met some of the friends of the cause in New
+York, together with John G. Whittier and Elizur Wright, of Boston, to
+obtain an interchange of their sentiments on the same subject. After
+considerable discussion, they unanimously concluded to leave the
+decision as to the time of holding a future Convention to the London
+Committee--the question of time being the summer of 1842 or 1843.
+
+The numerous persons on whom I called, before leaving New York,
+concurred uniformly in the belief that public opinion was steadily, and
+somewhat rapidly advancing, in favor of emancipation, and that the
+prejudice against color was lessening.
+
+The unanimity I found in the opinion that public feeling in favor of
+peace was continually strengthening, was very encouraging. All whom I
+consulted, approved of the suggestion of Judge Jay, already mentioned,
+though I had no suitable opportunity of obtaining the collective
+sentiments of the friends of peace in New York upon it.
+
+The Secretary of the Vigilance Committee, an association existing in
+several of the Northern cities, formed to aid runaway slaves in escaping
+to a place of safety, as well as to protect the free colored people from
+kidnappers, informed me that the number of slaves who applied for
+assistance was constantly on the increase. He said that, only a few days
+before, a man, who was a preacher of the gospel, who was escaping to
+Canada, called upon him; and on being asked why he was fleeing from
+slavery, he exposed his naked back, lacerated with a recent flogging,
+and said that he had received that punishment for going to his place of
+worship.
+
+On the evening of the 24th I went up the river Hudson to Sing Sing, in
+company with Lewis Tappan. Our object was to spend the next day, which
+was the first day of the week, in this celebrated state prison. We
+lodged at a quiet hotel, on an eminence above the village; and next
+morning, about eight o'clock, we went to the prison, where we were very
+kindly received by the superintendent, J.G. Seymour, and by the
+chaplain. Soon afterwards, we had the opportunity of seeing all the male
+prisoners, about seven hundred and fifty, in the chapel, when they were
+addressed by a minister of the Presbyterian persuasion, whom we had met
+on board the steamer, and whom Lewis Tappan had invited to be there. We
+were informed that about one-third of the prisoners were colored: these
+did not sit separate, but were intermixed with the rest. In general,
+however, the striking language of De Beaumont, a late French traveller
+in the United States, will be found true. "The prejudice against color
+haunts its victim wherever he goes,--in the hospitals where humanity
+suffers,--in the churches where it kneels to God,--_in the prisons where
+it expiates its offences_,--in the grave-yards where it sleeps the last
+sleep."
+
+From hence we proceeded to the female department, where about eighty
+were assembled, some of whom seemed much affected by an address from my
+friend, Lewis Tappan. He told them he saw at least one present who had
+been a scholar in his colored Sabbath School at New York. The white
+women were placed in the front seats, and the colored behind them. We
+next went to the Sabbath School for the male prisoners, held in the
+chapel, where the attendance is general, though perfectly voluntary.
+Twenty-five of the best educated and most orderly prisoners are allowed
+to teach classes: the other teachers were officers of the prison, and
+other persons attracted hither by benevolent motives; and I was told the
+teachers selected among the convicts had not once been detected in the
+abuse of this privilege, by entering into conversation on other topics.
+On the breaking up of the school, Lewis Tappan addressed them, and I
+added a few words. We were kindly invited to dine with the matron. She
+mentioned one instance of complete reformation in a female, which was to
+be attributed she believed, under the Divine blessing, to the ministry
+of Joseph J. Gurney, who visited Sing Sing, in the course of his
+religious labors in the United States.
+
+After dinner we were permitted to visit the male prisoners at their
+cells, list shoes being provided for us that we might walk along the
+galleries without noise. Those who wished to do so, were suffered to
+speak to us through their grated doors, in a low voice. A number
+embraced this opportunity; of the sincere repentance and reformation of
+some of whom, I could scarcely doubt. One prisoner, a man of color,
+appeared to enjoy a state of perfect happiness, under a sense of being
+at peace with his Maker. Another manifested such a feeling of his
+spiritual blessings, and especially of that change of heart he had been
+favored to experience, as scarcely to have a desire for his liberation,
+though his health was visibly sinking under the confinement, and there
+appeared little other prospect but that of his dying in the prison, as
+he had been condemned for ten years, of which three yet remained.
+Several were Englishmen, who were mostly under feigned names, keeping
+their real names secret, from a natural unwillingness to disgrace their
+families. Some of these were men of education, and communicated to me in
+confidence their family names. One referred to gentlemen standing
+deservedly high in the estimation of the British public, as well knowing
+him. Two or three of this class wept much, when speaking of their
+situation, and of the offences that had brought them there.
+
+I gathered from the prisoners themselves that a great change had been
+introduced, both in the affairs and in the management of the prison,
+within the last eighteen months, by the present excellent superintendent
+and chaplain and their coadjutors, and with the happiest effects. The
+former system was one of brutal severity; now, without any relaxation of
+discipline, needless severity is discarded, and the floggings have been
+reduced nine-tenths, the great object being the reformation of the
+prisoners. One of these, speaking of the superintendent and chaplain,
+said: "there was not a prisoner in the jail, but rejoiced to hear the
+sound of their feet."
+
+J.G. Seymour mentioned one of the English prisoners to me, whose heart
+had been softened, and his reformation commenced, through the kindness
+of his prosecutor, who had spent both time and money in endeavoring to
+procure his release. This statement was fully confirmed in an
+interesting conversation I had with the individual himself, who was
+subsequently permitted, as well as another Englishman, to send letters
+by me to their relations in this country.
+
+An extract from the correspondence of one of my unfortunate
+fellow-countrymen, which I am permitted to make, will afford an
+interesting view of the internal administration of the Sing Sing prison,
+by one of its inmates. After alluding to the absolute monotony of prison
+life, he gives one day as a specimen of every day. "Monday morning, the
+large prison bell rings at five o'clock, when we all rise; half an hour
+after, we all go out to work, to our respective shops, till breakfast,
+the keepers all the time seated upon a high seat, overlooking--seeing
+that everything is ordered and going on in a proper manner: no talking
+allowed upon any occasion, or under any pretence whatever. When the
+breakfast-bell rings, we all go in to breakfast, each one to a separate
+room, (which are all numbered, one thousand in all;) every man's
+breakfast is ready for him in his room,--one pint of coffee, with plenty
+of meat, potatoes, and rye bread. After one hour, the prison opens
+again, and we work in a similar manner till twelve--dinner hour--when we
+go in again. Dinner is set ready as before,--an ample quantity of meat,
+potatoes, and bread, with a cup of water, (the best beverage in the
+world--would to God I had never drank any thing else, and I should not
+have been here;) one hour allowed for dinner, when we go out and work
+again till six o'clock, when we come in and are locked up for the night,
+with a large bowl of mush, (hasty pudding with molasses,) the finest
+food in the world, made from Indian meal. Thus passes each day of the
+week. Sundays we rise at the same hour; each man has a clean shirt given
+him in his room, then goes to the kitchen, brings his breakfast in with
+him, the same as before, and is locked up till eight, when Divine
+service is performed by a most worthy and able chaplain. After service,
+through the pious and benevolent efforts of Mr. Seymour, we have an
+excellent Sabbath School. Bible classes, where from three to four
+hundred attend, about half to learn to read, and the others to receive
+instruction in the way to attain everlasting life, under the immediate
+inspection of Mr. Seymour; and I am happy to say, that the greatest
+attention is paid by scholars of both classes: many, very many, know how
+to appreciate the value of these privileges, and benefit by them
+accordingly. Mr. Seymour has obtained a large library for us, and one of
+the prisoners is librarian. At eleven o'clock we are locked up for the
+day, with an extra allowance of food and water sufficient. The librarian
+and an assistant are left open, to distribute the books; that is to go
+to each man's cell, get the book he had the previous Sunday, and give
+him another in exchange, generally supplying them with a small tract, of
+which we mostly have a great plenty."
+
+A large proportion of the prisoners work in a stone quarry without the
+walls; and the most painful sight I saw at Sing Sing were the sentinels
+placed on prominent points commanding the prison, with loaded muskets
+and fixed bayonets, who have orders at once to shoot a convict who may
+attempt to escape, if he does not obey the order to return. I was told,
+however, an occurrence of the kind had not happened for years.
+
+A number of the female domestics in different families in the village of
+Sing Sing, have been prisoners, and are now reformed and generally
+conducting themselves to the entire satisfaction of their employers.
+
+There are few subjects more interesting to a civilized and Christian
+community, than that of prison discipline. It will scarcely, at the
+present day, be denied that the only motives on which, in such a
+government, criminal law can be administered, are the public safety, and
+the reformation of the criminal himself. Vengeance has not been
+delegated to man under the Christian dispensation. It is too evident,
+nevertheless, that the principle of retaliatory punishment, irrespective
+of any considerations of public safety, or the benefit of the offender,
+pervades our criminal jurisprudence, both in theory and practice, and
+just so far as this is the case, is the last great object defeated, for
+his feelings are deadened, and his heart hardened by it. The most
+depraved wretch has that within him which testifies that his fellow worm
+has no right to inflict pain upon him solely as a _punishment_, and his
+heart rebels against what he feels to be oppression. On the more
+enlightened, the effect is equally unfavorable, for he contrasts the
+practice of his persecutors with their profession, and is perhaps
+conducted thereby to infidelity and despair. One of the prisoners at
+Sing Sing, while contrasting the former with the present management,
+said, "We used to hear the gospel preached to us on the Sabbath, but see
+its doctrines trampled upon in all the conduct pursued towards us the
+whole week besides." How different the result where the law of love
+reigns! At Sing Sing there are numerous recent instances where
+conviction on the minds of the prisoners that the authorities of the
+prison have no other object than their temporal and spiritual benefit,
+has softened their hearts, and thereby disposed them to the reception of
+that consoling faith in a crucified Saviour, which is the only
+foundation of true amendment of life. How important is it that all the
+offices in a prison should be filled by persons of true piety; and where
+can such be more usefully employed?
+
+In a former part of this work, I have expressed a somewhat unfavorable
+opinion on "the separate system," adopted in the Philadelphia
+Penitentiary. One of my objections to this system is this, that to
+deprive man so entirely of human society, is to do violence to the
+strongest instinct of his nature, and thereby to inflict suffering far
+more severe than corporeal pain or privation. If the severity of this
+system does not obviously tend to carry out the legitimate objects of
+prison discipline, it cannot be defended. The small number of
+recommittals is no proof of the efficacy of this system; since, in a
+country like the United States, a liberated felon may very easily choose
+another locality for his sphere of action. In favor of the "separate
+system," it is occasionally pleaded that the prisoner is under a veil of
+secresy; and that when he goes forth, neither the censorious public, nor
+his fellow-prisoners, can point him out; and thus, his character being
+comparatively unblemished, he can, with less difficulty, procure
+employment. It is obvious that this would induce, in many cases, a
+degree of dishonest concealment from an employer, and encourage
+dissimulation. It would be much better that the prisoner should depend
+for a situation on the good character which the superintendent would
+give him if reformed; and I was glad to find at Sing Sing guarded
+situations had been procured, in numerous instances, for the liberated
+prisoners, and that their employers, with very little exception,
+represented them to be most valuable servants. I could hear of no case,
+in either of the prisons I visited, of any permanent injury to the
+health of a prisoner from the entire disuse of intoxicating drinks,
+however intemperate their previous habits might have been. The same
+remark is true with regard to tobacco. I will only add, that it is
+notorious that the prison discipline of Great Britain, notwithstanding
+all its recent improvements, is yet lamentably deficient; and that
+though the United States justly claim precedence of us in this respect,
+they have, by no means reached perfection. The greatest deficiency of
+all, however, in each nation, is that of institutions like the
+Philadelphia Refuge, co-extensive with the wants of the community, for
+the reformation of juvenile delinquency; thus suppressing crime in its
+small beginnings. So long as this want is unsupplied, and the juvenile
+offender is contaminated by contact with the hardened criminal, the
+statesmen and those who control the legislatures of both countries,
+dishonor their profession of Christianity.
+
+On the 26th, I accompanied my friends, J. and M. Candler, to the steamer
+which was to convey them on board the "Roscius" packet, to sail for
+Liverpool this afternoon. I afterwards called upon Charles Collins, who,
+for many years past, has dealt exclusively in articles of free labor
+produce, and for which he said he had found the demand to increase of
+late. I am more and more convinced that this branch of the abolition
+question has not received the attention it deserves from the friends of
+the cause. Before leaving New York, I ought not to omit to record a
+visit that was on a previous occasion paid us at our hotel, by William
+Cullen Bryant, whose name on this side of the water is associated with
+some of the most beautiful productions of American literature. He is the
+editor of the _New York Evening Post_, a leading democratic paper, and,
+to his credit be it said, he has always advocated the rights of the
+abolitionists. He has a thin, pale, thought-worn countenance, and his
+manner is quiet and unassuming. I also formed an agreeable acquaintance
+with Lydia Maria Child, known in both hemispheres as one of the most
+pleasing of American writers. She is editor of the _National
+Anti-Slavery Standard_.  Her services in the cause of the slave have
+been of great value, and have been given at the risk of destroying her
+interests and popularity as an author.
+
+I finally quitted this city, in the steamer, for Boston, on the 24th,
+accompanied by John G. Whittier.
+
+I remained in Boston till the first of the Eighth Month, (August) when I
+embarked on board the "Caledonia" steamer for England.--During the
+interval, I made a number of calls upon the abolitionists in Boston;
+and, among others, saw Henry and Maria Chapman and Wendell Phillips; the
+former of whom had just returned from a visit to Hayti, and the latter
+from Europe. I had several interviews with Martha V. and Lucy M. Ball,
+secretaries of the Boston Female Emancipation Society, who have long
+been faithful and laborious abolitionists. I also met, as at New York, a
+number of the friends of the cause, again to consider the best time for
+calling a second general Convention, to whom I read the London minutes
+on that subject. A resolution was unanimously passed, of the same tenor
+as those of New York, lately noticed. While in this city, I had not only
+the pleasure of renewing my intimacy with my friend, Nathaniel Colver,
+who is known to many of the English abolitionists as their valuable and
+cordial coadjutor at the great Convention in London, but of becoming
+acquainted with many zealous and able friends of the slave. One of these
+was Amos A. Phelps, one of those who signed the original declaration
+issued by the American Anti-Slavery Society, on its foundation at
+Philadelphia, in 1833.
+
+We also went to Salem, and met a number of "Friends" who were
+abolitionists, and who appeared desirous to embrace every suitable
+opportunity of promoting the cause.
+
+Salem is a city of about fourteen thousand inhabitants, and I was told
+that the number of its population who went and returned to and from
+Boston, a distance of fourteen miles, weekly, was about five hundred--a
+striking proof of the locomotive energy of the Americans. Their
+gratification, in this respect, has been much facilitated of late by the
+rapid extension of railways. These, with few exceptions, are by no means
+so completely constructed as in England; but, owing to the cheapness of
+land, timber, et cet., and by making the lines generally single, and, on
+the average, the speed of travelling being about one-fourth less than is
+common in England, they answer the purpose of rapid transit, while the
+outlay is about as many dollars per mile as it is sovereigns with us. On
+this railway, and some others in New England, the lines are double, and
+the construction and speed are nearly equal to ours.
+
+I was informed, the proportion of severe accidents is not larger than in
+Great Britain. The carriages are generally built to hold sixty or
+seventy persons, who are seated two by two, one behind another, on
+double rows of seats, ranged across the carriage, with room to walk
+between, along the centre. The carriage in which we returned from Salem
+had twenty-two seats on each side, to contain two each, or, in the
+whole, eighty-eight passengers. Yet the weight of this machine would be
+little more than that of an English first-class carriage, to hold
+eighteen persons, and it cost probably less. Their carriages are well
+ventilated in summer, and warmed by a stove in winter. Locomotive
+engines approach Boston near enough to prevent the use of horses; but,
+on arriving at the distance of a mile or two from New York,
+Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the carriages and passengers are drawn in
+by horses. One carriage is often specially reserved for the ladies on
+the principal lines, into which gentlemen do not usually intrude, unless
+they have ladies under their care. It is common, however, for the latter
+to take their seats in any of the carriages. There is no distinction of
+price, and none of accommodation, except that an inferior and more
+exposed carriage, at the same fare, is purposely provided for persons of
+color; but this disgraceful relic of past times cannot survive long. The
+principal disadvantage that I observed on the American, as compared with
+the English railways, was the delay on meeting other trains, and on
+stopping for them at places where they could pass, and also the sparks
+from the wood, used for fuel instead of coke. On one occasion, my coat
+was set on fire in this way, though I was seated in a covered carriage.
+Very efficient locomotive engines are made in the United States. I
+visited a celebrated manufactory at Philadelphia, which has sent ten to
+England, for the use of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. At the
+time of my visit, they had many orders unexecuted from several European
+governments. As far as my inquiries went, the cost of making them is,
+upon the whole, about the same as in England.
+
+Having been, for several years, a director on the Birmingham and London
+Railway, I felt some interest in these inquiries, and came to the
+conclusion, that there are several arrangements of economy, and some of
+convenience, in the construction and working of railways, which the
+English might borrow with advantage from the United States.
+
+On the 29th instant, the secretary of the Peace Society convened a
+meeting of the members of that society, and of other influential
+gentlemen, including Alden Bradford, late secretary of the State of
+Massachusetts; Robert Rantoul, an eloquent and prominent member of the
+legislature, and S.E. Coues, of New Hampshire,[A] to take into
+consideration the best means of securing permanent international peace.
+A very harmonious and satisfactory discussion took place, and the
+following statement of the proceedings was subsequently handed to me by
+the gentleman who officiated as secretary to the meeting:
+
+[Footnote A: Since elected President of the American Peace Society.]
+
+
+    "A meeting of the friends of peace was held in the city of
+    Boston, on the evening of the 29th day of July, 1841.
+
+    "The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting Mr. Joseph
+    Sturge, from England, and there were present most of the active
+    members of the American Peace Society.
+
+    "Amasa Walker, Esq., was chosen chairman; and J.P. Blanchard,
+    secretary.
+
+    "Mr. Sturge addressed the meeting, and suggested the expediency
+    of calling, at some future time, a Convention of the friends of
+    peace, of different nations, to deliberate upon the best method
+    of adjusting international disputes; and, offered, for the
+    consideration of the meeting, a plan proposed by Judge Jay, in
+    which all the friends of peace could unite.
+
+    "The meeting was then addressed by several gentlemen, who
+    cordially approved the plan proposed, and, subsequently, the
+    following resolutions were unanimously adopted.
+
+    "Resolved,--That this meeting receives with great pleasure the
+    suggestion of our friend Joseph Sturge, of England, of a general
+    conference of the friends of peace, at the earliest practical
+    opportunity, at London, to consult on the measures which are
+    best adapted to promote universal peace among the nations of the
+    earth; and they respectfully refer the subject to the executive
+    committee of the American Peace Society, for their decision, on
+    correspondence and consultation with the friends of the cause in
+    this and other countries.
+
+    "Resolved,--That the suggestion by Judge Jay, of the insertion
+    of a clause in all conventional treaties between nations,
+    mutually binding the parties to submit all international
+    disputes, during the continuance of such treaties, to the
+    arbitration of some one or more friendly powers, presents a
+    definite and practicable object of effort, worthy of the serious
+    attention of the friends of peace. And this meeting recommends
+    to the friends of the cause, in different countries, to petition
+    their respective Governments in favor of the measure."
+
+
+On the 30th, in company with John G. Whittier and C. Stewart Renshaw, I
+went over to Lowell, the chief seat of the woollen and cotton
+manufacture in America. Less than twenty years ago, there were not more
+than forty or fifty houses on the site of this flourishing city, which
+now contains upwards of twenty thousand inhabitants. Its numerous mills
+are all worked by water power, and belong to incorporated joint-stock
+companies. We were obligingly shown over two of the largest woollen and
+cotton factories, where every stage of the manufacture was in process,
+from the cotton, or sheep's wool, to the finished fabric. We also
+visited works, where the printing of cottons is executed in a superior
+style, besides a new process for dyeing cotton in the thread, invented
+by an Englishman, now in the establishment. The following abstract of
+the manufacturing statistics of Lowell, on the first of January, 1841,
+will show the great importance to which this new branch of industry has
+attained with such unprecedented rapidity.
+
+Ten joint-stock companies, with a capital of ten millions of dollars,
+having thirty-two woollen and cotton factories, besides print works, et
+cet., with one hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-eight spindles, and five thousand five hundred and eighty-eight
+looms, employing two thousand one hundred and seventy-two males, and six
+thousand nine hundred and twenty females, who made, in 1840, sixty-five
+millions eight hundred and two thousand four hundred yards of cotton and
+woollen cloths, in which were consumed twenty-one millions four hundred
+and twenty-four thousand pounds of cotton alone.
+
+The average amount earned by the male hands employed, exclusive of their
+board, is four dollars and eighty cents, or about twenty shillings
+sterling per week, and of the females two dollars, or about eight
+shillings and sixpence per week.
+
+But the most striking and gratifying feature of Lowell, is the high
+moral and intellectual condition of its working population. In looking
+over the books of the mills we visited, where the operatives entered
+their names, I observed very few that were not written by themselves;
+certainly not five per cent. of the whole number were signed with a
+mark, and many of these were evidently Irish. It was impossible to go
+through the mills, and notice the respectable appearance and becoming
+and modest deportment of the "factory girls," without forming a very
+favorable estimate of their character and position in society. But it
+would be difficult indeed for a passing observer to rate them so high as
+they are proved to be by the statistics of the place. The female
+operatives are generally boarded in houses built and owned by the
+"corporation" for whom they work, and which are placed under the
+superintendence of matrons of exemplary character, and skilled in
+housewifery, who pay a low rent for the houses, and provide all
+necessaries for their inmates, over whom they exercise a general
+oversight, receiving about one dollar and one-third from each per week.
+Each of these houses accommodates from thirty to fifty young women, and
+there is a wholesome rivalry among the mistresses which shall make their
+inmates most comfortable. We visited one of the hoarding houses, and
+were highly pleased with its arrangement. A considerable number of the
+factory girls are farmers' daughters, and come hither from Vermont, New
+Hampshire, and other distant States, to work for two, three, or four
+years, when they return to their native hills, dowered with a little
+capital of their own earnings. The factory operatives at Lowell form a
+community that commands the respect of the neighborhood, and of all
+under whose observation they come. No female of an immoral character
+could remain a week in any of the mills. The superintendent of the Boott
+Corporation informed me, that, during the five and a half years of his
+superintendence of that factory, employing about nine hundred and fifty
+young women, he had known of but one case of an illegitimate birth--and
+the mother was an Irish "immigrant." Any male or female employed, who
+was known to be in a state of inebriety, would be at once dismissed.
+
+At the suggestion of the benevolent and intelligent superintendent of
+the Boott Company, we waited to see the people turn out to dinner, at
+half-past twelve o'clock. We stood in a position where many hundreds
+passed under our review, whose dress, and quiet and orderly demeanor
+would have done credit to any congregation breaking up from their place
+of worship. One of the gentlemen with me, who is from a slave State,
+where all labor is considered degrading, remarked, with emotion, "What
+would I give if, (naming a near relative in the slave States,) could
+witness this only for a quarter of an hour!" We dined with one of our
+abolition friends at Lowell, who informed us that many hundreds of the
+factory girls were members of the Anti-Slavery Society; and that,
+although activity in this cause has been pretty much suspended by the
+division in the ranks of its friends, yet there is no diminution of good
+feeling on the subject. The following extracts, from a pamphlet
+published by a respectable citizen of Lowell, will further illustrate
+the moral statistics of the place, which, I believe, can be paralleled
+by no other manufacturing town in the world. The work is dated July,
+1839:--
+
+
+    "There are now in the city fourteen regularly organized
+    religious societies, besides one or two others quite recently
+    established. Ten of these societies constitute a Sabbath School
+    Union. Their third annual report was made on the fourth of the
+    present month, and it has been published within a few days. I
+    derive from it the following facts. The number of scholars
+    connected with the ten schools at the time of making the report,
+    was four thousand nine hundred and thirty-six, and the number of
+    teachers was four hundred and thirty-three, making an aggregate
+    of five thousand three hundred and sixty-nine. The number who
+    joined the schools during the year, was three thousand seven
+    hundred and seventy, the number who left was three thousand one
+    hundred and twenty-nine. About three-fourths of the scholars are
+    females. A large proportion of the latter are over fifteen years
+    of age, and consist of girls employed in the mills. More than
+    five hundred of these scholars have, during the last year,
+    become personally interested in practical piety, and more than
+    six hundred have joined themselves to the several churches. Now
+    let it be borne in mind, that there are four or five Sunday
+    Schools in the city, some of which are large and flourishing,
+    not included in this statement. Let it be borne in mind, too,
+    that a great proportion of these scholars are the factory girls,
+    and furthermore, that these most gratifying results just given,
+    have nothing in them extraordinary--they are only the common,
+    ordinary results of several of the past years. There has been no
+    unusual excitement; no noise, no commotion. Silently, quietly,
+    unobtrusively, from Sabbath to Sabbath, in these little
+    nurseries of truth, duty and religion, has the good seed been
+    sowing and springing up--watered by the dews, and warmed by the
+    smiles of heaven--to everlasting life....
+
+    "I shall now proceed to enumerate some of the influences which
+    have been most powerful in bringing about these results. Among
+    these are the example and watchful care and oversight of the
+    boarding house keepers, the superintendents, and the
+    overseers.... But a power vastly more active, all pervading and
+    efficient, than any and all of these, is to be found in the
+    jealous and sleepless watchfulness, over each other, of the
+    girls themselves.... The strongest guardianship of their own
+    character, as a class, is in their own hands, and they will not
+    suffer either overseer or superintendent to be indifferent to
+    this character with impunity.
+
+    "The relationship which is here established between the Sunday
+    school scholar and her teacher--between the member of the church
+    and her pastor--the attachments which spring up between them,
+    are rendered close and strong by the very circumstances in which
+    these girls are placed. These relationships and these
+    attachments take the place of the domestic ties and the home
+    affections, and they have something of the strength and fervency
+    of these."
+
+
+The next extract shows their prosperity in a pecuniary point.
+
+
+    "The average wages, clear of board, amount to about two dollars
+    a week. Many an aged father or mother, in the country, is made
+    happy and comfortable, by the self-sacrificing contributions
+    from the affectionate and dutiful daughter here. Many an old
+    homestead has been cleared of its incumbrances, and thus saved
+    to the family by these liberal and honest earnings. To the many
+    and most gratifying and cheering facts, which, in the course of
+    this examination I have had occasion to state, I here add a few
+    others relating to the matter now under discussion, furnished me
+    by Mr. Carney, the treasurer of the Lowell Institution for
+    Savings. The whole number of depositors in this institution, on
+    the 23d July, was nineteen hundred and seventy-six; the whole
+    number of deposits was three hundred and five thousand seven
+    hundred and ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, (about
+    £60,000.) Of these depositors, nine hundred and seventy-eight
+    are factory girls, and the amount of their funds now in the
+    bank, is estimated by Mr. Carney, in round numbers, at one
+    hundred thousand dollars, (about £20,000.) It is a common thing
+    for one of these girls to have five hundred dollars (about £100
+    sterling) in deposit, and the only reason why she does not
+    exceed this sum is the fact, that the institution pays no
+    interest on any larger sum than this. After reaching this
+    amount, she invests her remaining funds elsewhere."
+
+
+In confirmation of this description of the state of the Lowell
+population, I have obtained, through the kindness of a friend in
+Massachusetts, the following parallel statistics to a recent date:--
+
+
+    "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.--By the report of the school committee for the
+    year ending on the 5th of Fourth Month (April) 1841, it appears
+    that the whole number of pupils in the schools, who attended
+    during the whole or part of the year, was 5,830. The whole
+    amount expended by the city for these schools, during the year,
+    was 18,106 dollars, 51 cents.
+
+    "SABBATH SCHOOLS.--The number of scholars and teachers in the
+    Sabbath Schools, connected with the various religious societies
+    in Lowell, during the year ending on the 5th of Seventh Month
+    (July) 1841, was 5,493.
+
+    "SAVINGS BANK.--The Lowell Institution for Savings, in its
+    report of Fifth Month (May), 1840, acknowledges 328,395 dollars,
+    55 cents, deposits, from 2,137 persons; together with 16,093
+    dollars, 29 cents, nett amount received for interest on loans
+    and dividends in stocks, less expense and dividends paid--making
+    in all, 344,488 dollars, 84 cents; nett amount of interest,
+    24,714 dollars, 61 cents. Within the year, 120,175 dollars, 69
+    cents, had been deposited, and 70,384 dollars, 24 cents, drawn
+    out.
+
+    "PAUPERS.--The whole expense of the city for the support of the
+    poor, during the year ending on the 31st of Twelfth Month
+    (December) 1840, was 2,698 dollars, 61 cents."
+
+
+As a proof, slight yet significant, of the spread of intellectual
+cultivation, I ought not to omit a notice of the "Lowell Offering," a
+little monthly magazine, of original articles, written exclusively by
+the factory girls. The editor of the _Boston Christian Examiner_
+commends this little periodical to those who consider the factory system
+to be degrading and demoralizing; and expresses a doubt "whether a
+committee of young ladies, selected from the most refined and best
+educated families in any of our towns and cities, could make a fairer
+appearance in type than these hard-working factory girls."
+
+The city of Lowell has been distinguished by British tourists as the
+Manchester of the United States; but, in view of the facts above
+related, an American has declared it to be "_not_ the Manchester of the
+United States."
+
+Besides the general prosperity of the operatives, the shareholders in
+the different corporations divide from eight to fifteen per cent, per
+annum on their capital.
+
+The inquiry naturally suggests itself, why the state of things in the
+manufacturing districts of Great Britain should be so widely different
+from this? Some may satisfy themselves by recollecting that England is
+an old and America a young country; though, to my mind, this affords no
+reasonable explanation of the contrast--since, from the possession of
+surplus capital, complete machinery, and facility of communication, et
+cet., the advantages for _commerce and manufactures_, under a system of
+perfectly unrestricted exchange, must preponderate greatly in favor of
+the former. But whatever the solution of the difficulty, it is quite
+evident that the statesman who would elevate the moral standard of our
+working population, must begin by removing the physical depression and
+destitution in which a large proportion of them, without any fault of
+their own, are compelled to drag out a weary and almost hopeless
+existence. To some peculiarly constituted minds, "over-production" is
+the explanation of the present appalling distresses of this country; and
+what they are pleased to consider a healthy state of things, is to be
+restored by a diminution of production;--yet nothing is more certain,
+than that the largest amount of production which has ever been reached,
+is not more than adequate to supply our increasing population with the
+necessaries of life, on even a very limited scale of comfort. A
+diminished production implies the starving down of the population to
+such a diminished number as may obtain leave to toil, and leave to
+subsist, from legislators, who, either in ignorance or selfishness, set
+aside nature's laws, and disregard the plainly legible ordinances of
+Divine Providence. If we reflect on the part which commerce is made to
+perform in the moral government of the world, on the one hand as the
+bond of peace between powerful nations, by creating a perpetual
+interchange of temporal benefits; and, on the other, as the channel for
+the diffusion of blessings of an intellectual and spiritual kind; we are
+conducted irresistibly to the conclusion, that any arbitrary
+interruption of its free course must draw down its own punishment.
+
+Though the laws of nature may not permit the limited soil of this
+country to grow food enough for its teeming population, yet while Great
+Britain possesses mineral wealth, abundant capital, and the largest
+amount of skilled industry of any nation in the world, the tributary
+supplies of other countries would not only satisfy our present wants,
+but would, I firmly believe, with an unfettered commerce, raise our
+working population, the most numerous, and by far the most important
+part of the community, to the same level of prosperity as the same class
+in the United States. Then would there be more hope for the success of
+efforts to elevate the standard of moral and intellectual cultivation
+among them, for as an improvable material they are no way inferior to
+any population upon earth. John Curtis of Ohio, a free trade missionary
+to this country, has published a pamphlet full of important statistical
+facts, illustrating the suicidal policy of Great Britain, from which I
+venture to take the following extracts:
+
+
+    "England already obtains luxuries in superabundance; but these
+    can never supply the wants of her artizans--they demand
+    substantial bread and meat, and a market where their labor can
+    procure these necessaries. Tropical climates are not adapted to
+    supply their wants. For this reason trade either with the East
+    or West Indies cannot give effectual relief: it may furnish
+    luxuries, but England is overstocked with them already. The food
+    of tropical climates, with the exception of rice, is not
+    calculated for export. The people of England, if they are to
+    import food, need the production of a climate similar to their
+    own. In this respect America is well adapted to supply them.
+
+    "All parts of the United States between thirty-seven and
+    forty-four degrees of north latitude will produce wheat. But
+    that part of the country best adapted to furnish an abundant
+    supply is, beyond all question, the northern part of the
+    Mississippi valley, and the contiguous country south of the
+    great lakes. It has been styled _par excellence_ the
+    wheat-growing region of America. Within its limits lie the six
+    north-western States of the American Union, Ohio, Indiana,
+    Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, and Wiskonsan (including as States the
+    two territories of Iowa and Wiskonsan, about to be admitted into
+    the Union.) These States, exclusive of two hundred thousand
+    square miles, the title to which is yet mostly in the Indian
+    tribes, cover an area of two hundred and thirty-six thousand and
+    eleven square miles. The country is, generally, an undulating
+    prairie, interspersed with groves of trees, and unbroken by hill
+    or mountain. The soil commonly rests upon a strata of limestone,
+    is fertile beyond description, and abundantly watered by the
+    finest springs and streams. Its climate is clear and salubrious,
+    and the country as well calculated as any other on the globe to
+    minister to the support and happiness of civilized man. As
+    already explained, for an inland country, it possesses
+    unequalled facilities for foreign intercourse and commerce, by
+    means of its great lakes and rivers. The most distant parts of
+    it are now reached in twenty days from Liverpool. The energies
+    of the American people have been chiefly expended, during the
+    last few years, in opening and taking possession of this region,
+    which they consider destined to become the future seat of
+    American wealth and greatness.
+
+    "Wheat once formed a leading article in the exports of the
+    United States. The trade of that country with Great Britain was
+    then double the present amount in proportion to the number of
+    the population. Had the trade of the two countries continued
+    free, it would have increased with the increase of population
+    and capital. The legitimate exchange trade has decreased between
+    England and America for thirty years. What part has the
+    restrictive system had in producing this result? A few facts may
+    enable us not only to answer this question, but to anticipate
+    the consequences of a continuance of the same policy. From the
+    time of the revolutionary war in America until 1812, the trade
+    between the two countries regularly increased with the increase
+    of the population. The average annual consumption of foreign
+    merchandise in the United States for each inhabitant was,
+
+    From 1790 to 1800,  39s. 4d.
+      "  1800 to 1810,  41s. 8d.
+
+
+    "In 1812 came the second American war, and in 1815 the British
+    corn law, which was promptly followed by the high American
+    tariff of 1816. For ten years prior to 1830, the annual average
+    consumption of merchandize had fallen to 22s. 6d., while the
+    population of the States was nearly double, and their capital
+    treble that of the ten years preceding 1810. Soon after 1830
+    followed the modification of the American tariff, and the
+    importations based on the great transatlantic loans of that
+    period. But, notwithstanding the stimulation and extravagance of
+    the time, the average annual consumption amounted to only 31s.
+    per head of foreign produce during the ten years prior to 1840.
+    Abating the importation based on the loans of the last few
+    years, and the trade of England with the United States has not
+    increased in amount for the last thirty years, while the
+    population of England has increased from eighteen to
+    twenty-seven millions, and that of the States from seven to
+    seventeen millions.
+
+    "Let the reader observe this, that in the Eastern States, in
+    that of Massachusetts, for instance, in which State Boston is
+    situated, the people bring a large part of their food from the
+    Western States, where they obtain it in exchange for their
+    manufactures. If free trade were allowed, is it possible for any
+    man to give a reason why the manufacturer and laborer of
+    Manchester would not be able to do as well as the manufacturer
+    and laborer of Boston now does, abating the difference of
+    transporting goods and grain across the Atlantic? At least, the
+    consequence would be an extension of trade, and employment equal
+    to the amount of food which would, in such case, be brought from
+    America; and the limit to this quantity will be found only when
+    the wants of Englishmen are supplied, and their ability to pay
+    exhausted. The ability of America to supply any required
+    quantity of food has already been shown. There lie the broad
+    lands, ready for cultivation as soon as there shall be a demand
+    for the produce. And if seventeen millions of people, sent
+    chiefly from England, or descended from those who have been
+    sent, are not sufficient to raise the requisite quantity of
+    provisions demanded of them by those who remain in the parent
+    country, then let more be sent, for the land lies equally open
+    to the people of all nations.
+
+    "Then, as to the ability of Englishmen to pay for all they want,
+    let us ask, what those who produce the food, or those who bring
+    it, can want in exchange that England cannot furnish? Gold, it
+    is said.[A] But for what do they want gold but to purchase other
+    supplies than food? and as they would then have the means to
+    pay, England would be the very country which, of all others,
+    could supply them to advantage. Whatever was wanted which her
+    own artizans do not produce themselves, they could still supply.
+    Englishmen would not at all be confined to a direct sale or
+    exchange of their goods with the wheat grower, but can give him
+    the merchandize of India and China, and the fruits of the
+    tropics, for which English manufactures would pay. If the idle
+    mills and idle laborers of England could at once be set at work
+    to produce food for the people, new activity would be imparted
+    to trade in every part of the world--from India to the frozen
+    regions of Greenland and Labrador. But, on the other hand, how
+    is it possible for England to extend her foreign trade while the
+    present restrictions continue? Even with such a country as
+    India, reduced under British sway, it cannot be done except by
+    diminishing the commerce with other countries to the same
+    extent. England cannot, in her present condition, greatly
+    increase her consumption of such merchandize as India can
+    furnish, or dispose of such merchandize abroad, to any great
+    extent, for the reasons already given.
+
+    [Footnote A: "Englishmen, reasoning from a restricted course of
+    trade, are constantly prone to the belief that the purchase of
+    foreign corn, from some unexplained necessity, must take away
+    their gold. Americans, from the same cause, reason in the same
+    manner respecting the purchase of foreign goods. Under the
+    action of the restrictive system, there may be some truth in the
+    reasonings of each party, but they certainly form a beautiful
+    running commentary upon each other."]
+
+    "As to any proposed gain by the Colonial trade, it is the very
+    thing rejected by the restrictions on the trade with the United
+    States. What are these States but the greatest colonies ever
+    planted by Great Britain? and their independence does not at all
+    prevent England from deriving all the advantage from them ever
+    to be derived from colonies. The only good which England can
+    derive from her extensive colonization is not to be gained by
+    swaying a barren sceptre over distant colonies, but by spreading
+    abroad her race, her language, her civilization, and thus
+    enlarging the sphere of her commerce. Under a free system of
+    intercourse England would not derive less benefit, at present,
+    from the United States than if they had remained a part of the
+    British dominions, for if trade were free, they would not trade
+    the less because of their independence, or furnish less food, or
+    at higher prices. England, however, seems determined to
+    sacrifice all the advantages which naturally accrue to her from
+    having colonized the finest part of the New World, and to refuse
+    the abundance and relief thus providentially prepared by her own
+    offspring."
+
+    The great importance of these extracts is the best apology for
+    their length--but there is yet another branch of the subject. A
+    country whose population is beyond its means of supply from its
+    own soil, has no resources but that of her manufactures and
+    foreign trade; if these be dried up, her people must emigrate or
+    starve. But the United States has an alternative;--her first and
+    best resource,--and the most profitable application of her
+    industry is in her broad and fertile lands, the superabundant
+    produce of which would not only feed, but, by exchange, clothe
+    her population, and supply them with all the comforts of
+    civilized life. She cannot avail herself of this to its full
+    extent without our aid. But, if we refuse to trade on equal
+    terms, her wants will not, therefore, go unsupplied. She can
+    manufacture for herself--her resources for manufactures and
+    commerce are, at least, equal to our own, with the exception of
+    capital and population, which the lapse of a few more years will
+    supply.
+
+    "The present may justly be considered a crisis in the commercial
+    policy of America. If it be decided that foreign markets are to
+    continue closed against American corn--if England, which is the
+    principal corn market of the world, refuse to exchange the
+    produce of her mills and workshops for that of the fields of the
+    Americans, they have no other alternative than to erect mills
+    and workshops from which to supply themselves. The effect of
+    such a course would prove decisive on the trade with England,
+    and go far to complete the ruin so effectually begun by the
+    British corn law and corresponding restrictions. If forced from
+    employment on the land, which an abundant and fertile soil has
+    naturally made their most profitable one, it will be found that
+    the Americans lack neither the talent, the energy, nor the
+    means, at once to extend their present manufactures to the full
+    supply of their own wants. They have water-power, coal, and
+    iron, in greater natural abundance and perfection than any other
+    part of the world."[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "The United States are computed to contain not less
+    than eighty thousand square miles of coal, or sixteen times as
+    much as Europe. One of these coal fields extends nine hundred
+    miles in length. The State of Pennsylvania has ten thousand
+    square miles of coal and iron. Great Britain and Ireland have
+    two thousand. All the north-western States of America contain
+    large quantities of coal. The coal strata of the States
+    generally lie above the level of the streams, and the coal is
+    taken from the hill sides. The beds of coal and iron are to a
+    great extent contiguous."]
+
+
+This is not mere theory. The developement is actually begun:
+
+
+    "A few years since, the country smiths, and the matrons with
+    their daughters at the household wheel and loom, were the
+    principal manufacturers of America. Now the cotton mills alone
+    are computed at one thousand, and the capital invested in
+    manufacturing machinery at £23,500,000. The estimated value of
+    some of the principal articles of manufacture is as follows:
+
+    Woollens,        £15,750,000
+    Cotton,           11,250,000
+    Leather,           9,000,000
+    Hats and Caps,     3,575,000
+    Linen,             1,350,000
+    Paper,             1,350,000
+    Glass,             1,125,000
+    Iron and Steel,   11,250,000
+
+
+    "Some idea of the rapidity with which the American manufactures
+    are now capable of being extended, may be formed from the past
+    progress of the cotton manufacture. The consumption of raw
+    cotton was,
+
+    In 1833,  196,000 bales.
+       1835,  236,700   "
+       1837,  246,000   "
+       1839,  276,000   "
+
+
+    "The United States already supply two-thirds of their own
+    consumption of cottons. At the above rate of increase--of nearly
+    fifty per cent, in five years--America will much more than
+    supply its own market in five years to come. Never has the
+    manufacturing interest of the United States been in as
+    prosperous and sound a condition as at present. They need no
+    high tariff to protect them against British competition. _The
+    English corn law is their best protection_."
+
+
+It is the restrictive policy of Great Britain that has called into
+existence Lowell and the manufacturing cities of the United States,
+producing an immense amount of articles which were once the sole
+products of British industry and skill. If the same policy is continued,
+the prosperity of the United States will be impeded, but that of England
+will be destroyed.
+
+The following is an extract from the memorial of Joshua Leavitt to
+Congress, on the wheat interests of the North Western States:
+
+
+    "Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no
+    foreign market for these products, the fine country under
+    contemplation is not, therefore, to be despaired of. Let the
+    necessity once become apparent, and there will be but one mind
+    among the people of the North-west. The same patriotism which
+    carried our fathers through the self-denying non-importation
+    agreements of the revolution, will produce a fixed determination
+    to build up a home market, at every sacrifice. And it can be
+    done. What has been done already in the way of manufactures,
+    shows that it can be done. The recent application of the
+    hot-blast with anthracite coal to the making of iron, and the
+    discovery of a mine of natural steel, would be auxiliaries of
+    immense value. We could draw to our factories the best workmen
+    of Europe, attracted less by the temptation of wages, than by
+    the desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance of their
+    children. But it would take a long time to build up a
+    manufacturing interest adequate to supply the wants of the
+    Northwest, or to consume the produce of these wide fields; and
+    the burden of taxation for internal improvements, uncompleted
+    and unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear: and all
+    the population that is concentrated upon manufactures, is so
+    much kept back from the occupation of that noble domain; and the
+    national treasury would feel the effects of the curtailment of
+    imports and the cessation of land sales; and the amount of
+    misery which the loss of the American market would occasion to
+    the starving operatives and factory children on the other side
+    of the Atlantic, is worthy to be taken into the account, by
+    every statesman who has not forgotten that he is a man."
+
+
+If we refuse the Americans as customers, we compel them to become our
+rivals; and, after supplying their own wants, they will compete with us
+for the trade of the world, on more than equal terms. Our statesmen may
+yet employ America to build up the prosperity of our country whilst
+increasing her own, or they may suffer its rapidly developing and
+gigantic resources to work out our ruin: the alternative is before them
+and before the country--but decision must be prompt, for there is no
+pause in the march of events. However unwise the policy, we cannot be
+surprised that the American and Continental manufacturer are each
+applying to his government to follow our example, and protect home trade
+by fiscal regulations.
+
+This question of trade with America has also most important anti-slavery
+bearings--and here, again, I find my own views anticipated by the able
+writer already quoted:
+
+
+    "The present policy of restricting the traffic with America so
+    closely to cotton, gives a deceitful appearance to the stated
+    imports and exports. From these statements there should, in
+    fairness, be deducted the value of all the raw cotton which is
+    returned to America; and, in fact, if the true exchange trade
+    would be seen, all should be deducted that is exported from
+    England. That portion of cotton goods which is of English
+    origin, that is, their value above the raw material out of which
+    they were made, is, in fact, the only real part of English
+    export. Before exclusive importance was bestowed on cotton, the
+    exchange with America was in a large proportion of articles not
+    to be returned. It would be so again if trade were free."
+
+
+Again:
+
+
+    "To one effect which would be produced in America by the repeal
+    of the corn and provision laws, no party or class in England can
+    profess indifference, and that is, _its effect on slavery in the
+    United States_. At the present time, England gives a premium to
+    American slavery by admitting, at low duties, the cotton of the
+    slave-holder, which is his staple production, and refusing corn,
+    which is mostly the produce of free labor. The slave-holding
+    States, to the productions of which Great Britain confines her
+    American trade, are less populous and less wealthy than the
+    free; yet of their produce England received in 1839, according
+    to the American estimates, £11,600,000, while of that of the
+    free States she received less than £500,000."
+
+    "It should be remembered that the labor of the slave States, is
+    almost wholly expended in agriculture, under the stimulus of a
+    good market, while a large part of that of the free States is
+    otherwise employed, for the want of such market. The effective
+    laborers of the free States are double the number of those in
+    the slave States; and were an opportunity given them, they would
+    export in as great a proportion. Thus England, by her laws,
+    fosters an odious institution abroad, which, in words, she
+    loudly condemns, and spends millions to rid the world of; whilst
+    she rejects more honorable, profitable, and wealthy customers,
+    the fruits of whose free and active industry are in effect made
+    contraband in England by law.
+
+    "Not only would England escape this inconsistency and reproach,
+    by repealing the corn law, but she would strike a most effectual
+    blow at the existence of slavery in the United States. Cotton,
+    at present, from being made by the corn law the principal
+    exchangeable article in the American trade, assumes an undue and
+    unnatural importance in American commerce, legislation, and home
+    industry. The slave-owner drives his slaves in its production,
+    and purchases supplies of the northern freeman, whose interests
+    are thus identified with those of the cotton grower, and the
+    slave-holding interest becomes predominant in the country. From
+    their habits, the people of the slave-holding States are
+    constantly contracting more debts in the free States than they
+    have the means of paying; so that, under the present system of
+    intercourse, the slaveholders exercise over the free population
+    of the north, the same control which an insolvent debtor
+    frequently has over his creditor, by threatening to break and
+    ruin him, if not allowed his own way. A repeal of the corn laws
+    would release the free States from their present commercial and
+    consequent political vassalage to the southern slave-holders,
+    and thereby take from American slavery, the great citadel of its
+    strength, and insure its overthrow by the influences which would
+    arise to assail it from all quarters.
+
+    "But as free trade, in destroying the odious monopoly of the
+    haughty slave-holder, would benefit and not injure him, so would
+    its effects be found universally. It would give peace and plenty
+    to England and the world,--it would enlarge and secure trade,
+    bind the spreading branches of the Anglo-saxon race by natural
+    affinity to England as their acknowledged head, and promote the
+    liberty and civilization of the human family at large."
+
+
+In view of the whole spirit of this discussion of one of the most
+important questions bearing upon human interests, I would simply add,
+that a wise Providence has bound the duty and the interest, both of
+individual and social man, firmly together, but for the trial of his
+virtue the bands are concealed.
+
+On the 31st, I took my luggage on board the steam packet "Caledonia,"
+for Liverpool, via Halifax, which was to sail the day following,
+although it was the first day of the week. The proprietors of the
+packets are bound in a heavy fine to sail on the appointed days, whether
+those fall on the first day of the week or not. By this arrangement the
+religious feelings of the people of Boston are offended, which is the
+more inexcusable, on the part of the British Government, as it does not
+suffer its own mails to depart, either from London or Halifax, on that
+day. Some gentlemen, who were interested in the subject, placed in my
+hands a memorial addressed to the Lords of the Admiralty in Great
+Britain, praying for such an alteration of the arrangements as would
+prevent this periodical violation of the first day of the week. A
+gentleman, who was active in getting it signed, assured me it was
+received with universal favor. The signatures, obtained on very short
+notice, are those of the most influential men in their respective
+stations in the city of Boston, and include the names of the mayor of
+the city, an ex-lieutenant governor of the State of Massachusetts, one
+bishop, upwards of forty ministers of religion, of different
+denominations, nine gentleman, upwards of one hundred and twenty
+merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance companies, the post-master
+of Boston, five physicians, seven members of the legal profession, and
+two editors of newspapers. After my arrival in this country, I presented
+this document, through the Secretary of the Admiralty, to the
+authorities to whom it is addressed, but regret to state that the
+request was not complied with. The memorial, and the reply of the Lords
+of the Admiralty are given in the Appendix[A]
+
+[Footnote A: .See Appendix L.]
+
+On leaving the shores of the United States, I left the following letter
+for publication:--
+
+
+    "_To the Friends of Immediate Emancipation in the United
+    States_.
+
+    "Having visited your country as an humble fellow-laborer in the
+    great cause in which you are engaged, and which, through trials
+    and difficulties a stranger can scarcely appreciate, you have so
+    zealously maintained, I have had a pleasing and satisfactory
+    interview with many of you, with reference to future exertions,
+    in cooperation with those of other lands, who unite with you in
+    regarding slave-holding and slave-trading as a heinous sin in
+    the sight of God, which should be immediately abolished. It is
+    the especial privilege of those who are laboring in such a
+    cause, to feel that 'every country is their country, and every
+    man their brother,' and to live above the atmosphere of
+    sectional jealousy and national hostility; and hence I feel an
+    assurance, that you will receive with kindness a few lines from
+    me on the eve of my departure to my native land.
+
+    "You concur generally in opinion, that in endeavoring to obtain
+    the great object we have in view, it is very important that the
+    friends of the cause should be united, not only in principle,
+    but, as far as may be, in the character of the measures which
+    they pursue; and I have been much encouraged in finding that you
+    have generally adopted the sentiment so rapidly spreading on the
+    other side of the Atlantic,--'That there is no reasonable hope
+    of abolishing the slave-trade, but, by the abolition of slavery,
+    and that no measures should be pursued for its attainment, but
+    those which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character.'
+    The progress of emancipation in Europe has been, beyond a doubt,
+    greatly retarded by leaving slavery and the slave-holder
+    unmarked by public reprobation, and concentrating all the
+    energies of philanthropy upon a fruitless effort to abolish the
+    slave-trade. And in this country the Colonization scheme, with
+    its delusive promise of good to Africa, and its vague
+    anticipations of putting an end to the slave-trade by armed
+    colonies on the coast of that ill-fated continent, has been the
+    means of obstructing emancipation at home, of unprofitably
+    absorbing the energies and blinding the judgment of many sincere
+    friends of the slave, and of strengthening the unchristian
+    prejudice against color. The abolitionists of Europe, with few
+    exceptions, have seen the error of their former course of
+    action, and are now striking directly at the root, instead of
+    lopping the branches of slavery; and if further evidence of the
+    evil tendency and character of colonization is needed in the
+    United States, the recent proceeding of a meeting of the
+    Maryland Society at Baltimore, must convince all who are
+    friendly to the true interests of the people of color, that it
+    is a scheme deserving only the support of the enemies of
+    freedom.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "The following resolution was passed at the meeting
+    of the Maryland Society above alluded to:--'That while it is
+    most earnestly hoped that the free colored people of Maryland
+    may see that their best and most permanent interests will be
+    consulted by their emigration from this State; and while this
+    Convention would deprecate any departure from the principle
+    which makes colonization dependent upon the voluntary action of
+    the free colored people themselves--yet, if, regardless of what
+    has been done to provide them with an asylum, they continue to
+    persist in remaining in Maryland, in the hope of enjoying here
+    an equality of social and political rights, they ought to be
+    solemnly warned, that, in the opinion of this Convention, a day
+    must arrive when circumstances that cannot be controlled, and
+    which are now maturing, will deprive them of choice, and leave
+    them no alternative but removal,'"]
+
+    "The rapid progress of public opinion, as to the iniquity of
+    slavery, and the entire safety, as well as advantage, of its
+    immediate abolition--the attention which has been awakened to it
+    in all parts of the civilized world--the movements in France,
+    Spain, Brazil, and Denmark, and other countries with
+    slave-holding dependencies, all indicating that the days of
+    slavery are numbered, should serve to encourage and stimulate us
+    to increased exertions; and while it is a cause of profound
+    regret, that any thing should have disturbed the harmony and
+    unity of the real friends of emancipation in this country--the
+    hardest battle field of our moral warfare--I am not without
+    hope, that, in future, those who,--from a conscientious
+    difference of opinion, not as to the object, but the precise
+    mode of obtaining it,--cannot act in one united band, will
+    laudably emulate each other in the promotion of our common
+    cause, and in Christian forbearance upon points of disagreement;
+    and that, where they cannot praise, they will be careful not to
+    censure those, who, by a different road, are earnestly pursuing
+    the same end. Without entering into the controversies which have
+    divided our friends on this side the water, I believe it would
+    be nothing more than a simple act of justice for me to state, on
+    my return to Europe, my conviction that a large portion of the
+    abolitionists of the United States, who approve of the
+    proceedings of the late General Anti-Slavery Convention, and are
+    desirous of acting in unity with the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society, from the general identity of their
+    practice, as well as principles, with those of the British and
+    Foreign Society, are entitled to the sympathies, and deserving
+    of the confidence and co-operation of the abolitionists of Great
+    Britain. It has been my pleasure to meet, in a kindly
+    interchange of opinion, many valuable and devoted friends of
+    emancipation; who, while dissenting from the class
+    above-mentioned in some respects, are nevertheless disposed to
+    cultivate feelings of charity and good will towards all who are
+    sincerely laboring for the slaves. And in this connection I may
+    state, that neither on behalf of myself, or of my esteemed
+    coadjutors in Great Britain, am I disposed to recriminate upon
+    another class of abolitionists, who, on some points, have so far
+    differed from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee,
+    and the great majority of the Convention above mentioned, as to
+    sustain their representatives in refusing to act with that
+    Convention, and in protesting against its proceedings; and who
+    have seen fit to censure the committee in their public meetings
+    and newspapers in this country, as 'arbitrary and despotic,' and
+    their conduct as 'unworthy of men claiming the character of
+    abolitionists.'
+
+    "As a corresponding member of the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Committee, and intimately acquainted with its
+    proceedings, I am persuaded that its members have acted wisely,
+    and consulted the best interest of the cause in which they were
+    engaged, in generally leaving unnoticed any censures that have
+    been cast upon them while in the prosecution of their labors.
+    Yet, before leaving this country, I deem it right to bear my
+    testimony to the great anxiety of that committee faithfully to
+    discharge the duties committed to their trust; and to state that
+    it has never been my privilege to be united to any body more
+    desirous of keeping simply to the one great object of their
+    association--the total and immediate abolition of slavery and
+    the slave-trade. I am persuaded that all candid minds, making
+    due allowance for the imperfection pertaining to human
+    associations, will feel their confidence in the future integrity
+    of that committee increased in proportion as they closely
+    investigate their past acts; and that, even when the wisdom of
+    their course may have been questioned, they will accord to them
+    a scrupulous honesty of purpose.
+
+    "The first public suggestion of a General Anti-Slavery
+    Convention, like the one held last year in London, originated, I
+    believe, on this side of the Atlantic, although the Committee of
+    the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society took upon
+    themselves the heavy responsibility of convening it. At its
+    close, they invited an expression of the opinion of the
+    delegates, as to the desirableness of again summoning such an
+    assembly. The expression was generally in the affirmative; and,
+    after discussion, a resolution was passed, leaving it to the
+    Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, after
+    consulting with the friends of the cause in other parts of the
+    world, to decide this important question, as well as the time
+    and place of its meeting, should another Convention be resolved
+    upon.
+
+    "Since I have been in the United States, I have found those
+    abolitionists who approved the principles and proceedings of the
+    late Convention so generally in favor of another, and of London
+    as its place of meeting, that the only question seemed to be
+    whether it should be held in 1842 or 1843. This expression of
+    opinion is, I know, so generally in accordance with the views of
+    the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and of many
+    other prominent abolitionists in Europe, that I have little
+    doubt they will feel encouraged to act upon it, probably at the
+    latter period. There is abundant and increasing evidence of the
+    powerfully beneficial influence of the late Convention upon
+    almost every part of the world where slavery is still tolerated;
+    and we are encouraged to hope that the one in anticipation will
+    be still more efficient for the promotion of universal liberty.
+
+    "Painful as has been to me the spectacle of many of the leading
+    influences of the ecclesiastical bodies in this country, either
+    placed in direct hostility to, or acting as a drag upon, the
+    wheel of the anti-slavery enterprise--and of the manifest
+    preponderance of a slave-holding influence in the councils of
+    the State--I am not one of those who despair of a healthful
+    renovation of public sentiment which shall purify Church as well
+    as State from this abomination. There are decided indications
+    that all efforts of councils and synods to unite 'pure religion
+    and undefiled,' with a slave-trading and slave-holding
+    counterfeit of Christianity, must ere long utterly fail. And it
+    is to me a matter of joy, as it must be to every friend of
+    impartial liberty and free institutions, that the citizens of
+    this republic are more and more feeling that the plague-spot of
+    slavery, as with the increased facilities of communication its
+    horrors and deformity become more apparent in the eyes of the
+    world, is fixing a deep disgrace upon the character of their
+    country, and paralyzing the beneficial influence which might
+    otherwise flow from it as an example of a well-regulated free
+    government. May each American citizen who is desirous of washing
+    away this disgrace, to whatever division of the anti-slavery
+    host he may attach himself, ever bear in mind that the cause is
+    of too tremendous and pressing a nature to admit of his wasting
+    his time in censuring and impeding the progress of those who may
+    array themselves under a somewhat different standard from his
+    own; and that any energies thus wasted, which belong to the one
+    great object, so far as human instrumentality is concerned, is
+    not only deferring the day of freedom to two and a half millions
+    of his countrymen, but inasmuch as the fall of American slavery
+    must be the death-blow to the horrid system, wherever it exists,
+    the result of the struggle here involves the slavery or freedom
+    of millions in other parts of the world, as well as the
+    continuance or suppression of that slave-trade, to the foreign
+    branch of which alone more than _one thousand victims are daily
+    sacrificed_; and in reference to which it has justly been said,
+    'that all that has been borne to Africa of the boasted
+    improvements of civilized life, is a masterly skill in the
+    contrivance, and an unhesitating daring in the commission of
+    crimes, which the mind of the savage was too simple to devise,
+    and his heart too gentle to execute.' There are no doubtful
+    indications that it is the will of Him, who has the hearts of
+    all at His disposal, that, either in judgment or in mercy, this
+    dreadful system shall ere long cease. It is not for us to say
+    why, in His inscrutable wisdom, He has thus far permitted one
+    portion of His creatures so cruelly to oppress another; or by
+    what instrumentality He will at length redress the wrongs of the
+    poor, and the oppression of the needy; but should the worst
+    fears of one of your most distinguished citizens, who in view of
+    this subject, acknowledged that he 'trembled for his country,
+    when he remembered that God was just,' be finally realized, may
+    each one of you feel that no exertions on his part have been
+    wanting to avert the Divine displeasure, and preserve your land
+    from those calamities which, in all ages, have rebuked the
+    crimes of nations.
+
+    "Your sincere friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "Boston, Seventh Month 31st, 1841."
+
+
+My dear friend John G. Whittier, whose pleasant company and invaluable
+aid I had enjoyed, as much as his health would permit, during my stay in
+the United States, kindly accompanied me on board. Had he been less
+closely identified with the transactions of which the present volume is
+a record, I should have felt it due to his station among the earliest
+and most distinguished advocates of the anti-slavery cause in America,
+to attempt some delineation, however imperfect, of that rare and
+consecrated union of consistent Christian character, fine talents, and
+sound and impartial judgment, which give him so much weight in the
+councils of his fellow-laborers. We set sail about noon on the 1st of
+the Eighth month, (August,) and arrived off Liverpool about eleven
+o'clock, P.M. on the 13th, which interval included ten hours delay at
+Halifax. We had about ninety passengers from Halifax to Liverpool, and
+with the exception of a severe gale on the 10th, almost amounting to a
+hurricane, we had a very favorable voyage. The time from Halifax to
+within sight of the light house off the south coast of Ireland was
+announced to be only nine days and thirteen minutes.
+
+One of my fellow passengers had recently been traveling in the southern
+States, and showed me a letter given to him as a curiosity at the post
+office at Charleston, South Carolina, which was addressed by a slave to
+her husband, but from insufficient direction had never reached its
+destination. It was to convey the tidings that she was about to be sold
+to the South, and begging him, in simple and affecting terms, to come
+and see her, as they would never meet again. Another of the passengers,
+who had also been a fellow voyager with my friend Joseph John Gurney,
+had recently travelled in Texas. He was strongly impressed with the
+evils likely to result from the proposed recognition of that government
+by Great Britain. In consequence of the promising aspect of these
+negotiations between General Hamilton and Lord Palmerston in favor of
+Texas, the paper money issued by that piratical government, and which
+had not been previously negotiable for more than one tenth of its
+nominal value, rapidly rose. The Texas republic, in his opinion, could
+not secure a permanence without British recognition.
+
+Many planters, with their slaves, have emigrated thither to escape their
+creditors from the border States, and the republic has been lavish of
+grants of land to men of capital and influence, to induce them to settle
+within its limits. My informant considered the state of society to be as
+bad as it well could be, and continue to exist. The white inhabitants
+are living not only in fear of hostile Indians, but in fear of each
+other.
+
+From a late letter of a friend in America, I make the following extract
+relative to the present condition of Texas.
+
+
+    "To give thee some adequate idea of the importance of that
+    beautiful republic of Texas, which Lord Palmerston and the late
+    Whig government of England took under their especial protection,
+    I will just refer to the statistics of the late election of its
+    President. The successful candidate, General Houston, a man
+    notorious for his open contempt for all the decencies of
+    civilized society,--brutal, brawling, profane, and
+    licentious,--received somewhat rising five thousand votes: his
+    competitor, Judge Burnet, between two and three thousand,--a
+    vote smaller by thousands than that of our little county of
+    Essex, in Massachusetts. Late accounts from Texas inform us that
+    gangs of organized desperadoes, under the names of moderators
+    and regulators, are traversing its territory, perpetrating the
+    most brutal outrages. In one instance they seized a respectable
+    citizen who dared to express his dissatisfaction with their
+    proceedings, hurried him into the forest, and deliberately dug
+    his grave before his eyes, _intending to bury him alive_! The
+    miserable victim, horrified by the prospect of such a fate,
+    broke away from his tormentors, and attempted to escape, but was
+    shot down and instantly killed! Such a congregation as Texas
+    presents was never, I suspect, known, save in that city into
+    which the Macedonian monarch gathered and garnered, in one
+    scoundrel community, the vagabond rascality of his kingdom.
+
+    "Thou would'st be amused to read an article, which has made its
+    appearance in the _Houston Telegraph_--a Texian paper--in which
+    the editor says, 'that while we deeply commiserate the situation
+    of our sister republic, in regard to the political scourge of
+    abolitionism, it is pleasing to reflect that our country enjoys
+    a _complete immunity from its effects_. Indeed we may with
+    safety declare, that throughout the whole extent of our country,
+    not a single abolitionist can be found.' He goes on to say that
+    this induces many of the southern planters to emigrate to Texas,
+    who, he remarks, '_will necessarily look to Texas, as the
+    Hebrews did to the promised land, for a refuge and home_.' It
+    will thus be seen that Texas is the promised land of the
+    patriarchal slave-holders of the southern States. When hunted
+    from every other quarter of the globe by the inexorable spirit
+    of abolition, when even Cuba and Brazil cease to afford them an
+    asylum--when slave-holding shall be every where else as odious
+    and detestable as midnight larceny, or highway robbery,--Texas
+    alone, uninfected and secure, is to open its gates of refuge to
+    the persecuted Calhouns and McDuffies, and their northern allies
+    in church and state--the San Marino of slavery, dissevered from
+    the world's fanaticism--isolated and apart, like the floating
+    air-island of Dean Swift."
+
+
+The following extract from a recent New York paper gives an equally
+deplorable representation of the society in Texas.
+
+
+    "The pestilent influence of the recent horrible murders on the
+    Arkansas, and other United States' rivers, has caused the
+    practice of lynching to break forth with renewed fury in Texas,
+    where it had apparently slept for the previous year. And we find
+    recorded in the Texas papers nearly a dozen of these murders
+    that have occurred, and undoubtedly there have been more than as
+    many more. In Shelby county two citizens have been shot down,
+    and several houses burned by a party of outlaws. In Red River
+    two men have been hanged as horse-thieves, without judge or
+    jury. In Washington county one man has been shot down, under the
+    pretence that he was a murderer. In Austin county two men were
+    killed, and two hostile parties were in arms for several days,
+    taking the law into their own hands. In Jefferson county two men
+    have been killed, and the house of one of them burnt to the
+    ground by a party of self-styled 'regulators.' And all this in
+    the space of a year."
+
+
+Several of my fellow-passengers were from Cuba, and some of them
+slave-holders by their own admission. With one or two of those who could
+speak English, I had much conversation on the abolition of slavery. They
+concurred with apparent sincerity in the desire that the slave trade
+might be effectually suppressed. They seemed to consider that this trade
+was promoted by the mother country as one means of preventing the colony
+from aspiring to independence. They admitted the abstract injustice of
+slavery, and one remarked, that a difference of the color of the skin
+was a misfortune, not a crime. They were not, however, disposed to
+entertain a thought of emancipation, without being fully compensated for
+their slaves.
+
+I had again the pleasure of observing on this voyage, the benefits of
+the change of system with regard to the supply of wines and spirits,
+each passenger paying for what he consumes, instead of his fare
+including the privilege of drinking _ad libitum_. One of the stewards
+told me the quantity consumed was little more than one-tenth as much as
+under the former system.
+
+I cannot conclude my narrative more gratefully to my own feelings than
+by a tribute to the upright and conscientious officer who commanded the
+vessel. On the first day of the week, the only one we spent at sea, the
+passengers, and as many of the servants as could conveniently attend,
+assembled morning and evening in the saloon, for the purpose of
+religious worship. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence, one of the passengers,
+officiating as a minister of the English Establishment; and every
+evening a similar opportunity was offered in the fore cabin to all who
+were inclined to be present. The captain firmly resisted the
+introduction of cards on the first day of the week, and in his whole
+conduct manifested an anxiety not only for the temporal comfort and
+safety, but for the spiritual interests of those under his care. Would
+that all captains of vessels, invested as they are with such authority
+and influence over the passengers and crews, were like-minded with my
+friend Captain McKellar.
+
+I disembarked at Liverpool early in the morning on the 14th of Eighth
+month, (August,) 1841.
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+The reader who has accompanied me thus far, will not need to be informed
+that I have designedly omitted many of those remarks on scenery,
+manners, and institutions, which were naturally suggested to my own mind
+by a retrospect of my sojourn in the United States. On various subjects
+of great interest and importance, it would be difficult for me to add
+anything new or valuable to the information contained in other and well
+known works; while on those points to which my attention was chiefly
+directed, I have endeavored, as far as practicable, to incorporate the
+results of my inquiries in the preceding narrative. There remain,
+however, a few observations, for which, having found no appropriate
+place, I would bespeak attention in a concluding chapter.
+
+In the Northern States, education, in the common acceptation of the
+term, may be considered as universal; in illustration of which it may be
+mentioned, that on the occasion of the late census, not a single
+American adult in the State of Connecticut, was returned as unable to
+read or write. Funds for education are raised by municipal taxation in
+each town or district, to such an amount as the male adults may decide.
+Their public schools are universally admitted to be well conducted and
+efficient, and combine every requisite for affording a sound, practical,
+elementary education to the children of the less affluent portion of the
+community. I need scarcely add that in a republican government, this
+important advantage being conceded, the road to wealth and distinction,
+or to eminence of whatever kind, is thrown open to all of every class
+without partiality--the colored alone excepted.
+
+The following extract from a letter received since my return from a
+respected member of the Society of Friends, residing in Worcester,
+Massachusetts, will give a lively idea of the general diffusion and
+practical character of education in the New England States.
+
+"The public schools of the place, like those throughout the State, are
+supported by a tax, levied on the people by themselves, in their primary
+assemblies or town meetings, and they are of so excellent a character as
+to have driven other schools almost entirely out from among us. They are
+so numerous as to accommodate amply all the children, of suitable age to
+attend. They are graduated from the infant school, where the A B C is
+taught, up to the high school for the languages and mathematics, where
+boys are fitted for the University, and advanced so far, if they choose,
+as to enter the University one or two years ahead. These schools are
+attended by the children of the whole population promiscuously; and, in
+the same class we find the children of the governor and ex-governor of
+the State, and those of their day-laborers, and of parents who are so
+poor that their children are provided with books and stationery from the
+school fund. Under this system, we have no children who do not acquire
+sufficient school learning to qualify them for transacting all the
+business which is necessary in the ordinary pursuits of life. A child
+growing up without school learning would be an anomaly with us. All
+standing thus on a level, as to advantages, talent is developed,
+wherever it happens to be; and neither wealth nor ancestral honors give
+any advantage in the even-handed contest which may here be waged for
+distinction. It is thus that we find, almost uniformly, that our first
+men, either in government or the professions, are the sons of
+comparatively poor and obscure persons. In places where the wealthier
+portion of the community have placed their children in select schools,
+they are found much less likely to excel, than when placed in contact
+and collision with the mass, where they are compelled to come in
+competition with those whose physical condition prepares them for mental
+labor, and whose situation in society holds forth every inducement to
+their exertions. To this system, which is co-eval with the foundation of
+the State, I attribute, in a great degree, that wonderful energy of
+character which distinguishes the people of New England, and which has
+filled the world with the evidences of their enterprise."
+
+The preceding statements refer to New England, the oldest portion of the
+free States. The more recently settled Northern and Western States are
+necessarily less advanced, yet their educational statistics would
+probably bear comparison with any country in the world, except the most
+favored portion of their own. In the slave States the aspect of things
+affords a striking contrast. Not only is the slave population, with but
+few exceptions, in a condition of heathen barbarism, a condition which
+it is the express object of those laws of the slave States, forbidding,
+under the heaviest penalties, the instruction of the slaves, to
+perpetuate; but the want of common elementary education among large
+numbers of the privileged class is notorious. Compare Virginia with
+Massachusetts,--"The American Almanac for the year 1841, states, (page
+210) there are supposed to be hardly fewer than 30,000 adult white
+persons in Virginia who cannot read and write!" An able writer gives the
+following facts.
+
+"No one of the slave States has probably so much general education as
+Virginia. It is the oldest of them--has furnished one half of the
+Presidents of the United States--has expended more upon her University
+than any State in the Union has done during the same time upon its
+colleges--sent to Europe nearly twenty years since for her most learned
+professors; and in fine, has far surpassed every other slave State in
+her efforts to disseminate education among her citizens; and yet, the
+Governor of Virginia in his message to the legislature, (Jan. 7, 1839)
+says, that of four thousand six hundred and fourteen adult males in that
+State, who applied to the county clerks for marriage licences in the
+year 1837, one thousand and forty seven were unable to write their
+names." The governor adds, "these statements, it will be remembered are
+confined to one sex: the education of females, it is to be feared, is in
+a condition of _much greater neglect_."--The editor of the Virginia
+Times published at Wheeling, in his paper of January 23d, 1839,
+says,--"We have every reason to suppose that one fourth of the people of
+the State cannot write their names, and they have not of course any
+other species of education."[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "American Slavery as it is," page 187.]
+
+The destitution of the means of moral and religious improvement is in
+like manner very great. A recent number of the "Monthly Extracts from
+the correspondence of the American Bible Society," contains the
+following extract from the 28th annual report of the Virginia Bible
+Society: "The sub-sheriff of one of our Western Counties stated the
+following fact to your agent. A jury was to be empannelled in a remote
+settlement of this country--he happened to have left his home without a
+Bible--there was no Bible in the house where the jury was to sit, and
+the sheriff travelled fourteen miles calling at every house, before he
+found a Bible. Pious surveyors stated to your agent that they had
+traversed every settlement in a remote section of one or two of our
+south western counties, that they had frequently inquired among the
+settlers for a Bible, but had never seen or heard of one in a region,
+say sixty miles by fifty."
+
+There are few things more striking in the free States than the number
+and commodiousness of the places of worship. In the New England States,
+however general the attendance might be, none would be excluded for want
+of room. The other means or accompaniments of religious instruction are
+in the same abundance. How is it possible to evade the conclusion that
+Christianity flourishes most, when it is unencumbered and uncorrupted by
+state patronage? What favored portion of the United Kingdom could
+compare its religious statistics with New England?
+
+Religion and morality, viewed on the broad scale, are cause and
+effect--a remark which is fully borne out in the Northern States, and in
+no instance more remarkably exemplified than in the spread of
+temperance. A few years ago the consumption of ardent spirits, and other
+intoxicating drinks, was as general as in England, and the effects even
+more conspicuous and debasing. It is now very rare, in the free States,
+to see a drunken person, even in the most populous cities. At the large
+hotels, as far as my observation extended, it is the exception, not the
+rule, to take any spirituous or fermented beverage at or after dinner;
+and no case of inebriety came under my notice in any of these
+establishments. I have already remarked, that some of the first hotels
+in the principal cities are established on the strictest temperance
+principles. I believe, in private hospitality, intoxicating drinks are,
+in like manner, very much discarded. At the tables of members of the
+Society of Friends, it is very rare to see either wine or malt liquor
+introduced; while, as already noticed, the selling, using, or giving
+ardent spirits is so great an offence as to be made the subject of
+church discipline. This is, by no means, one of the "peculiarities" of
+"Friends," as I believe it may be generally stated that the same
+practices, in most other Christian communities, would be considered as
+quite incompatible with a profession of religion.
+
+The effects of this great reformation are not confined to the United
+States, although the change hitherto has been much more gradual in my
+native country; not so, however, in Ireland, now, by a happy reverse, a
+scene of light and promise, amidst surrounding gloom and depression. Of
+the American facts I have to record, connected with the temperance
+movement, the most grateful is the striking contrast that is exhibited
+in the Irish emigrants. By the divine blessing on Theobald Mathew's
+benevolent labors, they have generally forsaken their besetting sin of
+drunkenness in their native land, and if compelled to seek the means of
+subsistence in another country, they now at least do not carry with them
+habits that tend irresistibly to destitution and degradation. The Irish
+movement is likewise re-acting most beneficially on the native Irish,
+who have long been settled in America, and who are joining the total
+abstinence societies in great number, though hitherto the most
+intemperate part of the community.
+
+In short, whether I consider the religious, the benevolent, or the
+literary institutions of the Northern States--whether I contemplate the
+beauty of their cities, or the general aspect of their fine country, in
+which nature every where is seen rendering her rich and free tribute to
+industry and skill--or whether I regard the general comfort and
+prosperity of the laboring population,--my admiration is strongly
+excited, and, to do justice to my feelings, must be strongly expressed.
+Probably there is no country where the means of temporal happiness are
+so generally diffused, notwithstanding the constant flow of emigrants
+from the old world; and, I believe there is no country where the means
+of religious and moral improvement are so abundantly provided--where
+facilities of education are more within the reach of all--or where there
+is less of extreme poverty and destitution.
+
+As morals have an intimate connection with politics, I do not think it
+out of place here to record my conviction, that the great principle of
+popular control, which is carried out almost to its full extent in the
+free states, is not only beautiful in theory, but that it is found to
+work well in practice. It is true that disgraceful scenes of mob
+violence and lynch-law have occurred; but perhaps not more frequently
+than popular outbreaks in Great Britain; while, generally, the supremacy
+of law and order have been restored, without troops, or special
+commissions, or capital punishments. It is also true, that these
+occurrences are, for the most part, directly traceable, not to the
+celebrated declaration of the equal and inalienable right of all men to
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is the fundamental
+principle of the constitution; but to the flagrant violation of that
+principle in the persons of the colored population, of whom those in
+most of the free states are actually or virtually deprived of political
+rights; and the rest, constituting a majority of the population in some
+of the Southern States, are held in abject slavery. The corruptions and
+disorders that obscure the bright example of the American people, and
+detract from the estimation in which their institutions and policy would
+otherwise be held, generally spring from this source. So long as slavery
+and distinction of color exist, America will always be pointed at with
+the finger of scorn, for her flagrant violation of all truth and
+consistency. But let us not forget that this odious institution is the
+disgraceful legacy of a monarchy--that it is no necessary effect of
+republican institutions, but the reverse. Our quarrel, therefore, is not
+with the declaration of rights, but that this celebrated declaration
+should be regarded, in the instance of one class in the community, as a
+mere rhetorical flourish, and should thus be deprived of its legitimate
+practical effect.
+
+The great feature of the political arrangements of the free States is,
+the absence of the aristocratic element. A pure despotism in the hands
+of one man has seldom been seen, except in the instances of those
+renowned military chiefs, whom a retributive Providence has at intervals
+employed as the scourge of guilty nations. An aristocracy under various
+forms and names, has usually been the governing power, and as the too
+frequent result, laws have been made and administered for the benefit of
+the few, and not for the many. Yet the United States of North America
+exhibit, however, notwithstanding their political theory to the
+contrary, an aristocracy of the worst kind, _an aristocracy of color_;
+in the free States of the many against the few, in affirming these to be
+a degraded race, as long as African blood runs in their veins; and in
+the slave States, for a no better reason, reducing them even when they
+are the majority; to the condition of brute beasts, to be held and sold
+as goods and chattels. And this leads me to observe that the writer who
+mistakes the general government of the confederacy, with its limited
+scope and powers, for the chief source of laws and administration in the
+separate States will unavoidably present a confused and distorted
+representation of existing facts. Each State constitutes within itself a
+distinct republic, virtually independent of the general government, so
+long as its legislation does not conflict with the specific articles of
+the constitutional compact; all the rights and powers of sovereignty,
+not specifically delegated to the Government in that instrument, being
+retained by the States. Hence nothing can present a wider contrast than
+the slavery-blackened code of South Carolina, and the statutes of
+Massachusetts, characterized by republican simplicity and equality.
+
+The preceding observations in favor of the democratic institutions of
+the northern States, are therefore to be understood as of local
+application; and I would explicitly admit that a well-ordered and a
+well-working government on such principles must in a great measure
+depend upon the amount of virtue and intelligence in the community: but
+while a government which is based upon the principles of impartial
+justice requires a virtuous people properly to administer it, it has, I
+believe, within itself one of the most powerful elements for the
+formation of such a community.
+
+On the subject of peace my inquiries elicited an almost uniformly
+favorable response. If we except those who would encourage the war
+spirit, from hopes of sharing in the plunder, or those to whom it would
+open up the path to distinction and emolument, there are comparatively
+few who do not desire the maintenance of peace. In the religious part of
+the community, there is a rapidly spreading conviction of the
+unchristian character of war, in every shape; and the President, in his
+late message to Congress, in stating that "the time ought to be regarded
+as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed as the only
+proper arbiter of national differences", has expressed the sentiments of
+the great bulk of the intelligent citizens of the United States. I
+believe also that the majority would be found willing to assent to any
+reasonable and practical measure that should preclude the probability of
+an appeal to arms, or of keeping up what are absurdly called "peace
+establishments" of standing armies and appointed fleets for the
+protection of national safety or honor. The late excitements on the
+Boundary and McLeod questions were confined to comparatively few of the
+population, and the report of them was magnified by distance.
+
+But a far stronger guaranty for the permanence of international peace
+than any treaties, will be found in the interchange of mutual benefits
+by commerce. For this reason he who is successful in promoting a free
+and unchecked commerce, is the benefactor, not of his own country alone,
+but of the world at large. There are few countries where in practice
+free trade is more fully carried out than in the United States, but in
+theory the true doctrine of this subject is only in part adopted by her
+statesmen and leading minds. They are willing to trade on equal terms,
+but will meet prohibition with prohibition. Here undoubtedly they
+mistake their real interests, but though such a policy will not advance
+the prosperity of America, it will inflict tremendous and lasting injury
+on Great Britain. Whatever the event, _we_ cannot complain. The terms
+offered by the United States, though not wise, on an enlarged view of
+her own interests, are yet _reciprocal_, and therefore fair between
+nation and nation. If, however, I possessed any influence with the
+enlightened citizens of North America, I should be in no common degree
+anxious to exert it against those false views of trade and commerce
+which distort alike the maxims and the policy of her rulers. Their
+manufactures flourish, not in consequence of protection, but in defiance
+of it. With such an extended coast, and such facilities of internal
+communication, prohibition is impossible. The manufactures of England
+are excluded, not by the revenue laws of the States, but by the corn
+laws of Great Britain, which forbid the British manufacturer to take in
+exchange the only article of value his American customer has to spare; a
+prohibition which, unhappily for the people of this country, our
+government has power to enforce. The prohibitory system is, to a great
+extent, impracticable in the United States; and just so far as it should
+be found practicable, it would prove injurious, by creating fictitious
+and dependent interests, which, in the course of time, would become
+insupportably burdensome to the commonwealth, and eventually would have
+to be relinquished at the cost of a fearful amount of individual
+distress and national suffering. Legitimate commerce is that department
+of the national welfare, in which it is the business of statesmanship to
+do nothing but remove the impediments of its own creating in past times.
+In all other respects, commercial legislation is a nuisance; and if
+under some circumstances trade is found to flourish concurrently with
+such interference, the fact is due either to the restrictions and
+regulations being practically inoperative, or more frequently, to the
+high profits arising from unexhausted resources, in the absence of
+competition, enabling commerce to advance in spite of impediments; in
+the same way as cultivation by slave labor, notwithstanding its
+expensiveness and inordinate waste, enables the first planter on a
+virgin soil, and with an open market for his produce, to roll in his
+carriage, though beggary is to be the fate of the second or third
+generation of his descendants.
+
+In giving the preceding representation of the religious, the moral, and
+the intellectual elevation of the population of the Northern States of
+the Union, I have indicated the source we must look to for the abolition
+of slavery, to which it is now time to turn our attention, for no
+American question can be discussed, into which this important subject
+does not largely enter.
+
+Light and darkness, truth and falsehood, are not more in opposition than
+Christianity and slavery. If the religion that is professed in the free
+States be not wholly a dead letter,--if the moral and intellectual light
+which they appear to enjoy be indeed light, and not darkness,--then the
+abolition of slavery is certain, and cannot be long delayed. In order to
+make this apparent, as well as to vindicate my own proceedings in the
+United States, it is incumbent on me to show, that the great contest,
+for the abolition of American slavery, is to be decided in the _free_
+States, by the power of public opinion. I have distinctly admitted, that
+the confederated republics have each their independent sovereignty.
+Neither the free States, nor the general Government, can perhaps
+constitutionally abolish slavery in any one of the existing slave
+States. Yet there are certain objects clearly within the limits of the
+constitutional power of the general Government, such as the suppression
+of the internal slave-trade, and the abolition of slavery in the
+district of Columbia, for which it is undeniably lawful and
+constitutional for every American citizen to strive; and the attainment
+of which would suffice to cripple, and ultimately destroy slavery in
+every part of the Union. The slave-holding power is so sensible of this,
+that all its united strength is employed to retain that control over the
+general Government, which it has exercised from the date of the
+independence, and never more despotically than at the present time.
+Amidst the difficulties which beset, and the dangers which threatened
+the country, at the period of the formation of the constitution, the
+southern States dictated such a compromise as they thought fit; and,
+with the great principles of liberty paraded on the face of the
+declaration of independence, came into the Union on the express
+understanding that those principles should be perpetually violated in
+their favor. Of the details of this compromise, by far the most
+important, and one which has mainly contributed to consolidate the
+political supremacy of the south, is the investiture of the slave
+masters with political rights, in proportion to the amount of their
+slave property. Every five slaves confer three votes on their owner;
+though, in other points of view, a slave is a mere chattel--an article
+of property and merchandize,--yet, in this instance, and in _criminal
+proceedings against him_, his _personality_ is recognized, for the
+express object of adding to the weight of his chains, and increasing the
+power of his oppressor.
+
+The North, in voting away the rights and freedom of the laboring
+population of the South, surrendered its own liberty. The haughty
+slave-holding masters of the great confederacy have from the beginning
+chosen the Presidents, and the high officers of state, and have
+controlled the policy of the Government, from a question of peace or
+war, to the establishment of a tariff or a bank. In the executive
+department they have dictated all appointments, from a letter-carrier to
+an ambassador; an amusing illustration of which I find in my recent
+correspondence. A late member of the Massachusetts legislature, writes
+on the Eighth Month (August) 26, 1841:
+
+
+    "One instance of the all-pervading _espionage_ of the slave
+    power I may mention. The newly appointed postmaster of
+    Philadelphia employed, among his numerous clerks and
+    letter-carriers, Joshua Coffin, who, some three years ago, aided
+    in restoring to liberty a free colored citizen of New York, who
+    had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. The appointment of the
+    postmaster not being confirmed, he wrote to his friends in
+    Congress to inquire the reason, and was told that the delay was
+    occasioned by the fact that he had employed Coffin as one of his
+    letter-carriers! Coffin was immediately dismissed, and the
+    senate in a few days confirmed the appointment! Is not this a
+    pitiful business?"
+
+
+If the reader, who wishes further information, will consult William
+Jay's work, entitled "A View of the Action of the Federal Government in
+behalf of Slavery," he will find ample historical proof that the
+internal and external administration of the Union--legislative,
+executive, and diplomatic--has been employed, without any deviation from
+consistency, to subserve the interests of the slave-holding States. Yet
+these States are, in population, numerically weaker than those of the
+North, and inferior, to a far greater degree, in wealth, intelligence,
+and the other elements of political power. They are strong only in the
+compactness of their union, while the citizens of the free States are
+divided in interest and opinion. Here, then, is presented a distinct and
+legitimate object for those of the abolitionists who regard their
+political rights as a trust for the benefit of the oppressed and
+helpless, to combine the scattered and divided power of the North into a
+united phalanx, which shall wrest the administration of the Federal
+Union from the slave-holding interest, and shall purify the general
+Government from the contamination of slavery, by reversing its general
+policy on that subject, and by the adoption of the specific measures
+before mentioned; while, in the States in which they respectively
+reside, the abolitionists feel it to be their duty to exert themselves,
+to wipe away from the statute book every vestige of that barbarism which
+makes political, civil, or religious rights depend upon the color of the
+skin.
+
+Yet more important is it, however, to bring the moral force of the North
+to bear against slavery, by reforming the prevailing public sentiment of
+the religious, moral, and intelligent portion of the community. Here
+again, one of the most sagacious leaders of the pro-slavery party, J.C.
+Calhoun, has descried the danger from afar, and has publicly proclaimed
+it in the senate of the United States, by vehemently deprecating the
+anti-slavery proceedings, not as intended to provoke the slaves to a
+servile war, but as a crusade against the _character_ of the
+slave-holders.
+
+Although the different States are distinct governments, their
+geographical boundaries are mere lines upon the map; their inhabitants
+speak the same language, and enjoy a communion of citizenship all over
+the Union. The North Eastern States have by far the greater part of the
+whole commerce of the Union, and are the medium through which the
+planter exchanges his cotton for provisions and clothing for his slaves,
+implements for his agriculture, and his own family supplies. These
+commercial ties create a direct and extensive pro-slavery interest in
+the North. Again, the planter is yet more dependent on the North for
+education for his children, and for the gratification of his own
+intellectual wants, as the slave-holding region has few colleges, and
+those of secondary reputation; while I believe it has no periodical of
+higher pretension than the political newspapers. The pro-slavery
+re-action in this way, on the seminaries of the North, and on the
+literature of the United States, is most sensibly felt.
+
+Another powerful cause that contributes to leaven the entire population
+into one mind on the subject of slavery, is the double migration that
+annually takes place of people of the Southern States to the North, in
+summer, and of the inhabitants of the free States to the South in
+winter. Hence follow family alliances, the interchange of hospitalities,
+and a fusion of sentiments, so that the slavery interest spreads its
+countless ramifications through every corner of the free north.
+
+Another cause, and perhaps the most powerful of all, is the community of
+religious fellowship in leading denominations. The Episcopalians, the
+Methodists, the Baptists, and the Presbyterians of two schools, are
+severally but one body, all over the Union, and as a matter of course,
+all are tainted with slavery, and for consistency's sake, make common
+cause against abolition. The pamphlet of James G. Birney, entitled "The
+American Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery,"[A] offers the
+amplest proof that the Methodist Episcopal, the Baptist, the
+Presbyterian, and the Anglican Episcopal Churches are committed, both in
+the persons of their eminent ministers, and by resolutions passed in a
+church capacity, to the monstrous assertion that slavery, so far from
+being a moral evil, which it is the duty of the church to seek to
+remove, is a Christian institution resting on a scriptural basis; this
+assertion is repeated in the numerous quotations of the pamphlet, in a
+variety and force of expression that show the utterers were resolved not
+to leave their meaning in the smallest doubt. Indeed, it might be
+supposed, from the perusal of this pamphlet, that the suppression of
+abolitionism, if not the maintenance of slavery, was one of the first
+duties of the Christian churches in America.
+
+[Footnote A: Published by Ward & Co., Paternoster-row, London.]
+
+The following extracts are offered in illustration:--
+
+
+    THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--"Resolved, That it is the sense
+    of the Georgia Annual Conference, that slavery, as it exists in
+    the United States, _is not a moral evil_."
+
+    "The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late President of the (Methodist)
+    Wesleyan University in Connecticut--'The New Testament enjoins
+    obedience upon the slave as an obligation _due_ to a present
+    _rightful_ authority.'"
+
+    "Rev. E.D. Simms, Professor in Randolph Macon College, a
+    Methodist Institution--'Thus we see, that the slavery which
+    exists in America, _was founded in right_.'"
+
+    "The Rev. William Winans, of Mississippi, in the General
+    Conference, in 1836--'Yes, sir, Presbyterians, Baptists,
+    Methodists, should be slaveholders,--yes, he repeated it
+    boldly--there should be members, and _deacons_, and ELDERS and
+    BISHOPS, too, who were slave-holders.'"
+
+    "The Rev. J.H. Thornwell, at a public meeting, held in South
+    Carolina, supported the following resolution--'That slavery, as
+    it exists in the South, is no evil, and is consistent with the
+    principles of revealed religion; and that all opposition to it
+    arises from a misguided and fiendish fanaticism, which we are
+    bound to resist in the very threshold.'"
+
+    "Rev. Mr. Crowder, of Virginia, at the Annual Conference in
+    Baltimore, 1840--'In its _moral_ aspect, slavery was not only
+    countenanced, permitted, and regulated by the Bible, but it was
+    positively _instituted_ by GOD HIMSELF--he had, in so many
+    words, ENJOINED IT.'"
+
+
+THE BAPTIST CHURCH--"Memorial of the Charleston Baptist Association, to
+the Legislature of South Carolina:
+
+
+    "'_The right of masters to dispose of the time of their slaves
+    has been distinctly recognized by the Creator of all things_,
+    who is surely at liberty to vest the right of property over any
+    object in whomsoever he pleases.'"
+
+    "Rev. R. Furman, D.D., of South Carolina--'The right of holding
+    slaves is clearly established in the Holy Scriptures, both by
+    precept and example.'"
+
+    "The late Rev. Lucius Bolles, D.D., of Massachusetts, Cor. Sec.
+    Am. Bap. Board for Foreign Missions, (1834.)--'There is a
+    pleasing degree of union among the multiplying thousands of
+    Baptists throughout the land.... Our Southern brethren are
+    generally, both ministers and people, slave-holders.'"
+
+
+PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.--"Resolution of Charleston Union Presbytery--'That,
+in the opinion of this Presbytery, the holding of slaves, so far from
+being a SIN in the sight of God, is no where condemned in his holy
+word.'"
+
+"Rev. Thomas S. Witherspoon, of Alabama, writing to the Editor of the
+_Emancipator_, says--'I draw my warrant from the Scriptures of the Old
+and New Testament, to hold the slave in bondage. The principle of
+holding the heathen in bondage is recognized by God.... When the tardy
+process of the law is too long in redressing our grievances, we of the
+South have adopted the summary remedy of Judge Lynch--and really, I
+think it one of the most wholesome and salutary remedies for the malady
+of Northern fanaticism, that can be applied.'"
+
+"Rev. Robert N. Anderson, of Virginia--'Now _dear Christian brethren_, I
+humbly express it as my earnest wish, that you _quit yourselves like
+men_. If there be any stray goat of a minister among you, tainted with
+the bloodhound principles of abolitionism, let him be ferreted out,
+silenced, excommunicated, and left to the _public to dispose of him in
+other respects_.'"
+
+THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--"John Jay, himself an
+Episcopalian--'She has not merely remained a mute and careless spectator
+of this great conflict of truth and justice with hypocrisy and cruelty,
+but her very _priests and deacons may be seen ministering at the altar
+of slavery_, offering their talents and influence at its unholy shrine,
+and openly repeating the awful blasphemy, _that the precepts of our
+Savior sanction the system of American slavery_.'"
+
+In page 25 is the following:--
+
+
+    "The Rev. James Smylie, A.M., of the Amite Presbytery,
+    Mississippi, in a pamphlet, published by him a short time ago,
+    _in favor_ of American slavery, says:--'If slavery be a sin, and
+    advertising and apprehending slaves, with a view to restore them
+    to their masters, is a direct violation of the Divine law; and
+    if _the buying, selling, or holding a slave, for the sake of
+    gain_, is a heinous sin and scandal; then, verily,
+    _three-fourths of all the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists_,
+    and _Presbyterians_, in _eleven States of the Union_, are of the
+    devil. They 'hold,' if they do not buy and sell slaves, and,
+    _with few exceptions_, they hesitate not to 'apprehend and
+    restore' runaway slaves, when in their power.'"
+
+
+Yet, in the face of evidence so overwhelming as this, showing how the
+whole moral atmosphere of the Northern States is tainted with
+pro-slavery corruption, the abolitionists are frequently taunted with
+the question, what has the North to do with slavery? It is, however, a
+part of their vocation to bear contempt and reproach. They know they are
+at the right end of the lever, though at some apparent distance from the
+object to be moved. _Their mission is to correct public opinion in the
+free States_. Let us suppose, for a moment, this object attained--the
+whole slave-holding portion of the churches cut off, as a diseased and
+corrupt excrescence; the national literature purified, and the entire
+community pervaded by sound Christian feeling--a feeling which should
+abhor all participation, in word or deed, with the guilt of slavery; and
+how could the South maintain, for a single day, the perpetual warfare,
+which would be thus waged against her from without, and seconded by
+alarmed consciences in her own citadel?
+
+The rise of the present abolition movement dates from the year 1832,
+when a few persons met at Philadelphia, and adopted and signed a
+declaration of their sentiments. He, however, who would trace
+anti-slavery sentiments to their source, must go back to the first era
+of Christianity, and to the authoritative promulgation of the Divine law
+of love by the lips of the Savior of mankind himself. In the darkest
+times, since that period, the true doctrine of the unlawfulness of
+slavery has never been wholly lost, being in fact a part of the
+imperishable substance of vital Christianity.
+
+From 1832 until the division referred to in an early portion of this
+work, the anti-slavery societies multiplied with extraordinary rapidity.
+The following account of the present state of the cause is furnished by
+my friend, John G. Whittier.
+
+
+    "He who, at the present time, judges of the progress of the
+    anti-slavery cause in the United States, by statistics of the
+    formation of new societies, or the activity and efficiency of
+    the old, will obtain no adequate idea of the truth. The
+    unfortunate divisions among the American abolitionists, and, the
+    difficulty of uniting, for any continuous effort, those who
+    differ widely as to the proper means to be used, and measures to
+    be pursued, have, in a great measure, changed the direction and
+    manifestation of anti-slavery feeling and action. Thus, while
+    public opinion, in all the free States, is manifestly
+    approximating to abolition, and new converts to its principles
+    are daily avowing themselves, it is exceedingly rare to hear of
+    the formation of a new anti-slavery society, and there are few
+    accessions to those which are already in existence. Yet the
+    fresh recipients of the truths of anti-slavery doctrine find
+    abundant work for their hands to do, even without the pale of
+    organized societies, in purifying the churches with which they
+    are connected, and in counteracting the pro-slavery politics of
+    the country.
+
+    "The two great political parties in the United States, radically
+    disagreeing in almost all other points, are of one heart and
+    mind, in opposing emancipation; not, I suppose, from any real
+    affinity to, or love for the 'peculiar institution,' but for the
+    purpose of securing the votes of the slave-holders, who, more
+    consistent than the Northern abolitionists, refuse to support
+    any man for office, who is not willing to do homage to slavery.
+    The competition between these two parties for Southern favor is
+    one of the most painful and disgusting spectacles which presents
+    itself to the view of a stranger in the United States. To every
+    well wisher of America it must be a matter of interest and
+    satisfaction to know, that there is a growing determination in
+    the free States to meet the combination of slave-holders in
+    behalf of slavery, by one of freemen in behalf of liberty; and
+    thus compel the party politicians, on the ground of expediency,
+    if not of principle, to break from the thraldom of the slave
+    power, and array themselves on the side of freedom.
+
+    "It is an undoubted fact, that, at the present time, the various
+    denominations of professing Christians in the United States are
+    more deeply agitated by this question than at any former period.
+    The publication of such books as Weld's 'Slavery as it is,' has
+    unveiled the monstrous features of slavery to the Christian
+    public in the Northern States. The blasphemous attempts of
+    Southern professors and ministers, to defend their abominable
+    practices upon Christian grounds, have powerfully re-acted
+    against them at the North; and church after church, especially
+    in New England, is taking the high stand of the late General
+    Convention in London, in withholding its fellowship from
+    slave-holders, and closing its pulpit against their preachers.
+
+    "Recent movements in the slave States themselves encourage the
+    friends of freedom. In Kentucky, at the late election for state
+    officers, one of the candidates, Cassius M. Clay, nephew of
+    Henry Clay, avowed his opposition to pro-slavery principles in
+    the strongest terms, and staked his election upon this avowal.
+    He was warmly supported, and his opponent only succeeded by a
+    small majority. Tennessee, in her mountain region, has many
+    decided, uncompromising abolitionists, whose encouraging letters
+    and statements have been published within the last year, in the
+    Northern anti-slavery papers. The excellent work of Joseph John
+    Gurney, on the West Indies, and Dr. Channing's late pamphlet,
+    entitled "Emancipation," have been very widely circulated in
+    many of the slave States; and, so far as can be ascertained,
+    have been read with interest by the planters. The movements of
+    English and French abolitionists have attracted general
+    attention, and, in the Southern States, have awakened no small
+    degree of solicitude.
+
+    "That baleful American peculiarity, prejudice against color, is
+    evidently diminishing, under the influence of anti-slavery
+    principles and practice; and the laws which have oppressed the
+    free colored citizen are rapidly yielding to the persevering
+    action of the abolitionists. Dr. Channing has not over-stated
+    the fact, that the provision in the Federal Constitution,
+    relative to the reclaiming of fugitive slaves, has been silently
+    but effectually repealed by the force of public opinion, and the
+    interposition of jury trial, in many of the free States. In
+    Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, and New York, with the exception
+    of its slavery-ridden commercial emporium, the recovery of a
+    slave by legalized kidnappers is entirely out of the question.
+    In any one of these States, it would, to use the language of a
+    New York mechanic, be exceedingly difficult to prove, to the
+    satisfaction of a jury of honest freemen, that a man had been
+    born 'contrary to the Declaration of Independence.' The
+    frontiers of slavery are every where very much exposed, and all
+    along the line of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, and
+    Missouri, the tide of self-emancipated men and women is pouring
+    in upon the free States. I cannot give a better idea of the
+    extent of this peculiar emigration, than by copying extracts
+    from the _Centreville Times_, a paper published in Maryland:--
+
+
+        "'_Free Negroes and Slaves_.--When it is too late, the
+        people of Maryland will begin to look for the means of
+        protection in their slave property. We still say slave
+        property; although, notwithstanding slaves are
+        recognized as property by the constitution, without
+        which recognition this confederation never would have
+        been formed: yet such has been the effect of fanaticism
+        and emancipation, of the intermeddling machinations of
+        abolitionists, and the mischievous agency of free
+        negroes--that _the very owners of this species of
+        property seem to begin to doubt whether slaves are
+        property or not_; and so much has its value become
+        impaired, in the possession of those who reside
+        contiguous to the non-slaveholding States, that the
+        question has been raised, whether they are, in fact,
+        worth keeping. Either discipline must be so much
+        relaxed, as that the labor of the slave will scarcely
+        pay for his support; or, if forced to labor no more than
+        is even necessary to health and contentment, they
+        abscond, and passing over the lines into a
+        non-slaveholding State, are there concealed and
+        protected. The number and the success of elopements
+        leave no doubt of the establishment of a regular chain
+        of posts, accessary to, and of systematic plans,
+        deliberately organized, for their seduction and
+        concealment. In these escapes, the free negroes are, for
+        the most part, undoubtedly instrumental, as they are to
+        most of the robberies committed by slaves. While at
+        Easton, two weeks since, the slaves of two gentlemen
+        made their escape, being each, if not recovered, a loss
+        of one thousand dollars; and the firm persuasion was,
+        that, in both cases, the runaways were furnished with
+        passes by a free negro barber. Even if apprehended,
+        these gentlemen will have been put to an expense of not
+        less than three hundred dollars, and this without the
+        slightest pretext of ill usage or unkindness.
+
+        "'The usual process is, when the owner is supposed to
+        have despaired of his recovery, for some abolition or
+        free negro lawyer to open a correspondence with the
+        owner, representing the runaway to be in Canada, or
+        otherwise beyond apprehension--coolly adding, with a
+        highwayman's impudence, "take that or nothing;" and the
+        owner has to put up with a total loss, or compromise for
+        a third of the value of his property--the result in
+        either case, proving an incentive to others to be off in
+        like manner"'
+
+
+               *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+        "'There is not an interest that is not impaired, by the
+        proximity of the free States, and the protection there
+        afforded to slaves, and by the presence and
+        intercommunion of the free with the slave negro. Even
+        the value of land is diminished by it. Maryland suffers
+        the disadvantages, without the advantages of a slave
+        State. The disadvantage consists in the reputation, (the
+        odium, north of the Delaware,) of being a slave State.
+        _The capitalists of the North refuse, on that account,
+        to invest in Maryland lands, though they could buy land
+        in Maryland for twenty dollars an acre, which is
+        intrinsically worth more than theirs, which they could
+        sell for an hundred._ Our condition is, in fact, that of
+        neither the one or the other; and, unless something can
+        be done to counteract the progress of fanaticism on this
+        subject, and that abuse of strength and heedless
+        injustice which always follows irresponsible power,
+        _slavery in Maryland must cease, either by sale, while
+        that right remains to the slave-holder, or ere long, by
+        forced emancipation_.
+
+        "'Virginia--once proud and independent Virginia, already
+        half captive to the North--will soon take her place as
+        the frontier slave State;--Maryland, with her Southern
+        principles, eaten out by Northern men, will then assume
+        to her the relation that Pennsylvania now bears to
+        Maryland;--nay, it is but too obvious that, as things
+        are now working, in process of time, and that not
+        slowly, _slavery must cease to exist in all the
+        provision-growing States_,--its northernmost line will
+        be the line of the sugar, the rice, and the cotton
+        culture,--the climate alone affording to the
+        slave-holder that shelter which justice could not offer
+        from the rapacity of his pursuers. Will the Southern
+        still accept the shadow without the substance of equal
+        and confederate powers? Be his relation, then, what it
+        may--independent, confederate, or colonial--for one, we
+        say, let it be defined. To the misery of the slave, let
+        him not add the meanness of the dupe. Let him remember,
+        that time and corruption have often achieved what would
+        have defied the power of the sword;--in a word, let the
+        slave-holder think, while yet, if yet, he has power to
+        act.'"
+
+
+
+I have now concluded an imperfect attempt to delineate the present state
+of the anti-slavery cause, on the North American continent, with
+incidental notices of the past history of the efforts of its friends. In
+regard to the future, my hopes are built on the continuance of these
+efforts, and on the concurrent aid afforded by the march of events, both
+in the United States and in the world at large, under the manifestly
+over-ruling power of that gracious Being, who sometimes employs human
+instrumentality to accomplish His purposes of mercy; but who works also
+Himself, by His immutable laws, and by the dispensations of His
+providence.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+APPENDIX A. P. 30.
+
+
+ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+
+
+    "From our Yearly Meeting held in London, by adjournment from the
+    20th of the 5th Month to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1840.
+
+    "_To the Yearly Meetings of Friends on the Continent of North
+    America_.
+
+    "DEAR FRIENDS,--We think it a favor to us, and we accept it as
+    an evidence that our Lord is mindful of us, that from one time
+    to another, when thus assembled for mutual edification, and the
+    renewing of our spiritual strength, we are in any small measure
+    brought afresh to the enjoyment of that love which flows from
+    God to man, through Jesus Christ our Savior; and under its
+    blessed influence quickened to exercise of mind, not only for
+    the health and prosperity of all those professing the same faith
+    with ourselves, but for the coming of the kingdom of God upon
+    earth, and the universal prevalence of righteousness and truth
+    among men. This love has often brought us in Christian
+    compassion and tenderness of spirit, deeply to feel for that
+    portion of the great family of man subjected to the degradation
+    and cruelty of slavery.
+
+    "We do not cease to rejoice with reverent thanksgiving to
+    Almighty God, for the termination of this system of iniquity in
+    the British Colonies. It was an act of justice on the part of
+    our Legislature, and it has removed an enormous load of guilt
+    from our beloved country; but in our rejoicing, we cannot, nor
+    would we wish, to forget the hundreds of thousands of our
+    brethren and sisters on the continent of America, and elsewhere,
+    still detained in this abject condition, and liable to all the
+    misery and oppression which it entails upon its victims.
+
+    "We have a strong conviction of the guilt and sinfulness of
+    slavery, and its pernicious effects upon both the oppressed and
+    the oppressor. That man should claim a right of property in the
+    person of his fellow--that man should buy and sell his
+    brother--that civil governments in their legislative enactments,
+    should so far forget that 'God who giveth to all, life, and
+    breath, and all things, and hath made of one blood all nations
+    of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth,' as to treat
+    those who differ from them in the color of their skin, or any
+    other external peculiarity, as beasts that perish, as chattels
+    and articles of merchandise,--is in such direct violation of the
+    whole moral law, and of the righteousness of the New Testament,
+    and that in a day in which the principles of civil and religious
+    liberty are so fully acknowledged in many of the nations of
+    Christendom, may well excite both indignation and sorrow. And we
+    cannot but regard it as such proof of hardness of heart, and
+    perverted understanding, that we think it can be attributed to
+    nothing short of the deceivableness of Satan working upon the
+    fallen nature of man.
+
+    "It was, dear friends, in the gradual unfolding of that light in
+    which the things that are reproved are made manifest, that your
+    forefathers and ours, were brought to see the criminality of
+    slavery. Thus enlightened, they could find no peace with God,
+    until they had put away this evil of their doings from before
+    his eyes--until by a conscientious discharge of their individual
+    religious duty, they had restored those whom they held in
+    bondage, to the full enjoyment of unqualified freedom. Under the
+    influence of Divine wisdom, and by this faithfulness on the part
+    of upright Friends, our religious society were brought to a
+    united and settled judgment as a body, that personal slavery,
+    both in its origin and its results, was so great an evil, that
+    it could be tolerated by no mitigation of its hardship; and they
+    felt the demands of equity to be so urgent upon them, that they
+    were concerned to enjoin it upon Friends every where, by a ready
+    compliance with such reasonable duty, to cease to do evil, by
+    immediately releasing those they held as slaves. Their own hands
+    being cleansed from this pollution, they felt it to be laid upon
+    them, plainly and faithfully, to labor with their countrymen to
+    bring them to a full understanding of the requiring of the
+    Divine law, and to press it upon them to act up to its
+    commandments. In the love of God, they were bold, both in your
+    country and in ours, to plead the cause of the oppressed with
+    those in power. We believe, and we would wish to speak of it
+    with modesty and humility, that their faithfulness, in
+    connection with the exertions of humane and devoted men of other
+    Christian communities, were instrumental to bring about the
+    abolition of the slave trade, as well as the extinction of
+    slavery.
+
+    "We are reverently impressed with a sense of the prerogatives of
+    the Great Head of the Church, to dispose of his servants, and to
+    employ their time, and every talent which he has intrusted them,
+    in such a way and manner as may consist with the purposes of his
+    wisdom and love. It is the concern of this Meeting, that all our
+    dear friends may carefully seek each to know his Lord's will,
+    and to ascertain his individual path of duty; at the same time
+    we desire to encourage one another to simple obedience to that
+    which in the true light may be made manifest to them; and each
+    to an unflinching and uncompromising avowal of his allegiance to
+    his Lord in all things.
+
+    "We observe with satisfaction and comfort, in the epistles from
+    your Yearly Meetings, which have been read in this Meeting, that
+    there is a very general acknowledgment of concern on this
+    important subject. It has often been a prominent feature in the
+    brotherly correspondence which subsists between us. The
+    expression of your encouragement in times past, has been helpful
+    to us, and in the trials and difficulties you have had to
+    endure, our hearts have been brought into fellow feeling with
+    you. In this work of justice and love, we have long labored
+    together. It has helped to strengthen the bond of our union; and
+    in the fresh sense of this Christian fellowship, as it is now
+    renewed amongst us, we offer you, beloved friends, the warm
+    expression of our sympathy, and our strong desire for your help
+    and encouragement. So far removed as we are from the scene of
+    slavery, we are aware that we can but imperfectly appreciate
+    either the sufferings of the slave, or the trials of those who
+    live in the midst of such oppression; nor do we believe that we
+    can fully appreciate either the labors of faithful Friends in
+    your land, or the obstacles and discouragements which have been
+    thrown in their way.
+
+    "The brief review we have taken of the history of our Society,
+    in reference to this deeply interesting subject, and the feeling
+    which prevails with us, under a sense of the enormity of the
+    evil, urges us, and we desire that it may have the same effect
+    upon you, still to persevere; and in every way that may be
+    pointed out to us of the Lord, that we may continue to expose
+    the evil of this unjust interference with the natural and social
+    rights of man. Time is short, the day is spending fast with
+    every one of us, and we had need to use diligence in the work of
+    our day. We know the high authority under which we are commanded
+    to 'love our neighbor as ourselves.' It is our desire on our own
+    account, and in this exercise of mind we believe, dear friends,
+    that you are one with us, that in our efforts to discharge the
+    duties laid upon us, we may watch against a hopeless and
+    distrustful spirit in times of discouragement. And O that in his
+    great mercy and love towards his poor afflicted and helpless
+    children, it might please Him to hasten the coming of that day,
+    even to this generation of the enslaved in your land, in which
+    every yoke shall be broken and the oppressed go free.
+
+    "If, in this righteous cause, we move in the leading of our
+    Lord, we may humbly trust that he, with whom there is no respect
+    of persons, who careth for the sparrows and feedeth the ravens,
+    will grant to his dependent ones the help and support of his
+    Holy Spirit, and enable them, in the face of every opposition,
+    to do that which is made known to them as his will.
+
+    "With the enlarged views entertained by Friends of the mercy and
+    love of our heavenly Father towards his children of every nation
+    and tongue all the world over, we desire to press it upon you
+    still to labor for the removal of all those unjust laws and
+    limitations of right and privilege consequent upon the
+    unwarrantable distinction of color--a distinction which has
+    brought so much suffering upon those settled in different parts
+    of the Union, and which we think must conduce to the
+    strengthening of the prejudices of former years, and to retard
+    the work of emancipation.
+
+    "It is affecting to us to think with what astonishing rapidity
+    slavery is extending itself upon the Continent of North America,
+    and how from year to year the slave population is increasing
+    among you. Our spirits are oppressed with a sense of the
+    magnitude of the evil; we tremble at the awful consequence
+    which, in the justice and wisdom of Almighty God, may ensue to
+    those who persist in the upholding of it. We commend the whole
+    subject to your most serious attention, and desiring that divine
+    wisdom may be near to help in your deliberations upon it,
+
+    "We bid you, affectionately, farewell.
+
+    "Signed in and on behalf of the Meeting, by
+
+
+    "GEORGE STACEY,
+
+
+    "_Clerk to the Meeting this year_."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B. P. 30.
+
+
+EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO SLAVES.
+
+
+The following extract from Clarkson's "Memoirs of the Public and Private
+Life of William Penn," will show how the society of Friends, at a very
+early period, became unwarily entangled with the practice of slave
+holding; and also that the unchristian nature of it was immediately
+perceived by the more spiritual minded among them. It will serve also to
+prove that the testimony of Friends against slavery is no novelty, but
+is coeval with its rise as a distinct religious body. The measures
+proposed by William Penn on this subject, are an honorable testimony to
+the comprehensive benevolence of that truly great and magnanimous
+legislator, yet they fell short of the exigencies of the case, and of
+what Christian people required; consequently what good they directly
+effected was local and temporary. Viewed as the germ of subsequent
+anti-slavery enterprises of the last century, in Europe and America,
+their interest and importance cannot be too highly estimated.
+
+
+    "I must observe, that soon after the colony (Pennsylvania) had
+    been planted, that is, in the year 1682, when William Penn was
+    first resident in it, some few Africans had been imported, but
+    that more had followed. At this time the traffic in slaves was
+    not branded with infamy, as at the present day. It was
+    considered, on the other hand, as favorable to both parties: to
+    the American planters, because they had but few laborers, in
+    comparison with the extent of their lands; and to the poor
+    Africans themselves, because they were looked upon as persons
+    redeemed out of superstition, idolatry, and heathenism. But
+    though the purchase and sale of them had been admitted with less
+    caution upon this principle, there were not wanting among the
+    Quakers of Pennsylvania those who, soon after the introduction
+    of them there, began to question the moral licitness of the
+    traffic. Accordingly, at the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania,
+    held in 1688, it had been resolved, on the suggestion of
+    emigrants from Crisheim, who had adopted the principles of
+    William Penn, that the buying, selling, and holding men in
+    slavery, was inconsistent with the tenets of the Christian
+    religion. In 1696, a similar resolution had been passed at the
+    Yearly Meeting of the same religious society for the same
+    province. In consequence, then, of these noble resolutions, the
+    Quakers had begun to treat their slaves in a different manner
+    from that of other people. They had begun to consider them as
+    children of the same great Parent, to whom fraternal offices
+    were due; and hence, in 1698, there were instances where they
+    had admitted them into their meeting houses to worship in common
+    with themselves.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "I cannot help copying into a note an anecdote from
+    Thomas Story's Journal for this year (1698). 'On the 13th,' says
+    he, 'we had a pretty large meeting, where several were tendered,
+    among whom were some negroes. And here I shall observe, that
+    Thomas Simons having several negroes, one of them, as also
+    several belonging to Henry White, had of late come to meetings,
+    and having a sense of truth, several others thereway were
+    likewise convinced, and like to do well. And the morning that we
+    came from Thomas Simons's, my companion speaking some words of
+    truth to his negro woman, she was tendered; and as I passed on
+    horseback by the place where she stood weeping, I gave her my
+    hand, and then she was much more broken: and finding the day of
+    the Lord's tender visitation and mercy upon her, I spake
+    encouragingly to her, and was glad to find the poor blacks so
+    near the truth and reachable.' She stood there, looking after us
+    and weeping, as long as we could see her. I had inquired of one
+    of the black men how long they had come to meetings, and he said
+    'they had always been kept in ignorance, and disregarded as
+    persons who were not to expect any thing from the Lord, till
+    Jonathan Taylor, who had been there the year before, discoursing
+    with them, had informed them that the grace of God, through
+    Christ, was given also to them; and that they ought to believe
+    in and be led and taught by it, and so might come to be good
+    Friends, and saved as well as others. And on the next occasion,
+    which was when William Ellis and Aaron Atkinson were there, they
+    went to meetings, and several of them were convinced.' Thus one
+    planteth and another watereth, but God giveth the increase."]
+
+    "William Penn was highly gratified by the consideration of what
+    has been done on this important subject. From the very first
+    introduction of enslaved Africans into this province, he had
+    been solicitous about their temporal and eternal welfare. He had
+    always considered them as persons of the like nature with
+    himself; as having the same desire of pleasure and the same
+    aversion from pain; as children of the same Father, and heirs of
+    the same promises. Knowing how naturally the human heart became
+    corrupted and hardened by the use of power, he was fearful lest,
+    in time, these friendless strangers should become an oppressed
+    people. Accordingly, as his predecessor, George Fox, when he
+    first visited the British West Indies, exhorted all those who
+    attended his meetings for worship there, to consider their
+    slaves as branches of their own families, for whose spiritual
+    instruction they would one day or other be required to give an
+    account, so William Penn had, on his first arrival in America,
+    inculcated the same notion. It lay, therefore, now upon his mind
+    to endeavor to bring into practice what had appeared to him to
+    be right in principle. One of them was to try to incorporate the
+    treatment of slaves, as a matter of Christian duty, into _the
+    discipline of his own religious society_; and the other, to
+    secure it among others in the colony of a different religious
+    description, _by a legislative act_. Both of these were
+    necessary. The former, however, he resolved to attempt first.
+    The Society itself had already afforded him a precedent, by its
+    resolutions in 1688 and in 1696, as before mentioned, and had
+    thereby done something material in the progress of the work. It
+    was only to get a minute passed upon their books to the intended
+    effect. Accordingly, at the very first Monthly Meeting of the
+    Society, which took place in Philadelphia in the present year,
+    he proposed the subject. He laid before them the concern which
+    had been so long upon his mind, relative to these unfortunate
+    people; he pressed upon them the duty of allowing them as
+    frequently as possible to attend their Meetings for worship, and
+    the benefit that would accrue to both, by the instruction of
+    them in the principles of the Christian religion. The result
+    was, that a Meeting was appointed more particularly for the
+    negroes, once every month; so that besides the common
+    opportunities they had of collecting religious knowledge, by
+    frequenting the places of worship, there was one day in the
+    month, in which, as far as the influence of the Monthly Meeting
+    extended, they could neither be temporally nor spiritually
+    overlooked. At this Meeting also, he proposed means, which were
+    acceded to, for a more frequent intercourse between Friends and
+    the Indians; he (William Penn,) taking upon himself the charge
+    of procuring interpreters, as well as of forwarding the means
+    proposed."--Vol. II. pp. 218-222.
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C. P. 34.
+
+
+REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE YEARLY MEETING OF FRIENDS, HELD IN
+PHILADELPHIA, APPOINTED FOR THE GRADUAL CIVILIZATION, &C., OF THE INDIAN
+NATIVES, PRESENTED TO THE MEETING, FOURTH MONTH 21ST, 1841, AND DIRECTED
+TO BE PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE MEMBERS.
+
+
+
+    "TO THE YEARLY MEETING.
+
+    "The Committee charged with promoting the Gradual Improvement
+    and Civilization of the Indian Natives, report:--
+
+    "That although they have given attention to this interesting
+    concern, there are but few subjects in their operations, since
+    the last report, which require notice. The Indians have been in
+    a very unsettled condition during the past year, in consequence
+    of the embarrassment and distress produced by the ratification
+    of the treaty, and their uncertainty as to the best course to be
+    pursued by them in their trying and perplexing circumstances.
+    They still cling to the hope that they shall be able to ward off
+    the calamity which threatens them, either through the favorable
+    disposition of the new Administration and Senate, to give their
+    case a re-hearing, or by an Appeal to the Supreme Court of the
+    United States. Small as the hope afforded by these sources may
+    appear to a disinterested observer, they are buoyed up by it,
+    and seem as unwilling as ever, to look toward relinquishing
+    their present homes.
+
+    "In a communication addressed to the committee, dated
+    Tunesassah, Fifth Month 24th, 1840, signed by ten chiefs, they
+    say, 'Although, the information of the ratification of the
+    treaty is distressing to us, yet it is a satisfaction to hear
+    from you, and to learn that you still remember us in our
+    troubles, and are disposed to advise and assist us. The
+    intelligence of the confirmation of the treaty caused many of
+    our women to shed tears of sorrow. We are sensible that we stand
+    in need of the advice of our friends. Our minds are unaltered on
+    the subject of emigration.' Another dated Cold Spring, Twelfth
+    Month 8th, 1840, holds this language: 'Brothers, we continue to
+    feel relative to the treaty as we have ever felt. We cannot
+    regard it as an act of our nation, or hold it to be binding on
+    us. We still consider, that in justice, the land is at this time
+    as much our own as ever it was. We have done nothing to forfeit
+    our right to it; and have come to a conclusion to remain upon it
+    as long as we can enjoy it in peace.' 'We trust in the Great
+    Spirit: to Him we submit our cause.'
+
+    "A letter from the Senecas, residing at Tonawanda, was addressed
+    to the Committee, from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+
+        "'By the help of the Great Spirit we have met in open
+        council this 23d day of the Fifth Month, 1840, for the
+        purpose of deliberating on the right course for us to
+        pursue under the late act of the government of the
+        United States relating to our lands. Brothers, we are in
+        trouble; we have been told that the President has
+        ratified a treaty, by which these lands are sold from
+        our possession. We look to you and solicit your advice
+        and your sympathy under the accumulating difficulties
+        that now surround us. We feel more than ever, our need
+        of the help of the great and good Spirit, to guide us
+        aright. May his council ever preserve and direct us all
+        in true wisdom.
+
+        "'It is known to you, brothers, that at different times
+        our people have been induced to cede, by stipulated
+        treaties, to the government of the United States,
+        various tracts of our territory, until it is so reduced
+        that it barely affords us a home. We had hoped by these
+        liberal concessions to secure the quiet and unmolested
+        possession of this small residue, but we have abundant
+        reason to fear that we have been mistaken. The agent and
+        surveyor of a company of land speculators, known as the
+        Ogden Company, have been on here to lay out our land
+        into lots, to be sold from us to the whites. We have
+        protested against it, and have forbidden their
+        proceeding.
+
+        "'Brothers, what we want, is that you should intercede
+        with the United States government on our behalf. We do
+        not want to leave our lands. We are willing that the
+        emigrating party should sell out their rights, but we
+        are not willing that they should sell ours.
+
+        "'Brothers, we want the President of the United States
+        to know that we are for peace; that we only ask the
+        possession of our just rights. We have kept in good
+        faith all our agreements with the government. In our
+        innocence of any violation we ask its protection. In our
+        weakness we look to it for justice and mercy. We desire
+        to live upon our lands in peace and harmony. We love
+        Tonawanda. It is the residue left us of the land of our
+        forefathers. We have no wish to leave it. Here are our
+        cultivated fields, our houses, our wives and children,
+        and our firesides--and here we wish to lay our bones in
+        peace.
+
+        "'Brothers, in conclusion, we desire to express our
+        sincere thanks to you for your friendly assistance in
+        times past, and at the same time earnestly solicit your
+        further attention and advice. Brothers, may the Great
+        Spirit befriend you all--farewell.'
+
+
+    "Desirous of rendering such aid as might be in our power, a
+    correspondence has been held with some members of Congress, on
+    the subject of the treaty, and other matters connected with it;
+    and recently, two of our number visited Washington, and were
+    assured by the present Secretary of War, under whose immediate
+    charge the Indian affairs are placed, that it was his
+    determination, and that of the other officers of the government,
+    to give to the treaty, and the circumstances attending its
+    procurement, a thorough examination; and to adopt such a course
+    respecting it, as justice and humanity to the Indians would
+    dictate.
+
+    "The friends who have for several years resided at Tunesassah
+    still continue to occupy the farm, and have charge of the saw
+    and grist mills and other improvements. The farm, during the
+    past year, has yielded about thirty-five tons of hay, two
+    hundred bushels of potatoes, one hundred bushels of oats, and
+    one hundred bushels of apples. Notwithstanding the unsettlement
+    produced by the treaty during the past season, the Indians have
+    raised an adequate supply of provisions to keep them comfortably
+    during the year; and they manifest an increased desire to avoid
+    the use of ardent spirits, and to have their children educated.
+    In their letter of the Twelfth Month last, the chiefs say, 'We
+    are more engaged to have our children educated than we have
+    heretofore been. There are at this time three schools in
+    operation on this reservation, for the instruction of our
+    youth.'
+
+    "Our friend, Joseph Batty, in a letter dated 28th of Second
+    Month last, says, 'The Indians have held several temperance
+    councils this winter. The chiefs--with the exception of two, who
+    were not present--have all signed a pledge to abstain from the
+    use of all intoxicating liquors, and appear engaged to bring
+    about a reform among their people; but the influence of the
+    whites among them is prejudicial to their improvement in this
+    and other respects.'
+
+    "By direction of the Committee,
+
+    "THOMAS WISTAR, _Clerk_.
+
+    "_Philadelphia, 4th Month 15th, 1841_."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D. P. 44.
+
+
+ELISHA TYSON.
+
+
+The following particulars of this memorable person are chiefly taken
+from a work, now very scarce, entitled "The Life of Elisha Tyson, the
+Philanthropist, by a Citizen of Baltimore."
+
+
+    "The eldest known ancestor of Mr. Tyson was a German Quaker,
+    converted to the faith of Fox by the preaching of William Penn.
+    Persecuted by the government of his native country for his
+    religion, he gathered up his all and followed Penn to England;
+    with whom, and at whose request, he afterwards embarked for
+    America, and was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania. He
+    established himself within what are now called the environs of
+    Philadelphia, married the daughter of an English settler, and
+    became the happy father of sons and daughters. From these, many
+    descendants have been derived.
+
+    "Elisha Tyson was one of the great grandsons in direct descent
+    of the German Quaker, and was born on the spot which he had
+    chosen for his residence. The religion and virtues of this
+    ancestor were instilled into the minds of his children and
+    children's children, to the third and fourth generation--not by
+    transmission of blood, but by the force of a guarded and a
+    Christian education. In the subject of this memoir, they blazed
+    forth with superior lustre. From his infancy he was conspicuous
+    in his neighborhood for that benevolence of heart and
+    intrepidity of soul, which so highly distinguished him in after
+    life."
+
+
+In his early manhood he removed to Baltimore, in the slave State of
+Maryland. Here, from his first residence, he took an active part in
+various benevolent and public spirited enterprises, although he had to
+struggle with early difficulties, having no resources for his support
+but honesty, industry, and perseverance. The cause of the oppressed
+slaves very soon engaged his attention, and his unwearied exertions in
+their behalf ceased not till the close of a long and energetic life. In
+the following quotation, describing the American slave trade, although
+the past tense is employed by his biographer, yet if Louisiana be
+substituted for Georgia, the whole representation is true of the present
+time. That dreadful traffic has increased many fold since the date here
+alluded to, at which E. Tyson's career of benevolence commenced.
+
+"Even the most creditable merchants felt no compunction in speculating
+in the flesh and blood of their own species. These articles of
+merchandize were as common as wheat and tobacco, and ranked with these
+as a staple of Maryland. This state of things was naturally productive
+of scenes of cruelty. Georgia was then the great receptacle of that
+portion of these unfortunate beings, who were exported beyond the limits
+of their native soil; and the worst name given to Tartarus itself could
+not be more appalling to their imaginations than the name of that sister
+State. And when we consider the dreadful consequences suffered by the
+victims of this traffic; a separation like that of death between the
+nearest and dearest relatives; a banishment for ever from the land of
+their nativity and the scenes of their youth; the painful inflictions by
+the hands of slave drivers, to whom cruelty was rendered delightful by
+its frequent exercise; with many other sufferings too numerous to
+mention, we cannot wonder at this horror on the part of these
+unfortunate beings, and that it should cause them to use all the means
+in their power to avoid so terrible a destiny. The slave-trader, aware
+of all this, and fearful lest his victims might seek safety by flight,
+became increasingly careful of his property. With these men, and upon
+such subjects, care is cruelty; and thus the apparent necessity of the
+case came in aid of the favorite disposition of their minds. They
+charged their victims with being the authors of that cruelty, which had
+its true origin in their own remorseless hearts. Their plea for
+additional rigor, being plausibly urged, was favorably received by a
+community darkened by prejudice. Few regarded with pity, and most with
+stoical indifference, this barbarous correction for crimes anticipated,
+and rigorous penance for offences existing only in the diabolical
+fancies of their tormentors. The truth is, it was the love these poor
+wretches bore their wives, children, and native soil, for which they
+were punished. They were commonly bound two and two by chains, riveted
+to iron collars fastened around their necks, more and more closely, as
+their drivers had more and more reason to suspect a desire to escape. If
+they were conveyed in wagons, as they sometimes were, additional chains
+were so fixed, as to connect the right ancle of one with the left ancle
+of another, so that they were fastened foot to foot, and neck to neck.
+If a disposition to complain, or to grieve, was manifested by any of
+them, the mouths of such were instantly stopped with a gag. If,
+notwithstanding this, the overflowings of sorrow found a passage through
+other channels, they were checked by the 'scourge inexorable;'--the
+cruel monsters thus endeavoring to lessen the appearance of pain, by
+increasing its reality. These were scenes of ordinary occurrence; troops
+of these poor slaves were continually seen fettered as before described,
+marching two and two, with commanders before and behind, swords by their
+sides, and pistols in their belts--the triumphant victors over unarmed
+women and children. The sufferings of their victims, were, if possible,
+increased, when they were compelled to stop for the night. They were
+crowded in cellars, and loaded with an additional number of fetters. On
+those routes usually taken by them to the South, stated taverns were
+selected as their resting places for the night. In these, dungeons under
+ground were specially contrived for their reception. Iron staples, with
+rings in them, were fixed at proper places in the walls; to these,
+chains were welded; and to these chains the fetters of the prisoners
+were locked, as the means of certain safety. It was usual every day for
+these slave-drivers to keep a strict record of the imagined offences of
+their slaves; which, if not to their satisfaction expiated by suffering
+during the day, remained upon the register until its close; when, in the
+midst of midnight dungeon horrors, goaded with a weight of fetters, in
+addition to those which had galled them during their weary march, these
+reputed sins were atoned by their blood, which was made to trickle down
+'the scourge with triple thongs.'"
+
+Such was the evil with which Elisha Tyson, when "young, solitary, and
+friendless," undertook to grapple; the means he chiefly employed, were
+such as tended to purify and enlighten public opinion.
+
+
+    "He had two principal modes of operating upon the public mind;
+    by conversation in public and private places, and by the press.
+    Through the means of the first, he worked upon the feelings and
+    sentiments of the higher and more influential classes; by means
+    of the latter, he influenced in a great degree, the mass of the
+    community. In private conversation, his arguments were so
+    cogent, his appeals so energetic, and his manner so sincere and
+    disinterested, that few could avoid conviction. It is true,
+    indeed, as it regards the press, that he did not publish very
+    much of his own composing; but he procured the publication of a
+    vast deal of his own dictating. By his arguments and entreaties,
+    he aroused the zeal of many individuals, each of whom enlisted
+    himself as a kind of voluntary amanuensis, who wrote and
+    published his dictations. Many important essays have in this way
+    been communicated to the public."
+
+
+But he undertook also, services requiring a yet sterner resolution, and
+more heroic perseverance, services which demanded that he himself should
+be in bondage neither to riches, honor, nor reputation, since his
+exertions endangered all his personal interests in such a community as
+that by which he was surrounded.
+
+
+    "Of those held in servitude, two classes of beings felt in a
+    peculiar manner the kindness and sympathy of Mr. Tyson--those
+    entitled to their freedom, and illegally held in slavery--and
+    those, who, though not illegally kept in bondage, yet were
+    treated with inhumanity by their masters.
+
+    "Where he had reason to believe that a person claimed as a slave
+    was entitled to his freedom, he would, in the first place, in
+    order to avoid litigation, lay before the reputed owner, the
+    grounds of his belief. If these were disregarded, he then
+    proceeded to employ counsel, by whom a petition for freedom was
+    filed in the proper court, and the case prosecuted to a final
+    determination. What excited most astonishment in these trials,
+    was the extraordinary success which attended him. Very few were
+    the cases in which he was defeated; and his failure even in
+    these, was more generally owing to the want of testimony, than
+    to the want of justice on his side. To enumerate his successes,
+    would be as impossible, on account of their vast number, as it
+    would be tedious on account of their similarity to each other.
+    Whole families were often liberated by a single verdict, the
+    fate of one relative deciding the fate of many. And often
+    ancestors, after passing a long life in illegal slavery, sprung
+    at last, like the chrysalis in autumn, into new existence,
+    beneath the genial rays of the sun of liberty, which shed at the
+    same time its benign influence upon their children, and
+    children's children.
+
+    "The titles of the individuals, thus liberated, to their
+    freedom, were variously derived. Sometimes from deeds of
+    manumission, long suppressed, and at last brought to light, by
+    the searching scrutiny of Tyson--sometimes from the genealogy of
+    the petitioner, traced by him to some Indian or white maternal
+    ancestor--sometimes from the right to freedom, claimed by birth,
+    but attempted to be destroyed by the rapacity of some vile
+    kidnapper, and sometimes from the violation of those of our laws
+    which manumitted slaves imported from foreign parts.
+
+    "The labors of Mr. Tyson, were not confined to a single
+    district--they extended over the whole of Maryland. There is not
+    a county in it, which has not felt his influence, or a court of
+    justice, whose records do not bear proud testimonials of his
+    triumphs over tyranny. Throwing out of calculation the many
+    liberations indirectly resulting from his efforts, we speak more
+    than barely within bounds, when we say, that he has been the
+    means, under Providence, of rescuing at least two thousand human
+    beings from the galling yoke of a slavery, which, but for him,
+    would have been perpetual.
+
+    "And here let me join my readers in expressions of wonder and
+    astonishment at this extraordinary display of human benevolence,
+    in the person of a single individual--unsupported by power,
+    wealth, or title, beneath the frowns of society, and against a
+    torrent of prejudice."
+
+
+In the year 1789 an "Abolition Society," (see antecedent pages 23 and
+24,) was formed in Baltimore, of which Elisha Tyson was a member until
+its dissolution, seven years afterwards.
+
+
+    "From that time, Mr. Tyson supported alone the cause of
+    emancipation in Maryland. Alone, I mean, as the sole director
+    and prime mover of the machinery by which that cause was
+    maintained. Assisted, he was, no doubt, from time to time; but
+    that assistance was procured through his influence, or rendered
+    effectual under his inspection and advice.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "One of the most active assistants was his brother
+    Jesse, much younger than Elisha. He followed him to this State a
+    few years after the arrival of the latter, was an active member
+    of the Abolition Society, and continued, to the day of his
+    death, to co-operate with Elisha."]
+
+    "The slave traffic gave rise to an evil still greater--I mean
+    the crime of _kidnapping_. If the horrors arising from the first
+    were so great as I have described them, how shall I depict those
+    of the other! Slaves only were the victims of the slave trade.
+    In passing from hand to hand, they merely exchanged one
+    condition of slavery for another. And though on such occasions
+    they fell from a less degree of misery into a greater, they
+    could not number among their privations any thing so bitter as
+    the loss of liberty. It was this that made the difference
+    between them and the victims of the kidnapper; not that they
+    laid their hands exclusively upon the freeman, for sometimes
+    their rapacity seized upon a slave. But this was very seldom,
+    for the vigilance of slave owners was always alive to detect,
+    and their vengeance to punish such daring felony. In almost all
+    cases of man stealing, the stolen beings were of those who had
+    tasted the sweets of liberty. To the kidnapper, who made these
+    his prey, there were great facilities for escaping with
+    impunity; not only because, in the depth and darkness of a
+    dungeon, his limbs loaded with fetters, and utterance choked
+    with a gag, his suffering could not be made visible or audible,
+    but also because the deadness of sensibility on this subject,
+    which still pervaded the public, though in a less degree than
+    formerly, seemed to have unnerved every eye and palsied every
+    ear. Sights of misery passed darkly before the one and sounds of
+    wo fell lifeless on the other.
+
+    "On one occasion Mr. Tyson received intelligence that three
+    colored persons, supposed to have been kidnapped, had been seen
+    under suspicious circumstances, late in the evening, with a
+    notorious slave-trader, in a carriage, which was then moving
+    rapidly towards a quarter of the precincts of Baltimore in which
+    there was a den of man-hunters. It was late in the day when he
+    received the information, which was immediately communicated to
+    the proper authorities. As the testimony offered to these was
+    not, in their opinion, sufficiently strong to induce them to act
+    instantaneously, Mr. Tyson was obliged to seek for aid in other
+    quarters. He accordingly requested certain individuals, who had
+    sometimes lent him their assistance, to accompany him to the
+    scene of suspicion, in order to obtain, if possible, additional
+    proof. One after another made excuse, (some telling him that the
+    evidence was too weak to justify any effort, and others saying
+    that it would be better to postpone the business for the next
+    morning,) until Mr. Tyson saw himself without the hope of
+    foreign assistance. But he did not yield or despair--one hope
+    yet remained, and that rested on himself. Alone he determined to
+    search out the den of thieves, to see and judge for himself. If
+    there was no foundation for his suspicions, to dismiss them; if
+    they were true, to call in the aid of the civil power, for the
+    punishment of guilt and the rescue of innocence.
+
+    "So much time had been spent in receiving the excuses of his
+    friends, that it was late at night when he set out, on foot and
+    without a single weapon of defence. In the midst of silence and
+    darkness, he marched along until he arrived at the place of
+    destination. It was situated in the very skirts of the city--a
+    public tavern in appearance, but almost exclusively appropriated
+    to a band of slave-traders. Here they conveyed their prey,
+    whether stolen or purchased; here they held their midnight
+    orgies, and revelled in the midst of misery. The keeper of this
+    place was himself one of the party, and therefore not very
+    scrupulous about the sort of victims his companions chose to
+    place beneath his care. Mr. Tyson ascended the door-sill, and,
+    for a moment, listened, if perchance he might hear the sounds of
+    wo. Suddenly a loud laugh broke upon his ears, which was soon
+    lost in a chorus of laughter. Indignant at the sound, he reached
+    forth his hand and rapped with his whole might. No answer was
+    received. He rapped again--all was silence. He then applied
+    himself to the fastening of the door, and finding it unlocked,
+    opened it and entered. Suddenly four men made their appearance.
+    They had been carousing around a table which stood in the centre
+    of a room, and when a little alarmed by the rapping at the door,
+    they had gone in different directions to seize their weapons.
+    Mr. Tyson immediately recognised in the countenance of one of
+    these, who appeared to be their leader, the slave-trader whose
+    conduct had given rise to the suspicions that had brought him
+    thither. Nor was it many moments before the person and character
+    of Mr. Tyson became known.
+
+    "'I understand,' said he, 'that there are persons confined in
+    this place entitled to their freedom?'
+
+    "'You have been wrongly informed,' said the leader of the
+    quartette; 'and, besides, what business is it of yours?'
+
+    "'Whether I am wrongly informed,' said Mr. Tyson, calmly, 'can
+    be soon made to appear; and I hold it my business, as it is the
+    business of every good man in the community, to see that all
+    doubts of this kind are settled!'
+
+    "'You shall advance no further,' rejoined the leader, swearing a
+    tremendous oath, and putting himself in a menacing attitude.
+
+    "With the rapidity of lightning, and with a strength that seemed
+    to have been lent him for the occasion, Mr. Tyson broke through
+    the arms of his opponent. As he had been repeatedly at this
+    house on similar errands, he knew the course he should steer,
+    and made directly for the door of the dungeon. There he met
+    another of the band, with a candle in one hand, and in the
+    other, a pistol, which, having cocked, he presented full against
+    the breast of Mr. Tyson, swearing that he would shoot him if he
+    advanced a step further.
+
+    "'Shoot if thee dare,' said Mr. Tyson, in a voice of thunder,
+    'but thee dare not, coward as thou art, for well does thee know,
+    that the gallows would be thy portion.'
+
+    "Whether it was the voice and countenance of Mr. Tyson, or the
+    terror of the word gallows, that affected the miscreant, his arm
+    suddenly fell, and he stood as if struck dumb with amazement.
+    Mr. Tyson taking advantage of the moment, in the twinkling of an
+    eye, snatched the candle from the hand of the kidnapper, entered
+    the dungeon door, which was providentially unlocked, and
+    descended into the vault below.
+
+    "There he beheld a dismal sight; six poor creatures chained to
+    each other by links connected with the prison wall! The
+    prisoners shrunk within themselves at the sight of a man, and
+    one of them uttered a shriek of terror, mistaking the character
+    of their visitor. He told them that he was their friend; and his
+    name was Elisha Tyson. That name was enough for them, for their
+    whole race had been long taught to utter it. He inquired, 'if
+    any of them were entitled to their freedom?' 'Yes,' said one,
+    'these two boys say that they and their, mother here are free,
+    but she can't speak to you, for she is gagged.' Mr. Tyson
+    approached this woman, and found that she was really deprived of
+    her utterance. He instantly cut away the band that held in the
+    gag, and thus gave speech to the dumb. She told her tale; 'she
+    was manumitted by a gentleman on the eastern shore of Maryland;
+    her sons were born after her emancipation, and of course free.
+    She referred to persons and papers. She had come over the
+    Chesapeake in a packet, for the purpose of getting employment;
+    and was, with her children, decoyed away immediately on her
+    arrival, by a person who brought her to that house. Mr. Tyson
+    told her to be of good comfort, for he would immediately provide
+    the means of her rescue. He then left the dungeon and ascended
+    the stair way, when he reached the scene of his preceding
+    contest; he, looked around, but saw no one save the keeper of
+    the tavern. Fearing that the others had escaped, or were about
+    to escape, he hastened out of the house, and proceeded with
+    rapid strides in pursuit of a constable. He soon found one and
+    entreated his assistance. But the officer refused, unless Mr.
+    Tyson would give him a bond of indemnity against all loss which
+    he might suffer by his interference. Mr. Tyson complied without
+    hesitation. The officer, after summoning assistance, proceeded
+    with Mr. Tyson to the scene of cruelty. There meeting with the
+    tavern keeper, they compelled him to unlock the fetters of the
+    three individuals claiming their freedom. They then searched the
+    house for the supposed kidnappers, and found two of them; in,
+    bed, whom, together with the women, and children, they conveyed
+    that night to the jail of Baltimore county, to await the
+    decision of a court of justice. The final consequence was, the
+    mother and children were adjudged free. One of the two
+    slave-traders, taken as afore-mentioned in custody, was found
+    guilty of having kidnapped them, and was sentenced to the
+    Maryland penitentiary, for a term of years.
+
+    "On another occasion, Mr. Tyson having received satisfactory
+    evidence that a colored person, on board a vessel about to sail
+    for New Orleans, in Louisiana, was entitled to his freedom,
+    hastened to his assistance. On reaching the wharf, where the
+    vessel had lain, he learned that she had cleared out the day
+    before, and was then lying at anchor, a mile down the river. He
+    immediately procured two officers of the peace, with whom he
+    proceeded in a batteau, with a full determination to board the
+    suspected ship.
+
+    "When he arrived alongside, he hailed the captain and asked him
+    'whether such a person, (naming him,) having on board negroes
+    destined for the New Orleans market, was not among the number of
+    passengers.' Before the captain had time to reply, the passenger
+    alluded to, who had overheard the question, stepped to the side
+    of the vessel, and recognising Mr. Tyson, asked what business
+    _he_ had with him. 'I understand,' said Mr. Tyson, 'that a
+    colored person,' describing him, 'now in thy possession, is
+    entitled to his freedom.' 'He is my slave,' said the trader; 'I
+    have purchased him by a fair title, and no man shall interfere
+    between him and me.'
+
+    "'If these documents speak the truth,' said Mr. Tyson, holding
+    certain papers in his hand, 'however fairly you have purchased
+    him he is not your slave.' He then proceeded to read the
+    documents. At the same time a light breeze springing up, the
+    captain ordered all hands to hoist sail and be off. Mr. Tyson
+    seeing that there was not a minute to be lost, requested the
+    constables to go on board with him for the purpose of rescuing
+    the free man who had been deprived of his rights. The trader
+    immediately drew a dagger from his belt, (for this sort of men
+    went always armed,) and swore that 'the first man that dared set
+    his foot upon the deck of that ship was a dead man.' 'Then I
+    will be that man,' said Mr. Tyson, with a firm voice and
+    intrepid countenance, and sprang upon the deck. The trader
+    stepped back aghast. The officers followed, and descended the
+    hold of the ship. There they soon saw the object of their
+    search. Without any resistance being made on the part of a
+    single person on board, they led their rescued prisoner along
+    and safely lodged him in the boat below. Then Mr. Tyson,
+    addressing the trader, said, 'If you have any lawful claim to
+    this man, come along and try your title; if you cannot come,
+    name your agent, and I will see that justice is done to all
+    parties.' The trader, who seemed dumb with confusion, made no
+    answer; and Mr. Tyson requested his boatmen to row off. Ere they
+    had proceeded half their distance from the ship, her sails were
+    spread and she began to ride down the stream. Had Mr. Tyson's
+    visit been delayed half an hour longer, his benevolent exertions
+    would have been in vain.
+
+    "No one appearing to dispute the right of the colored man to
+    freedom, his freedom papers were given him and he was set at
+    liberty.
+
+    "The whole life of Mr. Tyson was diversified by acts such as we
+    have just described. Those I have given to the reader may be
+    considered as specimens merely, a few examples out of a vast
+    many, which, if they were all repeated, would satiate by their
+    number and tire by their uniformity.
+
+    "The joy manifested by the poor creatures whom he thus rescued
+    from misery, on their deliverance, may be imagined, but cannot
+    well be described. Sometimes it broke forth in loud and wild
+    demonstrations; sometimes it was deep and inexpressible, or
+    expressed only by mingled tears of gratitude and ecstacy,
+    rolling silently but profusely down their wo-worn cheeks.
+
+    "Mr. Tyson, it is remarkable, would always turn his eyes from
+    these manifestations. He would listen to no declarations of
+    thanks. When these were strongly pressed upon him, he would
+    usually exclaim, 'Well, that will do now; that is enough for
+    this time.' And once when one of these creatures, fearful that
+    Mr. Tyson would not consider him sufficiently grateful, cried
+    out, 'Indeed, master, I am very thankful, I would die to serve
+    you,' Mr. Tyson exclaimed, 'Why, man, I have only done my duty;
+    I don't want thy thanks;' and turned abruptly away.
+
+    "Equalled only by the delight of the rescued victims, was the
+    chagrin and vexation of the slave-traders, when they saw their
+    prey torn from their grasp. They cursed the law; they cursed its
+    ministers; but above all, they invoked imprecations upon the
+    head of Tyson.
+
+    "They swore that they would murder him, that they would fire his
+    dwelling over his head, that they would do a thousand things,
+    all full of vengeance. None of these threats were ever put into
+    execution; for though a plot was once laid to take away his
+    life, fear dispersed the actors long before the day of
+    performance. Thus does it always happen that the wickedest of
+    men are also the meanest, and therefore the most dastardly. And
+    thus did the cowardice of Mr. Tyson's enemies shield him from
+    the effects of their enmity. Nor did he profit less by that
+    individual fear of him which these slave-traders were made to
+    feel. They feared him because they deprecated his hostility. In
+    order, if possible, to lessen this hostility, they frequently
+    became informers on others engaged in the same traffic. This
+    they were further inclined to do, in consequence of the jealousy
+    that subsisted between them--a jealousy very natural to
+    competitors in the same line of business. It was always a time
+    of exultation with them when one of their number found his way
+    into the penitentiary.
+
+    "It sometimes happened that Mr. Tyson extracted from the mouths
+    of these monsters, evidence which afterwards went to criminate
+    those who had uttered it. It was usual with him when he could
+    not obtain testimony against a suspected person, to send for
+    such person and interrogate him. No one refused his
+    summons--fear forbade the refusal; and after they had come, the
+    very fear which brought them there sacrificed them to injured
+    humanity. Sometimes those who came voluntarily for the purpose
+    of criminating others, involved themselves in toils of their own
+    weaving; where they were no sooner seen, by the penetrating eye
+    of Tyson, than he reached forth his hands and secured his
+    astonished prisoner, before he had a suspicion of his danger.
+
+    "Mr. Tyson's knowledge of the sort of people with whom he had
+    principally to deal was perfect. His quickness of perception and
+    self-command were also remarkable. These qualifications gave him
+    an extraordinary power in the examinations just alluded to.
+
+    "One evening the servant announced a stranger at the door, who
+    wished to see Mr. Tyson privately. Mr. Tyson requested that he
+    might be asked into the room where we were then sitting, and if
+    further privacy were necessary he should have it.
+
+    "When the door opened and the stranger appeared, he was no other
+    than the slave-trader we have just alluded to.
+
+    "'Your humble servant,' said the man, casting off his hat and
+    bowing profoundly; 'I hope you are well, sir; I have a few words
+    for your private ear.'
+
+    "'Every one present may be safely trusted,' said Mr. Tyson; 'but
+    sit down.'
+
+    "The man seated himself. 'Well,' said Mr. Tyson, 'what is there
+    new in thy way of business; I suppose it continues as usual to
+    be a good business?'
+
+    "'Ah! sir,' said the man, 'I believe it to be a bad business in
+    more ways than one. I am resolved to quit it.'
+
+    "'Not while thee can get two hundred dollars profit per man,'
+    said Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Notwithstanding that,' said the trader, 'it's a bad business;
+    it's a hard business; I must quit it, and that very soon.'
+
+    "'Hast thou heard of the old saying,' said Mr. Tyson, 'Hell is
+    paved with good intentions? I fear,' said he, 'when thee goes
+    there thee will find thine among the number.'
+
+    "'I know,' said the trader, 'you think me very bad; but when you
+    hear what I have to communicate, perhaps your opinion will alter
+    a little.'
+
+    "'I wish it may; but,' said Mr. Tyson, 'thy progress down hill
+    has been so rapid, and thou hast got so far, that thee will find
+    it rather hard to turn about and ascend.'
+
+    "These doubtings, attended with a shrewd, suspicious, yet
+    satirical look, had the effect intended; for the man became
+    doubly anxious to do what he had come to do, and what he thought
+    would be esteemed a great favor by Mr. Tyson. Accordingly, after
+    a word or two of preface, he stated that he 'had reason to
+    believe that ----', naming a certain trader, 'had kidnapped two
+    free blacks.'
+
+    "'Thee is certainly mistaken,' said Mr. Tyson, affecting great
+    surprise; 'it is hardly possible that so worthy a man could have
+    been guilty of so great a crime.'
+
+    "This apparent doubt on the part of Mr. Tyson, made the man more
+    anxious to bring out all his testimony.
+
+    "'But who told thee this piece of news?' said Mr. Tyson. There
+    was a breach at once into the man's order and arrangement and he
+    hesitated for a reply. 'Mr. ----, Mr. ----, Mr. ----, what do ye
+    call him, spoke to me about it.' 'Who?' said Mr. Tyson. 'Mr.
+    ----,' said the man; mentioning the name of a veteran dealer in
+    human flesh.
+
+    "'Is he engaged in the traffic now?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Yes, sir; very deep in it.'
+
+    "'By himself, or in partnership?' asked Mr. Tyson carelessly.
+
+    "'Why, I believe he is in partnership with some body.'
+
+    "'Is he not in partnership,' said Mr. Tyson, 'with ----?' naming
+    the person whom the man was anxious to inculpate.
+
+    "'I believe he was, but I don't know that he is now.'
+
+    "'Thee don't know of their having dissolved?' asked Mr. Tyson at
+    the same time, as if thoughtlessly lighting his pipe.
+
+    "'No, I do not. But as I was going to say,' said the trader--
+
+    "'Ah, true,' said Mr. Tyson, 'we must not forget. Thee was
+    talking about a case of kidnapping; well?'
+
+    "'Last night,' said the trader, 'a hack drove up to the tavern
+    where I lodge. The hackman inquired the way to ----'s tavern,
+    which is the place of rendezvous for ---- and his gang;' naming
+    the person whose guilt _seemed_ to be the principal object of
+    inquiry. 'I looked into the carriage, and saw two boys.'
+
+    "'Did thee speak to them?'
+
+    "'No, they were gagged, and that made me think they were
+    kidnapped.'
+
+    "'Was any body with them?'
+
+    "'Nobody but the driver, and he was black.'
+
+    "'Did thee direct him as he requested?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'And they arrived accordingly?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'Did thee follow them?'
+
+    "'No sir, not immediately--but I went this morning, and inquired
+    whether a hack with two boys and a black driver, had not arrived
+    late last night, and they said there had.'
+
+    "'What o'clock last night was it when thee saw the carriage?'
+
+    "'About ten, sir.'
+
+    "'Was the hack close, or were the curtains down?'
+
+    "'The curtains were down, and that increased my suspicion.'
+
+    "Mr. Tyson had now heard enough to convince him that if there
+    was any kidnapping in this case, the trader who stood before him
+    had a much nearer connection with it than that of a mere
+    spectator.
+
+    "He had said in the first place that he obtained his knowledge
+    from a trader who had been partner with the party implicated. He
+    then stated that he derived it from seeing the kidnapped persons
+    in a hack. And though it was ten o'clock at night, (at a time,
+    too, as Mr. Tyson knew, when there was no moon,) yet he could
+    not only see that these two persons were in the hack, but that
+    they were gagged. He could not have done this by the light of a
+    candle or the moon, because 'the hack was tight, and the
+    curtains were down.'
+
+    "Fearing lest the suspicions of the trader might be excited as
+    to the sentiments of Mr. Tyson towards him, an end was put to
+    the part of the dialogue which related to the kidnapping, by
+    saying, 'Well, I am much obliged to thee for thy information;
+    we'll see this ----, and settle the matter with him;' and then
+    turned the tide of conversation into a different direction.
+
+    "The same day Mr. Tyson sent for the person who was first
+    mentioned as the person communicating the knowledge of the
+    transaction, and asked him as to the fact of such communication.
+    It was positively denied. He had 'not seen the informer for six
+    weeks, except the last evening, when he brought a hack load of
+    negroes to the tavern where he and his partner were lodgers.'
+
+    "'Were two boys among the number?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'Were they gagged?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "The moment this man left his house, Mr. Tyson went in search of
+    bailiffs and civil process. With these he proceeded to the place
+    where the two boys were confined, and had them and all three of
+    the traders taken into custody.
+
+    "It turned out afterwards, in the further prosecution of this
+    investigation, (by what testimony we do not distinctly
+    recollect,) that the informer who first came to Mr. Tyson had
+    himself kidnapped the two boys. He sold them to the person upon
+    whom he had endeavored, in the manner we have detailed, to affix
+    the whole crime; who, refusing afterward to pay their price, and
+    yet determined to retain them, exasperated the seller to such a
+    degree that he resolved to sacrifice him; in attempting which he
+    sacrificed himself, for he was afterward convicted and sentenced
+    to the penitentiary.
+
+    "During the progress of any investigation originated by Mr.
+    Tyson in behalf of individual freedom, his anxiety about the
+    final issue, though concealed from the world, burned with
+    intensity. His days were restless, his nights were sleepless,
+    and himself, except when in company, which he avoided at those
+    times, lost in the abstractions of hope or of despondency.
+
+    "When he succeeded, his joy was strong, but invisible or
+    inaudible, save to the Father of all mercies. To him he never
+    failed 'to pour out his soul' in pious thanksgivings for that he
+    made him a humble instrument in the restoration of a fellow
+    being to light and liberty.
+
+    "When he failed, which was seldom, after he had seriously
+    undertaken a case, his sorrow was equally great, and as
+    inscrutable to human observation, excepting that of the
+    unfortunate objects of his care, who saw him mingling tears of
+    sympathy with theirs of suffering.
+
+    "Though Mr. Tyson seldom failed in those cases which he had
+    commenced in legal form, yet very many persons were turned
+    hopelessly away whose cases were too groundless for
+    adjudication; and often those who knew they had no cause for
+    hope,--condemned to be torn from their connections and sold, as
+    if to death, never to be heard of more,--would call merely to
+    obtain his sympathies, as if the universe had no other friend
+    for them.
+
+    "A man who lived with his master, in Anne Arundel county, came
+    late one evening to Mr. Tyson, and begged that he would listen
+    to his case. His master had promised him his freedom, provided
+    he would raise and pay him the sum of five hundred dollars in
+    six years; and he had earned half of the money, which he had
+    given his master. The six years were not expired, yet he was
+    about to be sold to Georgia. Mr. Tyson asked if 'there was any
+    receipt for the money.' 'No.' 'Was there any witness who could
+    prove its payment?' 'Nobody but his master's wife.' 'Then,' said
+    Mr. Tyson, 'the law is against thee, and thou must submit. I can
+    do nothing for thee.' Never, said Mr. Tyson, when relating this
+    story, shall I forget the desperate resolution which showed
+    itself in the countenance and manner of this man when he said,
+    with clenched fist, his eyes raised to Heaven, his whole frame
+    bursting with the purpose of his soul, while a smile of triumph
+    played around his lips, 'I will die before the Georgia man shall
+    have me.' And then suddenly melting into a flood of tears, he
+    said, 'I cannot live away from my wife and children.' After this
+    poor fellow had left me, said Mr. Tyson, I said to a person
+    present, 'That is no common man; he will do what he has
+    resolved.'
+
+    "A short time afterwards, the remains of a colored person who
+    had been drowned in the basin at Baltimore were discovered. The
+    fact coming to the knowledge of Mr. Tyson, he went to see the
+    body, and recognized in its features and from its dress, the
+    remains of the unfortunate man who, a short time before, had
+    breathed the dreadful resolution in his presence."
+
+
+Such are a few of the memorials which this friend of the human race has
+left behind him. He was not less persevering, and scarcely less
+successful in his endeavors to obtain the mitigation of the slave laws
+in Maryland. Some of the most repulsive of these were repealed or
+altered, particularly those restricting manumissions. Thus the condition
+and the prospects of the whole body of slaves was improved, in addition
+to _more than two thousand_ delivered by his immediate instrumentality
+from illegal bondage. Hundreds of free and happy families have cause at
+this day to bless the memory of "Father Tyson."
+
+He also deeply interested himself on behalf of the Indian tribes; and
+once in company with another individual, as a deputation from the
+Society of Friends in Baltimore, undertook a dangerous journey to visit
+several tribes 1000 miles distant, to the north-west of the Ohio. The
+main object of the mission was to induce the Indians to refrain from the
+use of ardent spirits--of whose destructive effects the chiefs were
+themselves fully sensible. The following affecting address was made to
+an assembly of "Friends" in Baltimore, by Little Turtle, a chief famous
+for courage, sagacity and eloquence:
+
+
+    "Brothers and Friends:--When our forefathers first met on this
+    great Island, your red brethren were very numerous! But since
+    the introduction among us of what you call spirituous liquors,
+    and what we think may justly be called poison, our numbers are
+    greatly diminished. It has destroyed a great part of your red
+    brethren.
+
+    "My Brothers and Friends:--We plainly perceive, that you see the
+    very evil which destroyed your red brethren; it is not an evil
+    of our own making; we have not placed it among ourselves; it is
+    an evil placed among us by the white people; we look to them to
+    remove it out of our country. We tell them, 'Brethren, bring us
+    useful things; bring goods that will clothe us, our women and
+    our children; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our
+    reason, that destroys our health, and destroys our lives.' But
+    all we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives
+    relief to your red brethren.
+
+    "My Brother and Friends:--I rejoice to find that you agree in
+    opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if possible, of
+    service to us, in removing this great evil out of our country;
+    an evil which has had so much room in it; and has destroyed so
+    many of our lives, that it causes our young men to say, 'we had
+    better be at war with the white people.' This liquor, which they
+    introduce into our country, is more to be feared than the gun
+    and the tomahawk. There are more of us dead, since the treaty of
+    Greenville, than we lost by the six years war before. It is all
+    owing to the introduction of this liquor amongst us.
+
+    "Brothers:--When our young men have been out hunting, and are
+    returning home, loaded with skins and furs, on their way if it
+    happens that they come along where some of this whiskey is
+    deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take a
+    little drink; some of them will say 'no, I do not want it;' they
+    go on till they come to another house, where they find more of
+    the same kind of drink; it is there offered again; they refuse;
+    and again the third time. But finally, the fourth or fifth time,
+    one accepts of it and takes a drink; and getting one, he wants
+    another; and then a third, and a fourth, till his senses have
+    left him. After his reason comes back to him again, when he gets
+    up and finds where he is, he asks for his peltry. The answer is,
+    'You have drank them,' 'Where is my gun?' 'It is gone?' 'Where
+    is my blanket?' 'It is gone.' 'Where is my shirt?' 'You have
+    sold it for whiskey!!' Now, Brothers, figure to yourselves, the
+    condition of this man. He has a family at home; a wife and
+    children, who stand in need of the profits of his hunting. What
+    must be their wants, when he himself is even without a shirt?"
+
+
+The journey of Elisha Tyson and his companion, James Gillingham,
+occurred a few years subsequent to the interview at which the preceding
+speech was made. They met a council of the Indians at Fort Wayne, whom
+Elisha Tyson addressed to the following effect:
+
+
+    "He painted in glowing colors the dreadful effects of
+    intemperance--both upon civilized and savage life--told them
+    that they must resolve to abstain entirely from it. If they
+    admitted it at all among them, it would soon conquer them, and
+    reduce them to a condition worse than that of the brute
+    creation. That not until they abandoned altogether the use of
+    ardent spirits would they be fit subjects for civilization. If
+    they were ready to do this he would then unfold to them the
+    blessings of civilization--the superiority of such a condition
+    over the one in which they then subsisted. He traced their
+    history from the earliest period to the present time--shewed
+    them how, as the white population had expanded itself, they had
+    retreated into the western wilderness--that if they did not
+    remain, but continued to retreat, in a few years they would have
+    no territory upon this continent. In order, therefore, to their
+    permanent establishment, he recommended to them the practice of
+    agriculture, as a substitute for hunting. He advised them to
+    mark out their lands, and ask advice of the agents established
+    by the Society of Friends among them, with respect to their
+    cultivation. They stood ready, not only with their advice, but
+    with their assistance; they were furnished for their use with
+    all the necessary implements of husbandry, with beasts of the
+    plough also, and beasts of burden.
+
+    "They had come a great distance, endured much privation and
+    fatigue in order to see them, and must endure a great deal more
+    before they could again behold their wives and their children.
+    But they could bear it all with patience, nay with joy, if they
+    could only have the satisfaction of seeing them adopt the
+    disinterested advice which he had thus given them."
+
+
+The following is one of the speeches made in reply, by White Loon, an
+influential chief:
+
+
+    "Brothers:--Ever since your great father Onas, (William Penn,)
+    came upon this great island, the Quakers have been the friends
+    of red men. They have proved themselves worthy of being the
+    descendants of their great father. And now, when all the whites
+    have forgotten that they owe any thing to us, the Quakers of
+    Baltimore, though so far distant from us, have remembered the
+    distressed condition of their red brethren, and interceded with
+    the Great Spirit in our behalf.
+
+    "Brothers:--You have travelled very far to see us--you have
+    climbed over mountains--you have swam over deep and rapid
+    torrents--you have endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue, in
+    order that you might have an opportunity of seeing your red
+    brethren. For this, so long as life exists within us, we shall
+    be very grateful.
+
+    "Brothers:--That wide region of country over which you have
+    passed, was once filled with red men. Then was there a plenty of
+    deer and buffalo, and all kinds of game. But the white people
+    came from beyond the great water; they landed in multitudes on
+    our shores; they cut down our forests; they drove our warriors
+    before them, and frightened the wild herds, so that they sought
+    security in the deep shades of the west.
+
+    "Brothers:--These white men were not your grandfathers; for, as
+    I said before, the sons of Onas were always the friends of red
+    men.
+
+    "Brothers:--The whites are still advancing upon us. They have
+    reached our territory, and have built their wigwams within our
+    very hunting grounds. Our game is vanishing away.
+
+    "Brothers:--Formerly our hunters pursued the wild deer, and the
+    buffalo, and the bear; and when they killed them they ate their
+    flesh for food, and used their skins as covering for themselves,
+    their old men, their women, and their children. But now, they
+    kill them that they may have plenty of skins and furs to sell to
+    the white men. The consequence of this is, the game is destroyed
+    wantonly, and faster than our necessities require.
+
+    "Brothers:--We would not mind all this, provided these skins and
+    furs were exchanged for useful articles--for implements of
+    husbandry, or clothes for our old men, our women, and our
+    children. But they are too often bartered away for whiskey, that
+    vile poison, which has sunk even Wapakee into the dust.
+
+    "Brothers:--We shall soon be under the necessity either of
+    leaving our hunting grounds or of converting them into pastures
+    and fields of corn. Under the kind assistance of our brothers,
+    the Quakers, we have already proceeded a great way. You have
+    witnessed, as you have passed among us, the good effects of the
+    kindness of our brothers. We are disposed to go on as we have
+    begun, until our habits and manners, as well as the face of our
+    country, shall be changed and look like those of the white
+    people.
+
+    "Brothers:--Accept from us this belt of wampum and pipe of
+    peace. And may the Great Sasteretsy, who conducted you here in
+    safety, still go with you and restore you in peace and happiness
+    to the arms of your women and children."
+
+
+After this, with ceremonies such as those already described, but, if
+possible, accompanied with more solemnity, the chiefs dissolved the
+council.
+
+It is a melancholy reflection, that soon such memorials as these will be
+the only remains of that noble but unfortunate race who once peopled the
+continent of North America. _War_ has slain its thousands, but _alcohol_
+its tens of thousands; and the fortitude which could bear without
+shrinking the most cruel inflictions of torture, has proved powerless to
+resist the seductions of strong drink. It is to be feared a heavy
+retribution awaits the white man, the pitiless author of their
+extermination.
+
+The biographer of E. Tyson has taken great pains to represent him as a
+friend to the Colonization Society, but in this respect I am informed,
+by one who well knew him, he has done him great injustice. It is
+confessed, indeed, that for a long period E. Tyson viewed this scheme
+with great jealousy. "When we saw," remarks this writer, "domestic
+tyrants, and men who had actually, in the southern slave-trade,
+speculated in the flesh and blood of their fellow creatures, united with
+their betters in a society, the professed object of which was the
+peopling of a continent with freemen by the depopulation of a continent
+of slaves, he argued, as he had a right to argue, mischief to the
+cause." No evidence is adduced to show that this same distrust of the
+Colonization Society was ever removed, beyond the fact that, having been
+the means of liberating eleven native Africans from a slave-ship, he
+cooperated with Gen. Harper, an influential colonizationist, in
+restoring them to their native country, which bordered upon the colony
+of Liberia. This was the last public act of his life.
+
+
+    "The great concern in which he had spent his life was the
+    constant topic of his conversation; and he continued with his
+    latest breath to enforce the claims of the unhappy sons of
+    slavery upon the humanity of their brethren. It was natural that
+    he should feel a strong anxiety about the fate of those who,
+    through his exertions, had been restored to their friends in
+    Africa. He was on the alert to hear intelligence of their
+    fate--his spirit seemed to follow them across the mighty waters.
+    On one occasion he was heard to say, 'If I could only hear of
+    their safe arrival I should die content;' and on another, that
+    he 'had prayed to the Father of Mercies that he would be pleased
+    to spare his life until he could receive the pleasing
+    intelligence.' His prayer was heard. The news reached his ears
+    amid the last lingerings of life. He shed tears of joy on the
+    occasion; and when he had sufficiently yielded to the first
+    burst of feeling, exclaimed, like one satiated with earthly
+    happiness, 'Now I am ready to die; my work is done.' His
+    expressions were prophetic; for in the short space of
+    forty-eight hours, on the 16th of February, 1824, at the age of
+    75 years, he breathed his soul into the hands of God Almighty."
+
+
+The following are some notices of his personal appearance and mental
+characteristics:
+
+
+    "The person of Mr. Tyson was about six feet in height, though
+    the habit of leaning forward as he walked, gave a less
+    appearance to his stature. The rest of his frame was suited to
+    his height.
+
+    "The features of his countenance were strong. His forehead was
+    high; his nose large, and of the Roman order; his eyes were dark
+    and piercing; his lips so singularly expressive, that even in
+    their stillest mood they would almost seem to be uttering the
+    purposes of his mind. Indeed his whole face was indicative, to a
+    striking degree, of the passions and feelings of his soul.
+
+    "The mind of Mr. Tyson was strong, rather than brilliant. With
+    scarcely any imagination, he possessed a judgment almost
+    infallible in its decisions; great powers of reason, which were
+    more conspicuous for the certainty of its conclusions than
+    remarkable for displaying the train of inferences by which it
+    arrived at them. He possessed wonderful acuteness of
+    understanding, quickness of perception, and readiness of reply.
+
+    "For these qualities he was indebted more to nature than to art.
+    He was not educated for the exalted station of a philanthropist,
+    but for the business of the world; and yet he seemed fitted
+    exactly for the part he acted. He possessed not the refinements
+    of education; he had not learned to soar into the regions of
+    fancy, his destiny was upon the earth; and he knew no flight but
+    that which bears the soul to heaven."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E. P. 68.
+
+
+
+THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES."
+
+
+The following statements are drawn from a "History of the Amistad
+Captives, &c., by John W. Barber, member of the Connecticut Historical
+Society;" from the authentic reports of the proceedings in the courts of
+law, and from a letter of my friend, Lewis Tappan, to the public papers.
+
+"During the month of August, 1839, the public attention was somewhat
+excited by several reports stating that a vessel of suspicious and
+piratical character had been seen near the coast of the United States,
+in the vicinity of New York. This vessel was represented as a 'long,
+low, black schooner,' and manned by blacks. The United States steamer
+Fulton and several revenue cutters were despatched after her, and notice
+was given to the collectors at various sea ports."
+
+This suspicious looking schooner proved to be the "Amistad," which was
+eventually captured off Culloden Point, by Lieut. Gedney, of the U.S.
+brig "Washington." At this time, however, the Africans, who were in
+possession of the vessel, were in communication with the shore, and
+peaceably trafficking with the inhabitants for a supply of water for
+their intended voyage to their own country. They had spontaneously
+submitted to the command of one of their number, Cinque, a man of
+extraordinary natural capacity. When they were taken, he was separated
+from his companions and conveyed on board the brig.
+
+"Cinque having been put on board of the 'Washington,' displayed much
+uneasiness, and seemed so very anxious to get on board the schooner that
+his keepers allowed him to return. Once more on the deck of the
+'Amistad,' the blacks clustered around him, laughing, screaming, and
+making other extravagant demonstrations of joy. When the noise had
+subsided, he made an address, which raised their excitement to such a
+pitch, that the officer in command had Cinque led away by force. He was
+returned to the 'Washington,' and was manacled to prevent his leaping
+overboard. On Wednesday, he signified by motions that if they would take
+him on board the schooner again, he would show them a handkerchief full
+of doubloons. He was accordingly sent on board. His fetters were taken
+off, and he once more went below, where he was received by the Africans
+in a still more wild and enthusiastic manner than he was the day
+previous. Instead of finding the doubloons, he again made an address to
+the blacks, by which they were very much excited. Dangerous consequences
+were apprehended. Cinque was seized, taken from the hold, and again
+fettered. While making his speech, his eye was often turned to the
+sailors in charge: the blacks yelled, leapt about, and seemed to be
+animated with the same spirit and determination of their leader. Cinque,
+when taken back to the 'Washington,' evinced little or no emotion, but
+kept his eye steadily fixed on the schooner."
+
+An event so extraordinary and unprecedented as the capture of the
+"Amistad," excited the most lively interest among all classes. The
+Africans, forty-four in number, were brought to New Haven and secured in
+the county jail. A number of gentlemen formed themselves into a
+committee to watch over their interests, and immediately there was begun
+a long and complicated series of judicial proceedings, to determine how
+they should be disposed of. Ruiz and Montez, the two white men, late the
+prisoners, but claiming to be the owners of the Africans, caused them to
+be indicted for piracy and murder. This was almost immediately disposed
+of, on the ground that the charges, if true, were not cognizable in the
+American courts, the alleged offences having been perpetrated on board a
+Spanish vessel. The Africans therefore were in no immediate danger of
+capital punishment. Ruiz and Montez on their part seem to have met with
+sympathy and kindness, and to testify their gratitude caused the
+following to be inserted in the New York papers:
+
+
+    "A CARD.
+
+    "NEW LONDON, AUGUST 29, 1839.
+
+    "The subscribers, Don Jose Ruiz, and Don Pedro Montez, in
+    gratitude for their most unhoped for and providential rescue
+    from the hands of a ruthless gang of African bucaneers and an
+    awful death, would take this means of expressing, in some slight
+    degree, their thankfulness and obligation to Lieut. Com. T.R.
+    Gedney, and the officers and crew of the U.S. surveying brig
+    Washington, for their decision in seizing the Amistad, and their
+    unremitting kindness and hospitality in providing for their
+    comfort on board their vessel, as well as the means they have
+    taken for the protection of their property.
+
+    "We also must express our indebtedness to that nation whose flag
+    they so worthily bear, with an assurance that this act will be
+    duly appreciated by our most gracious sovereign, her Majesty the
+    Queen of Spain.
+
+    DON JOSE, RUIZ,
+
+    DON PEDRO MONTEZ."
+
+
+Ruiz and Montez are thus described by a correspondent of the New London
+Gazette, who visited the Amistad immediately after its capture:
+
+
+    "Jose Ruiz, is a very gentlemanly and intelligent young man, and
+    speaks English fluently. He was the owner of most of the slaves
+    and cargo, which he was conveying to his estate on the Island of
+    Cuba. The other, Pedro Montez, is about fifty years of age, and
+    is the owner of three of the slaves. He was formerly a ship
+    master, and has navigated the vessel since her seizure by the
+    blacks. Both of them, as may be naturally supposed, are most
+    unfeignedly thankful for their deliverance. Pedro is the most
+    striking instance of complacency and unalloyed delight we have
+    ever witnessed, and it is not strange, since only yesterday his
+    sentence was pronounced by the chief of the bucaneers, and his
+    death song chanted by the grim crew, who gathered with uplifted
+    sabres around his devoted head, which, as well as his arms, bear
+    the scars of several wounds inflicted at the time of the murder
+    of the ill-fated captain and crew. He sat smoking his Havana on
+    the deck, and to judge from the martyr-like serenity of his
+    countenance, his emotions are such as rarely stir the heart of
+    man. When Mr. Porter, the prize master, assured him of his
+    safety, he threw his arms around his neck, while gushing tears
+    coursing down his furrowed cheek, bespoke the overflowing
+    transport of his soul. Every now and then he clasped his hands,
+    and with uplifted eyes, gave thanks to 'the Holy Virgin' who had
+    led him out of his troubles."
+
+
+It will be necessary to contrast the deeds of these "gentlemanly and
+intelligent" _Christians_ with that of the "ruthless gang of African
+bucaneers," from whose grasp they were so providentially rescued. In
+giving the subsequent detail, I would not be understood as compromising
+for a single instant my belief in the inviolability of human life,
+though it must I think be confessed that in the instance related below,
+the heathen and barbarous negroes contrast very favorably with the
+civilized and Christian Spaniards.
+
+
+    "The following communication from Mr. Day, of New Haven, gives a
+    summary account of the African captives, as stated by
+    themselves, from the time they left Africa, till the time they
+    obtained possession of the Amistad:
+
+    "NEW HAVEN, OCT. 8, 1839.
+
+    [To the Editor of the Journal of Commerce.]
+
+    "Gentlemen--The following short and plain narrative of one or
+    two of the African captives, in whose history and prospects such
+    anxious interest is felt, has been taken at the earliest
+    opportunity possible, consistently with more important
+    examinations. It may be stated in general terms, as the result
+    of the investigations thus far made, that the Africans all
+    testify that they left Africa about six months since; were
+    landed under cover of the night at a small village or hamlet
+    near Havana, and after ten or twelve days were taken through
+    Havana by night by the man who had bought them, named Pipi, who
+    has since been satisfactorily proved to be Ruiz; were cruelly
+    treated on the passage, being beaten and flogged, and in some
+    instances having vinegar and gunpowder rubbed into their wounds;
+    and that they suffered intensely from hunger and thirst. The
+    perfect coincidence in the testimony of the prisoners, examined
+    as they have been separately, is felt by all who are acquainted
+    with the minutes of the examination, to carry with it
+    overwhelming evidence of the truth of their story.
+
+    Yours respectfully,
+
+    "GEORGE E. DAY."
+
+    "MONDAY, OCT. 7.
+
+    "This afternoon, almost the first time in which the two
+    interpreters, Covey and Pratt, have not been engaged with
+    special reference to the trial to take place in November, one of
+    the captives named Grabeau, was requested to give a narrative of
+    himself since leaving Africa, for publication in the papers. The
+    interpreters, who are considerably exhausted by the examinations
+    which have already taken place, only gave the substance of what
+    he said, without going into details, and it was not thought
+    advisable to press the matter. Grabeau first gave an account of
+    the passage from Africa to Havana. On board the vessel there was
+    a large number of men, but the women and children were far the
+    most numerous. They were fastened together in couples by the
+    wrists and legs, and kept in that situation day and night. Here
+    Grabeau and another of the Africans named Kimbo, lay down upon
+    the floor, to show the painful position in which they were
+    obliged to sleep. By day it was no better. The space between
+    decks was so small,--according to their account not exceeding
+    four feet,--that they were obliged, if they attempted to stand,
+    to keep a crouching posture. The decks fore and aft were crowded
+    to overflowing. They suffered (Grabeau said) terribly. They had
+    rice enough to eat, but had very little to drink. If they left
+    any of the rice that was given to them uneaten, either from
+    sickness or any other cause, they were whipped. It was a common
+    thing for them to be forced to eat so much as to vomit. Many of
+    the men, women, and children died on the passage.
+
+    "They were landed by night at a small village near Havana. Soon
+    several white men came to buy them, and among them was the one
+    claiming to be their master, whom they call Pipi, said to be a
+    Spanish nick-name for Jose. Pipi, or Ruiz, selected such as he
+    liked, and made them stand in a row. He then felt each of them
+    in every part of the body; made them open their mouths to see if
+    their teeth were sound, and carried the examinations to a degree
+    of minuteness of which only a slave dealer would be guilty.
+
+    "When they were separated from their companions who had come
+    with them from Africa, there was weeping among the women and
+    children, but Grabeau did not weep, 'because he is a man.'
+    Kimbo, who sat by, said that he also shed no tears--but he
+    thought of his home in Africa, and of friends left there whom he
+    should never see again.
+
+    "The men bought by Ruiz were taken on foot through Havana in the
+    night, and put on board a vessel. During the night they were
+    kept in irons, placed about the hands, feet and neck. They were
+    treated during the day in a somewhat milder manner, though all
+    the irons were never taken off at once. Their allowance of food
+    was very scant, and of water still more so. They were very
+    hungry, and suffered much in the hot days and nights from
+    thirst. In addition to this there was much whipping, and the
+    cook told them that when they reached land they would all be
+    eaten. This 'made their hearts burn.' To avoid being eaten, and
+    to escape the bad treatment they experienced, they rose upon the
+    crew with the design of returning to Africa.
+
+    "Such is the substance of Grabeau's story, confirmed by Kimbo,
+    who was present most of the time. He says he likes the people of
+    this country, because, to use his own expression, 'they are good
+    people--they believe in God, and there is no slavery here.'
+
+    "The story of Grabeau was then read and interpreted to Cinque,
+    while a number of the other Africans were standing about, and
+    confirmed by all of them in every particular. When the part
+    relating to the crowded state of the vessel from Africa to
+    Havana was read, Cinque added that there was scarcely room
+    enough to sit or lie down. Another showed the marks of the irons
+    on his wrists, which must at the time have been terribly
+    lacerated. On their separation at Havana, Cinque remarked that
+    almost all of them were in tears, and himself among the rest,
+    'because they had come from the same country, and were now to be
+    parted for ever.' To the question, how it was possible for the
+    Africans when chained in the manner he described, to rise upon
+    the crew, he replied that the chain which connected the iron
+    collars about their necks was fastened at the end by a padlock,
+    and that this was first broken, and afterwards the other irons.
+    Their object, he said, in the affray, was to make themselves
+    free. He then requested it to be added to the above, that 'if he
+    tells a lie, God sees him by day and by night.'"
+
+
+The interpreters alluded to in the preceding extract were two Africans
+belonging to the crew of the British brig of war Buzzard, which
+providentially arrived at New York, from a cruise on the coast of
+Africa. They were found to speak the same language as the prisoners, and
+with the consent of Captain Fitzgerald, their services were immediately
+secured by the indefatigable committee for the African captives. By
+their aid much information was elicited respecting the native country
+and previous history of these negroes, with many incidental particulars
+of great interest, some of which will appear in the following account.
+The criminal proceedings against the Mendians being quashed, there
+remained the claim of Ruiz and Montez to have the negroes returned to
+them as their property. To sustain this claim they produced the license,
+signed by the proper authorities at Havana, permitting the removal of
+these negroes from that port to Principe, in the same island. This
+document is signed by General Espelata, Captain-General of Cuba, and
+countersigned by Martinez, one of the most extensive slave-traders in
+the known world. This pass or license described the negroes as
+_ladinos_, a term used to designate Africans who have been long settled
+in Cuba. It was proved, however, that they were _Bozal_ negroes, that
+is, such as had been very lately introduced, and the testimony on both
+sides, on this point, established a fact that is but too notorious, that
+the slave trade to Cuba is openly carried on with the connivance, and
+even with the corrupt participation of the authorities. One of the
+witnesses, D. Francis Bacon, gives the following account of the slave
+trade:--
+
+
+    "Mr. Bacon stated that he left the coast of Africa on the 13th
+    of July, 1839. He knew a place called Dumbokoro [Lomboko] by the
+    Spaniards: it was an island in the river or lagoon of Gallinas.
+    There is a large slave factory or depot at this place, which is
+    said to belong to the house of Martinez in Havana; there are
+    also different establishments on different islands. Mr. Bacon
+    stated that he had seen American, Russian, Spanish, and
+    Portuguese vessels at Gallinas. The American flag was a complete
+    shelter; no man-of-war daring to capture an American vessel. The
+    slave trade on that part of the coast is the universal business
+    of the country, and by far the most profitable, and all engaged
+    in it who could raise the means. Extensive wars take place in
+    Africa, for obtaining slaves from the vanquished. Different
+    towns and villages make war upon each other for this purpose.
+    Some are sold on account of their crimes, others for debts. The
+    slaves are all brought on to the coast by other blacks, and sold
+    at the slave factories, as no white man dare penetrate into the
+    interior. Some of the blacks who have been educated at Sierra
+    Leone, have been principal dealers in the slave trade."
+
+
+The decision of the District Court of Connecticut on this question of
+property, was to the effect that since their original introduction into
+Cuba was plainly illegal, they were free by the law of Spain, and of
+course could not be the property of Spanish subjects.
+
+The subsequent proceedings were undertaken on behalf of the United
+States' Government. "The District Attorney, Mr. Holabird, filed his
+claim under Lieut. Gedney's libel, on two distinct grounds; one that
+these Africans had been claimed by the Government of Spain, and ought to
+be retained till the pleasure of the Executive might be known, as to
+that demand; and the other, that they should be held subject to the
+disposition of the President, to be re-transported to Africa, under the
+act of 1819." The Court finally decreed that the Africans should be
+delivered to the President of the United States, to be transported to
+Africa, there to be delivered to an agent appointed to receive and
+conduct them home. Against this decision, though it is what he had asked
+for, Holabird appealed on behalf of the United States' Government, and
+through a protracted series of law proceedings, it was finally carried
+before the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest tribunal in
+the nation. The counsel employed on both sides, in the different stages,
+were of the highest reputation; and finally the venerable John Quincy
+Adams, after an absence from the Courts of nearly forty years, during
+which interval he had filled the highest offices of state, at home and
+abroad, in the service of his country, did not think it beneath him to
+defend the Mendians before the Supreme Court, against the _conspiracies_
+of Forsyth, the Secretary of State, and the Spanish Ambassador. In his
+first communication to the latter, Forsyth says:
+
+
+    "All the proceedings in the matter, on the part of both the
+    executive and judicial branches of the government, have had
+    their foundation in the assumption that Montez and Ruiz alone
+    were the parties aggrieved; and that their claim to the
+    surrender of the property was founded in fact and in justice."
+
+
+The Spanish minister and his successor, complained bitterly, in the
+course of a long correspondence, of the delay in giving up the Africans,
+on the ground, as emphatically stated in one of their letters to the
+Department of State, that "the public vengeance had not been satisfied;
+for be it recollected that the legation of Spain does not demand the
+delivery of slaves, but of assassins." In a previous communication it
+was intimated that "the infliction of capital punishment in this case
+(in the United States,) would not be attended with the salutary effects
+had in view by the law, when it resorts to this painful and terrible
+alternative, namely, to prevent the commission of similar offences."
+Notwithstanding these dreadful intimations of the fate awaiting the
+Africans in Cuba, the American Government deliberately adopted the
+design of delivering them up, either as _property_ or as assassins. That
+Government found willing agents in the United States' Marshal, and the
+District Attorney of Connecticut. The following extracts from the
+argument of John Quincy Adams, will explain these disgraceful
+transactions:
+
+
+    "On the 7th of January, the Secretary of State writes to the
+    Secretary of the Navy, acknowledging the receipt of his letter
+    of the 3d, informing him that the schooner Grampus would receive
+    the negroes of the Amistad, 'for the purpose of conveying them
+    to Cuba, in the event of their delivery being adjudged by the
+    Circuit Court, before whom the case is pending.' This singular
+    blunder, in naming the Court, shows in what manner and with how
+    little care the Department of State allowed itself to conduct an
+    affair, involving no less than the liberties and lives of every
+    one of my clients. This letter enclosed the order of the
+    President to the Marshal of Connecticut for the delivery of the
+    negroes to Lieut. Paine. Although disposing of the lives of
+    forty human beings, it has not the form or solemnity of a
+    warrant, and is not even signed by the President in his official
+    capacity. It is a mere order.
+
+
+        "'The Marshal of the United States for the District of
+        Connecticut will deliver over to Lieut. John S. Paine,
+        of the United States Navy, and aid in conveying on board
+        the schooner Grampus, under his command, all the
+        negroes, late of the Spanish schooner Amistad, in his
+        custody, under process now pending before the Circuit
+        Court of the United States for the District of
+        Connecticut. For so doing, this order will be his
+        warrant.
+
+        "'Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this
+        7th day of January, A.D. 1840.
+
+        "'M. VAN BUREN.
+
+        "'By the President:
+
+        "'JOHN FORSYTH, Sec. of State.'
+
+
+    "That order is good for nothing at all. It did not even describe
+    the Court correctly, under whose protection those unfortunate
+    people were. And on the 11th of January, the District Attorney
+    had to send a special messenger, who came, it appears, all the
+    way to Washington in one day, to inform the Secretary that the
+    negroes were not holden under the order of the Circuit Court,
+    but of the District Court. And he says, 'Should the pretended
+    friends of the negroes'--the pretended friends!--'obtain a writ
+    of Habeas Corpus, the Marshal could not justify under that
+    warrant.' And he says, 'the Marshal wishes me to inquire'--a
+    most amiable and benevolent inquiry--'whether in the event of a
+    decree requiring him to release the negroes, or in case of an
+    appeal by the adverse party, it is expected the Executive
+    warrant will be executed'--that is, whether he is to carry the
+    negroes on board of the Grampus in the face of a decree of the
+    Court. And he requests instructions on the point."
+
+
+On the 12th of January, the very next day after the letter of the
+District Attorney was written at New Haven, the Secretary of State
+replies in a despatch which is marked 'confidential.'
+
+
+    "'[CONFIDENTIAL.]
+
+    "'DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jan. 12,1840.
+
+    "'SIR,--Your letter of the 11th inst. has just been received.
+    The order for the delivery of the negroes of the Amistad is
+    herewith returned, corrected agreeably to your suggestion. With
+    reference to the inquiry from the Marshal, to which you allude,
+    I have to state, by direction of the President, that if the
+    decision of the Court is such as is anticipated, the order of
+    the President is to be carried into execution, unless an appeal
+    shall actually have been interposed. YOU ARE NOT TO TAKE IT FOR
+    GRANTED THAT IT WILL BE INTERPOSED. And if, on the contrary, the
+    decision of the Court is different, you are to take out an
+    appeal, and allow things to remain as they are until the appeal
+    shall have been decided.
+
+    I am, sir, your obedient servant
+
+    "'JOHN FORSYTH.
+
+    "'W.S. HOLABIRD, Esq.,
+
+
+        "'_Attorney U.S. for District of Conn._'
+
+
+    "But after all the order did not avail. The District Judge,
+    contrary to all these anticipations of the Executive, decided
+    that the thirty-six negroes taken by Lieut. Gedney and brought
+    before the Court on the certificate of the Governor-General of
+    Cuba, were FREEMEN; that they had been kidnapped in Africa; that
+    they did not own these Spanish names; that they were not
+    _ladinos_; and were not correctly described in the passport, but
+    were new negroes bought by Ruiz in the depot of Havana, and
+    fully entitled to their liberty."
+
+
+At a public meeting held subsequent to their liberation, the teacher of
+the Africans made a statement as follows:--Their ruling passion was a
+love for home; and their desire to return thither was constantly
+manifesting itself. One day, a short time ago, Fohlee came to his
+teacher, with his cap in his hand, and said, "If Merican men offer me as
+much gold as fill this cap full up, and give me houses, land and every
+ting, so dat I stay in dis country, I say no! Is dat like my father? Is
+dat like my mother? Is dat like my sister? Is dat like my brother? No! I
+want to see my father, my mother, my brother and sister." This feeling
+manifested itself in many ways; and they expressed themselves willing to
+undergo any thing short of losing their lives, if by so doing they could
+be at liberty to return to the Mendi country.
+
+I now introduce the lively narrative of my friend Lewis Tappan:
+
+
+    "EXCURSION WITH THE AMISTAD AFRICANS.
+
+    "_On board Steam Boat, L.I. Sound, Nov_. 15, 1841.
+
+    "BROTHER LEAVITT:--As the committee had chartered a ship to take
+    the Mendians to Sierra Leone about the middle of this month, and
+    as the funds contributed by a benevolent public were about all
+    expended, it appeared necessary, in addition to an appeal
+    published in the newspapers, to take some prompt and efficient
+    measures to procure funds sufficient to pay for their outfit and
+    passages, and, if possible, something to sustain the
+    contemplated mission in Mendi. One of the committee being sick
+    and another absent, it devolved upon me to perform the
+    excursion. I was assisted essentially by Mr. Samuel Deming, one
+    of the committee at Farmington, and by Mr. William Raymond and
+    Mr. Needham. On arriving at Hartford, the third instant, I
+    learned that Mr. Deming had proceeded to Boston, accompanied by
+    ten of the Mendians, viz., Cinque, Banna, Si-si, Su-ma, Fu-li,
+    Ya-bo-i, So-ko-ma, Kin-na, Ka-li and Mar-gru. These were
+    selected not on account of being the best scholars, but with
+    reference to their being the best singers, although some of them
+    are among the best scholars. None of them, however, have had
+    instruction in music. Arriving in Boston, the city was, as I
+    anticipated, full of excitement, on account of the approaching
+    election,--a circumstance unknown to the committee at
+    Farmington, who had sent off the Mendians sooner than we had
+    calculated,--and it seemed almost impossible to procure a
+    suitable place in which to hold meetings, or to arrest the
+    attention of the people, as the whole--democrats, whigs and
+    abolitionists--had every nerve strained for the political
+    contest. However, preparation had been made for a meeting at the
+    Melodeon, late Lion Theatre, on Thursday evening. A few hundreds
+    assembled, and appeared to be highly gratified with the
+    performances. It seemed to them marvellous that these men and
+    children, who, less than three years since, were almost naked
+    savages in the interior of Africa, should, under the untoward
+    circumstances in which they have been placed for the largest
+    part of the time since they have been in a civilized and
+    Christian country, appear so far advanced in civilization and
+    knowledge. Only forty-six dollars were received, the proceeds of
+    tickets and a collection, but a strong desire was expressed that
+    there should be another meeting.
+
+    "Saturday evening was the only evening we could have Marlboro'
+    Chapel, the largest church in the city. Preliminary to this
+    meeting, a private meeting of invited gentlemen was held during
+    the afternoon, at the Marlboro' Hotel, the Mendians being
+    present. The meeting was well attended and a good impression was
+    made. In the evening there was a large meeting in the Chapel;
+    Rev. Dr. Anderson opened it with prayer, concluding with the
+    Lord's prayer, each sentence being repeated in our language by
+    the Mendians. A statement was then made of their past and
+    present condition, of their good conduct, their proficiency, of
+    their ardent desire to return to Mendi, and the favorable
+    prospects of establishing a mission in their country. Three or
+    four of the best readers were then called upon to read a passage
+    in the New Testament. They then read and spelled a passage named
+    by the audience. One of the Africans next related, in 'Merica
+    language,' their condition in their own country, their being
+    kidnapped, the sufferings of the middle passage, their stay at
+    Havana, the transactions on board the Amistad, &c. The story was
+    intelligible to the audience, with occasional explanations. They
+    were next requested to sing two or three of their native songs.
+    The performance afforded great delight to the audience. As a
+    pleasing contrast, however, they sang immediately after, one of
+    the songs of Zion:
+
+      "'When I can read my title clear
+      To mansions in. the skies,
+      I'll bid farewell to every fear,
+      And wipe my weeping eyes.'
+
+
+    "This produced a deep impression upon the audience; and while
+    these late pagans were singing so correctly and impressively a
+    hymn in a Christian church, many 'weeping eyes,' bore testimony
+    that the act and its associations touched a chord that vibrated
+    in many hearts. Cinque was then introduced to the audience, and
+    addressed them in his native tongue. It is impossible to
+    describe the novel and deeply interesting manner in which he
+    acquitted himself. The subject of his speech was similar to that
+    of his countryman who had addressed the audience in English, but
+    he related more minutely and graphically the occurrences on
+    board the Amistad. The easy manner of Cinque, his natural,
+    graceful and energetic action, the rapidity of his utterance,
+    and the remarkable and various expressions of his countenance,
+    excited the admiration and applause of the audience. He was
+    pronounced a powerful natural orator, and one born to sway the
+    minds of his fellow men. Should he be converted and become a
+    preacher of the cross in Africa, what delightful results may be
+    anticipated!
+
+    "The amount of the statements made by Kin-na, Fu-li and Cinque,
+    and the facts in the case, are as follows:--These Mendians
+    belong to six different tribes, although their dialects are not
+    so dissimilar as to prevent them from conversing together very
+    readily. Most of them belong to a country which they call Mendi,
+    but which is known to geographers and travellers as Kos-sa, and
+    lies south-east of Sierra Leone; as we suppose, from sixty to
+    one hundred and twenty miles. With one or two exceptions, these
+    Mendians are not related to each other; nor did they know each
+    other until they met at the slave factory of Pedro Blanco, the
+    wholesale trafficker in men, at Lomboko, on the coast of Africa.
+    They were stolen separately, many of them by black men, some of
+    whom were accompanied by Spaniards, as they were going from one
+    village to another, or were at a distance from their abodes. The
+    whole came to Havana in the same ship, a Portuguese vessel named
+    Tecora, except the four children, whom they saw, for the first
+    time, on board the Amistad. It seems that they remained at
+    Lomboko several weeks, until six or seven hundred were
+    collected, when they were put in irons and placed in the hold of
+    a ship, which soon put to sea. Being chased by a British
+    cruiser, she returned, landed the cargo of human beings, and the
+    vessel was seized and taken to Sierra Leone for adjudication.
+    After some time, the Africans were put on board the Tecora.
+    After suffering the horrors of the middle passage, they arrived
+    at Havana. Here they were put into a barracoon, one of the
+    oblong enclosures, without a roof, where human beings are kept,
+    as they keep sheep and oxen near the cattle markets, in the
+    vicinity of our large cities, until purchasers are found, for
+    ten days, when they were sold to Jose Ruiz, and shipped on board
+    the Amistad, together with the three girls and a little boy who
+    came on board with Pedro Montez. The Amistad was a coaster,
+    bound to Principe, in Cuba, distant some two or three hundred
+    miles. The Africans were kept in chains and fetters, and were
+    supplied with but a small quantity of food or water. A single
+    banana, they say, was served out as food for a day or two, and
+    only a small cup of water for each daily. When any of them took
+    a little water from the cask, they were severely flogged. The
+    Spaniards took Antonio, the cabin-boy and slave to Captain
+    Ferrer, and stamped him on the shoulder with a hot iron; then
+    put powder, palm oil, &c. upon the wound, so that they 'could
+    know him for their slave.' The cook, a colored Spaniard, told
+    them that on their arrival at Principe, in three days, they
+    would have their throats cut, be chopped in pieces, and salted
+    down for meat for the Spaniards. He pointed to some barrels of
+    beef on the deck, then to an empty barrel, and by significant
+    gestures,--as the Mendians say, by 'talking with his
+    fingers,'--he made them understand that they were to be slain,
+    &c. At four o'clock that day, when they were called on deck to
+    eat, Cinque found a nail, which he secreted under his arm. In
+    the night they held a counsel as to what was best to be done.
+    'We feel bad,' said Kin-na, 'and we ask Cinque what we had best
+    do. Cinque say, "Me think, and by and by I tell you."' He then
+    said, 'If we do nothing, we be killed. We may as well die in
+    trying to be free as to be killed and eaten.' Cinque afterwards
+    told them what he would do. With the aid of the nail and the
+    assistance of Grabeau, he freed himself from the irons on his
+    wrists and ancles, and from the chain on his neck. He then, with
+    his own hands, wrested the irons from the limbs and necks of his
+    countrymen. It is not in my power to give an adequate
+    description of Cinque when he showed how he did this and led his
+    comrades to the conflict and achieved their freedom. In my
+    younger years I saw Kemble and Siddons, and the representation
+    of Othello, at Covent Garden, but no acting that I ever
+    witnessed came near that to which I allude. When delivered from
+    their irons, the Mendians, with the exception of the children,
+    who were asleep, about four or five o'clock in the morning,
+    armed with cane-knives, some boxes of which they found in the
+    hold, leaped upon the deck. Cinque killed the cook. The captain
+    fought desperately. He inflicted wounds on two of the Africans,
+    who soon after died, and cut severely one or two of those who
+    now survive. Two sailors leaped over the side of the vessel. The
+    Mendians say 'they could not catch land--they must have swum to
+    the bottom of the sea,' but Ruiz and Montez supposed they
+    reached the island in a boat. Cinque now took command of the
+    vessel; placed Si-si at the helm; gave his people plenty to eat
+    and drink. Ruiz and Montez had fled to the hold. They were
+    dragged out, and Cinque ordered them to be put in irons. They
+    cried and begged not to be put in chains, but Cinque replied,
+    'You say fetters good for negro--if good for negro good for
+    Spanish man too: you try them two days, and see how you feel.'
+    The Spaniards asked for water, and it was dealt out to them in
+    the same little cup with which they had dealt it out to the
+    Africans. They complained bitterly of being thirsty. Cinque
+    said, 'You say little water enough for nigger. If little water
+    do for him, a little do for you too.' Cinque said the Spaniards
+    cried a great deal; he felt very sorry; only meant to let them
+    see how good it was to be treated like the poor slaves. In two
+    days the irons were removed; and then, said Cinque, we give them
+    plenty water and food, and treat them very well. Kin-na stated
+    that as the water fell short, Cinque would not drink any, nor
+    allow any of the rest to drink any thing but salt water, but
+    dealt out daily a little to each of the four children, and the
+    same quantity to each of the two Spaniards! In a day or two Ruiz
+    and Montez wrote a letter, and told Cinque that when they spoke
+    a vessel, if he would give it to them, the people would take
+    them to Sierra Leone. Cinque took the letter and said, 'Very
+    well;' but afterwards told his brethren, 'We have no letter in
+    Mendi. I don't know what is in that letter--there may be death
+    in it. So we will take some iron and a string, bind them about
+    the letter, and send it to the bottom of the sea.'
+
+    "When any vessel came in sight, the Spaniards were shut down in
+    the hold, and forbidden to come on deck on pain of death. One of
+    the Africans, who could talk a little English, answered
+    questions when they were hailed from other vessels.
+
+    "It is unnecessary to narrate here subsequent facts, as they
+    have been published throughout the country. After Cinque's
+    address a collection was taken, and the services were concluded
+    by the Mendians singing Bishop Heber's missionary hymn:
+
+    "'From Greenland's icy mountains.'
+
+    "At the conclusion of the meeting some linen and cotton table
+    cloths and napkins, manufactured by the Africans, were
+    exhibited, and eagerly purchased of them by persons present, at
+    liberal prices. They are in the habit of purchasing linen and
+    cotton at the shops, unravelling the edges about six to ten
+    inches, and making, with their fingers, neat fringes, in
+    imitation, they say, of 'Mendi fashion.' Large numbers of the
+    audience advanced, and took Cinque and the rest by the hand. The
+    transactions of this meeting have thus been stated at length,
+    and the account will serve to show how the subsequent meetings
+    were conducted, as the services in other places were similar.
+
+    "These Africans, while in prison, (which was the largest part of
+    the time they have been in this country) learned but little
+    comparatively, but since they have been liberated, they have
+    been anxious to learn, as they said 'it would be good for us in
+    our own country.' Many of them write well, read, spell and sing
+    well, and have attended to arithmetic. The younger ones have
+    made great progress in study. Most of them have much fondness
+    for arithmetic. They have also cultivated as a garden fifteen
+    acres of land, and have raised a large quantity of corn,
+    potatoes, onions, beets, et cet., which will be useful to them
+    at sea. In some places we visited, the audience were astonished
+    at the performance of Kali, who is only eleven years of age. He
+    would not only spell any word in either of the Gospels, but
+    spell sentences, without any mistake, such sentences as 'Blessed
+    are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth,' naming each
+    letter and syllable, and recapitulating as he went along, until
+    he pronounced the whole sentence. Two hundred and seven dollars
+    were received at this meeting.
+
+    "'On Sabbath evening a meeting was attended in Rev. Mr. Beman's
+    Church, (colored.) It was impossible for all to gain
+    admittance--collected sixteen dollars and fifty-one cents. The
+    same evening a meeting was held at Elder N. Colver's. A very
+    warm interest was manifested by this congregation, and the sum
+    of ninety dollars was contributed. The next morning a
+    respectable mechanic, a member of this church, offered to go to
+    Mendi with his wife and child, to take up their permanent abode
+    there. On Monday we proceeded to Haverhill. It was a rainy day,
+    and town meeting was held at the same hour. The audience was
+    small, but a deep interest was felt, and fifty-six dollars
+    contributed. Rev. Charles Fitch opened the meeting with prayer.
+    The Mendians and their friends will long remember the
+    hospitality and generosity of their friends in this place. After
+    a stay of two hours, we proceeded to Lowell. The heavy rain
+    prevented a general attendance. Only thirty-one dollars was
+    collected, beside some private donations. Mr. John Levi, a
+    colored citizen, rendered important services to us, and several
+    of the clergymen and other inhabitants rendered efficient aid.
+    On Tuesday we went to Nashua, N.H., and remained two hours.
+    Owing to some untoward circumstances, the inhabitants generally
+    had not been notified of the meeting. A small number only
+    attended. The collection was twenty-seven dollars. In the
+    evening at Lowell, the large Methodist Church, St. Paul's, was
+    crowded, one thousand five hundred people being present, it was
+    said, and many hundreds unable to get admission. The meeting was
+    opened with an appropriate prayer by Rev. Luther Lee. In order
+    to give an opportunity to the audience to see and hear Cinque,
+    he was invited into the pulpit, where he made an energetic
+    address. One hundred and six dollars were collected. At the
+    close of the services, nearly the whole congregation came
+    forward and took the Mendians by the hand, with kind words and
+    many presents. The ministers of all denominations attended the
+    meeting, with many of the most respectable citizens. During the
+    day the Africans were invited to visit the 'Boott Corporation,'
+    and were conducted over the whole establishment (cotton mills,)
+    by the agent, Mr. French. As might be supposed, they were
+    astonished beyond measure. After inspecting the machinery, the
+    fabrics, and the great wheel, one of them turned to me and said,
+    'Did man make this?' On receiving a reply, he said, 'He no live
+    now--he live a great while ago.' Afterwards they visited the
+    carpet factory, and expressed great delight at the beauty and
+    excellence of the carpets and rugs. Cinque wished to purchase a
+    miniature hearth rug, but the agent allowed him to select one of
+    the large and beautiful rugs to take to Mendi, which he
+    generously presented to him. The workmen here--chiefly
+    Englishmen--made a collection of fifty-eight dollars and fifty
+    cents on the spot, and presented it to the Mendi Fund.
+
+    "In pursuance of previous arrangements, we turned aside,
+    Wednesday, November 12, to attend a meeting in the large South
+    Church in Andover, at 9 o'clock, A.M. The house was crowded in
+    every part. Dr. Edwards led in prayer, and Dr. Woods
+    interrogated some of the Mendians. After a stay of two hours we
+    returned to the cars, followed by a large multitude. Collected
+    eighty-four dollars. It was remarked at the meeting here, as in
+    other places, that the contemplated mission to Mendi was to be
+    an anti-slavery mission; that no money would be solicited or
+    received of slave holders; that the committee were not connected
+    with any other missionary associations, and would not assume a
+    hostile attitude towards any. A young gentleman here offered to
+    go to Mendi as a teacher.
+
+    "In the afternoon a meeting was held in Boston, at the Marlboro'
+    Chapel. The scholars in the Sabbath and week-day schools had
+    been notified of it and attended in large numbers, together with
+    several respectable inhabitants of Boston and the neighboring
+    towns. The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. W.B. Tappan.
+    The collection was one hundred and ten dollars. In the evening a
+    meeting was held at the Melodeon, and was attended by a large
+    number of persons. Collection one hundred and thirty-three
+    dollars. The next day, Thursday the 11th, we left for
+    Springfield. The meeting was held in the evening, at the Town
+    Hall, as some of the Parish committee objected to its being held
+    in the church, fearing it would desecrate the place. The Hall
+    was crowded, and many could not gain admittance. Dr. Osgood
+    opened the meeting with prayer, took several of the Mendians to
+    his own house, and manifested a deep interest on their behalf,
+    as did many of the other inhabitants. The Mendians were all
+    hospitably entertained in this place without expense. Some
+    'fellows of the baser sort' insulted Kin-na and others as they
+    went to the Hall; and in the introduction of his speech, Kin-na
+    spoke of the treatment he had received. But there are many
+    warm-hearted and generous friends of the colored race in this
+    town. 'We said nothing to them,' said Kin-na; 'why did they
+    treat us so? What can we do? We are few and feeble. What can the
+    dog do when the lion attacks him; or what can be done when the
+    cat and the mouse come together!' Collection seventy-three
+    dollars. The Mendians were invited by Mr. Burleigh to see a
+    large picture exhibiting here--'The Descent of Christ from the
+    Cross,' copied from Rubens--and were highly gratified.
+
+    "Here we received a cordial invitation from two of the ministers
+    of Northampton and several of their people to visit that place,
+    with the assurance that the First Church, the largest in the
+    county, should be opened for the Mendians. On the 12th we rode
+    to N. in the rain. Mount Tom and the Connecticut River were
+    pointed out to Cinque, who said, 'In my country we have very
+    great mountain--much bigger than that--and river about so wide,
+    but very deep.' The weather cleared away towards night, and the
+    church was nearly filled. Rev. Mr. Pennington, colored minister
+    of Hartford, opened the meeting with prayer. Collection
+    seventy-five dollars, in addition to seventeen dollars from the
+    Female Abolition Society; fifty-three dollars collected before
+    we arrived, and eighty-five contributed by 'a friend,' a short
+    time since. The reception here was warm-hearted. Mr. Warner,
+    keeper of the principal hotel in that place, furnished the
+    Mendians with one of his best rooms, seated them at the table
+    with his family and boarders, and, on being asked for his bill
+    the next day, he replied, 'There is nothing to pay!' The agents
+    of the Nashua and Andover rail roads also declined taking pay
+    for the passages of the Mendians. On Saturday, we rose at 3
+    o'clock, P.M., and returned to Springfield. Here we took the
+    steam boat for Hartford. On arriving, application was made to
+    Mr. Colton, keeper of the Temperance Hotel, to accommodate the
+    Mendians. He demurred. Mr. Warner's noble treatment of them was
+    mentioned. Mr. C. said he could not place them at his table. He
+    was told that this was not insisted upon; that if he would
+    furnish me a room they could eat there, and sleep wherever it
+    was convenient to Mr. C. But he absolutely refused to entertain
+    them any how. As this house has been patronized by
+    abolitionists, they ought to know this fact. After remaining in
+    the cold on the wharf about an hour, the Mendians were received
+    and hospitably entertained by several families without charge.
+
+    "On the Sabbath, November 14, they attended public worship in
+    Rev. Mr. Pennington's church. In the afternoon the church was
+    filled. An address was made by the writer, and the Mendians read
+    in the Testament and sang a hymn. Collection eight dollars. In
+    the evening a meeting was held in the Centre Church, Rev. Dr.
+    Hawes's. Notices were read in the other churches, and handbills
+    had been posted the previous day. The church, in every part, was
+    crowded, and large numbers were unable to obtain admittance. Dr.
+    Hawes opened the meeting with prayer. The services were of an
+    interesting character. Collection eighty dollars. Dr. Hawes
+    interrogated Kin-na. He said, 'The Mendi people believe in a
+    Great Spirit, although they do not worship him. They know they
+    have souls. We think,' said Kin-na, 'we make clothes. Dog can't
+    do this. He no soul, but we have.' He said on another occasion,
+    when asked if his people believed in a future state, 'The Mendi
+    people all Sadducees.' Kin-na said that they 'owe every thing to
+    God. He keep them alive, and give them free. When he go home to
+    Mendi, they tell their brethren about God, Jesus Christ, and
+    heaven.' Fu-li, on a former evening, being asked, 'What is
+    faith?' replied, 'Believing in Jesus Christ, and trusting in
+    him.' Their answers to questions show that they have read and
+    that they understand the Scriptures, and hopes are entertained
+    that one or two at least know experimentally the value of
+    religion. The fact that there is no system of idolatry in Mendi
+    for missionaries to oppose and the natives technically to adhere
+    to, is an encouraging fact with regard to the contemplated
+    mission. Another pleasing and remarkable fact exists: labor is
+    suspended every seventh day, and has been from time immemorial.
+    They do not engage in any religious services, but dress in their
+    best apparel, feast on that day,--as some do here,--visit, &c.
+    This day, 15th, Rev. Mr. Gallaudet and Mr. Brigham have invited
+    the Mendians to visit the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Insane
+    Institution. On a person's giving, by signs, the deaf and dumb
+    alphabet to Mar-gru, one of the girls, she, in a few minutes,
+    repeated nearly the whole. They told Mr. Brigham that there were
+    insane people and idiots in Mendi, and described their actions
+    and the treatment of them. Two of the Mendians will be detained
+    as witnesses in Hartford this day, in a cause appealed from a
+    lower court. Some of the Mendians were grossly assaulted at
+    Farmington some time since, on a training day; and those who
+    committed the assault and battery were convicted and fined. An
+    appeal was taken. When thus assailed, the Mendians, as usual,
+    exhibited their peaceful disposition, and said, 'We no fight.'
+    On Wednesday there is to be a large fare meeting at
+    Farmington--on which occasion Dr. Hawes is to preach. In a few
+    days the Mendians will embark from New York. May the Lord
+    preserve them, and carry them safely to their native land, to
+    their kindred and homes. Su-ma, the eldest, has a wife and five
+    children. Cinque has a wife and three children. They all have
+    parents or wives, or brothers and sisters. What a meeting it
+    will be with these relations and friends, when they are descried
+    on the hills of Mendi! We were invited to visit other places,
+    but time did not allow of longer absence. I must not forget to
+    mention that the whole band of these Mendi are teetotallers. At
+    a tavern where we stopped, Ban-na took me aside, and with a
+    sorrowful countenance, said, 'This bad house--bar house--no
+    good.' But the steam boat is at the wharf, and I must close. The
+    collections in money, on this excursion of twelve days, is about
+    one thousand dollars, after deducting travelling expenses. More
+    money is needed to defray the expenses of the Mendians to their
+    native land, and to sustain their religious teachers. Very truly
+    yours,
+
+    "LEWIS TAPPAN."
+
+
+But to conclude the narrative of these interesting Africans. After all
+the trickery on the part of the U.S. government, it was finally decreed
+by the Supreme Court, that the Mendians were free persons, and might go
+whither they pleased. They were unanimous for returning to their native
+country. The Mendian negroes, thirty-five in number, embarked from New
+York for Sierra Leone, on the 27th of the 11th month, (November,) 1841,
+on board the barque Gentleman, Captain Morris, accompanied by five
+missionaries and teachers. The British government has manifested a
+praiseworthy interest in their welfare, and will assist them to reach
+their own country from Sierra Leone. Their stay in the United States has
+been of immense service to the anti-slavery cause, and there is reason
+to hope that under their auspices, Christianity and civilization may be
+introduced into their native country.
+
+
+APPENDIX F. P. 76.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM AN ESSAY BY WILLIAM JAY, "_On the Folly and Evils of War,
+and the Means of Preserving Peace._"
+
+
+
+    "But, after all that can be said against war, and after the
+    fullest admission of its folly, cruelty, and wickedness, still
+    the question recurs, how can it be prevented? It would be an
+    impeachment of the Divine economy to suppose that an evil so
+    dreadful was inseparably and inevitably connected with human
+    society. We are informed, by Divine authority, that wars proceed
+    from our lusts; but our lusts, although natural to us, are not
+    invincible. He who admits the free agency of man, will not
+    readily allow that either individuals or nations are compelled
+    to do evil. The universal prevalence of Christian principles
+    must, of necessity, exterminate wars; and hence we are informed,
+    by revelation, that when righteousness shall cover the earth,
+    'the nations shall learn war no more.'
+
+    "And are we to wait, it will be inquired, till this distant and
+    uncertain period for the extinction of war? We answer, that
+    revelation affords us no ground to expect that all mankind will
+    previously be governed by the precepts of justice and humanity;
+    but that experience, reason, and revelation, all unite in
+    leading us to believe that the regeneration of the world will be
+    a gradual and progressive work. Civilization and Christianity
+    are diffusing their influence throughout the globe, mitigating
+    the sufferings and multiplying the enjoyments of the human
+    family. Free institutions are taking the place of feudal
+    oppressions--education is pouring its light on minds hitherto
+    enveloped in all the darkness of ignorance--the whole system of
+    slavery, both personal and political, is undermined by public
+    opinion, and must soon be prostrated; and the signs of the times
+    assure us that the enormous mass of crime and wretchedness,
+    which is the fruit of drunkenness, will, at no very remote
+    period, disappear from the earth.
+
+    "And can it be possible, that, of all the evils under which
+    humanity groans, war is the only one which religion and
+    civilization, and the active philanthropy of the present day,
+    can neither remove nor mitigate? Such an opinion, if general,
+    would be most disastrous to the world, and it will now be our
+    endeavor to prove that it is utterly groundless.     *     *
+    *     *
+
+    "We have often seen extensive national alliances for the
+    prosecution of war, and no sufficient reason can be assigned why
+    such alliances might not be formed for the preservation of
+    peace. It is obvious that war might instantly be banished from
+    Europe, would its nations regard themselves as members of one
+    great Society, and erect a court for the trial and decision of
+    their respective differences.
+
+    "But we are told that such an agreement among the nations is
+    impossible. It is unquestionably so at present, for the obvious
+    reason, that time is necessary to enlighten and direct public
+    opinion, and produce a general acquiescence in the plan, as well
+    as to arrange the various stipulations and guaranties that would
+    be requisite. It is certainly not surprising, that those who
+    suppose a congress of nations for the maintenance of peace, can
+    only be brought about by a simultaneous movement of the various
+    states and kingdoms of the earth, who are to continue to battle
+    with each other till the signal is given for universal peace and
+    harmony, should be startled at the boldness and absurdity of the
+    project. But this boldness and absurdity belong not to the
+    project we advocate. We have no expectation whatever of any
+    general, much less simultaneous effort of mankind in behalf of
+    peace. A congress for the decision of national differences,
+    instead of arising in the midst of the present military policy
+    of Europe, must be preceded by an extensive, although partial
+    abandonment of war, and will be the _effect_ and not the cause
+    of the general diffusion of pacific sentiments.
+
+    "Hence it is in vain to look for a sudden and universal
+    cessation of war, even among civilized and Christian nations.
+    But reason and experience warrant the hope that some one State
+    may be led to adopt a pacific policy, and thus set an example
+    which through the blessing of Providence, and the prevalence of
+    Christian principles, may usher in the reign of universal peace.
+
+    "But by whom, and in what way it will be asked, is this example
+    to be set? It may be a feeling of national vanity, and it may be
+    a reference to the peculiarities of our local, social, and
+    political condition, that inspires the hope, that to the United
+    States is to be reserved the glory of teaching to mankind the
+    blessings of peace, and the means of preserving them.     *
+    *
+
+    "But in _what way_ are we to make the experiment? Certainly in
+    the way least likely to excite alarm and opposition. In every
+    effort to promote the temporal or spiritual welfare of others,
+    we should consider things as they really are, and not merely as
+    they ought to be, and we should consult expediency as far as we
+    can do so, without compromising principle.     *     *     *
+
+    "Of all the nations with whom we have relations, none probably
+    enjoy in an equal degree our good will, as France. No spirit of
+    rivalry in commerce or manufactures exists between us, no
+    adjacent territory furnishes occasion for border aggressions and
+    mutual criminations, while our past relations afford subjects of
+    pleasing and grateful recollection, and at present we see no
+    prospect of the interruption of that harmony which has so long
+    subsisted between the two nations.
+
+    "Let us suppose that under these propitious circumstances, a
+    convention should now be concluded between the two governments,
+    by which it should be agreed, that if unhappily any difference
+    should hereafter arise between us, that could not be adjusted by
+    negociation, neither party should resort to arms, but that they
+    should agree on some friendly power, to whom the matter in
+    difference should be referred, and whose decision should be
+    final; or that if it should so happen that the parties could not
+    concur in selecting an umpire, that then each party should
+    select a friendly power, and that the sovereigns or states thus
+    selected, should, if necessary, call to their aid the assistance
+    of a third.
+
+    "To what well founded objections would such a treaty be subject?
+    It is true that treaties of this kind have been of rare
+    occurrence, but all experience is in their favor. Vattel remarks
+    (Law of Nations, book II., chap. 18,) 'Arbitration is a method
+    very reasonable, very conformable to the law of nature, in
+    determining differences that do not directly interest the safety
+    of the nation. Though the strict right may be mistaken by the
+    arbitrator, _it is still more to be feared that it will be
+    overwhelmed by the fate of arms_. The Swiss have had the
+    precaution in all their alliances among themselves, and even in
+    those they have contracted with the neighboring powers, to agree
+    beforehand on the manner in which their disputes were to be
+    submitted to arbitrators, in case they could not adjust them in
+    an amicable manner. _This wise precaution has not a little
+    contributed to maintain the Helvetic Republic in that
+    flourishing state which secures its liberty, and renders it
+    respectable throughout Europe_.'
+
+    "But it may be said, a nation ought not to permit others to
+    decide on her rights and claims. Why not? Will the decision be
+    less consistent with justice, from being impartial and
+    disinterested? It is a maxim confirmed by universal experience,
+    that no man should be judge in his own cause; and are nations
+    less under the influence of interest and of passion than
+    individuals? Are they not, in fact, still less under the control
+    of moral obligation? Treaties have often been violated by
+    statesmen and senators, who would have shrunk from being equally
+    faithless in their private contracts. Is it to be supposed that
+    the government of a friendly power, in a controversy between us
+    and France, in which it had no interest, and with the
+    observation of the civilized world directed to its decision,
+    would be less likely to pronounce a fair and impartial judgment
+    than either France or ourselves?
+
+    "But we can decide our own controversies for ourselves, it is
+    said; that is, we can go to war and take our chance for the
+    result. Alas, 'it is an error,' says Vattel, 'no less absurd
+    than pernicious, to say that war is to _decide_ controversies
+    between those who, as in the case of nations, acknowledge no
+    judge. It is _power_ or _prudence_ rather than right that
+    victory usually declares for.'--Book III. Chap. 3.
+
+    "The United States chose to decide for themselves the
+    controversy about impressment, by appealing to the sword. In
+    this appeal they of course placed no reliance on the propriety
+    and justice of their claims, since such considerations could
+    have no influence on the fate of battle; but they depended
+    solely on their capacity to inflict more injury than they would
+    receive themselves, and this difference in the amount of injury
+    was to turn the scale in our favor. Our expectations, however,
+    were disappointed. Our commerce was annihilated, our frontier
+    towns were laid in ashes, our capital taken, our attempts upon
+    Canada were repulsed, with loss and disgrace; our people became
+    burthened with taxes, and we were at last glad to accept a
+    treaty of peace which, instead of containing, as we had fondly
+    hoped, a formal surrender on the part of Great Britain of the
+    right of impressment, made not the slightest allusion to the
+    subject.
+
+    "Let us now suppose that a treaty similar to the one we have
+    proposed with France had, in 1812, existed between Great Britain
+    and the United States; the question of impressment would then
+    have been submitted to one or more friendly powers.
+
+    "It is scarcely possible that the umpires could have given any
+    decision of this question that would have been as injurious to
+    either party as was the prosecution of the war. Had the claims
+    of Great Britain been sanctioned, some American seamen would, no
+    doubt, have been occasionally compelled to serve in the British
+    navy; but how very small would have been their number compared
+    with the thousands who perished in the war; and how utterly
+    insignificant would have been their sufferings resulting from
+    serving on board a British instead of an American vessel, when
+    weighed against the burdens, the slaughters, the conflagrations,
+    inflicted on their country in the contest? If, on the other
+    hand, the decision had been in our favor, Great Britain would
+    have lost a few seamen from her navy, but she would have saved
+    the lives of a far greater number, and she would have been
+    spared an amount of treasure which would have commanded the
+    services of ten times as many sailors as she could ever hope to
+    recover by impressment.
+
+    "It is not, however, probable, that the umpires, anxious to do
+    right, and having no motive to do wrong, would have sanctioned,
+    without qualification, the claims of either party.
+
+    "We can scarcely anticipate any future national difference which
+    it would not be more prudent and expedient to submit to
+    arbitration than to the chance of war. However just may be our
+    cause, however united our people, we cannot foresee the issue of
+    the contest, nor tell what new enemies we may be called to
+    encounter, what sacrifices to bear, what concessions to make.
+
+    "We have already partially commenced the experiment of
+    arbitrament, by referring no less than three of our disputes to
+    the determination of as many friendly powers. A difference as to
+    the meaning of an article, in our last treaty of peace with
+    Great Britain, was referred to the Emperor of Russia, who
+    decided it in our favor. The question of our northern boundary
+    was referred to the King of the Netherlands; and although the
+    line he assigned was not the one claimed by either party, it was
+    vastly less injurious to each, than would have been one month's
+    hostility on account of it. Our disputes with Mexico were
+    verging rapidly to open war, when they were happily submitted to
+    the King of Prussia, and are now in the course of satisfactory
+    adjustment.
+
+    "A treaty with France of the character proposed, would greatly
+    increase our importance in the estimation of all Europe--as it
+    would permanently secure us from her hostility. It would be seen
+    and felt, that whatever other nation might enter into collision
+    with us, it could not expect the aid of France, but that under
+    all circumstances we should enjoy the friendship and commerce of
+    our ancient ally. These considerations would not be without
+    their influence on England. She has colonies near us which we
+    may capture, or essentially injure, and which cannot be defended
+    by her, but at very inconvenient expense. A war with us must
+    ever be undesired by her, for the obvious reason that in such a
+    contest she has little to gain and much to lose. Our treaty also
+    with France would deprive England of the aid of the only nation
+    that could afford her effectual assistance in a war against us.
+    She would therefore, find it her interest to avail herself of a
+    similar treaty, and thus to secure herself from hostilities
+    which on many accounts she must wish to avoid. Once assured by
+    such treaties of permanent peace with France and England, we
+    should find our alliance courted by the other powers of Europe,
+    who would not readily consent that those two nations should have
+    exclusively the uninterrupted enjoyment of our great and growing
+    commerce. They would think it a matter of prudence also, to
+    avoid the risk of collision with a powerful republic, that had
+    already secured the permanent friendship of France and England;
+    and they would hasten to contract similar treaties. Under such
+    circumstances, every consideration of policy would prompt our
+    South American neighbors to desire that their amicable relations
+    with us might remain uninterrupted; and to them we might offer
+    the same stipulations with full confidence of their cordial
+    acceptance.
+
+    "And will it be said that all this is visionary and impossible?
+    The plan we propose rests on no supposed reformation in the
+    passions and propensities of mankind; but upon obvious
+    principles of national interest, deduced from reason and
+    experience, and susceptible of the plainest demonstration. It is
+    a plan adapted to the existing state of civilized society, and
+    accommodated to the passions and prejudices by which that
+    society is influenced. It is indeed perfectly consistent with
+    the precepts of Christianity, but it is also in accordance with
+    the selfish dictates of worldly policy.
+
+    "To this plan we can imagine only one plausible objection, which
+    is, that the treaties would not be observed. It is readily
+    admitted that if the only guaranty for the faithful observance
+    of these treaties consisted in the virtue and integrity of those
+    who signed them, the confidence to be reposed in them would be
+    faint indeed. Happily, however, we have a far stronger guaranty
+    in national interest and in public opinion.     *     *     *
+
+    "Dismissing then all idle fears that these treaties, honestly
+    contracted and obviously conducive to the highest interests of
+    the parties, would not be observed, let us contemplate the rich
+    and splendid blessings they would confer on our country.
+    Protected from hostile violence and invasion by a moral defence,
+    more powerful than armies and navies, we might indeed beat our
+    swords into ploughshares and our spears into pruning hooks. The
+    millions now expended in our military establishments could be
+    applied to objects directly ministering to human convenience and
+    happiness. Our whole militia system, with its long train of
+    vices and its vexatious interruptions of labor, would be swept
+    away. The arts of peace would alone be cultivated, and would
+    yield comforts and enjoyments in a profusion and perfection of
+    which mankind have witnessed no example. In the expressive
+    language of Scripture, our citizens would each 'sit under his
+    own vine and under his own fig tree, with none to make him
+    afraid,' and our peaceful and happy republic would be the praise
+    and glory of all lands.     *     *     *     *     *
+
+    "It is impossible that a scene so bright and lovely should not
+    attract the admiration and attention of the world. The extension
+    of education in Europe, and the growing freedom of her
+    institutions, are leading her population to think, and to
+    express their thoughts. The governments of the eastern
+    continent, whatever may be their form, are daily becoming more
+    and more sensitive to public opinion. The people already restive
+    under their burdens, would soon discover that those burdens
+    would be greatly diminished by the adoption of the American
+    policy. Before long, some state would commence the experiment on
+    a small scale, and its example would be followed by others. In
+    time these conventions would give way to more extended pacific
+    alliances, and a greater number of umpires would be selected;
+    nor is it the vain hope of idle credulity, that at last a union
+    might be formed, embracing every Christian nation, for
+    guarantying the peace of Christendom, by establishing a tribunal
+    for the adjustment of national differences, and by preventing
+    all forcible resistance to its decrees.
+
+    "It is unnecessary to discuss, at this time, the character and
+    powers with which such a tribunal should be invested. Whenever
+    it shall be desired, little difficulty will be experienced in
+    devising for it a satisfactory organization; that it is possible
+    to form such a court, and that next to Christianity it would be
+    the richest gift ever bestowed by Heaven upon our suffering
+    world, will be doubted by few who have patiently and candidly
+    investigated the subject.
+
+    "But many who admit the advantages and practicability of the
+    plan we have proposed, will be tempted to despair of success, by
+    the apparent difficulty of inducing an effort for its
+    accomplishment. Similar difficulties, however, have been
+    experienced and overcome. The abolition of the slave trade, and
+    the suppression of intemperance were once as apparently hopeless
+    as the cessation of war. Let us again recur for instruction and
+    encouragement to the course pursued by the friends of freedom
+    and temperance. Had the British abolitionists employed
+    themselves in addressing memorials to the various courts of
+    Europe, soliciting them to unite in a general agreement to
+    abandon the traffic, they would unquestionably have labored in
+    vain, and spent their strength for nought. They adopted another
+    and a wiser course. They labored to awaken the consciences of
+    their own countrymen, and to persuade them to do justice and to
+    love mercy; and thus to set an example to the rest of Europe,
+    infinitely more efficacious than all the arguments and
+    remonstrances which reason and eloquence could dictate.
+
+    "In vain might moralists and philanthropists have declaimed for
+    ages on the evils of drunkenness, had no temperance society been
+    formed till all mankind were ready to adopt a pledge of total
+    abstinence. The authors of the temperance reformation did not
+    lavish their strength and resources in attempting to convince
+    the world of the blessings of temperance, but forming themselves
+    into a temperance society, gave a visible and tangible proof
+    that the principle they recommended was not merely expedient but
+    practicable. And surely if we desire to persuade mankind that
+    war is an unnecessary evil, it is indispensable that we should
+    be able to point them to some instance in which it has been
+    safely dispensed with; nor can we hope to effect a change in the
+    opinion of Europe, while our own people remain unaffected by our
+    assertions and arguments.
+
+    "Here then must be the field of our labors; and let those labors
+    be quickened by the reflection, that while they are aimed at the
+    happiness of the human race, they are calculated to confer on
+    our beloved country a moral sublimity which no worldly glory can
+    approach.
+
+    "But what are the means we shall use? The same by which the
+    commerce in human beings was destroyed, and which are now
+    driving intemperance from the earth--_voluntary associations and
+    the press_.
+
+    "Let the friends of peace concentrate their exertions in Peace
+    Societies; and let the press proclaim throughout our land, in
+    all its length and breadth, the folly, the wickedness, and the
+    horrors of war; and call on our rulers to provide for the
+    amicable adjustment of national differences. In the first treaty
+    that shall be formed for this purpose we shall behold the dawn
+    of that glorious day, the theme of prophets and the aspirations
+    of saints, when nation shall not lift up sword against nation,
+    neither shall they learn war any more.
+
+    "The present age is propitious to the enterprise. It is an age
+    of energy and of freedom. All the powers of mind are in full
+    activity, and every eye and every ear is open to the reception
+    of new truths. Science and philanthropy are daily achieving
+    triumphs which the past century dared not imagine. The world is
+    no longer governed by princes and senates, but by public
+    opinion, and at the fiat of this mighty potentate, ancient
+    institutions are levelled in the dust. Let this despot wield
+    only a delegated authority, and each individual, however humble,
+    can enhance or diminish his power. Who, then, will refuse to
+    lend his assistance to enable public opinion to say to the
+    troubled nations, 'peace--be still;' and to compel the rulers of
+    the earth to refer their disputes to another tribunal than the
+    sword.
+
+    "In this cause every man can labor, and it is a cause in which
+    every man is called to labor, by interest and by duty. But it is
+    a cause that peculiarly claims the zeal and devotion of
+    Christians. They are the servants of Him who is not only the
+    mighty God and the everlasting Father, but the Prince of Peace.
+    They know that war is opposed to all his attributes, and
+    contradicts the precepts of his word. Conscience gives her
+    sanction to the means we have proposed, and prophecy assures us
+    of the accomplishment of the object to which they are directed.
+    Why, then, will not Christians use the talents and influence
+    given them from above to effect this consummation? Let them not
+    plead, in excuse for listlessness and indifference, that it is
+    God alone who 'maketh wars to cease to the end of the earth.' In
+    the moral government of the world, the purposes of its Almighty
+    Ruler are accomplished by his blessing upon human means. He has
+    promised that righteousness shall cover the whole earth; and in
+    reliance on this promise, his servants are now bearing the
+    everlasting Gospel to every nation and kindred, and tongue and
+    people. He has also promised that nations shall learn war no
+    more, and in his faithfulness we have all the incentive which
+    certainty of ultimate success can give to human exertion. And in
+    what cause can the energies of Christian benevolence be more
+    appropriately exercised? To prevent war is to avoid the effusion
+    of human blood, and the commission of innumerable crimes and
+    atrocities;--it is to diffuse peace, and comfort, and happiness,
+    through the great family of man,--it is to foster the arts and
+    sciences which minister to the wants of society,--it is to check
+    the progress of vice,--to speed the advance of the gospel,--to
+    rescue immortal souls from endless misery,--and to secure to
+    them a felicity as durable as it is inconceivable.
+
+    "To him who in faith and zeal labors in this great and holy
+    cause a rich reward is secured. While doing good to others, he
+    is himself a sharer in the blessing he bestows. The very
+    exercise of his benevolent affections affords a pure and
+    exquisite delight, and when he enters the world of peace and
+    love, he shall experience the full import of those cheering, but
+    mysterious words--Blessed are the peace makers, for they shall
+    be called the children of God."'
+
+
+
+APPENDIX G. P. 89.
+
+
+OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.
+
+
+"TO THE CHRISTIAN PUBLIC OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+"In again appealing to you in reference to the opium war in China, I
+will begin by quoting the following extracts from a letter which I
+addressed to you on the 19th of the Third Month, 1840.
+
+
+    "'It is now too notorious to render needful entering at large
+    into the subject, that the guilty traffic in opium, grown by the
+    East India Company, to be smuggled into China, at length
+    compelled the Chinese Government to vindicate the laws of the
+    Empire, which prohibit its introduction, and to take decisive
+    measures for the suppression of the traffic, by the arrest of
+    the parties concerned in it at Canton, and the seizure and
+    destruction of the opium found in the Chinese waters.[A] It is
+    also well known that the superintendent of the British trade,
+    (Capt. Elliott) so far compromised his official character and
+    duty, as to take under his protection one of the most extensive
+    opium smugglers, and thus rendered himself justly liable to the
+    penalties to which they were obnoxious; and at the same time
+    gave, as far as was in his power, the sanction of the British
+    nation to this unrighteous violation of the Chinese laws.
+
+    [Footnote A: "See 'Thelwall's Iniquities of the Opium Trade,'
+    and 'King's Opium Crisis,'"]
+
+    "'The following fact is, however, not so generally known. An
+    individual,[B] now in this country, who has acquired immense
+    wealth by this unlawful trade, has been in communication with
+    the Government, and his advice, it is presumed, has in no small
+    degree influenced the measures they have adopted; though a
+    leading partner in a firm to which a large proportion of the
+    opium that was destroyed belonged; and at the very time he was
+    claiming compensation, or urging a war with China, his house in
+    India was sending armed vessels loaded with opium, along the
+    coast of China, and selling it in open defiance of the laws of
+    that Empire. This information, with the names of the vessels and
+    the parties concerned, the number of chests of opium on board,
+    the enormous profits they were realizing, et cet., was some time
+    ago communicated to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+    on authority which he did not and could not dispute.'
+
+    [Footnote B: "This individual is in the new House of Commons,
+    professedly as a reformer, and represents a borough which
+    formerly sent to that House one of its most upright members, who
+    has now retired from public life.]
+
+    "On the 7th of April, Sir James Graham brought forward a motion
+    in the House of Commons, in reference to this subject, but in a
+    manner which gave it so much of a party character, that our
+    cruel injustice to the Chinese, and the disgraceful conduct of
+    our Government in attacking them, was lost sight of by many,
+    whose professed principles ought to have made them foremost in
+    condemning these proceedings. The Whig Ministry having intimated
+    they would resign if Sir J. Graham carried his motion, every
+    other consideration was forgotten in anxiety lest a political
+    party should be injured or lose office.
+
+    "This feeling not only pervaded the supporters of the Government
+    in the House of Commons, but also extended to many leading
+    religious professors of various denominations; and thus no
+    public feeling sufficiently strong could be raised to counteract
+    in Downing-street, the combined and powerful influence of the
+    East India Company and the wealthy opium smugglers; though
+    public meetings were held in London and many places in the
+    country, and petitions forwarded justly deprecating this war, as
+    one of almost unparalleled iniquity. At the meeting in the
+    metropolis, which was held at Freemason's Hall, and at which the
+    Earl of Stanhope presided, the following resolutions were
+    passed:--
+
+
+        "'1. That this meeting, whilst it most distinctly
+        disavows any party or political objects, and deprecates
+        most strongly any such construction being put upon its
+        efforts, deeply laments that the moral and religious
+        feeling of the country should be outraged--the character
+        of Christianity disgraced in the eyes of the world--and
+        this kingdom involved in war with upwards of three
+        hundred and fifty millions of people, in consequence of
+        British subjects introducing Opium into China, in direct
+        and known violation of the laws of that Empire.
+
+        "'2. That, although the Chinese have not been heard in
+        their defence, the statements adduced by the advocates
+        of the war, clearly establish the fact, that the East
+        India Company, the growers of and traffickers in opium,
+        and British subjects who received the protection of the
+        laws of China, have been, throughout, the wrong doers;
+        therefore this meeting (without reference to the
+        conviction of many, that all war is opposed to the
+        spirit and precepts of the gospel,) holds it to be the
+        bounden duty of the government immediately to effect an
+        equitable and pacific settlement of the existing
+        differences with China.
+
+        "'3. That all traffic in opium with the Chinese being
+        contraband, the opium which was surrendered to their
+        government was justly confiscated; and that to demand
+        payment from the Chinese, to make reprisals upon them,
+        or, for this country to give compensation to the British
+        merchants thus engaged in smuggling, would be to
+        sanction and even grant a premium on crime.
+
+        "'4. That the petition now read be adopted by this
+        meeting, and presented to both Houses of Parliament; and
+        that the Right Honorable Earl Stanhope be requested to
+        present the same to the House of Lords, and Lord Sandon
+        to the House of Commons.
+
+        "'5. That the resolutions of this meeting be published
+        at the discretion of the Committee; and that a copy of
+        them in the Chinese language be transmitted, through the
+        High Commissioner Lin, to the Emperor of China.'
+
+
+    "Since this period, I have been in company with several
+    Englishmen who were at Canton at the time of the seizure of the
+    opium; and though some of them were concerned in the trade
+    themselves, and were naturally biassed in favor of their own
+    country, they all agreed in condemning the proceedings of the
+    English. I have recently spent some time in the United States,
+    whose intercourse with China is extensive and frequent, and
+    where the merits of this case are clearly understood by many of
+    the most intelligent and candid-minded citizens; and these,
+    without any exception, considered the acts of the British
+    government in this matter as some of the most flagrant that ever
+    disgraced a civilized, much less a Christian people.
+
+    "On my return to this country I found a new administration
+    entering upon office; the members of which have, for the most
+    part, condemned the conduct of their predecessors in relation to
+    this war; and I again, therefore, venture to appeal to the
+    _Christian_ public of my country that they may, without delay,
+    forward petitions, or memorials, strongly urging a reference of
+    the existing differences with China to commissioners mutually
+    appointed, who shall be authorized to adjust them, and also to
+    determine upon the best means of entirely suppressing the guilty
+    traffic in opium. The present government are not yet committed
+    to this cruel war; and may no difference of political views
+    deter you from the faithful discharge of this Christian duty!
+    Even should you not succeed in inducing our rulers to adopt this
+    course, or the overtures of this country be rejected by the
+    Chinese, you will have satisfaction in having made the attempt.
+
+    "One-third of the human race are now receiving their impressions
+    of the Christian religion, by its professors waging a murderous
+    war to compel them to make restitution to the contraband opium
+    dealers, for the destruction of this deadly poison, which
+    continues to be grown by the East India Company, and poured into
+    China in defiance of all laws, human and divine. Besides the
+    loss of life sustained by the Chinese, and the fearful mortality
+    amongst the British troops, from the unhealthiness of the
+    climate, it is probable that little short of ten millions
+    sterling has already been expended in naval and military
+    armaments, and the enhanced price of tea and sugar,[A] in the
+    monstrous attempt to force the Chinese to pay about two millions
+    to those opium smugglers. All this, be it remembered, is added
+    to the burdens upon the industry of our own oppressed
+    population.
+
+    [Footnote A: It is well known that the high rate of freights
+    from Calcutta, in consequence of the shipping required for the
+    Chinese expedition, greatly contributed to the late extravagant
+    price of sugar.]
+
+    "Earnestly desiring that you may be induced to discharge your
+    duty as Christians, and whatever may be the result, acquit
+    yourselves of your share of the national guilt, I conclude with
+    the words of a friend: 'For my own part, I think the present
+    distress of the nation may be the retributive chastisement of
+    our recent atrocious war in China and the East.     *     *
+    *     All history, and the daily march of events, demonstrate
+    the perpetual retributive interference of an overruling
+    providence. Yet this doctrine, proclaimed as loudly by
+    experience as by revelation, and as legibly written on the page
+    of history as in the Bible, appears to have not the smallest
+    practical influence on the most enlightened statesmen, and the
+    most Christian and enlightened nation in the world.'
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_Birmingham, 9th Month 30th_, 1841."
+
+    "_10th Month 9th_, 1841.
+
+    "Since writing the foregoing, the intelligence has arrived that
+    Canton has been seized; that 'Gen. Sir Hugh Gough calculates the
+    loss of the Chinese, in the different attacks, at one thousand
+    killed and three thousand wounded;' that the British have
+    extracted six millions of dollars as a ransom for evacuating the
+    city, which the Chinese call 'opium compensation;' and it is but
+    too evident that the work of the wholesale murder of this
+    unoffending people has but begun, for Capt. Elliot, who appears
+    to have been too tender of shedding human blood to please his
+    employers, is recalled, and is succeeded by Sir H. Pottenger,
+    who, it is reported, has instructions from Lord Palmerston to
+    demand _fifteen millions_ of dollars for the opium smugglers,
+    and the whole of the expenses of the war, and to secure the
+    right to the British of planting armed factories in the
+    different Chinese ports.
+
+    "Shall history record that no voice was raised by the Christians
+    of Britain against the employment of their money, and that of
+    their starving countrymen, in deeds like these!!"
+
+
+
+APPENDIX H. P. 119.
+
+
+
+LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.
+
+
+The following letter was addressed by Abraham L. Pennock, conveying his
+resignation of the office of Vice President of the American Anti-Slavery
+Society, (old organization,) after the occurrence of the painful
+divisions in the anti-slavery body, which have been already noticed.
+This letter is written in an excellent spirit, and clearly developes the
+cause of the separation.
+
+
+    "TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY
+    SOCIETY.
+
+    "Other reasons than those which will be presented in this
+    letter, made it desirable to me to be released from any official
+    connection with the Anti-Slavery Society. I thought those
+    reasons so well known to some of the delegates from the
+    Pennsylvania Society, and withal they were deemed by me of so
+    much value, that I felt both surprise and regret at
+    understanding that my name was continued as one of the vice
+    presidents of the Parent Society. Thus saying, I am,
+    nevertheless, bound to express my indebtedness for the kind
+    feeling toward me, and confidence in my love for the slave,
+    which, doubtless, induced the appointment.
+
+    "By an accident to my anti-slavery newspapers, I have just
+    received the proceedings of the society at the above meeting. I
+    am sorry to find in them superadded reasons for regret at my
+    appointment, as that appointment seems to place me in the false
+    position of appearing to be in favor of its leading measures;
+    some of which, denunciatory of co-laborers in the abolition
+    cause, have not my unity.
+
+    "In the heavy responsibilities of the former Executive
+    Committee, I find a sufficient reason for their transfer of the
+    'Emancipator' and other property for which they stood personally
+    engaged; and I therefore cannot join in affirming such transfer
+    to be 'a flagrant breach of trust;' and their answer in
+    justification of their course, 'an attempt to defend which
+    betrays an utter disregard of the rights of abolitionists.'
+
+    "Believing in the intellectual equality of the sexes, I go fully
+    for women's rights and duties. They possess a moral force of
+    immense power, which they are bound to exert for the good of
+    mankind; including emphatically so, those who are in the
+    hopeless and most wretched condition of slaves. The belief of
+    the value of female co-operation is common to the anti-slavery
+    community; and the only question regarding it which has arisen,
+    is, whether it shall be exerted in societies and conventions of
+    women, or in societies and conventions of men and women,
+    irrespective of sex. The question is of recent date, not even
+    coeval with the modern anti-slavery enterprise; and the
+    practice, at the origination of this enterprise, that of
+    separate action. We can all bear testimony to the powerful
+    impression upon the public mind, made by women, acting singly or
+    in societies and conventions, before it was thought of merging
+    their influence in a joint stock community with their brethren.
+    Where can we find an anti-slavery organization more potential,
+    and so dignified, as was the convention of American women? Is it
+    therefore surprising that the question has not been conclusively
+    settled by American abolitionists, that women ought to act
+    identically on the same platform and in the same society with
+    men; and that the practice, founded on this plan, still remains
+    measurably local, and, by many conforming to it, is deemed
+    experimental?
+
+    "In convening a World's Convention, no innovation upon the
+    general social usages was contemplated by our brethren in
+    England who called it. The convention was meant to be a
+    convention of men; and what was deficient of explicitness in the
+    first notice was amply made up in the reiteration of the call.
+    It was fully known before the appointment of delegates by the
+    American Anti-Slavery Society that the intention of the
+    committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was
+    such as is above explained. The views of the inviting party
+    being known, it was competent to the invited to accept or reject
+    the invitation, but not to modify its terms. The American
+    Society, however, in face of the invitation, with a knowledge of
+    the extreme sensitiveness of that portion of the British people
+    whom the Convention would deem it important to conciliate, to
+    any innovation upon established forms, and itself not united in
+    discarding the distinctions of sex, resolved to send female
+    delegates to the Convention, and thus, in effect, to appeal from
+    the Committee to the paramount authority of the Convention, and
+    with it to settle the American question.
+
+    "In exercising this authority we are to suppose, from the high
+    moral, intellectual, and philanthropic standing of its members,
+    the Convention, in adhering to the general usages of society,
+    meant to perpetuate no injustice; and we know, from their very
+    respectful attention to the rejected delegates, that they were
+    influenced by no want of courtesy--I am satisfied that they
+    acted according to their best impressions of duty, the carrying
+    out of which was their high aim; and that the Convention was not
+    the less a World's Convention because it did not embrace both
+    sexes as its members, or any reforms without the scope of its
+    call. I cannot unite, therefore, in the resolutions declaring
+    the proceedings of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
+    'arbitrary and despotic;' or the act of the London Conference,
+    excluding the female delegates of the American Society appointed
+    in contradiction to the terms of the invitation, as 'highly
+    disrespectful to the delegates, and to us, their constituents,
+    tyrannical in its nature, mischievous in its tendencies, and
+    unworthy of men claiming the character of abolitionists.'
+
+    "Thus my views not being in harmony with the action of the
+    society, in the particulars above referred to, my duty to it and
+    myself is, to tender you this as my resignation of the office of
+    Vice President for Pennsylvania, and not to await another
+    election for withdrawing from it.
+
+    "With no heart for the controversies which have got in among my
+    brethren, the common friends of the enslaved, and which are
+    sadly wasting their anti-slavery strength, but with a warm heart
+    for the legitimate objects of the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+    I shall not cease anxiously to desire its prosperity and speedy
+    triumph with these just limitations.
+
+    "Your friend,
+
+    "(Signed) ABRAHAM L. PENNOCK.
+
+    "_Haverford, 6th Month 28th_, 1841."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I. P. 146.
+
+
+GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.
+
+
+_Extract of a Letter from James Cannings Fuller to Joseph Sturge_.
+
+
+    "DEAR FRIEND,--Doubtless thou hast often thought of the visit to
+    our mutual friend, Gerrit Smith, and dwelt on the recollection
+    with pleasure. As thou requested me to furnish thee with the
+    result of the case which was brought under our notice from the
+    correspondence in the case of Sam and Harriet, I cheerfully
+    comply, by giving thee a somewhat detailed account, believing it
+    may be interesting to thee, and not unproductive of benefit to
+    others.
+
+    "There are in America no small number of individuals whose
+    circumstances, by parental gift or marriage endowments, are
+    similar to those of our dear friend, Ann Carroll Smith. I would
+    there were a host prepared, like her and her noble husband, to
+    do sacrifice of their substance on the altar of human rights.
+
+    "Ann Carroll Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Col. Wm.
+    Fitzhugh, a slaveholder, who formerly resided in Hagerstown,
+    Maryland. About twenty-three years ago, he removed to Geneseo,
+    New York. Twenty human chattels, whom he brought with him,
+    became free by the law of 1817; the remainder were left on his
+    plantation, in Maryland. Mammy Rachael, who nursed the Colonel's
+    wife, on the births of James Fitzhugh and his sister Ann, gave
+    to the former a boy, who was named Sam; and to the latter a
+    girl, called Harriet. They grew up together, and ultimately
+    formed a strong attachment. When Ann Fitzhugh was about eighteen
+    years old, her brother wrote to inquire if she would give him
+    Harriet, that she might become Sam's wife. When it is considered
+    that Ann was young and inexperienced; that she had been educated
+    to consider slavery right; that the doctrine of inalienable
+    personal ownership had not then been urged; and that the idea of
+    bestowing a wife on her brother's slave was naturally pleasing,
+    it is no marvel that she cheerfully granted the request.
+
+    "James Fitzhugh removed from Maryland to Kentucky. In the course
+    of events, his pecuniary affairs became embarrassed, and
+    creditors grew clamorous for the adjustment of their claims. His
+    effects were likely to be sold by the sheriff, and it was
+    reported he had no legal title to Harriet. Under these
+    circumstances, Gabriel Jackson prevailed on him to transfer Sam,
+    his wife, and first-born child, to him, in payment of his debt.
+    This man afterwards sold them to Samuel Worthington, a cotton
+    planter of Mississippi; whose letter, in reply to Gerrit Smith,
+    arrived the day we were at his house; and he being in doubt how
+    to effect the redemption of the family, and their safe
+    transportation, thou wilt remember that I agreed to effect both,
+    to what I shall call the Elysian Fields, or, more properly,
+    Eden. I started on the 26th of Seventh Month, via Lake Erie and
+    the Erie Canal, which extends from north to south three hundred
+    and nine miles through the State of Ohio. From the canal I took
+    steam-boat down the Ohio, to Maysville, Kentucky. The mistress
+    of the Eagle Hotel sat at her table as a queen, surrounded by
+    many slaves. There seemed to be twice as many hands to do the
+    work as were needful.
+
+    "From Maysville to Lexington (sixty-five miles) is the best road
+    I ever travelled, not excepting the English roads. It is made
+    and repaired with whitish limestone, from beginning to end. They
+    told me the repairs were principally made by Irishmen, as slaves
+    were not to be trusted to do the work. At starting, I observed
+    that the mail bags were nearly empty; and the driver being
+    questioned, informed me, that I could carry the whole mail in my
+    coat pockets. When he told me he was a Pennsylvanian, I asked
+    whether he could not earn as much in a free, as in a slave
+    State. He said that eighteen dollars a month was the most he
+    ever received for driving a team in a free State, and that now
+    he received thirty dollars a month. This opened the way for a
+    little anti-slavery talk. 'Last Sunday night,' said he, 'I saw a
+    big black man making the best of his way for Canada; I might
+    have stopped him, and had the reward of two hundred dollars,
+    which was offered.'
+
+    "I asked him whether it was best to have God's blessing, with
+    the fruits of his honest industry, or his curse, with two
+    hundred dollars blood money. He answered, with moistened eyes,
+    'I wish all the slaves were free,' to which I responded, 'Amen.'
+
+    "Some incidents connected with the escape of this negro, go to
+    prove that slaves can 'take care of themselves,' by a little
+    ingenuity, when occasion requires. Thinking it would be more
+    expeditious, as well as more agreeable, to ride from slavery
+    than to run from it, he took a horse; whether his master's or
+    not, I did not ascertain. The turnpike gates were a great
+    hindrance, and greatly increased the risk of apprehension. To
+    avoid this, just before reaching a turnpike gate, he let down a
+    fence, carefully put it up again, to avoid pursuit, passed round
+    the back of the keeper's house, and came out through the fence
+    beyond. As he was remounting his horse on one of these
+    occasions, the driver came up with him. Supposing him to be one
+    of the keeper's family, he wished him good night, but instantly
+    discovered by his voice that he was a colored man, putting his
+    horse to full speed. When he returned to Paynestown, he heard
+    people talking about a runaway, and told Dr. Whitehead he
+    believed he had seen the man the night before: 'I hope that
+    he'll get safe into Canada,' was the reply.
+
+    "'How can you say that, and be a slave-holder?' asked the
+    coachman.
+
+    "'I wish there were no slaves,' replied he; 'and as soon as
+    others will liberate theirs, mine shall go free.'
+
+    "Stage coaches afford no facilities to the poor fugitives. By
+    the law of the United States' Government, no colored man can
+    drive a mail stage; neither can any colored man ride on one,
+    unless he is known to be free, or is a slave travelling with his
+    master. Stage owners incur heavy penalties if they infringe
+    these rules. A verdict of one thousand six hundred dollars was
+    lately recovered by a slave-master against the company.
+
+    "At Washington the stage was stopped to know if a colored boy
+    could be put on. 'Yes; where is he?' 'Up at the jail yonder.'
+    The querist took a seat inside; and soon after I spied a colored
+    man on the outside, with keepers. He was a re-captured runaway,
+    who had taken a horse with him, and imitated the Israelites, in
+    borrowing various other articles, when he escaped from bondage.
+    He assumed false whiskers and a pair of spectacles; and on
+    reaching the Ohio river, produced free papers duly stamped with
+    the county seal. But, unfortunately, when questioned where he
+    had staid the preceding night, he foolishly attempted to
+    describe the place, and was thus detected; two hundred dollars
+    had been offered for him if taken out of the State, and one
+    hundred dollars if taken in the State. To ride in a stage, with
+    a man behind, whose legs and arms were fastened together with
+    rivetted chains and padlocks, was enough to make one feel the
+    force of Patrick Henry's exclamation, 'Give me liberty, or give
+    me death!' It was a poor consolation to administer to the
+    gnawings of his hunger, while beholding his manly frame thus
+    manacled: but I thought he seemed to eat my gingerbread with a
+    better relish, when I told him it was made where colored men
+    were free. At Payne's tavern, in Fairview, the poor fellow had
+    to undergo an examination from the landlord, and listen to a
+    homily about truth-telling; so little do slave-holders seem
+    aware that stealing and lying are constituent parts of their own
+    system. In the stage office at Lexington, we encountered the man
+    who claimed this poor fugitive. The driver, who had come with us
+    the two last stages, was a native of Duchess Co., N.Y.; and he
+    began to plead with the slave-holder in behalf of the slave. I
+    heard of another case where the angry master threatened to flog
+    and sell a recovered runaway, whom he had with him; but the
+    stage driver remonstrated with him so effectually, that he wept
+    like a child, and promised forgiveness to his slave.
+
+    "Having a great desire to see the imported cattle on Henry
+    Clay's plantation, I went thither. On approaching the house I
+    saw a colored man, to whom I said, 'Where wert thou raised?' 'In
+    Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Wilt thou shew me
+    his improved cattle?' He pointed to the orchard, and said the
+    man who had charge of them was there. As I followed his
+    direction, I encountered a very intelligent-looking boy,
+    apparently eight or nine years old. I said to him, 'Canst thou
+    read?' 'No.' 'Is there a school for colored people on Henry
+    Clay's plantation?' 'No.' 'How old art thou?' 'Don't know.' In
+    the orchard I found a woman at work with her needle. I asked
+    'How old art thou?' 'A big fifty.' 'How old is that?' 'Near
+    sixty.' 'How many children hast thou?' 'Fifteen or sixteen.'
+    'Where are they?' 'Colored folks don't know where their children
+    is; they are sent all over the country.' 'Where wert thou
+    raised?' 'Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Yes.'
+    'How many children hadst thou then?' 'Four.' 'Where are they?'
+    'I don't know. They tell me they are dead.' The hut, in which
+    this '_source of wealth_' lives, was neither as good, nor as
+    well floored as my stable. Several slaves were picking fruit in
+    the orchard. I asked one of the young men whether they were
+    taught to read on this plantation, and he answered, 'No.' I
+    found the overseer of the cattle with a short handled stout
+    whip, which had been broken. He said it answered both for a
+    riding whip, and occasionally 'to whip off the slaves.'
+
+    "What, my friend, is to be learned from these gleanings at
+    Ashland?--from the doings of our mutual friend, Joseph John
+    Gurney's 'dear friend,' Henry Clay: the man who boasts that
+    'every pulsation of his heart beats high for liberty,' yet is
+    not ashamed to buy men and women at the Capitol!--that place
+    which, above all others, ought not to be cursed by the footsteps
+    of a slave. Yet I fear there are not wanting in the abolition
+    ranks men so wedded to political party, that they may be tempted
+    to vote for Henry Clay; serving their party and themselves
+    thereby, and perchance thinking they serve their country.
+
+    "Do not think Clay a sinner above all other men. His slaves
+    appeared to be well fed and well clothed. Indeed, the general
+    superiority of condition in Kentucky slaves, over those of
+    Maryland and Virginia, cannot fail to strike the most
+    superficial observer.
+
+    "Pursuing my journey, I came to Blue Lick, whose waters are
+    celebrated throughout the United States. At the spring I found
+    several men, white and colored. I asked if I could have a drink.
+    A white man said the waters were free to all. I asked, 'Will
+    they make all free?' They again replied that the spring was free
+    to all. 'I perceive thou dost not understand my question,' said
+    I. But the countenances of the colored men brightened, and, with
+    a cheerful tone, they answered significantly, 'We know what you
+    mean.'
+
+    "I found Samuel Worthington quite a different person than his
+    letters had led me to imagine. When I introduced myself he
+    appeared nervous and embarrassed. He was a Kentuckian by birth,
+    but having met with reverses in fortune he went to Mississippi,
+    and became an overseer; first on a salary of six hundred
+    dollars, and afterwards two thousand dollars. He now owns a
+    cotton plantation, with about one hundred and twenty slaves, and
+    is reputed wealthy. He is considered an accomplished gentleman,
+    of sound, discriminating, and feeling mind. I believe he is a
+    kind master, in the common acceptation of the term; that is, he
+    feeds and clothes his slaves well, and does not overwork them,
+    though the overseer's whip is the stimulus to labor. He gave me
+    some account of provision; but the only item I remember is, that
+    he cured twenty-five thousand pounds of pork annually, for his
+    slaves. Far be it from me to say any thing disrespectful of him,
+    except that he is a slave-holder; a word which, in my view,
+    comprises 'the sum of all villany,' In my transactions with him,
+    I found him fair and honorable, as far as it can be honorable to
+    sell human flesh.
+
+    "He said he had long since received a letter from J. Fitzhugh,
+    concerning Sam's family; but as he knew their situation would
+    not be bettered by being transferred to him, he had taken no
+    notice of the application. When Gerrit Smith's letter came, he
+    supposed that the writer was not in earnest, 'that it was all
+    done for effect, and would end in smoke.' He was surprised to
+    learn, by G. Smith's reply to him, that it was my intention to
+    come to Harrodsburg; he regretted that it was so, as it
+    disturbed him, and might break up his family arrangements. His
+    wife had three small children, one of them a babe, and the
+    proposed arrangements would leave her without assistance. He
+    told me he was not a man to be driven; and I answered that we
+    were well matched on that point, it would, however, be better
+    for us both to ascertain coolly how far we could agree. He began
+    by saying that he did not feel bound to sell the family, in
+    consequence of what he had written to G. Smith; for he had only
+    said that he might be induced to take four thousand dollars for
+    them. After some preliminaries, he proposed that I should have a
+    conversation with Sam; for he did not think he could be
+    prevailed upon to leave him. I assured him I should do no such
+    thing, until he and I had settled the question of dollars and
+    cents. I had no idea of presenting the cup of freedom to Sam's
+    lips, and then having it dashed to the ground. 'I do not
+    believe,' said I, 'that there is a man on these grounds whom I
+    could not induce to go with me from slavery; but if Sam has
+    objections, let me talk with his wife.'
+
+    "'No, that will not do,' replied he; 'she would go with you.'
+    'Yes,' said I, 'let me talk to your women of a mother's right to
+    herself and her offspring, and then see how many of them you
+    would find willing to remain in bondage!'
+
+    "After various pros and cons, we concluded a bargain, subject of
+    course to the parties being _willing_ to leave the 'patriarchal
+    institution.' Three thousand five hundred dollars were to be
+    paid, and both of us together were to have an opportunity of
+    conversing with Sam and his wife. The master probably felt so
+    confident that his slave would not leave him, that he had not
+    patience to wait the promised interview; for he popped the
+    delicate question to him alone. Sam had been informed of the
+    whole progress of the affair, from the time of G. Smith's first
+    letter; and he answered promptly that he would go so that before
+    I met him, that _difficult_ part of the business had 'ended in
+    smoke.'
+
+    "S. Worthington's disappointment was the greater because I had
+    told him that I had felt like one of old: 'If the woman will not
+    be _willing_ to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from
+    this;' that I could go back with a quiet mind; and that the
+    consciences of my friends in Peterboro' would doubtless be
+    satisfied, having given Harriet and her family the liberty of
+    choice, and thus made all the reparation in their power for
+    having ever held her in slavery.
+
+    "The large price paid for the redemption of this family may
+    surprise thee, especially if thou hast not forgotten that
+    passage in Worthington's letter where he says, 'I am, to some
+    extent, opposed to slavery; nor do I object to the efforts of
+    abolitionists when done in a good spirit.' It is, however, but
+    justice to say that the description he gave of the family is
+    strictly correct 'They are all sprightly, remarkable for good
+    character, and of course most valuable for house servants.' He
+    said he had repeatedly been offered two thousand dollars for
+    Sam, and he believed he would command that sum any day from
+    those who knew his worth; that his old master prised him very
+    highly, particularly for his moral excellence; and, speaking of
+    his conduct, described him as a 'gentleman.' Yet he talked as if
+    he were certain that Sam and his family would be reduced to
+    beggary if left to themselves at the North! The children, it is
+    true, have had little preparation in slavery for self reliance;
+    for the most favored of them cannot spell their own names.
+
+    "S. Worthington said many had inquired of him what business
+    brought me there; and being informed of the object of my
+    mission, they advised him to have nothing to do with me. 'But,'
+    said he, 'though I am certain the condition of Sam and his wife
+    cannot be bettered, I do not think the same with regard to their
+    children; and as Mr. Smith seems disposed to do a kind action, I
+    cannot, in conscience, attempt to frustrate it. If I were to
+    send you home without this family, I should have a troubled
+    mind.'
+
+    "One of Worthington's greatest difficulties in parting with
+    these slaves was, that it would leave his wife destitute of
+    servants. I pitied her, and felt it right to express my
+    sympathy. I told her my compassion was increased, because I
+    apprehended there was a struggle in her own breast between duty
+    and interest; and I appealed to her whether she did not know it
+    was a duty to let them go, though personal interest would induce
+    her to keep them in her service. I was glad to perceive that
+    these remarks enabled her to relieve herself of a weight--her
+    countenance brightened up, and she appeared quite willing I
+    should take them away. She showed great kindness to Harriet and
+    her children, and evidently felt deeply moved at parting with
+    the nurse, who had thrice been with her through nature's sorest
+    trials. She appeared to me to be a nice lady-like person; and,
+    if I judge aright, she knows what estimate ought to be placed
+    upon slavery in a woman's mind.
+
+    "Those who know me will not suspect that I sought to conceal my
+    abolition, even in the hot-bed of slavery. Yet I assure thee I
+    had no intention of making it a common topic of conversation,
+    unless the way appeared to open; but thy experience, I doubt
+    not, as well as mine, proves that it is ever opening. The most
+    we need to do is to embrace opportunities, without seeking to
+    make them. I had not expected to say as much as I did, but it
+    was such a curiosity for a Quaker to be seen in such company,
+    that it was soon universally known why I had come and what I had
+    done. This gave rise to many conversations with slave holders,
+    which I trust did some good. I was astonished at their extreme
+    ignorance concerning the laboring population of the North. Thou
+    wilt perhaps be surprised to hear me assert that slave holders
+    do not know what slavery is. Still more strange will it seem
+    when I tell thee that thy old friend was highly complimented by
+    them for his prudence and discretion! The story had become
+    current that I would not talk to Sam till I had settled the
+    business with his master; and as they generally professed to
+    believe that abolitionists wished to incite the slave against
+    their master, by every mischievous incentive they could devise,
+    my conduct naturally enough seemed to them remarkable. I told
+    them I must honestly abjure such complimentary language; for, so
+    far from being what they would consider discreet, I was in fact
+    an abolitionist of the most ultra school. I assured them that
+    most of my associates at the North would have proceeded as I had
+    done, and some of them probably with more discretion. I like
+    much better to talk to a southerner on slavery than with a
+    northern apologist. I regard him as far less mean. There is a
+    mind to be appealed to for _facts_, and there is a feeling that
+    can be reached by a simple testimony of republican truth. In
+    this, the slave holder sometimes 'sees his face as in a glass;
+    but he goeth away and forgetteth what manner of man he is.'
+
+    "As my prudence and discretion had excited observation, I
+    ventured to remark that it would be a great gratification to me,
+    if the slave holders would meet together and let me occupy an
+    hour or so in defining the true position and principles of the
+    abolitionists; but this, as I had expected, was declined.
+
+    "When I paid the money, I felt constrained to testify that I
+    could in no degree sanction the principle that man could hold
+    property in man; that the slaves were our equals by creation,
+    and for their salvation, equally with ours, did Christ leave the
+    right hand of the Father to suffer on the cross. I told them
+    that contradictory as it might seem to them, the man who was now
+    paying money for slaves, had such a detestation of the system,
+    that he deemed it a duty to abstain from eating or wearing any
+    of the products of slavery. This seemed to them wondrous
+    strange, and they inquired if there were many at the North who
+    agreed with me in this scruple. I told them yes; that the number
+    was increasing, and that my friend, Gerrit Smith, had abstained
+    from slave produce for many years.
+
+    "A few hours previous to my final departure one after another
+    gathered around me, and as we stood in the open piazza, I said
+    what I could to explain the principles and practice of
+    abolitionists. I think S. Worthington felt a little hurt at my
+    being thus engaged, for when the stage drove up, he came in
+    great haste to inform me that it was ready. I found it
+    surrounded by many persons, principally colored, who had
+    assembled to bid farewell to the objects of my charge. Their
+    master shook each slave by the hand and bade them farewell. I
+    observed him as we moved away, and thought he seemed to be a
+    good deal moved from some cause or other.
+
+    "I took care that coachman and passengers should be informed of
+    the history of Sam and his wife; and some one or other of them
+    was sure to make it a subject of conversation wherever we
+    stopped. At Lawrenceburg, where we put up for the night, the
+    landlord was also stage proprietor and a slave holder. He tried
+    to make me believe that his slaves were much better off than
+    himself. He enumerated his troubles and perplexities in contrast
+    with the blessed freedom from care enjoyed by his slaves. I told
+    him he had made out his case very well; but to test his
+    sincerity, I merely wished him to declare candidly, whether he
+    should be altogether willing that himself and family should
+    exchange places with a slave family. The test was too severe,
+    and he walked off. Two young men at table then took up the
+    conversation. The tyranny which slavery exercises over the
+    entire community, was illustrated by the assertion that the head
+    of a certain college did not dare to acknowledge himself an
+    abolitionist; for if he did he would lose his office, which
+    brought him in a good salary; and, moreover, the people of D----
+    would dismiss him from his pastoral charge. I of course took the
+    ground that he could not be a truly Christian minister, who
+    would purchase his bread and cheese at the expense of denying
+    his own belief, or suppressing his own convictions.
+
+    "My host inquired whether I would sit at table with colored
+    people; and he seemed much surprised when I answered, 'I do not
+    judge persons by their complexion, but by moral worth. At my own
+    table I sit with colored people, and I shall with these.'
+
+    "The South, however, is much more free from prejudice against
+    color than the north; provided the distinction between the
+    classes is understood.--A gentleman may seat his slave beside
+    him in a stage coach, and a lady makes no objection to ride next
+    a fat negro woman, even when the thermometer is at ninety
+    degrees; provided always that her fellow travellers understand
+    she is her _property_.
+
+    "At Shelbyville the stage was likely to be crowded with new
+    passengers, when I said to some young men who were about to get
+    in, that I had a family with me who must not be turned out of
+    the seats they had occupied. Samuel and his family took their
+    accustomed seats, and those who could not find room rode on the
+    roof of the coach; among them was a member elect of the
+    Legislature. As we started, a well dressed man, among the crowd
+    at the tavern-door, called out, 'Go it abolition!'
+
+    "A crowd at this place attracted my attention, and I found it
+    was an executor's sale; comprising 'lands, houses, furniture,
+    horses, cows, hogs, and twenty likely negroes.' Slaves must,
+    however, be more of a cash article than other commodities; for
+    they were to be sold on four months' credit; real estate, on
+    twelve and twenty four months, and all other property, six
+    months'.
+
+    "At Louisville, we fell in with Elisha, brother of Samuel
+    Worthington, on his return to Arkansas, where he had a cotton
+    plantation. He manifested much openness and good will, and
+    pressingly invited me to visit him, should I ever go down the
+    Mississippi. After considerable conversation on slavery, he
+    asked me what I thought would be the effect of my late visit. I
+    replied, it was a subject I had often contemplated myself, but I
+    did not know whether it had entered the heads of others. For my
+    own part, I thought I had taught the slaveholders a lesson. They
+    maintained that the slaves did not want their freedom; yet here
+    was one, well fed and well clothed, and in fact living in
+    clover, as far as a slave could do so, ready, without my asking
+    him, to go with me among strangers. If he would leave such a
+    kind master, what might not be expected of the oppressed field
+    hand?
+
+    "'Perhaps a quotation from Latimer would furnish you with a more
+    direct reply to your question,' said I, 'You know he said at the
+    stake--"We shall this day light such a fire in England, as I
+    trust, by God's grace, will never be put out." And I believe my
+    visit has kindled a flame of liberty in Harrodsburg, that shall
+    burn for years to come; and, by its light, I trust, that many
+    will find their way into Canada.'
+
+    "I told him, too, I had a question to ask, and I wanted a direct
+    answer--yes, or no. 'Were the slaves any worse off, since the
+    question of abolition has been agitated?'
+
+    "He said they were not, excepting in one respect. Formerly, when
+    a preacher came among them to hold meetings with the slaves,
+    they had no objection; but now, they feared that slaves from
+    different plantations might thus congregate together and plot
+    mischief. I asked him if slaves in Mississippi were aware of
+    abolition efforts in the North; and he said he believed they
+    were.
+
+    "We parted with Samuel at Louisville, we taking the steam boat
+    for Cincinnati, and leaving him to proceed to Worthington
+    plantation for his boys. He stood and watched the departure of
+    our boat with a soul full of emotion. He felt himself a
+    connecting link between his sons in distant Mississippi, and his
+    wife and daughters on their way to Peterboro'; and I was glad to
+    see nature and affection gush forth in tears. They say colored
+    people cannot take care of themselves, but I assure thee I had
+    hard work to make these people move a step, till a safe plan was
+    arranged for their absent children.
+
+    "When I went to pay the captain my fare, he asked whether the
+    colored woman and girls were my property. I answered yes; but
+    explained to him my peculiar situation, and I told him I
+    detested the very name of slavery. He said they usually asked
+    for a reference, but he felt sure that a person of my appearance
+    would not tell him a falsehood. I told him I would show him my
+    bill of sale, as soon as the hurry had subsided; not because I
+    acknowledged his right to demand it, but because he was civil
+    and polite, and I was willing to satisfy him. When I showed him
+    the bill, he knew both the seller and the witness, as I had
+    expected. I asked him whether, if I had brought a barrel of lard
+    on board, he would have troubled me to prove property? He
+    apologized by saying, that they had been imposed on by white
+    men, who put slaves on board, under the pretence that they were
+    free; and that the owners of the line had been obliged to pay
+    six thousand dollars for fugitive slaves. I noticed there were
+    no colored hands on board.
+
+    "On arriving at Buffalo, we put up at the Mansion House; and the
+    first object that caught my eye was an advertisement, dated
+    LIBERTY, in Missouri, offering three hundred dollars reward for
+    three fugitive slaves. This is a free state with a vengeance! No
+    stage riding for colored people here; moreover, it was with
+    great difficulty I could obtain breakfast for my companions,
+    though I had paid for it. I hope abolitionists will keep clear
+    of such a pro-slavery atmosphere as surrounds the Mansion House.
+
+    "On board the cars, Colorophobia again began to rage; but the
+    agent soon quelled it, by finding other seats for two persons,
+    who thought better of themselves than others did of them. In the
+    stage to Auburn, difficulty again occurred, and the driver
+    wanted to return my money, when some of the passengers objected
+    to the complexion of some of my companions. I told him the stage
+    was too crowded to hold us at any event; but unless he sent us
+    on to Auburn in good season, I should teach the company a lesson
+    they would not soon forget. He did so; and I arrived safely at
+    my own house, after an absence of twenty-six days, and a travel
+    of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles. The whole
+    cost of redemption, including our travelling expenses, was three
+    thousand five hundred and eighty-three dollars and eighty-one
+    cents. (£807.)
+
+    "We had not been long there before Harriet said to my wife,
+    'Madam, I return you a thousand thanks for letting your
+    gentleman fetch us;' and I believe she said no more than she
+    felt, and I felt the force of her grateful acknowledgments.
+
+    "After two days' rest, we proceeded to Gerrit Smith's; where, as
+    thou mayest well believe, we received the friendly welcome which
+    those are wont to receive who visit his house.
+
+    "_Skaneateles, 9th Month 14th, 1841._"
+
+
+
+APPENDIX K. PAGE 159.
+
+
+_The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization Society_.
+
+
+The "Friends" alluded to in the text as supporting the Colonization
+Society in a collective capacity, are those of North Carolina. In 1832
+two influential "Friends" appeared at the Annual Meeting of the
+Colonization Society, as delegates from the Society of Friends in North
+Carolina. One of the resolutions passed at the time, is as
+follows:--"That the thanks of this Meeting be presented to the Society
+of Friends in North Carolina, for the aid they have liberally bestowed
+and repeatedly rendered to the cause of African Colonization." The
+Yearly meeting of Friends in North Carolina stands among the donors of
+that year, as having contributed five hundred dollars to the
+Colonization Society. I fear no change has since taken place in the
+favorable disposition of "Friends" of that region towards this
+institution, for during one of my visits to Philadelphia, I was informed
+by a "Friend," just returned from North Carolina, that an agent of the
+Colonization Society had been recently permitted to make an appeal
+before the members of the "Meeting of Sufferings" of that Yearly
+Meeting, which had afterwards granted him two hundred dollars out of the
+common stock of the Society. Nothing is more certain than that
+approbation of the principles and measures of the Colonization Society,
+cannot co-exist with any lively desires for the extinction of slavery,
+by the only practical means--_emancipation_; and accordingly I was not
+surprised to find it urged by some prominent individuals as a reason for
+their own inactivity, and that of the Society at large, on this subject,
+that "Friends" living within the slave States, urged their brethren at
+the North not to unite with the Anti-slavery Societies. It appears,
+however, that "Friends" of North Carolina do not, at all events, object
+to uniting or co-operating with those of other denominations, in
+promoting an object which they approve. Their objection to abolition
+societies evidently rests on quite different grounds.
+
+I must here be permitted to say a few words, respecting the character
+and objects of the society, thus officially patronized by the Friends of
+North Carolina.
+
+The greatest objection to this society, is its representing slavery, and
+the prejudice against color, as necessary and incurable evils, for which
+its own mockery of a remedy is the only palliative; and thus
+administering an opiate to the consciences, not only of slave-holders,
+but of others who are unwilling to part with their sinful prejudices,
+and to enter into that fellowship of suffering with the enslaved,
+without which no efforts for the removal of slavery will be effectual.
+
+The following extracts, elucidating this subject, are from a printed
+letter written by a friend of high station and extensive influence, then
+residing in North Carolina, but now of the State of Indiana, in defence
+of the Colonization Society. It is dated "Third Month 4th, 1834," and I
+suppress his name, because time and reflection have, I believe, in some
+degree modified his views.
+
+Speaking of the opposition of Friends in England to the Colonization
+Society, he says, "I have supposed that they would think it more
+consistent with Christian principles to emancipate them in the Southern
+States, and let them remain there, as they have done in the Northern
+States. I apprehend that Friends in England are not fully apprised of
+some important circumstances, which place the Southern States in a very
+different situation from the Northern. In the first place, there never
+were so many people of color in the Northern States, as there are in the
+Southern; and another circumstance that diminished them there, and
+increased them greatly here, was while the Northern States were
+legislating on the subject of gradual emancipation, avaricious masters
+sent them by thousands to the Southern markets, before the emancipating
+laws were actually passed, which left a small proportion in those
+States, in comparison to the whites; not many more, perhaps, than they
+were willing to have for laborers, waiting men, waiting women, et cet.
+And notwithstanding they have freed their slaves, for which they are
+entitled to applause, yet they never dreamed of raising them to equal
+citizenship and privileges with the white people. No, my friend, they
+can no more reconcile to themselves the idea of sitting down by the side
+of a colored African, (American?) in any legislative or judiciary
+department, than the high spirited Southern slaveholder; _and not only
+so, they never intend to admit them to these privileges, while the State
+Government, and the United States' Government continue in existence_."
+Again, after stating various objections to emancipation, he goes on to
+say, "I need not dwell much upon the subject of universal emancipation,
+in stating the best, or the worst, or most probable results of such a
+measure, because the Southern people have no more idea of the general
+emancipation of slaves, without colonizing them, than the Northern
+people have of admitting the few among _them_ to equal rights and
+privileges. Not even the friends of humanity here, think that a general
+emancipation, to remain here, would better their condition," et cet.
+
+The inferences plainly to be drawn from all this, and from much besides
+to the same purport, are, that the wicked determination of the white
+people to retain their sinful prejudices, is, like the laws of the Medes
+and Persians, immutable; and must, therefore, be accommodated by the
+transportation of the unoffending objects of their intense dislike. On
+this point I will observe that, if it be so, the remedy is worse than
+the disease; but that Christian principle is powerful enough, as daily
+experience testifies, to combat and destroy this unholy prejudice. The
+next inference is, that because the slave population in the Southern
+States is much more numerous than it was in the Northern, _therefore_
+the same reasons for emancipation do not exist. Is not the true
+conclusion from such premises, the very reverse of this? The motives to
+abolition increase, both in weight and number, in proportion to the
+absolute and relative increase of the slave population. The British West
+Indies present an example of the safety and advantages of the measure in
+a community, where the whites are a mere handful compared to the colored
+population.
+
+That state of feeling from which the Colonization Society sprung, is
+well illustrated by this writer, in giving, in natural language, a
+picture of his own mind. After again repeating his statement of the vast
+proportion which the colored population bears to the white, in the Slave
+States, he says, "Now, my friend, the general emancipation of such a
+number of these poor, degraded creatures, say more than two millions,
+always to remain here with the white people, even if the Government
+should take the necessary care for their education and preparation for
+freedom and civilized life, which to be sure it ought, they must or will
+be a degraded people, while the reins of government remain in the hands
+of the whites. Supposing the very best consequences that could follow
+such a measure, even that both classes should generally exercise
+Christian feelings towards each other, which is very improbable, if not
+morally impossible, the peculiarly marked difference of features and
+color, will be always an insurmountable barrier to general
+amalgamation." Again, "Were they of the same color and features that we
+are, in an elective republican government like this, where talents and
+merit are the common footsteps to esteem and preferment, there would be
+no difficulty in universal emancipation, without a separation. I have no
+idea that they are at all inferior to the white people in intellect;
+give them the same opportunity for enterprise and improvement." Their
+only sin, it appears, after all, is being "guilty of a skin not colored
+like our own." I may observe, in passing, that amalgamation, the bugbear
+of anti-abolitionists, is the necessary result of slavery, not of
+emancipation.
+
+The preceding extracts present a faithful picture of colonization
+principles, though it is not every colonizationist who would avow them
+with so much simplicity. The writer notwithstanding, manifests some
+benevolent feeling towards the slaves. His conscience cannot be
+satisfied with the present state of things, and he, like too many
+others, takes refuge in the pleasing delusion that it would be
+practicable to convey these colored Americans across the Atlantic and
+make them comfortable in Africa, because their ancestors were born
+there. As reasonably and as justly might he talk of transporting the
+white Americans to England because their ancestors removed from this
+country.
+
+It is very easily demonstrable, that this could not possibly be
+accomplished--that neither the means of transport could be found, nor
+the means of settlement provided; and were these impossibilities
+removed, it might also be shown, very easily, that it would be suicidal
+policy to remove the entire laboring population of the Southern States
+from a soil and climate for which they only are adapted. Yet
+emancipation by removal is the theory of the Colonization Society, and
+in this point of view that Society must be characterized as a grand
+imposture. What must be the power of that delusion which can render
+intelligent and philanthropic men the victims of such a fallacy? If the
+whites, who hold the reins of government, could but be brought to
+exercise Christian feelings towards the people of color, which this
+worthy friend thinks is perhaps "morally impossible," how rapidly would
+all difficulties vanish? To accomplish this desirable end is the object
+of the abolitionists; they feel it to be difficult, but they know it to
+be not impossible.
+
+The writer of this pamphlet uniformly couples "ultra slaveholders" and
+"northern manumissionists" in the same censure. They are the two
+objectionable extremes; colonizationists and moderate slave-holders
+being, I suppose, the golden mean. One illustration more of the animus
+with which he regards a black population.
+
+"And so it is with the New England immediate manumissionists; they have
+so few people of color that they do not consider them an evil; and hence
+they conclude that the Southern States may do as they have done--free
+them at once; but I have no doubt at all, if there was as large a
+proportion of colored people in the New England States as in the
+Southern, there would be but one voice, and that would be for colonizing
+them somewhere."
+
+The following passage is historically interesting:
+
+"The Yearly Meeting of Friends of North Carolina have sent several
+hundreds of those they have had under their care to Liberia, for whose
+emancipation in this State they could never obtain a law, though they
+petitioned for it oftentimes for the space of fifty years, always
+finding the chief objection of the legislature to be that of the great
+number and degraded and low character of the free persons of color
+already in the State. We prefer sending them to Africa rather than to
+any of the free States or to Canada--because we believe _that_ is their
+proper home. We sent some to the State of Ohio; and since then hundreds
+of blacks have been in a manner compelled, by the laws of that State, or
+the prejudices of some of its citizens, to leave it and go to Canada. We
+have sent some to Indiana, but that State has passed laws, we hear, to
+prevent any more coming. We have sent some to Pennsylvania, but, about
+two years ago, we shipped near one hundred from Newbern and Beaufort to
+Chester; they were not suffered to land, neither there nor at
+Philadelphia, nor yet on the Jersey shore opposite, but had to float on
+the Delaware river until the Colonization Society took them into
+possession; then they were landed in Jersey, ten miles below
+Philadelphia, and re-shipped for Africa. North Carolina Yearly Meeting
+has contributed thousands of dollars to the Colonization Society; it has
+probably done more for it than any other religious community has in
+America, not merely because it has provided us an asylum for the people
+of color under our care, but upon the ground of our belief that it is a
+great, humane, and benevolent institution. I am not informed of a single
+member of the Society of Friends in this country, not even in any of the
+slave States, who is not in favor of colonizing them in Africa. We
+believe generally that colonizing them there gradually is the most
+likely way to put a peaceful end to slavery, and place them in the great
+scale of equality with the rest of the civilized world."
+
+I have devoted a space to this letter for several reasons; first,
+because the writer is a man of note and influence in his own country,
+and has plainly uttered what many of the Society of Friends even now
+feel, secondly, he has shown what was the prevalent sentiment among
+Friends not longer than seven years since, though I hope and believe a
+considerable change has taken place in the interval; and lastly,
+because, within a few months past, a well-known American, a zealous
+agent of the Colonization Society, has privately employed this very
+letter to induce abolitionists in England to look favorably on that
+Society.
+
+I would add, also, that I learn, on the authority of an English
+"Friend," who has lately visited the various Yearly Meetings in America,
+that in those parts of the slave States in which "Friends" chiefly
+reside, their influence is very perceptible in mitigating the treatment
+of the slaves in their neighborhood. This, I willingly believe; indeed
+the example of a body who refuse to hold slaves, cannot but be highly
+beneficial.
+
+
+
+APPENDIX L.--Page 96.
+
+
+
+"_Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the Lords of the
+Admiralty, Great Britain_.
+
+
+
+    "To the Right Honorable the Lords of the Admiralty of Great
+    Britain.
+
+    "The undersigned, the citizens of Boston, in the United States
+    of America, of different religious denominations, respectfully
+    represent--
+
+    "That by existing arrangements for the sailing of the Cunard
+    line of steamers between Boston and Liverpool, it becomes
+    necessary for them to leave this port on the Sabbath, whenever
+    that happens to be the regular day appointed for sailing; and
+    that this occurs a number of times in the course of a year. That
+    the sailing of a steamer on that day is a source of deep regret
+    to many good citizens, who are compelled, whenever the event
+    happens, either to defer their departure to a future day, or to
+    yield to an arrangement which violates their Christian feelings.
+    And what is still more to be lamented, as a consequence growing
+    out of the present regulation, is that aside from the tumult
+    necessarily attendant on the sailing of these vessels on the
+    Lord's day, it furnishes an occasion for the needless
+    profanation of the day by thousands who assemble as spectators
+    on our wharves to witness their departure.
+
+    "The undersigned regard a proper observance of the Sabbath as
+    vital to the general peace, good order, and welfare of society;
+    and they are deeply impressed with the belief that nothing of a
+    secular or worldly nature should be done on that day by
+    individuals, by governments, or by any of their departments,
+    Which is not in the strictest sense a work of necessity or
+    mercy; and they most respectfully represent, that they are
+    unable to perceive any reasons which render the sailing of
+    steamers from this port on the Lord's day such a work. And
+    believing as they do, that it will be the pleasure of your
+    lordships at all times to cherish and promote, so far as you may
+    be able, a due observance of the Sabbath, they respectfully and
+    earnestly request your lordships so to vary the present
+    arrangements as to the times for the sailing of these steamers,
+    that their departure from this port shall be changed to another
+    day, whenever the appointed day for sailing shall fall upon the
+    Christian Sabbath. And they venture to express their confident
+    belief that not only the public welfare, but also the private
+    advantage of individuals concerned in the enterprize, would be
+    ultimately promoted by the arrangements here prayed for.
+
+    "The undersigned cannot conclude their memorial without
+    adverting to the high and responsible station that has been
+    assigned by Providence to the English and American people, in
+    the great work which they and we rejoice to know is now so
+    rapidly progressing, of improving the moral and religious
+    character and condition of the world; nor can they be unmindful
+    of the fact, that to the same extent as their standing before
+    the world in this respect is permanent, so will be the influence
+    of their example on the nations around them, whether it be good
+    or bad.
+
+    "That the subject here presented may receive your Lordship's
+    favorable and Christian consideration is the sincere and earnest
+    desire of your Lordships' most respectful memorialists."
+
+
+The signatures to this document included the late mayor and one of the
+former ones, who was also Lieutenant-Governor of the State of
+Massachusetts, one bishop, upwards of forty clergymen of different
+denominations, nine gentlemen, upwards of one hundred and twenty
+merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance companies, the postmaster
+of Boston, five physicians, seven members of the legal profession, two
+editors of newspapers; and it was accompanied by the following
+memorandum from one of the gentlemen who had taken it round for
+signature.
+
+
+    "The undersigned having been personally engaged in obtaining the
+    signatures to the memorial, asking a change in the sailing of
+    the Cunard steamers, when the regular sailing day occurs on the
+    Sabbath, hereby certifies that the memorialists are among the
+    most respectable and influential of their respective
+    professions, that the memorial was received with almost
+    universal favor, and that, had time been allowed, and had it
+    been deemed necessary to do it, thousands of names might have
+    been obtained.
+
+    "AMOS A. PHELPS."
+
+    "Boston, July 31, 1841."
+
+
+On my arrival in this country, I found that Lord Melbourne's
+administration was about to resign; I therefore deferred forwarding the
+memorial until the present ministers had entered upon the duties of
+their respective offices; when I called at the Admiralty, and placed it
+in the hands of the Secretary, having little doubt the application would
+have been at once granted; but a few days after it was presented I
+received the following reply:--
+
+
+    "Admiralty, September 21, 1841.
+
+    "Sir,--Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the
+    Admiralty the communications of the citizens of Boston, United
+    States, representing their wish that the departure of Mr.
+    Cunard's steamers on a Sunday, from their port, should, for the
+    future be discontinued; I am commanded by their lordships to
+    acquaint you, that after having given that attention to the
+    subject, which their respect for the citizens of Boston, and for
+    the religious opinions expressed by them, could not fail to
+    dictate, my lords have, upon mature consideration, come to the
+    conclusion, that, with a due regard to the exigencies of the
+    public service, the proposed alteration cannot be carried into
+    effect. My lords, therefore, beg you will have the goodness to
+    convey their decision to the citizens of Boston, together with
+    the assurance of their respect for the opinions they have
+    expressed, and their consequent regret at being unable to comply
+    with their request.
+
+    "I am, Sir,
+
+
+    "Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+    "JOHN BARROW.
+
+    "Joseph Sturge, Esq., Birmingham."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Visit To The United States In 1841
+by Joseph Sturge
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11454 ***
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+   <head>
+      <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
+
+      <title>A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841</title>
+      <meta name="author" content="JOSEPH STURGE">
+      <meta name="generator" content="Text Encoding Initiative Consortium XSLT stylesheets">
+      <meta name="DC.Title" content="A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841">
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11454 ***</div>
+
+      <p><a name="TOP"></a></p>
+      <table summary="titlepage" class="header" width="100%">
+         <tr>
+            <td rowspan="3"></td>
+            <td align="left">
+               <h2 class="institution"></h2>
+            </td>
+         </tr>
+         <tr>
+            <td align="left">
+               <h1 class="maintitle">A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841</h1>
+            </td>
+         </tr>
+         <tr>
+            <td>&nbsp;</td>
+            <td align="left"> By JOSEPH STURGE &nbsp; 1842</td>
+         </tr>
+      </table>
+      <hr>
+      <div class="epigraph">
+         <div class="lg">"'Tis liberty alone that gives the flower<br>Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;<br>And we are weeds without it. All constraint,<br>Except what wisdom lays on evil men,<br>Is evil; hurts the faculties, impedes<br>Their progress in the road of science; blinds<br>The eyesight of discovery; and begets,<br>In those that suffer it, a sordid mind."<br><br></div><a name="projectID3fc794869927c-bibl-d0e62"></a>
+         COWPER.
+
+      </div>
+      <div class="contents">
+         <h2><a name="toc"></a></h2>
+         <ol>
+            <li><a name="d0e66"></a><a href="#pre_amer" class="ref">Preface to the American Edition</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e69"></a><a href="#pre_eng" class="ref">Preface to the English Edition</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e72"></a><a href="#a_visit" class="ref">A Visit, &amp;c.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e75"></a><a href="#genobs" class="ref">General Observations</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e78"></a><a href="#A" class="ref">Appendix A: ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e81"></a><a href="#B" class="ref">Appendix B: EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e84"></a><a href="#C" class="ref">Appendix C: Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of Friends, &amp;c.
+                  </a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e87"></a><a href="#D" class="ref">Appendix D: ELISHA TYSON.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e90"></a><a href="#E" class="ref">Appendix E: THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES"</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e93"></a><a href="#F" class="ref">Appendix F: Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e96"></a><a href="#G" class="ref">Appendix G: OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e99"></a><a href="#H" class="ref">Appendix H: LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e102"></a><a href="#I" class="ref">Appendix I: GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e105"></a><a href="#K" class="ref">Appendix K: The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization Society</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e108"></a><a href="#L" class="ref">Appendix L: Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.</a></li>
+         </ol>
+      </div>
+      <div class="preface">
+         <h2><a name="pre_amer"></a>
+            PREFACE
+            <br>
+            TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.
+            <br></h2><a name="fm_blank1"></a><a name="fm_blank2"></a><a name="fm_i"></a><a name="fm_ii"></a><a name="fm_iii"></a><p>
+            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Within a few years past, several of our visitors from
+            the other side of the Atlantic, have published their views
+            of our country and her institutions. Basil Hall, Hamilton
+            and others, in their attempts to describe the working
+            of the democratic principle in the United States, have
+            been unfavorably influenced by their opposite political
+            predilections. On the other hand, Miss Martineau, who
+            has strong republican sympathies, has not, at all times,
+            been sufficiently careful and discriminating in the facts
+            and details of her spirited and agreeable narrative.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The volume of Mr. Sturge, herewith presented, is
+            unlike any of its predecessors. Its author makes no
+            literary pretensions. His style, like his garb, is of the
+            plainest kind; shorn of every thing like ornament, it has
+            yet a truthful, earnest simplicity, as rare as it is beautiful.
+            The reader will look in vain for those glowing descriptions
+            of American scenery, and graphic delineations of the
+            peculiarities of the American character with which other
+            travellers have endeavored to enliven and diversify their
+            journals. Coming among us on an errand of peace
+            and good will&#8212;with a heart oppressed and burdened by
+            the woes of suffering humanity&#8212;he had no leisure for
+            curious observations of men and manners, nor even for
+            <a name="fm_iv"></a>
+            the gratification of a simple and unperverted taste for the
+            beautiful in outward nature. His errand led him to the
+            slave-jail of the negro-trafficker&#8212;the abodes of the
+            despised and persecuted colored man&#8212;the close walls of
+            prisons. His narrative, like his own character, is calm,
+            clear, simple; its single and manifest aim, <em>to do good</em>.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Although this volume is mainly devoted to the subject
+            of emancipation, and to his intercourse with the religious
+            Society of which he is a member, yet the friends of peace,
+            of legal reform, and of republican institutions, will derive
+            gratification from its perusal. The liberal spirit of Christian
+            philanthropy breathes through it. The author's deep
+            and settled detestation of our slavery, and of the hypocrisy
+            which sustains and justifies it, does not render him
+            blind to the beauty of the republican principle of popular
+            control, nor repress in any degree his pleasure in recording
+            its beneficent practical fruits in the free States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The labors of Mr. Sturge in the cause of emancipation
+            have given him the appellation of the "Howard of
+            our days." The author of the popular "History of
+            Slavery," page 600, thus notices his arduous personal
+            investigations of the state of things in the West India
+            Islands, under the apprenticeship system. "The idea
+            originated with Joseph Sturge, of Birmingham, a member
+            of that religious body, the FRIENDS, who have ever stood
+            pre-eminent in noiseless but indefatigable exertions in the
+            cause of the negro; and who seem to possess a more
+            thorough practical understanding than is generally possessed
+            by statesmen and politicians, of the axiom that the
+            shortest communication between two given points, is a
+            straight line. While others were speculating, and hoping
+            <a name="fm_v"></a>
+            that the worst reports from the West Indies might not be
+            true, and that the evils would work their own cure, this
+            generous and heroic philanthropist, resolved to go himself
+            and ascertain the facts and the remedy required." On
+            his return, Mr. Sturge, with his companion, Thomas
+            Harvey, published a full account of their investigations
+            into the working of the apprenticeship system; and his
+            testimony before the Parliamentary Committee, occupied
+            seven days. His disclosures sealed the fate of the
+            apprenticeship system. Such a demonstration of popular
+            sentiment was called forth against it, that the Colonies,
+            one after another, felt themselves under the necessity of
+            abandoning it for unconditional emancipation. It was
+            a remark of Brougham, in the House of Lords, that the
+            abolition of the apprenticeship was the work of one man,
+            and that man was Joseph Sturge.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Mr. Sturge's benevolent labors have not been confined
+            to the abolition of slavery. He is a prominent
+            member of the Anti-corn Law League. He is an active
+            advocate of the cause of universal peace. He has given
+            all his influence to the cause of the oppressed and laboring
+            classes of his own countrymen: and his name is at
+            this moment, the rallying-word of millions, as the author
+            and patron of the "Suffrage Declaration," which is now
+            in circulation in all parts of the United Kingdom, pledging
+            its signers to the great principle of universal suffrage&#8212;a
+            full, fair and free representation of the people. It
+            was reserved for the untitled Quaker of Birmingham to
+            take the lead in the great and good work of uniting, for
+            the first time, the middle and the working classes of his
+            countrymen, and in so doing, to infuse hope and newness
+            <a name="fm_vi"></a>
+            of life into the dark dwellings of the English peasant and
+            artisan. The Editor of the London Non-Conformist,
+            speaking of this movement of Mr. Sturge, says: "The
+            Declaration is put forth by a man, who, perhaps, in a
+            higher degree than any other individual, has the confidence
+            of both the middle class and the working men. The
+            former can trust to his prudence; the latter have faith in
+            his sincerity."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Such is the man, who, prompted by his untiring
+            benevolence, visited our shores during the past year.
+            This volume is the brief record of his visit, and of the
+            impressions produced upon his mind by our conflicting
+            interests and institutions. It is now republished, in the
+            belief that the opinions of its author will be received with
+            candor and respect by all classes of our citizens, and that
+            they are calculated to make a permanent and salutary
+            impression, in favor of the great cause of universal freedom.
+
+         </p>
+         Boston, May, 1842.
+
+      </div>
+      <div class="preface">
+         <h2><a name="pre_eng"></a>
+            PREFACE
+            <br>
+            TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.
+            <br></h2><a name="fm_vii"></a><p>
+            In visiting the United States, the objects which preferred
+            the chief claim to my attention were the <em>universal
+               abolition of slavery</em>, and <em>the promotion of permanent
+               international peace</em>. Deeply impressed with the conviction
+            that the advancement of these is intimately connected
+            with the progress of right views among professing Christians
+            in that country, it was my desire not only to inform
+            myself of the actual state of feeling and opinion among
+            this important class, but if possible, to contribute my mite
+            of encouragement and aid to those who are bearing the
+            burden and heat of the day, in an arduous contest, on
+            whose issue the alternative of a vast amount of human
+            happiness or misery depends. This general outline of my
+            motives included several specific, practical objects, which
+            will be found detailed in the ensuing pages.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            For obvious reasons, <em>the abolition of slavery in the
+               United States</em> is the most prominent topic in my narrative;
+            but I have freely interspersed observations on other
+            subjects of interest and importance, as they came under
+            consideration. Short notices are introduced of some of
+            the prominent abolitionists of America; and, though sensible
+            how imperfectly I have done justice to exertions,
+            which, either in degree or kind, have scarcely a parallel
+            in the annals of self-denying benevolence, I fear I shall
+            occasionally have hurt the feelings of the individuals
+            <a name="fm_viii"></a>
+            referred to, by what they may deem undeserved or
+            unseasonable praise; yet I trust they will pardon the act
+            for the sake of the motive, which is to introduce the
+            English anti-slavery reader to a better acquaintance with
+            his fellow laborers in the United States. My short stay,
+            and the limited extent of my visit, prevented my becoming
+            acquainted with many who are equally deserving of
+            notice.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Less than twelve months have elapsed since I embarked
+            on this "visit;" and though, with the help of
+            steam by sea and land, an extensive journey may now be
+            performed in a comparatively short time, yet, during this
+            brief interval, my own engagements would have prevented
+            my placing the following narrative so early before the
+            public without assistance. It is right to state that a large
+            portion of the work has been prepared for the press from
+            a rough transcript of my journal, from my correspondence,
+            and other documents, by the friend who accompanied me
+            on a former journey to the West Indies, and who then
+            compiled the account of our joint labors.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Nearly the whole of the narrative portion of this
+            publication has been sent to America, to different individuals
+            who were concerned in, or present at the transactions
+            related, and has been returned to me with their verification
+            of the facts; so that the reader has the strongest
+            guaranty for their accuracy. The inferences and comments
+            I am solely responsible for, and I leave them to
+            rest on their own merits.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In undertaking this journey, I was careful not to
+            shackle my individual liberty by appearing as the representative
+            of any society, whether religious or benevolent;
+            and, on the other hand, none of those friends, who kindly
+            <a name="fm_ix"></a>
+            furnished me with letters of introduction, are in any way
+            responsible for my proceedings in the United States, or
+            for any thing which this volume contains.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In conclusion,&#8212;should these pages come under the
+            notice of any, who, though well wishers to their species,
+            are not yet identified with anti-slavery effort, I would entreat
+            such to "come over and help us." If they are ambitious
+            of a large and quick return for their outlay of money,
+            of time, of labor,&#8212;for their painful sympathies and self-denying
+            prayers,&#8212;where will they find a cause where
+            help is more needed, or where it would be rewarded more
+            surely and abundantly? Let them reflect on what has
+            been effected, within a few short years, in the British West
+            Indies, so recently numbered among "the dark places of
+            the earth, full of the habitations of cruelty,"&#8212;but now
+            scenes of light, gladness, and prosperity, temporal and
+            spiritual. To show what remains to be accomplished
+            for the universal abolition of slavery&#8212;a field in which
+            the laborers are few indeed, in proportion to its extent&#8212;I
+            may be allowed to quote the following comprehensive
+            statement, from the preface to one of the most important
+            volumes that ever issued from the press on the subject of
+            slavery:<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFNpre_1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFNpre_1"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFNpre_1"></a><a href="#FootFNpre_1">A</a>: "Proceedings of the London
+            Anti-Slavery Convention."
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The extent of these giant evils may be gathered
+               from a brief statement of facts. In the United States of
+               America, the slave population is estimated to be 2,750,000;
+               in Brazil, 2,500,000; in the Spanish Colonies, 600,000;
+               in the French Colonies, 265,000; in the Dutch Colonies,
+               70,000; in the Danish and Swedish Colonies, 30,000;
+               and in Texas, 25,000; besides those held in bondage by
+               Great Britain, in the East Indies, and the British Settlements
+               of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang; and by France,
+               <a name="fm_x"></a>
+               Holland, and Portugal, in various parts of Asia and
+               Africa; amounting in all to several millions more; and
+               exclusive also of those held in bondage by the native
+               powers of the East, and other parts of the world, of
+               whose number it is impossible to form a correct estimate.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "To supply the slave-markets of the Western world,
+               120,000 native Africans are, on the most moderate calculation,
+               annually required; whilst the slave-markets of the
+               East require 50,000 more. In procuring these victims of
+               a guilty traffic, to be devoted to the rigors of perpetual
+               slavery, it is computed that 280,000 perish in addition,
+               and under circumstances the most revolting and afflicting.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "But this is not all. In the Southern section of the
+               United States, and in British India, a vast internal slave-trade
+               is carried on, second only in horror and extent to
+               that which has so long desolated and degraded Africa.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "These facts exhibit, also, the magnitude of the
+               responsibility which devolves upon abolitionists; in view
+               of it they may well be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all
+               sectarian motive, all party feeling: 'Glory to God in the
+               highest, on earth peace, good will to man,' is their aim:
+               consistently with the blessed character of this gospel
+               anthem, they recognize no means as allowable for them,
+               in the prosecution of their holy enterprise, than those
+               which are of a moral, religious, and pacific nature; in the
+               diligent use of these means, and trusting in God, they
+               cherish the hope that, under His blessing, they may be
+               permitted to accomplish the great work to which they are
+               devoted; and thus be made instrumental in advancing the
+               sacred cause of freedom, and its attendant blessings, civilization
+               and religion, throughout the earth."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               J.S.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Second Month, 1st, 1842.
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+      </div>
+      <div class="teidiv">
+         <h2><a name="a_visit"></a>
+            A VISIT, &amp;c.
+
+         </h2><a name="p_11"></a><p>
+            I embarked at Portsmouth, on board the British
+            Queen steam packet, commanded by Captain Franklin,
+            on the 10th of the 3d Month, (March,) 1841. During
+            the first two or three days, the weather was unusually fine
+            for the season of the year, and gave us the prospect of a
+            quick and prosperous voyage. The passengers, about
+            seventy in number, were of various nations, including
+            English, French, German and American.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The very objectionable custom of supplying the passengers
+            with intoxicating liquors without limit and without
+            any additional charge, thus compelling the temperate or
+            abstinent passenger to contribute to the expenses of the
+            intemperate, was done away. Each individual paid for
+            the wine and spirits he called for, a circumstance which
+            greatly promoted sobriety in the ship; but I am sorry to
+            say three or four, and these my own countrymen, were
+            not unfrequently in a state of intoxication. On one
+            occasion, after dinner, one of these addressed an intelligent
+            black steward, who was waiting, by the contemptuous
+            designation of "blackey;" the man replied to him in
+            this manner:&#8212;"My name is Robert; when you want
+            any thing from me please to address me by my name;
+            there is no gentleman on board who would have addressed
+            me as you have done; we are all the same flesh and
+            <a name="p_12"></a>
+            blood; I did not make myself; God made me." This
+            severe and public rebuke commended itself to every man's
+            conscience, and my countryman obtained no sympathy
+            even from the most prejudiced slaveholder on board.
+            Several of my fellow passengers stood in this relation; and
+            I found I could freely converse with a native American
+            slaveholder not only with less risk of giving offence, but
+            that he was more ready to admit the inherent evils of
+            slavery than the Europeans who had become inured to
+            the system by residence in the Southern States of America,
+            or than the American merchants residing in the Northern
+            cities, whose participation in the commerce of the Slave
+            States had imbued them with pro-slavery views and feelings.
+            One of them, a French merchant of New Orleans,
+            went so far as to assure me, that in his opinion it would
+            be as reasonable to class the negroes with monkeys, as to
+            place them on an equality with the whites.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the nights of the 14th and 15th the Aurora Borealis
+            was very beautiful and vivid, which is said to be, in
+            these latitudes, an indication of stormy weather. Accordingly
+            on the 16th the weather became less favorable, with
+            an increased swell in the sea, wind more ahead, and occasional
+            squalls. On the night of the 18th we encountered
+            one of the most awful hurricanes ever witnessed by the
+            oldest sailor on board; and from this date to the 24th inst.
+            we experienced a succession of storms of indescribable
+            violence and severity, which at some intervals caused
+            great and I believe very just alarm for the safety of the
+            ship. The President steamer, coming in the opposite
+            direction, is known to have encountered the same weather,
+            and was doubtless lost, not having since been heard of.
+            Our escape, under Divine Providence, must be attributed
+            <a name="p_13"></a>
+            to the great strength of the vessel, which had been thoroughly
+            repaired since her last voyage, and to the skill and
+            indefatigable attention of the Captain. On the 25th the
+            wind abated, and the greater number of the floats or propelling
+            boards of the paddle wheels having been carried
+            away, and our stock of coals very much reduced,
+            the Captain decided to make for Halifax, Nova Scotia,
+            where we arrived on the evening of the 30th. After a
+            stay of twenty-four hours, for repairs and supplies, we
+            again left for New York, where we arrived safely on the
+            night of 4th Month, (April,) 3d.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following day, being the first of the week, I
+            landed about the time of the gathering of the different
+            congregations, and inquired my way to the meeting of the
+            orthodox section of the Society of Friends, and afterwards
+            took up my abode at the Carlton Hotel. Here I met, for
+            the first time, my friend J.G. Whittier, whom I had
+            been anxious to associate with myself in my future movements,
+            and who kindly consented to be my companion as
+            far as his health would permit. The next morning, on
+            returning to the vessel to get my luggage passed, a custom-house
+            officer manifested his disapproval of my character
+            and objects as an abolitionist, by giving me much
+            unnecessary trouble, and by being the means of my paying
+            duty on a small machine for copying letters for my
+            own private use, and other articles which I believe are
+            usually passed free. Ordinarily at this port, the luggage
+            of respectable passengers is passed with little examination,
+            on an assurance that it comprises no merchandise. This
+            was almost the only instance of discourteous treatment I
+            met with in the United States. We remained in New
+            York from the 4th to the 10th of this month, which time
+            <a name="p_14"></a>
+            was occupied in visiting different friends of the anti-slavery
+            cause, and in receiving calls at our hotel.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had much pleasure and satisfaction in my intercourse
+            here with several individuals distinguished in the anti-slavery
+            cause, some of whom I had met in 1837, during a
+            short visit to New York on my way from the West Indies.
+            Among these, ought particularly to be mentioned the
+            brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan. The former was
+            elected president of the American Anti-Slavery Society on
+            its formation, and remained at its head until the division
+            which took place last year, when he became president of
+            the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. His
+            name is not more a byeword of reproach, than a watchword
+            of alarm throughout the slave states; and the slave
+            holders have repeatedly set a high price upon his head by
+            advertisement in the public papers. In the just estimation
+            of the pro-slavery party, Arthur Tappan is abolition
+            personified; and truly the cause needs not to be ashamed
+            of its representative, for a more deservedly honored and
+            estimable character it would be difficult to find. In
+            personal deportment he is unobtrusive and silent; his
+            sterling qualities are veiled by reserve, and are in themselves
+            such as make the least show&#8212;clearness and
+            judgment, prudence and great decision. He is the head
+            of an extensive mercantile establishment, and the high
+            estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens,
+            notwithstanding the unpopularity of his views on slavery,
+            is the result of a long and undeviating career of public
+            spirit and private integrity, and of an uninterrupted succession
+            of acts of benevolence. During a series of years
+            of commercial prosperity, his revenues were distributed
+            with an unsparing hand through the various channels
+            <a name="p_15"></a>
+            which promised benefit to his fellow creatures; and in this
+            respect, his gifts, large and frequent though they were,
+            were probably exceeded in usefulness by the influence of
+            his example as a man and a Christian.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            His brother Lewis, with the same noble and disinterested
+            spirit in the application of his pecuniary resources,
+            possesses the rare faculty of incessant labor; which, when
+            combined, as in his case, with great intellectual and
+            physical capacity, eminently qualifies for a leading position
+            in society. He unites in a remarkable degree, the apparently
+            incompatible qualities of versatility and concentration;
+            and his admirable endowments have been applied in
+            the service of the helpless and the oppressed with corresponding
+            success. He has been from the beginning one of
+            the most active members of the central Anti-Slavery
+            Committee in New York, a body that has directed the
+            aggressive operations against slavery, on a national scale,
+            with a display of resources, and an untiring and resolute
+            vigor, that have attracted the admiration of all, who,
+            sympathizing in their object, have had the privilege of
+            watching their proceedings. Of those who have impressed
+            the likeness of their own character on these proceedings,
+            Lewis Tappan is one of the chief; and he has shared
+            with his brother the most virulent attacks from the pro-slavery
+            party. Some years ago he had the ear of a negro
+            sent to him by post, in an insulting anonymous letter.
+            During the past year, though marked by a severe domestic
+            affliction, in addition to his engagements as a merchant, in
+            partnership with his brother Arthur, and his various
+            public and private duties as a man and as a citizen, in the
+            performance of which I believe he is punctual and
+            exemplary, he has edited, almost without assistance, the
+            <a name="p_16"></a>
+            American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, and has
+            also been one of the most active members of a committee
+            of benevolent individuals formed to watch over the
+            interest of the Amistad captives. Besides superintending
+            the maintenance, education, and other interests of these
+            Africans, it was necessary to defend their cause against
+            the whole power of the United States' Government, to
+            raise funds for these objects, to interest foreign Governments
+            in their welfare, and more than all, to keep them
+            constantly before the public, not only for their own sakes,
+            but that a portion of the sympathy and right feeling
+            which was elicited in their favor might be reflected
+            towards the native slave population of the country, whose
+            claim to freedom rests upon the same ground of natural
+            and indefeasible right. With what success this interesting
+            cause has been prosecuted is well expressed in a single
+            sentence by a valued transatlantic correspondent of mine,
+            who, writing at the most critical period of the controversy,
+            says:&#8212;"We, or rather Lewis Tappan, has made
+            the whole nation look the captives in the face."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Joshua Leavitt, proprietor and editor of the New
+            York Emancipator, a large weekly abolition newspaper,
+            and secretary of the American and Foreign Anti-slavery
+            Society, is another remarkable man, clear and sound in
+            judgment, and efficient in action. He is justly regarded
+            by American abolitionists as one of their ablest supporters.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            La Roy Sunderland, member of the Executive Committee,
+            and editor of "Zion's Watchman," a Methodist,
+            religious, and anti-slavery newspaper, with his slight figure,
+            dark intellectual face, and earnest manner, is pointed out
+            to the anti-slavery visitor from the Old World as the most
+            prominent advocate of emancipation among the Wesleyans.
+            <a name="p_17"></a>
+            His boldness and faithfulness have combined
+            against him the leading influences of his denomination,
+            but notwithstanding he has been several times tried by
+            ecclesiastical councils, they have always failed to substantiate
+            the charges against him, and his vindication has been
+            complete.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Theodore S. Wright, member of the committee, is
+            a colored presbyterian preacher in this city&#8212;an amiable
+            man, much and deservedly respected.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            All the above mentioned individuals, who have from
+            an early period been among the most zealous and laborious
+            members of the anti-slavery committee, found themselves
+            placed by the events of last year in the position of
+            seceders from the American Anti-Slavery Society, though
+            their opinions had undergone no change. They now
+            belong to the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society,
+            or as it is technically called the "new organization," a
+            distinction which will be afterwards explained.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            James M'Cune Smith, a young colored physician, I
+            had known in England, where he studied for his profession,
+            having been shut out of the colleges of his own country
+            by the prejudice against his complexion. Notwithstanding
+            this prejudice he is now practising, I understand, with
+            success, and has fair prospects.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had a pleasant interview with Isaac T. Hopper,
+            whom also I had met in 1837. He belongs to the
+            American Anti-Slavery Society, or "old organization,"
+            and has been a zealous and fearless abolitionist for half a
+            century. He has been recently disowned by the "Hicksite
+            Friends" for his connection with the newspaper called the
+            "National Anti-Slavery Standard."
+
+         </p><a name="p_18"></a><p>
+            Early on the morning of the 10th, we left for Burlington
+            by railroad, where we were most kindly received by
+            our venerable friends Stephen Grellett and his wife.
+            On the following day, we took tea with John Cox,
+            residing about three miles from Burlington, at a place
+            called Oxmead, where formerly that eminent minister of
+            the Society of Friends, George Dillwin, resided. J.C.
+            is now in his eighty-seventh year, enjoying a green and
+            cheerful old age, and feeling all the interest of his youth
+            in the anti-slavery cause. It was cheering and animating
+            to witness the serene spirit of this venerable man, and
+            deeply were we interested in the reminiscences of his
+            youth. He well remembered John Woolman, whose
+            former residence, Mount Holly, is within a few miles of
+            Oxmead, and of whom he related various particulars
+            characteristic of the simplicity, humanity, and great circumspection
+            of his life and conversation. When John
+            Woolman first brought the subject of slavery before the
+            yearly meeting of the Society of Friends at Philadelphia,
+            at a time when its members were deeply implicated both
+            in slave-holding and in slave-dealing, he stood almost alone
+            in his anti-slavery testimony, which he expressed in few
+            and appropriate words. Some severe remarks were made
+            by others in reply, on this and on successive similar
+            occasions, when he introduced the subject, but such
+            treatment provoked no rejoinder from John Woolman,
+            who would quietly resume his seat and weep in silent
+            submission.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            He was not deterred by this discouraging reception
+            from again and again bringing the subject before the next
+            Yearly Meeting, and finally his unwearied efforts, always
+            prosecuted in the "meekness of wisdom," resulted in the
+            <a name="p_19"></a>
+            Society of Friends entirely wiping away the reproach of
+            this abomination.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The great qualification of John Woolman for pleading
+            the cause of the oppressed was the same which has
+            been ascribed with equal truth and beauty to his contemporary
+            and co-worker, Anthony Benezet: "a peculiar
+            capacity for being profoundly sensible of their wrongs."
+            The biographer of the latter has described another occurrence
+            in the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting at a subsequent
+            stage of this momentous controversy, which may prove an
+            interesting counterpart to the foregoing relation.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "On one occasion during the annual convention of the
+            Society at Philadelphia, when that body was engaged on
+            the subject of slavery, as it related to its own members,
+            some of whom had not wholly relinquished the practice of
+            keeping negroes in bondage, a difference of sentiment
+            arose as to the course which ought to be pursued. For a
+            moment it appeared doubtful which opinion would preponderate.
+            At this critical juncture Benezet left his
+            seat, which was in an obscure part of the house, and
+            presented himself weeping at an elevated door in the
+            presence of the whole congregation, whom he thus
+            addressed&#8212;'Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands
+            unto God.' He said no more: under the solemn impression
+            which succeeded this emphatic quotation, the proposed
+            measure received the united sanction of the
+            assembly."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_1"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_1"></a><a href="#FootFN1_1">A</a>: Life of Anthony Benezet, by Roberts
+            Vaux.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Even the passing observer is aware how closely the
+            Society of Friends is identified with the anti-slavery cause,
+            and if such an one were to make this fact the subject of
+            historical investigation, he would probably find it one of
+            considerable interest.&#8212;He would learn that some years
+            <a name="p_20"></a>
+            before the call of Thomas Clarkson in his early
+            manhood, by a series of distinct and remarkable Providences,
+            into this field of labor, this Society in America had
+            been pervaded by a noiseless agitation on the subject of
+            slavery, which resulted in the abandonment of the slave-trade,
+            in the liberation of their slaves, and in the adoption
+            of a rule of discipline excluding slaveholders from religious
+            fellowship; so that for many years past, the sins in
+            question have been not so much as to be named among
+            them, or the possibility of their commission hinted at, by
+            any one bearing the name and professing the principles of
+            a "Friend." The change described, was effected, not by
+            "pressure from without," but by the constraining influence
+            of the love of Christ. The chief instruments in the
+            hands of Divine Providence in bringing about so remarkable
+            a reformation, were John Woolman and Anthony
+            Benezet, of whom the former was the earlier in the field
+            and broke up the fallow ground, under circumstances of
+            the greatest discouragement, of which the instance above
+            related is an example.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The life of this ever-memorable man was a pattern of
+            apostolic Christianity&#8212;pure, patient, self-denying, meek.
+            Love was the element he breathed. His heart not only
+            yearned towards the oppressed of the human family, but
+            his compassion extended to the brute creation, under
+            whose sufferings in the service of man, to use his own
+            expression, "creation at this day doth loudly groan."
+            Though dependent on his own labor for a livelihood, he
+            was careful in a most exemplary degree, "not to entangle
+            himself with affairs of this life, that he might please Him
+            who had called him to be a soldier;" and the reader of
+            his life will find that this unworldly man took similar pains
+            <a name="p_21"></a>
+            to avoid wealth, which others do to acquire it. Perhaps I
+            may be excused for dwelling a moment on this theme,
+            when I state that one of the latest public acts of my
+            beloved and lamented father-in-law, James Cropper, was
+            to cause John Woolman's auto-biography and writings
+            to be re-edited, and a large and cheap edition to be
+            struck off, which has appeared since his
+            decease.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_2"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_2"></a> This
+            work is well known to the Society of Friends, but should
+            any other reader be induced by these desultory remarks to
+            peruse it, he will find himself richly repaid. In the picturesque
+            simplicity of its style, refined literary taste has
+            found an inimitable charm,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_3"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_3"></a> but the spiritually minded
+            reader will discover beauties of a far higher order.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_2"></a><a href="#FootFN1_2">A</a>: A Journal of the Life, Gospel Labors, and
+            Christian Experience, &amp;c. &amp;c. of John Woolman. Warrington,
+            Thomas Hurst.
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_3"></a><a href="#FootFN1_3">B</a>: See Charles Lamb's
+            Works.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Taking leave for the present of our venerable friends
+            at Oxmead and Burlington, we proceeded on the 12th
+            to Philadelphia, where we remained several days, at the
+            Union Hotel. During this brief stay, we received visits
+            from a large number of the friends of the anti-slavery
+            cause, and made some calls in return. Among others, I
+            had the pleasure of seeing James Forten, an aged and
+            opulent man of color, whose long career has been marked
+            by the display of capacity and energy of no common kind.
+            The history of his life is interesting and instructive, affording
+            a practical demonstration of the absurdity, as well as
+            injustice, of that prejudice which would stamp the mark
+            of intellectual inferiority on his complexion and race.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I returned to New York on the 15th, in company with
+            several anti-slavery friends. One of these, Dr. Bartholomew
+            Fussell, resided on the borders of the State of
+            <a name="p_22"></a>
+            Maryland, and had afforded relief and aid to many negroes
+            escaping from slavery. He had kept no account of the
+            number thus assisted till last year, when there were thirty-four,
+            being fewer he thought than the average of several
+            years preceding. The same individual related some
+            interesting particulars of the late Elisha Tyson, of Baltimore,
+            an abolitionist of the old school, who had rescued
+            many negroes from illegal bondage. Dr. Fussell was
+            an eye witness of the following occurrence: A poor
+            woman had been seized by the agents of Woolfolk, the
+            notorious Maryland slave dealer, and was carried along
+            the street in which Elisha Tyson lived. When they
+            arrived opposite his house, she demanded to see "Father
+            Tyson." A crowd collected about the party, and she so
+            far moved their pity, that they insisted that her wish should
+            be complied with. One of the men hereupon went to
+            inform his employer, who galloped off, pistol in hand, and
+            found Elisha Tyson standing at his own door. Woolfolk
+            with an oath declared he would "send him to hell
+            for interfering with his <i>property</i>." Elisha Tyson
+            coolly exposed his breast, telling him that he dared not shoot,
+            and that he (Woolfolk) "was in hell already, though he
+            did not know it." An investigation followed; the poor
+            woman was proved to be illegally detained, and was set
+            at liberty.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_4"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_4"></a> It is generally allowed that so bold and
+            uncompromising an advocate of the negroes' right as
+            Elisha Tyson does not now remain in the slave States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_4"></a><a href="#FootFN1_4">A</a>: See Appendix D for a brief account of
+            this ancient philanthropist.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            As the old school of abolitionists has been mentioned,
+            and will occasionally be referred to hereafter, the following
+            historical statement of its rise and decline, and of the
+            <a name="p_23"></a>
+            commencement of the present abolition movement, will
+            probably be interesting to the anti-slavery reader on this
+            side of the Atlantic. It is from the pen of my valued
+            coadjutor John G. Whittier.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The old Anti-Slavery Societies, established about the
+               period of the American Revolution, and of which the late
+               Judge Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Rush, and other
+               distinguished statesmen were members, were composed
+               mainly of the Religious Society of Friends. These
+               societies were for many years active and energetic in
+               their labors for the slave, and the free people of color;
+               and little, if any, serious opposition was made to their
+               exertions, which indeed seem to have been confined to the
+               particular states in which they were located. They
+               rendered essential service in promoting the gradual
+               abolition of slavery in New York, Pennsylvania, and
+               New Jersey.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In 1819 commenced the discussion of what is now
+               known as the 'Missouri Question.' The Anti-Slavery
+               Societies took ground against the admission into the Union
+               of the territory of Missouri as a slave state. They
+               succeeded in arousing the public attention; and for two
+               sessions the subject was warmly debated in Congress; the
+               slave-holders finally carrying their point by working upon
+               the fears of a few Northern members, by means of that
+               old threat of dissolving the Union, which in the very
+               outset of the Government had extorted from the Convention
+               which framed the Constitution, a clause legalizing the
+               Foreign Slave Trade for twenty years. The admission
+               of Missouri as a slave State was a fatal concession to
+               the South: the abolitionists became disheartened: their
+               societies lingered on a few years longer, and nearly all
+               <a name="p_24"></a>
+               were extinct previous to 1830. The colonization scheme
+               had in the mean time, in despite of the earnest and almost
+               unanimous rejection of it by the colored people, obtained
+               a strong hold on the public mind, and had especially
+               enlisted the favorable regard of some of the leading
+               influences of the Society of Friends. Here and there
+               over the country, might be found still a faithful laborer,
+               like Elisha Tyson, of Baltimore, Thomas Shipley, of
+               Philadelphia, and Moses Brown, of Rhode Island, holding
+               up the good old testimony against prejudice and
+               oppression in the midst of a wide spread apostacy. I
+               should mention in this connection, Benjamin Lundy, a
+               member of the Society of Friends, who devoted his whole
+               life to the cause of freedom, travelling on foot thousands
+               of miles, visiting every part of the slave States, Mexico
+               and the Haytian Republic. About the year 1828, he
+               visited Boston, and enlisted the sympathies of William
+               Lloyd Garrison, then a very young man. Not long
+               after, he was joined by the latter as an associate editor of
+               <em>The Genius of Universal Emancipation</em>, an anti-slavery
+               paper which he had established at Baltimore. After a
+               residence in Baltimore of about six months, Garrison
+               was thrown into prison for an alledged libel upon a northern
+               slave-trader, whence he was liberated on the payment
+               of his fine by the benevolent Arthur Tappan. Lundy
+               continued his paper some time longer in Baltimore, where
+               he was subjected to brutal personal violence from the
+               notorious Woolfolk, the great slave-dealer of that city.
+               He afterwards removed it to Philadelphia; and in 1834
+               made a tour through the South Western States and Texas,
+               in which he encountered great dangers, and suffered
+               extreme hardships from sickness and destitution. This
+               <a name="p_25"></a>
+               journey was deemed by many an unprofitable and hazardous
+               experiment, but it proved of great importance. He
+               collected an immense amount of facts, developing beforehand
+               the grand slave-holding conspiracy for revolutionizing
+               Texas, and annexing it to the American Union, as a slave
+               territory. These he published to the world on his return;
+               and it has justly been said of him, by John Quincy
+               Adams, that his exertions alone, under Providence, prevented
+               the annexation of Texas to the United States.
+               This bold and single-hearted pioneer died not long since
+               in the State of Illinois, whither he repaired to take the
+               place of the lamented Lovejoy, who was murdered by a
+               mob in that State, in 1837.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison commenced, under
+               great difficulties and discouragements, the publication of
+               the <em>Liberator</em>, in Boston; and by the energy and earnestness
+               of his appeals, roused the attention of many minds
+               to the subject of slavery. Shortly after, a society was
+               formed in Boston in favor of immediate emancipation. It
+               consisted at first, if I remember right, of only twelve
+               members. Previous to this, however, a society, embracing
+               very similar principles, had been formed in Pennsylvania.
+               In 1833, upwards of sixty delegates from several
+               of the free States, met at Philadelphia; among them
+               were Elizur Wright and Beriah Green, (who had been
+               compelled to give up their Professorships in Western
+               Reserve [Ohio] College, for their attachment to freedom,)
+               Lewis Tappan, William Lloyd Garrison, Charles W.
+               Denison, Arnold Buffum, Amos A. Phelps, and John
+               G. Whittier. This Convention organized the American
+               Anti-Slavery Society, proposing to make use of the
+               common instrumentalities afforded by the Government
+               <a name="p_26"></a>
+               and laws, for the abolition of slavery; at the same time,
+               disavowing a design to use any other than peaceful and
+               lawful measures."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In some of the Southern States there are professing
+            Christian churches who permit slave-holding, but disallow
+            the selling of slaves, except with their own consent. Dr.
+            Fussell informed me how this fair-seeming rule of discipline
+            was frequently evaded. First, a church member
+            wishing to turn his negroes into cash, begins by making
+            their yoke heavier, and their life a burden. Next they are
+            thrown in the way of decoy slaves, belonging to Woolfolk,
+            or some other dealer, who introduce themselves to
+            the intended victims, for the purpose of expatiating on the
+            privileges enjoyed by the slaves of so indulgent a master
+            as theirs; and thus the poor unhappy dupes would be
+            persuaded to go and petition to be sold, and so the rule
+            of discipline, above cited, would be <em>literally</em> complied
+            with. So great, generally, is the dread of being sold to
+            the South, that my informant said the larger number of
+            runaways escape when the price is high, as the danger of
+            being sold is then most imminent. The greater proportion
+            of those who thus emancipate themselves are domestics,
+            owing to their superior intelligence, and their opportunities
+            of ascertaining the best mode of escape.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 16th, I met the Executive Committee of the
+            American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, at their
+            office, No. 128 Fulton street, New York. The chair was
+            taken by the President of the Society. The subject under
+            discussion was the best time and place of holding another
+            Convention of the friends of the anti-slavery cause from
+            all parts of the world. After deliberate consideration, the
+            following resolutions were unanimously adopted.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="p_27"></a><em>Resolved</em>,&#8212;"That this Committee fully recognise and
+            adopt the principles upon which the General Anti-Slavery
+            Convention, held in London last year, was convened, and
+            upon which it acted; that we feel greatly encouraged by
+            the results of its meetings, and that we would strongly
+            recommend our transatlantic friends to summon a second
+            Convention in London, at about the same period in 1842;
+            and that in the event of their doing so, we will use our
+            best exertions to promote a good representation of American
+            abolitionists on the occasion."
+
+         </p>
+         <p><em>Resolved</em>,&#8212;"That we deeply sympathize with the
+            British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in their noble
+            efforts for the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade;
+            that we assure them of our hearty co-operation in their
+            well devised plans and energetic labors; and that so long
+            as the slave question&#8212;in connection with the promotion
+            of the rights of the free people of color&#8212;and nothing
+            else, is admitted to a place in anti-slavery meetings, they
+            may expect the co-operation of all true-hearted abolitionists
+            throughout the world, in carrying forward the great
+            objects of our associations to a glorious consummation."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I returned to Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 17th,
+            but before leaving my hotel in New York, informed one
+            of the proprietors that I intended being in that city on the
+            week of the anniversaries of the Religious and Benevolent
+            Institutions; that as I took a lively interest in the anti-slavery
+            question, it was probable some of my friends
+            among the people of color would call upon me, and that
+            if he, or any of his southern customers objected to this, I
+            would go elsewhere; he answered that he had no objection,
+            and even intimated his belief that public opinion was
+            undergoing a favorable change in reference to this prejudice.
+            <a name="p_28"></a>
+            Although I did not arrive in Philadelphia till near
+            midnight, I found my kind friends, Samuel Webb and
+            wife waiting to receive me, whose hospitable dwelling I
+            made my home, whenever I afterwards lodged in this city.
+            Samuel Webb is one of the few on whose shoulders the
+            burden of the anti-slavery cause mainly rests in Philadelphia.
+            He is a practical man, conversant with business,
+            thoroughly acquainted with the anti-slavery subject in all
+            its phases, and a strenuous advocate for bringing political
+            influence to bear upon the question. He was one of the
+            most active in promoting the erection of Pennsylvania
+            Hall, a beautiful edifice designed to be open to the use of
+            the anti-slavery societies; which was no sooner so appropriated
+            than it was destroyed by a mob in the 5th Month,
+            (May,) 1838. The fire-scathed ruin of this building yet
+            stands a conspicuous token that the principles of true
+            liberty, though loudly vaunted, are neither understood nor
+            enjoyed in this Capital of a <em>free</em> republic. If freedom of
+            thought, of speech, of the press, and the right of petition
+            had been <em>realities</em> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall
+            would have been yet standing. Samuel Webb has since
+            taken the chief labor of an appeal to the legal tribunals
+            for compensation for this infamous destruction of property,
+            and a jury have at length awarded damages, though to a
+            very inadequate amount.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During the ensuing week I was chiefly occupied in
+            attending the Philadelphia Friends' Yearly Meeting. In
+            the intervals of the sittings, I had many opportunities of
+            meeting "Friends" from whom I received much kindness,
+            and many more invitations than it was possible for me to
+            accept.
+
+         </p><a name="p_29"></a><p>
+            There are many "Friends" of this city who take a
+            deep interest in the anti-slavery cause; among whom I
+            may mention Thomas Wistar, an aged and influential
+            individual, who, like his venerable contemporary, John
+            Cox, has been an abolitionist from his youth up, and a
+            member of the original society; and one who has been
+            accustomed to bear his testimony on behalf of the
+            oppressed, on suitable occasions, in the presence of his
+            brethren in religious fellowship, and whose communications
+            of this kind, are always weighty, solemn, and impressive.
+            Dr. Caspar Wistar, son of Thomas Wistar, is a warm
+            hearted, active abolitionist, a liberal contributor of his
+            pecuniary means, and deeply solicitous that "Friends" in
+            the United States should be induced to engage earnestly
+            in the cause of emancipation. Edward Needles, a kind
+            and open hearted man, a native of Maryland, and President
+            of the "old Abolition Society," is a devoted friend
+            to the anti-slavery cause.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The subject of slavery was introduced in the Yearly
+            Meeting by the reading of certain minutes of the Meeting
+            for Sufferings, from which it appeared that meeting, (the
+            executive Committee of the Society,) had taken up the
+            question of the foreign slave-trade, but had not yet entertained
+            the consideration of the slavery and internal slave-trade
+            of their own country. On the subject of the latter,
+            a very faithful minute from the Meeting for Sufferings in
+            London was received and read.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            As this term will sometimes occur in the ensuing
+            pages, it may be necessary to state for the information of
+            the general reader, that the Society of Friends is distributed
+            into various "Yearly Meetings," of which there are several
+            on the Continent of North America. Within the compass
+            <a name="p_30"></a>
+            of each an annual assembly is held to regulate all the
+            affairs and discipline of that section of the body. There
+            is also in each Yearly Meeting a permanent committee
+            called the "Meeting for Sufferings" for administering the
+            affairs of the Societies, in the intervals of its annual
+            assemblies. The technical name of this committee is
+            an expressive memorial of those times of trial, when its
+            chief employment was to record "sufferings" and persecutions,
+            and to afford such succor and alleviation as
+            circumstances admitted.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            An address from the Yearly Meeting of London on
+            slavery was also read,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_5"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_5"></a> which
+            was followed by observations
+            from several, which evinced great exercise of mind on the
+            subject. Three thousand copies of it were ordered to be
+            printed for distribution among Friends of Pennsylvania,
+            and the whole subject of slavery and the slave-trade was
+            referred to their Meeting for Sufferings, with a recommendation
+            that an account should be drawn up and printed of
+            the former abolition of slavery within the limits of the
+            Society of Friends. I need hardly state how much these
+            measures were in unison with my own feelings, and that I
+            heartily rejoiced at signs of an awakening zeal in my
+            American brethren. Let them but ask for the ancient
+            ways, and follow in the footsteps of their predecessors,
+            whose memorials are their precious inheritance, and once
+            more shall they be made a blessing to mankind, and messengers
+            of mercy and deliverance to the
+            oppressed.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_6"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_6"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_5"></a><a href="#FootFN1_5">A</a>: See Appendix A.
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_6"></a><a href="#FootFN1_6">B</a>: See Appendix B.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            It will be interesting to some of my English readers
+            to be informed, that both the sale and use of spirituous
+            liquors come within the scope of discipline among
+            <a name="p_31"></a>
+            "Friends" in America. In this Yearly Meeting it is
+            required that the subordinate meetings should report the
+            number of their members, who continue to sell, use, or
+            give ardent spirits. If I remember rightly the number of
+            cases reported was fifty-nine. At present the moderate
+            use of spirits subjects to admonition, but it was discussed
+            at this time whether the rule of discipline should not be
+            rendered more stringent, and this practice made a disownable
+            offence. Finally it was resolved to make no alteration
+            at present, but to recommend the local meetings of
+            Friends to use further labor in the line of reproof and
+            persuasion. I am informed that some of the American
+            Yearly Meetings of Friends go still farther on this subject.
+            It will scarcely be questioned that public sentiment both
+            in the United States, and in England, condemns even the
+            moderate use of ardent spirits as a beverage, though some
+            difference of opinion will exist as to the propriety of a
+            religious society making it a cause of disownment or
+            exclusion. In this case of the Philadelphia Meeting,
+            however, it may be remarked, that in a community of
+            many thousand members, the practice may be regarded as
+            almost eradicated by the milder methods of persuasion.
+            It is a fact deserving of notice, that the same worthies of
+            the last century, Woolman, Benezet, and others, who
+            raised the standard of anti-slavery testimony, also by the
+            same process of independent thinking, and single-minded,
+            unhesitating obedience to convictions of duty, anticipated
+            the verdict of public opinion on this subject. Woolman
+            found that even the most moderate use of ardent spirits,
+            was unfavorable to that calm religious meditation, which
+            was the habit of his mind, and has left his views on record
+            in various characteristic passages. I shall also, I trust, be
+            <a name="p_32"></a>
+            excused for introducing the following anecdote of two of
+            his contemporaries.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "Jacob Lindley, to adopt his own designation of
+            himself was a 'stripling' when he attended a Yearly
+            Meeting of Friends held at Philadelphia; his mind had
+            been for some time much afflicted with an observation of
+            the pernicious effects of spirituous liquors, and he was
+            anxious that the religious society to which he belonged,
+            should cease to use, and prevent any of its members from
+            being instrumental in manufacturing or vending them. He
+            therefore rose and developed his feelings to the assembly,
+            in the energetic and pathetic manner for which he was
+            peculiarly remarkable. When the meeting adjourned, he
+            observed a stranger pressing through the crowd towards
+            him, who took him by the hand in the most affectionate
+            manner, and said, 'My dear young friend, I was very glad
+            to hear thy voice on the subject of spirituous liquors; I
+            have much unity with thy concern, and hope that no
+            discouragement may have been received from its not being
+            farther noticed; and now I want thee to go home, and
+            take dinner with me, having something farther to say to
+            thee on the subject.' Lindley accepted the invitation,
+            and after they had dined, Benezet introduced his young
+            guest into a little room used as a study, where he produced
+            a manuscript work on the subject of spirituous liquors, in
+            an unfinished state; he opened the book and laid it on a
+            table before them, saying, 'This is a treatise which I have
+            been for some time engaged in writing, on the subject of
+            thy concern in meeting to-day; and now if thou hast a
+            mind to sit down, and write a paragraph or two, I will
+            embody it in the work, and have it
+            published.'"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_7"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_7"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_7"></a><a href="#FootFN1_7">A</a>: Life of Anthony Benezet,
+            p. 107-109.
+         </p><a name="p_33"></a><p>
+            These eminent men, John Woolman and Anthony
+            Benezet, had much in common; yet their characters
+            were as unlike as opposite temperaments, and as alike as
+            similarity of views, could make them. So marked was
+            their coincidence of sentiment in opposition to the prevailing
+            opinions and practices of that day, that it might be
+            surmised one was a disciple of the other, yet there is no
+            reason to suppose such was the case. Each had the
+            single eye; both learned in the same school, and sat at
+            the feet of the same Divine Master. It is an interesting
+            fact that on the subject last noticed, their labors should
+            have been comparatively fruitless, and for a long interval
+            almost forgotten, while their views on slavery rapidly
+            spread, and produced extensive and permanent results.
+            Does not this illustrate the lesson long ago taught by a
+            great master of wisdom: "In the morning sow thy seed,
+            and in the evening withhold not thy hand; for thou
+            knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or
+            whether they shall both be alike good." May we not
+            infer from this, that even those labors, rightly undertaken,
+            which do not immediately prosper, are yet owned and
+            accepted in the Divine sight?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            To return from this digression to our attendance of
+            the Yearly Meeting in Philadelphia: one interesting part
+            of the business was the annual report on education; from
+            which it appeared, that the whole number of children, of
+            an age for education, within the compass of this Yearly
+            Meeting, was eighteen hundred and fourteen, and of these
+            ninety-eight were temporarily absent, though most of them
+            had been receiving instruction during part of the year.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I was also deeply interested in the statements made
+            relative to the wicked expatriation of the Indians living
+            <a name="p_34"></a>
+            within this Yearly Meeting's limits, by the United States
+            Government, from lands which had been secured to them
+            by treaty in the most solemn manner, to the Western
+            wilderness, under plea of a fraudulently obtained cession
+            of their lands, by a few of their number. What greatly
+            aggravates the case is the fact, that these Indians were
+            making rapid progress in civilization, and from a nation of
+            hunters had generally become an agricultural people.
+            Their whole history is a reproach and blot on the American
+            Government, and shews either that public and private
+            virtue amongst the people is at a low ebb, or that "the
+            wicked bear rule." On behalf of this injured people,
+            "Friends" appear to have made strenuous efforts, but have
+            failed in producing any decidedly favorable impression on
+            the Government. The report on this subject, embodied a
+            very affecting letter from the chiefs of this tribe, describing
+            their grief and distress at the prospect of a cruel removal
+            from the homes of their ancestors.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_8"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_8"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_8"></a><a href="#FootFN1_8">A</a>: See
+            Appendix C.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During this week, my valued friends, John and Maria
+            Candler, arrived from Hayti, after a stay of many months
+            in Jamaica. At the close of the Yearly Meeting, a
+            meeting was held, and attended by about three hundred
+            "Friends," to whom John Candler gave much interesting
+            information, detailing the results of emancipation in
+            that Island, from his own extensive observations and
+            inquiries. At the request of some individuals present I
+            added a few observations at the close, on the principles
+            and objects of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I visited at this time the celebrated Schuylkill waterworks,
+            which are beautifully situated on the river of that
+            <a name="p_35"></a>
+            name. The water is raised to large reservoirs, at a higher
+            level than the tops of the houses, by pumps worked by
+            the current of the river. The supply not only suffices for
+            the domestic use of the inhabitants, but is abundant for
+            every public purpose of ornament or utility. My kind
+            host, Samuel Webb, who accompanied me, pointed out a
+            plot of land, presented by William Penn to a friend, to
+            enable him to keep a cow, which is now worth many
+            hundred thousand dollars for building purposes. He also
+            showed me a mansion, the late proprietor of which had
+            received a large accession of wealth from the quantities of
+            plate which had been shipped to him in coffee barrels from
+            St. Domingo, on the eve of the revolution in that Island,
+            and whose owners are supposed to have subsequently
+            perished, as they never appeared, with one solitary exception,
+            to claim their property.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            It will be necessary, in order to make certain passages
+            of the succeeding narrative intelligible to my readers in
+            this country, that some account should be given of the
+            schism which has recently taken place in the once united
+            and compact organizations of the abolitionists.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The American Anti-Slavery Society, whose origin
+            has been already described, acted with great unity and
+            efficiency for several years; auxiliaries were formed in all
+            the free States; it scattered its publications over the land
+            like the leaves of autumn, and at times had thirty or forty
+            lecturers in the field. It kept a steady and vigilant eye
+            upon the movements of the pro-slavery party, and wherever
+            a vulnerable point was discovered, it directed its
+            attacks. In its executive committee were such men as
+            Judge Jay, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, La Roy Sunderland,
+            Simeon S. Jocelyn, (the early laborer on behalf of
+            <a name="p_36"></a>
+            the free colored people,) Joshua Leavitt, Henry B. Stanton,
+            and the late Dr. Follen, a German political refugee,
+            equally distinguished for his literary attainments and his
+            love of liberty.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Until the last three or four years, entire union of purpose
+            and concert of action existed among the American abolitionists.
+            This harmony was first disturbed by the course
+            pursued in the Boston Liberator. The editor of that
+            paper, William Lloyd Garrison, whose early anti-slavery
+            career has already been alluded to, and who was deservedly
+            honored by the great body of the abolitionists, for
+            his sufferings in their cause, and for his triumphant exposure
+            of the oppressive tendencies of the colonization
+            scheme, had always refused to share with any society or
+            committee, the editorial responsibility of his journal.
+            About the time referred to, several pieces were inserted in
+            the <em>Liberator</em>, questioning the generally received opinions
+            on the first day of the week. These were followed by
+            others on other subjects, and he continued to keep his
+            readers apprised of the new views of ethics and theology,
+            which from time to time were presented to his own mind.
+            His paper was not the special organ of any anti-slavery
+            society, yet it was regarded, by general consent of the
+            friends and enemies of the cause, as the organ of the anti-slavery
+            movement. The discussion in its columns of new
+            and startling doctrines, on subjects unconnected with
+            slavery, occasioned many of the former much uneasiness
+            and embarrassment, while it furnished the latter with new
+            excuses for their enmity, and with the pretence that under
+            cover of <em>abolition</em>, lurked a design of assailing institutions
+            and opinions justly held in regard throughout the Christian
+            world.
+
+         </p><a name="p_37"></a><p>
+            In the summer of 1837, Sarah and Angelina Grimke
+            visited New England for the purpose of advocating the
+            cause of the slave, with whose condition they were well
+            acquainted, being natives of South Carolina, and having
+            been themselves at one time implicated in the system.
+            Their original intention was to confine their public labors
+            to audiences of their own sex, but they finally addressed
+            promiscuous assemblies. Their intimate knowledge of
+            the true character of slavery; their zeal, devotion, and
+            gifts as speakers, produced a deep impression, wherever
+            they went. They met with considerable opposition from
+            colonizationists, and also from a portion of the New
+            England clergy, on the ground of the impropriety of their
+            publicly addressing mixed audiences. This called forth
+            in the Liberator, which at that time, I understand, was
+            under the patronage, though I believe not under the
+            control of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, a
+            discussion of the abstract question of the entire equality
+            of the rights and duties of the two sexes. Here was a
+            new element of discord. In 1838, at the annual New
+            England convention of abolitionists, a woman was for the
+            first time placed on committees with men, an innovation
+            upon the general custom of the community, which excited
+            much dissatisfaction in the minds of many.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            About this time the rightfulness of civil and church
+            government began to be called in question, through the
+            columns of the Liberator, by its editor and correspondents.
+            These opinions were concurrently advocated with the
+            doctrine of non-resistance. Those who hold these
+            opinions, while they deny that civil and ecclesiastical
+            government are of divine authority, are yet passively
+            submissive to the authority of the former, though they
+            <a name="p_38"></a>
+            abstain from exercising the political rights of citizenship.
+            There were not wanting those, among the opponents of
+            abolition, to charge the anti-slavery body at large with
+            maintaining these views, and in consequence serious
+            embarrassments were thrown in the way of a successful
+            prosecution of the cause. The executive committee of
+            the Society at New York were placed in a difficult
+            position, but as far as I am able to judge, they endeavored
+            to hold on the steady tenor of their way, without, on the
+            one hand, countenancing the introduction of extraneous
+            matters upon the anti-slavery platform; or, on the other
+            hand, yielding to the clamor of the pro-slavery party,
+            whether in church or state.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In subsequent anti-slavery meetings in Boston, New
+            York, and elsewhere, it became manifest that there was
+            a radical difference of opinion on the subject of political
+            action; the non-resistant and no-government influence,
+            operating decidedly against the employment of the elective
+            franchise in the anti-slavery cause; and the agitation of
+            this question, as well as that of the rights of women, in
+            their meetings, gave to them a discordant and party
+            character, painfully contrasting with the previous peaceful
+            and harmonious action of the societies. That some of
+            both parties began to overlook the great subject of the
+            slaves' emancipation, in zealous advocacy of, or opposition
+            to, these new measures, I cannot well doubt, judging from
+            the testimony of those, who, not fully sympathizing with
+            either, endeavored to bring all back to the single object of
+            the anti-slavery association. In addition to these intestine
+            troubles, the pro-slavery party made strenuous exertions
+            to fasten upon the society the responsibility of the opinions
+            and proceedings of its non-resistant and no-government
+            <a name="p_39"></a>
+            members. Under these circumstances it is easy to
+            understand the interruption, for a season, of the unity of
+            feeling and action which had previously characterized the
+            assemblies of the abolitionists. The actual separation in
+            the societies took place in the Spring of 1840. The
+            members of the executive committee at New York, with
+            one exception, seceded and became members of the committee
+            of the "new organization," under the name of the
+            "American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." There
+            are, therefore, now two central or national anti-slavery societies;
+            the "old organization," retaining the designation of
+            the "American Anti-Slavery Society." The State Societies
+            have, for the most part, taken up a position of neutrality,
+            or independence of both. It is important to add that
+            the division took place on the "women's rights" question,
+            and that this is the only one of the controverted points
+            which the American Anti-Slavery Society has officially
+            affirmed; and it is argued, on behalf of their view of this
+            question, that since, in the original "constitution" of the
+            society, the term, describing its members, officers, et cet., is
+            "persons," that women are plainly invested with the same
+            eligibility to appointments, and the same right to vote and
+            act as the other sex. I need not say how this "constitutional"
+            argument is met on the other side. The other
+            new views are held by comparatively few persons, and
+            neither anti-slavery society in America is responsible for
+            them. In conclusion, I rejoice to be able to add, that the
+            separation, in its effects, appears to have been a healing
+            measure; a better and kinder feeling is beginning to
+            pervade all classes of American abolitionists; the day of
+            mutual crimination seems to be passing away, and there
+            is strong reason to hope that the action of the respective
+            <a name="p_40"></a>
+            societies will henceforward harmoniously tend to the same
+            object. That such may be the result is my sincere
+            desire. It is proper in this connection to state that a
+            considerable number of active and prominent abolitionists
+            do not entirely sympathize with either division of the
+            anti-slavery society; and there are comparatively few
+            who make their views, for or against the question on
+            which the division took place, a matter of conscience.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I have now given a brief, and I trust an impartial
+            account of the origin of these dissensions. Some may
+            possibly regard the views and proceedings above referred
+            to, as the natural growth of abolitionism, but as well
+            might the divisions among the early reformers be charged
+            upon the doctrines of the Reformation, or the "thirty
+            years' war" upon the preaching of Luther.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the evening of the 14th instant, we met at a
+            social party the leading abolitionists of Philadelphia of
+            the "old organization." There were present all but one
+            of the delegates from Pennsylvania to the London Convention.
+            I availed myself of the opportunity of briefly
+            and distinctly stating the unanimous conclusion of the
+            London Anti-Slavery Committee, in which I entirely
+            concurred, on the points at issue. I observed, in
+            substance, that in the struggle for the liberation of the
+            slaves in the British Colonies, one great source of our
+            moral strength was, the singleness of our object, and our
+            not allowing any other subject, however important or
+            unexceptionable, to be mixed up with it; that though the
+            aid of our female coadjutors had been of vital importance
+            to the success of the anti-slavery enterprize, yet that their
+            exertions had been uniformly directed by separate committees
+            of their own sex, and that the abolitionists of
+            <a name="p_41"></a>
+            Europe had no doubt that their united influence was most
+            powerful in this mode of action: that the London Committee
+            being convinced that no female delegate had
+            crossed the Atlantic, under the belief that the "call" or
+            invitation was intended to include women, felt themselves
+            called upon, without in the slightest degree wishing to
+            interfere with private opinion on this, or any other subject,
+            to withhold their assent to the reception of such delegates,
+            as members of the Convention, and that their decision,
+            when appealed against, had been ratified in the Convention
+            itself, by an overwhelming majority, after a protracted discussion:
+            finally, that those whose views I represented, could
+            not be parties to the introduction, in any future convention,
+            of this or any other question, which we deemed foreign
+            to our cause, and therefore that for those with whom it
+            was a point of conscience to carry out what they deemed
+            "women's rights," I saw no alternative but a separate
+            organization, in which I wished that their efforts on
+            behalf of the oppressed colored race, might be crowned
+            with the largest measure of success. I observed, in
+            conclusion, that my object was simply to state the decision
+            of those with whom I acted in Great Britain, and that I
+            must decline discussion, being fully convinced that it was
+            better that the now separate societies should aim at the
+            common object, in a spirit of kind and friendly co-operation,
+            each in its own sphere, rather than that they should
+            waste their energies in mutual contentions, and in the
+            unprofitable discussion of topics not legitimately belonging
+            to the great question of the abolition of slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Although I had to address a company almost
+            unanimously opposed on these points to myself, my
+            communication was received in a kind and friendly spirit,
+            <a name="p_42"></a>
+            and I was courteously informed that it would be taken
+            into consideration at the next meeting of the Committee.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My friend, Daniel Neall, at whose house this interview
+            took place, is a venerable looking man, a native of Delaware,
+            and son-in-law of the excellent Warner Mifflin.
+            He has been an abolitionist from his boyhood. Two
+            years ago, he was dragged from the house of a friend in
+            Delaware, and tarred and feathered, and otherwise
+            mal-treated by a mob of slave-holders and their abettors;
+            he mildly told those near him that if they would call at
+            his house at Philadelphia, he would treat them in a very
+            different manner. He was president of the Pennsylvania
+            Hall Association, and in the terrible mobs of 1838,
+            manifested a calm, quiet courage, as rare as it is commendable.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I remained in Philadelphia until the morning of the
+            28th, and during this interval paid many visits, and
+            obtained much information, on the state of the anti-slavery
+            feeling in this city, and more particularly amongst the
+            members of the religious community to which I belong.
+            On one occasion an esteemed individual kindly invited a
+            number of "Friends" to meet me at his house, including
+            some who object to uniting in anti-slavery effort with those
+            of other denominations. I was introduced by the reading
+            of a certificate of membership from the monthly meeting
+            to which I belong, and also a document from a number of
+            "Friends" in England, well known to those in America,
+            commending me, and the cause in which I was engaged,
+            to their kind and favorable consideration.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I then briefly related the leading objects of my visit
+            to America, and that it was my anxious wish the members
+            of my own religious society in this land, could see it their
+            <a name="p_43"></a>
+            place to take the same active and prominent part in the
+            anti-slavery cause, as their brethren in England had done,
+            especially as the principles on which the British and
+            Foreign and the American and Foreign Societies were
+            founded, were entirely in accordance with the views of the
+            Society of Friends. Those who spoke in reply mostly
+            vindicated the course pursued in the United States. From
+            this interview, as well as from others of a more private
+            nature, with leading "Friends," I came to the conclusion,
+            that a number of these would continue, by their influence
+            and advice, to oppose their fellow members joining anti-slavery
+            societies, though it is not probable that any
+            disciplinary proceedings would be taken against such who
+            might act in opposition to this counsel, so long as the
+            recognized principles of the Society were not compromised.
+            On this, to me, painfully interesting subject, I could dwell
+            at length, but I will simply remark that, while it is evident
+            that anti-slavery feeling is at too low an ebb among
+            "Friends" here, yet doubtless, many of those who thus
+            excuse themselves from active and effective service in the
+            cause, still deeply sympathize with their oppressed fellow-men,
+            and are not quite at ease in view of the apathy and
+            inaction of the body to which they belong.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 28th we arrived at Baltimore; during a stay of
+            two or three days, we found several persons who were
+            friendly to our cause. There are computed to be five
+            thousand slaves in this city, but of course slavery does not
+            obtrude itself on the casual observer. Here, as in other
+            countries, he who would see it as it is, must view it on the
+            plantations.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The free people of color in Baltimore, are alive to the
+            importance of education. One individual told us, that in
+            <a name="p_44"></a>
+            distributing about two hundred and fifty religious books,
+            which had been sent to be gratuitously supplied to the
+            poor of this class, he found only five or six families, in
+            which the children were not learning to read and write.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            While in Baltimore, the inquiries I made respecting
+            Elisha Tyson, fully confirmed the impression I have
+            attempted to convey of his extraordinary character; perhaps
+            no one has so good a claim to be considered the
+            Granville Sharp of North America, and I have inserted in
+            another place some particulars drawn from his biography,
+            which will be found full of interest.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_9"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_9"></a> I am glad also to
+            state, that if there is no one citizen of Baltimore on whom
+            his mantle rests, there are yet some who are active in
+            preventing the illegal detention of negroes, and of bringing
+            such cases before the proper tribunal. One of these
+            related the following case of recent occurrence. A woman,
+            who was the wife of a free man, and the mother of four
+            children, and who had long believed herself legally free,
+            was claimed by the heir of her former master. The case
+            was tried, and his right of property in her and her children
+            affirmed. He then sold the family to a slave dealer for a
+            thousand dollars; of whom the husband of the woman
+            re-purchased them, (his <em>own</em> wife and children,) for eleven
+            hundred dollars, to repay which he bound himself to labor
+            for the person from whom it was borrowed, for twelve
+            years. Yet this is but a mitigated instance of oppression
+            in this <em>Christian</em> country.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_9"></a><a href="#FootFN1_9">A</a>: See Appendix
+            D.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The religious public of this city appear to be doing
+            nothing collectively, to abolish or ameliorate slavery, and
+            with the exception of "Friends," and the body who have
+            lately seceded from them, I fear that all are more or less
+            <a name="p_45"></a>
+            implicated in its actual guilt. I was informed not long
+            since, even the Roman Catholics, who are more free from
+            the contamination than many other religious bodies, had,
+            in some part of the State, sold several of their own church
+            members, and applied the proceeds to the erection of a
+            place of worship. We called upon the Roman Catholic
+            Bishop to inquire into the truth of this, but he was from
+            home. When at Philadelphia afterwards, in conversation
+            with a priest, I gave the particulars, and said I should be
+            glad to be furnished with the means of contradicting it. I
+            have not heard from him since.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I am informed that the Yearly Meeting of "Friends"
+            has advised its members not to unite with the anti-slavery
+            societies, and has latterly discontinued petitioning the
+            legislature for the abolition of the internal slave trade, and
+            the amelioration of the slave code; such is the prevailing
+            influence of a pro-slavery atmosphere. The code in
+            question has of late years been rendered more severe, and
+            the legal emancipation of slaves more difficult; yet I was
+            pleased to learn that public opinion has in this respect
+            counteracted legislative tyranny; that slavery has in fact
+            become milder, and the number of manumissions has not
+            lessened.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The mischievous influence of the Colonization Society
+            is very extensive among professing Christians in Baltimore,
+            and is paramount in the legislature of the State.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The <em>American</em> slave trade is carried on in the most
+            open manner in this city. We paid a visit to the establishment
+            of an extensive slave dealer, a large new
+            building in one of the principal streets. The proprietor
+            received us with great courtesy, and permitted us to inspect
+            the premises. Cleanliness and order were every where
+            <a name="p_46"></a>
+            visible, and, might we judge from the specimens of food
+            shewn us, the animal wants of the slaves are not neglected.
+            There were only five or six negroes <em>in stock</em>, but the
+            proprietor told us he had sometimes three or four hundred
+            there, and had shipped off a cargo to New Orleans a few
+            days before. That city is the market where the highest
+            price is generally obtained for them. The premises are
+            strongly secured with bolts and bars, and the rooms in
+            which the negroes are confined, surround an open court
+            yard, where they are permitted to take the air. We were
+            accompanied and kindly introduced by an individual who
+            has often been engaged in preventing negroes from being
+            illegally enslaved; and the proprietor of the establishment
+            expressed his approval of his efforts, and that when such
+            cases come before himself in the way of trade, he was
+            accustomed to send them to our friend for investigation;
+            he added that slaves would often come to him, and ask
+            him to purchase them, and that he was the means of
+            transferring them from worse masters to better; that he
+            never parted families, though of course he could not control
+            their fate, either before they came into his hands, or
+            after they left him. He said he frequently left his concerns
+            for weeks together, under the care of his head slave,
+            whose wife he had made free, and promised the same boon
+            to him, if he conducted himself well a few years longer. I
+            thought it right to intimate my view of the nature of
+            slavery and the slave trade, and that I deemed it wholly
+            inconsistent with the plain precept "do unto others as ye
+            would they should do unto you." This he did not
+            attempt to controvert, yet he stated in extenuation, that
+            the law permitted the trade in slaves, though he should be
+            as willing as any one to have the system abolished, if the
+            <a name="p_47"></a>
+            State would grant them compensation for their property.
+            He farther said, that he was born in a slave State, that his
+            mother had been for fifty years a member of the Wesleyan
+            body, and that though he had not joined a Christian
+            church himself, he had never sworn an oath, nor committed
+            an immoral act in his life. He also shewed, I think, convincingly,
+            that dealing in slaves was not worse than slave
+            holding. On leaving the premises, we found the door of
+            his office had been locked upon us during this conference.
+            I subsequently learned that this person, though living in
+            considerable style, was not generally received in respectable
+            society, and that a lady whom he had lately married, was
+            shunned by her former acquaintance. Such is the testimony
+            of the slave-holders of Baltimore against slave
+            dealing, by which they condemn themselves in the sight
+            of God and man, and add the guilt of hypocrisy to their
+            own sin. Some time afterwards I addressed the following
+            letter to this individual, which was published in many of
+            the American papers:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "To HOPE H. SLAUGHTER, <em>Slave Trader, Baltimore</em>:
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Since thou courteously allowed me, in company with
+               my friend, J.G. Whittier, to visit thy slave establishment
+               in the city of Baltimore, some weeks since, I have often
+               felt a desire to address a few lines to thee. I need not,
+               perhaps, say that my feelings were painfully exercised in
+               looking over thy buildings, fitted up with bolts and bars,
+               for the reception of human beings for sale. A sense of
+               the misery and suffering of the unfortunate slaves, who
+               have been from time to time confined there&#8212;of their
+               separation from home and kindred&#8212;and of the dreary
+               prospect before them of a life of unrequited toil in the
+               <a name="p_48"></a>
+               South and South West&#8212;rested heavily upon me. I
+               could there realize the true nature of the system of
+               slavery. I was in a market-house for human flesh, where
+               humanity is degraded to a level with the brute; and where
+               children of our common Father in Heaven, and for whom
+               our blessed Redeemer offered up the atoning sacrifice of
+               his blood, were bargained for and sold like beasts that
+               perish. And when I regarded thee as the merchant in
+               this dreadful traffic, and heard thee offer remarks, which
+               might in some degree be considered as an apology for thy
+               business, calling our attention to the cleanly state of the
+               apartments, the wholesome provisions, et cet.; and especially
+               when I heard thee declare that thou hadst been
+               educated by a pious mother&#8212;that thou wast never
+               addicted to swearing or other immoralities&#8212;and that
+               thy business was a legalized one&#8212;that thou didst
+               nothing contrary to law&#8212;and that, while in thy possession,
+               the poor creatures were treated kindly&#8212;that families
+               were not separated,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_10"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_10"></a> et
+               cet.,&#8212;I was glad to perceive
+               <a name="p_49"></a>
+               some evidence that the nature of thy employment had
+               not extinguished the voice of conscience within thee. In
+               thy sentiments, and in the manner of their utterance, I
+               thought I could see that truth had not left itself without a
+               witness in thy breast, and that a sense of the wrongfulness
+               of thy occupation still disturbed thee.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_10"></a><a href="#FootFN1_10">A</a>: "The latter remark, of course,
+               applies only to the time they
+               remained with thee. For, on the day we visited thy establishment,
+               a friend with whom I was dining informed me, that a few days
+               before a woman and child had been sold to thee, whose husband
+               and father was a free man, who, in his distress, had been offering to
+               bind himself for a term of years, in order to raise the sum (I think
+               $800) demanded for them; but, as he had been unable to do so, my
+               friend had no doubt they had been sent off with the very lot of slaves,
+               which, we were told by thyself had just been forwarded to New
+               Orleans from thy prison. <em>Who</em> is most guilty in this atrocious
+               transaction&#8212;the slave owner, who sold thee the woman and child
+               at Baltimore&#8212;<em>thou</em>, the transporter of them for
+               ever from their husband and parent&#8212;<em>the purchasers</em> of the
+               mother and child at
+               New Orleans, where they may be for ever separated from each
+               other&#8212;or the <em>citizen</em> who, by his vote and influence,
+               creates and
+               upholds enactments which legalize this monstrous system, is known
+               only to Him before whom the secrets of all hearts are unfolded."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "To thy remark that thy business was necessary to
+               the system of slavery, and an essential part of it&#8212;and if
+               slave-<em>holding</em> were to be justified at all, the
+               slave-<em>trade</em>
+               must be also&#8212;I certainly can offer no valid objection; for
+               I have never been able to discover any moral difference
+               between the planter of Virginia and the slave dealer of
+               Baltimore, Richmond, and Washington. Each has his
+               part to act in the system, and each is necessary to the
+               other. And if the matter were not, in all its bearings,
+               painfully serious, it would be amusing to witness the
+               absurd contempt with which the slave owner of Maryland
+               or Virginia professes to look upon the trader, whose purchase
+               of his surplus slaves alone enables him to retain the
+               residue in his possession; for it seems very evident that
+               the only profitable part of the system in those States, at
+               the present time, is the sale of the annual increase of the
+               slaves.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In passing from thy premises, we looked in upon the
+               Triennial Convention of the Baptists of the United States,
+               then in session in the city of Baltimore, where I found
+               slave-holding ministers of high rank in the church, urging
+               successfully the exclusion from the Missionary Board of
+               that Society, of all those who, in principle and practice,
+               were known to be decided abolitionists; and the results of
+               their efforts satisfied me that the darkest picture of slavery
+               is not to be found in the jail of the slave-trader, but rather
+               <a name="p_50"></a>
+               in a convocation of professed ministers of the Gospel of
+               Christ, expelling from the Board of a Society formed to
+               enlighten the heathen of other nations, all who consistently
+               labor for the overthrow of a system which denies a knowledge
+               of the Holy Scriptures to near three millions of
+               heathen at home!
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "But allow me, in a spirit, as I trust, of Christian
+               kindness, to entreat thee not to seek excuses for thy own
+               course in the evil conduct of others. Thou hast already
+               reached the middle period of life&#8212;the future is uncertain.
+               By thy hopes of peace here and hereafter, let me urge
+               thee to abandon this occupation. It is not necessary to
+               argue its intrinsic wickedness, for thou knowest it already.
+               I would therefore beseech thee to listen to that voice
+               which, I am persuaded, sometimes urges thee to 'put
+               away the evil of thy doings,' to 'do justice and love
+               mercy,' and thus cease to draw upon thyself the curse
+               which fell upon those merchants of Tyre, who 'traded in
+               the persons of men.' That these warnings of conscience
+               may not longer be neglected on thy part, is the sincere
+               wish of one who, while he abhors thy occupation, feels
+               nothing but kindness and good will towards thyself.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Thy friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>New York, 6th Month 30th, 1841.</i>"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The Baptist Convention alluded to in the foregoing
+            letter was one whose proceedings I regarded with considerable
+            interest, for it had been generally understood that
+            the ministers delegated from the South, as well as some of
+            those from the Northern States, intended to exclude abolitionists
+            from every office on the missionary board, and
+            <a name="p_51"></a>
+            especially to remove my friend, Elon Galusha, a distinguished
+            Baptist minister, from the station of vice-president,
+            for the offence of attending the London Anti-Slavery
+            Convention, and more particularly for supporting the
+            following resolutions of that assembly:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "1. That it is the deliberate and deeply-rooted conviction
+               of this Convention, which it thus publicly and solemnly
+               expresses to the world, that slavery, in whatever form, or in
+               whatever country it exists, is contrary to the eternal and
+               immutable principles of justice, and the spirit and precepts
+               of Christianity; and is, therefore a sin against God, which
+               acquires additional enormity when committed by nations
+               professedly Christian, and in an age when the subject has
+               been so generally discussed, and its criminality so thoroughly
+               exposed.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "2. That this Convention cannot but deeply deplore
+               the fact, that the continuance and prevalence of slavery
+               are to be attributed in a great degree to the countenance
+               afforded by many Christian churches, especially in the
+               Western world, which have not only withheld that public
+               and emphatic testimony against the crime which it
+               deserves, but have retained in their communion, without
+               censure, those by whom it is notoriously perpetrated.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "3. That this Convention, while it disclaims the
+               intention or desire of dictating to Christian communities
+               the terms of their fellowship, respectfully submits that it is
+               their incumbent duty to separate from their communion
+               all those persons who, after they have been faithfully
+               warned in the spirit of the gospel, continue in the sin of
+               enslaving their fellow-creatures, or holding them in slavery&#8212;a
+               sin, by the commission of which, with whatever
+               <a name="p_52"></a>
+               mitigating circumstances it may be attended in their own
+               particular instance, they give the support of their example
+               to the whole system of compulsory servitude, and the
+               unutterable horrors of the slave trade.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "4. That it be recommended to the Committee of
+               the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in the name
+               of this Convention, to furnish copies of the above
+               resolutions to the ecclesiastical authorities of the various
+               Christian churches throughout the world."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            On entering the meeting, we found the question was
+            already before them, previous to balloting for the officers
+            for the ensuing three years. The pro-slavery party were
+            anxious to prevent all discussion, but some on the other
+            side proposed questions which compelled their notice.
+            Among the rest it was plainly asked, if the southern
+            delegates did not come pledged against the re-election of
+            Elon Galusha. This was denied, but certain resolutions
+            which had appeared in the public papers were appealed
+            to in proof of the fact. The inquiry becoming more
+            searching, an expedient was resorted to, which, though
+            quite novel to me, was, I am told, not unfrequently adopted
+            when discussions assume a shape not quite satisfactory to
+            the controlling powers of a synod. It was proposed that
+            they should pray, and then proceed at once to the ballot.
+            The ministers called upon were R. Fuller and Elon
+            Galusha, who were considered to represent the opposite
+            sides of the discussion. The former individual is a large
+            slave-holder, an influential leader in his denomination, and
+            had canvassed and condemned Elon Galusha's views and
+            conduct in the public newspapers. I must avow, this
+            whole proceeding was little calculated to remove my
+            <a name="p_53"></a>
+            objection to the practice of calling upon any individual to
+            offer supplication in a public assembly. After prayer had
+            been offered, they proceeded to the ballot, and we left
+            the meeting, deeply impressed with the profanation of
+            employing the most solemn act of devotion to serve the
+            exigencies of controversy.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the evening I met a number of the anti-slavery
+            members of the Convention, from whom I learned that
+            the vote had excluded Elon Galusha and all other known
+            abolitionists from official connection with the board, by an
+            hundred and twenty-four to an hundred and seventeen,
+            which being a much smaller majority than was expected,
+            they considered the result a triumph rather than a defeat.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 1st of the 5th Month, (May) we returned to
+            Wilmington, in Delaware, where we remained at the
+            hospitable residence of our friend Samuel Hilles, till the
+            3d instant, and met a number of "Friends," and others,
+            who treated us with great kindness and hospitality,
+            inspected one of the flour mills on the Brandywine river,
+            and the process of drying Indian corn before it is ground;
+            these are some of the oldest flour mills in the State. A.
+            large peach orchard of one of my friends in the neighborhood,
+            was beautifully in bloom. Great quantities of this
+            delicious fruit are raised in Delaware, New Jersey, and
+            Maryland. Here, as in other parts of the States, much
+            money, has been lost by a silk, or rather mulberry tree,
+            mania. Young mulberry trees rose to a dollar and a
+            quarter each, though they can be multiplied almost without
+            limit in a single year. As might have been expected, a
+            re-action took place, many parties were ruined, and
+            berry trees may now be had for the trouble of digging
+            them up.
+
+         </p><a name="p_54"></a><p>
+            The number of slaves in this small State is now
+            reduced to four or five thousand, and from all the information
+            I could collect, I feel convinced that if those who are
+            friendly to emancipation were to exert themselves, they
+            would succeed, without much difficulty, in procuring the
+            abolition of slavery within its limits.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My friend, John G. Whittier, being, from increase of
+            indisposition, unable to go forward, I left Wilmington
+            alone, and arrived in New York in time to be present at
+            a Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention, which I had been
+            invited to attend, and at which I was called upon to make
+            a few observations on the present state of the question.
+            Several important resolutions were unanimously adopted,
+            containing a cordial approval of the principles of proceeding
+            of the London Convention, a recommendation that
+            another Convention should be held at the same place in
+            1842, and an assurance that exertions should be used to
+            promote a good delegation from the Baptist anti-slavery
+            body.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On that respecting Christian fellowship with slave-holding
+            churches, Dr. Brisbane spoke in a touching
+            manner, and said he must support it, though his friends
+            and relations were in the South, and some of those dearest
+            to him still countenanced slavery, or were themselves
+            slave-holders.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 6th I returned to Philadelphia, and that evening
+            attended, by invitation, a meeting of the Juvenile
+            Anti-Slavery Society, but took no part in the proceedings.
+            This Society is one of the most efficient in the State; it is
+            entirely confined to young men. I also received a formal
+            invitation to attend other meetings about to be held, which
+            I felt under the necessity of declining, from a belief that I
+            <a name="p_55"></a>
+            could not participate in the discussions of the meetings
+            with advantage to the cause which we all had at heart,
+            and from the fact that previous to receiving the invitation
+            I had made other arrangements which would occupy most
+            of my time.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The present organized anti-slavery societies in Pennsylvania
+            insist upon the mixed action of men and women
+            in committees, et cet. Those who do not hold with their
+            views have either silently withdrawn, avoid participating
+            in measures which they disapprove, or do not attend
+            meetings when it is expected any such measures will be
+            brought forward. Among such measures may be reckoned
+            the censures which in a few instances have been passed
+            on the London Convention, and the British and Foreign
+            Anti-Slavery Society; censures sometimes more decided
+            in sentiment than temperate in expression. My own
+            inclination would have led me to attend several of these
+            meetings, when my other engagements would have permitted,
+            if I could have done so as an ordinary spectator
+            and hearer; but on considering that I might appear on the
+            one hand to give a tacit sanction to acts and sentiments
+            which I disapproved, or on the other hand, that I might
+            be drawn into controversy by explaining my objections, I
+            concluded to forego the gratification which the proceedings
+            might have afforded me, and I subsequently saw no reason
+            to repent the decision I came to.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During this visit to Philadelphia, I made calls upon
+            various individuals who are deeply interested in the anti-slavery
+            cause, but who have not joined any anti-slavery
+            society. Among these I must instance Professor Charles
+            D. Cleveland, an excellent individual, of the Presbyterian
+            persuasion, a man of fine talents and an accomplished
+            <a name="p_56"></a>
+            scholar, who is the editor of a paper called the American
+            Intelligencer, in which he has reprinted a very large edition
+            of J.J. Gurney's "Letters from the West Indies," and
+            has extensively distributed it through the post office. This
+            effort of judicious zeal, will probably make hundreds of
+            emancipationists, and disarm hostility and rouse indifference
+            to a great extent. No impartial and benevolent mind can
+            read these authentic details of the results of emancipation
+            in the British Colonies, and remain unconvinced of its
+            safety and blessed fruits to every class of the community.
+            The Professor has published and circulated Dr. Channing's
+            "Emancipation," in the same shape. I also called upon
+            the late Governor of Illinois, Edward Coles, who was born
+            in a slave State, but in early life, while at college, from a
+            conviction of the sinfulness of slave-holding, he resolved
+            upon liberating the negroes which would come into his
+            possession on the death of his father. This he faithfully
+            performed, removed the people to Illinois, and presented
+            them; with lands for their subsistence. He himself soon
+            removed there and became Governor of the territory. It
+            was owing to his determined and vigorous efforts that
+            slavery was made unconstitutional in that State. He was
+            a friend of President Jefferson, and corresponded with him
+            on the subject of slavery. All his liberated slaves prospered,
+            all learned to read and write, two are now ministers
+            of the gospel, and one is the Governor's agent, and a man
+            of property. The number thus freed were between thirty
+            and forty, and their value amounted to half his property;
+            but a, blessing has followed the sacrifice, and he has now
+            retired to Philadelphia with a handsome competence. In
+            the course of conversation, the Governor spoke of the
+            prejudice, against color prevailing here as much stronger
+            <a name="p_57"></a>
+            than in the slave States, I may add, from my own
+            observation, and much concurring testimony, that Philadelphia
+            appears to be the metropolis of this odious
+            prejudice, and that there is probably no city in the known
+            world, where dislike, amounting to hatred of the colored
+            population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly
+            love!
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Among the proofs of this, and of the same feeling in
+            the State at large, it may be noticed that two or three
+            years since, a convention was called for amending the State
+            constitution, which among other changes, formally deprived
+            men of color of the elective franchise. Practically this
+            was of little importance, for it was taking away a right, the
+            exercise of which, if attempted, would have roused popular
+            indignation to the peril of their lives. A yet more obvious
+            sign to the stranger in Philadelphia, are the ruins of
+            "Pennsylvania Hall," which most of my readers are
+            probably aware was destroyed by a pro-slavery mob in the
+            spring of 1838. It stood near the centre of the city, and
+            was sixty-two feet front by one hundred deep, and fifty-two
+            feet to the eaves: the large saloon in the second story
+            with its galleries being capable of holding three thousand
+            persons. On the occasion of its opening, a large number
+            of the friends of emancipation assembled in the city, to
+            attend the anniversary of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery
+            Society, and some other meetings connected with the
+            cause. Letters of congratulation on the opening of the
+            hall were received by the managers from ex-president
+            Adams, William Slade and Francis James, members of
+            Congress, Thomas Morris of the U.S. Senate, Judge Jay,
+            Gerritt Smith, and other distinguished friends of equal
+            rights. The letter of the venerable ex-president is written
+            <a name="p_58"></a>
+            with his characteristic energy, and I quote an extract from
+            it in further proof of the sentiments already expressed on
+            the state of feeling in the land of Penn and Benezet,
+            Pemberton and Franklin, on the subject of slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The right of discussion upon slavery, and an indefinite
+               extent of topics connected with it, is banished from
+               one-half the States of this Union. It is <em>suspended</em> in
+               both houses of Congress; opened and closed at the pleasure
+               of the slave representation; opened for the promulgation
+               of nullification sophistry; closed against the question,
+               What is slavery? at the sound of which the walls of the
+               capitol staggered like a drunken man.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "For this suppression of the freedom of speech and
+               press, and the right of petition, the people of the <em>free</em>
+               States of this Union are responsible, and the <em>people of
+                  Pennsylvania most of all</em>. Of this responsibility, I say it
+               with a pang, sharper than language can express, <em>the city
+                  of Philadelphia must take herself the largest share</em>."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The meetings of the first day passed without disturbance.
+            On the evening of the second day, a meeting of
+            the Female Anti-Slavery Society was held in the hall, the
+            proceedings of which were greatly disturbed by a mob of
+            from 1500 to 2000 persons, assembled without. The
+            windows on all sides were beaten in by stones and other
+            missiles, and one or two persons severely injured. The
+            next day the mob lingered about the building, no effort
+            being made by the pro-slavery authorities to disperse
+            them. In the evening the building was attacked, the
+            doors burst open, and fire communicated to the interior;
+            and in the midst of at least 20,000 persons, the noble and
+            costly hall was consumed, with the exception of its bare
+            walls. My friend John G. Whittier, who was present at
+            <a name="p_59"></a>
+            the time, states that the most dreadful threats were uttered
+            by the rioters against the prominent abolitionists. The
+            house of Samuel Webb was particularly marked for destruction;
+            and as the mob assembled nightly for several
+            days, it is scarcely possible to conceive a more trying situation
+            than that in which the abolitionists were placed.
+            The "Friends" asylum for colored orphans, a small but
+            useful institution, was attacked by a portion of the mob,
+            and the next day the association to which it belongs publicly
+            disclaimed any connection with the abolition societies.
+            One of the daily papers also contained the following,
+            headed "Communication."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "An opinion having become prevalent that a considerable
+            number of the society of Orthodox Friends were
+            present at the late meetings in Pennsylvania Hall, taking
+            an active part in the proceedings, and that they still uphold
+            the principles in relation to slavery and the colored
+            race there promulgated, it is but justice to this respectable
+            body of people to correct public opinion in relation to the
+            subject, by observing that <em>very few</em> if any attended the
+            meetings; that among the society it is doubtful whether
+            twenty individuals are to be found in this city who embrace
+            their doctrines, and that they, as a body, are opposed
+            to the indiscreet course which has been taken by the ultra
+            abolitionists. Had their views been understood in relation
+            to the subject, their property in Thirteenth street would,
+            no doubt, have been spared the violence it has suffered,
+            being in no way connected with abolitionism, but merely
+            designed as a shelter for an unfortunate class of children
+            who have large claims upon the community; and who,
+            upon application made in their behalf for the purposes for
+            which this asylum was designed, even to the <em>mob</em>, I have
+            <a name="p_60"></a>
+            no hesitation in saying that, as <em>human beings</em>, they would
+            not oppose it."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            While other portions of the community were in like
+            manner propitiating the mob, the few but faithful abolitionists
+            of the city calmly but firmly maintained their principles,
+            even at the peril of life and estate. On the morning
+            after the burning of the Hall, the State Anti-Slavery
+            Society, pursuant to adjournment, met at the ruins of the
+            Hall, and, amidst the smoking walls, and with the mob
+            lingering about them, they proceeded to their business&#8212;Abraham
+            L. Pennock, the Vice President of the Society,
+            presiding. The editor of the Pennsylvania Freeman,
+            John G. Whittier, whose publication office and papers
+            had been destroyed by the mob, in his next paper published
+            the following editorial article, which I have copied
+            simply to show that while the abolitionists on this occasion
+            maintained their sentiments in a clear and unequivocal
+            manner, they did not indulge in the language of revenge
+            or anger.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "We perhaps need offer no apology to our distant
+               readers, for the want of variety in our present number.
+               Ours must be this week a record of violence&#8212;a story of
+               persecution and outrage. We hardly dare trust ourselves
+               to speak upon this matter. It is our desire to do so, if at
+               all, in a tone of calmness,&#8212;to hold ourselves aloof, as far
+               as possible, from the present excitement,&#8212;to utter our
+               abiding testimony, now dearer than ever to our hearts, not
+               in the language of passion, but firmly and decidedly.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Our readers will gather from the statements made in
+               the different extracts in our paper, and especially from the
+               Address of the Executive Committee of the State Anti-Slavery
+               Society, the leading facts of the outrage. Of the
+               <a name="p_61"></a>
+               course pursued by the civil authorities, we leave the community
+               to judge. Our own reliance for protection has
+               been upon that Providence whose mercy is over all,&#8212;in
+               the justice of our cause, and in our conscious innocence
+               of heart and integrity of purpose. We rejoice, and in so
+               doing, the abolitionists of Pennsylvania unite with us, that
+               human life was not sacrificed in defence of our Hall, our
+               persons, and our property. We know, indeed, that had
+               the attack been made upon the United States Bank, or
+               any similar institution in this city, the civil authorities
+               would have met its fury, not as now, with a speech only,
+               but with loaded firelocks and fixed bayonets. We know,
+               it is true, that the mob were in a great measure left free
+               to work their mischievous will upon us. But if those in
+               authority have, <em>upon their own principles</em>, treated us with
+               neglect in the hour of our peril, upon them let the
+               responsibility rest. We have thus far survived the onset.
+               Under God, for to him alone are we indebted for protection,
+               we are still left to bear our testimony to the truth. Our
+               consciences are in this matter void of offence. In cheerful
+               serenity of spirit, and not in the tone of menace or
+               boasting, we declare our faith in the principles of
+               emancipation unfaltering&#8212;our zeal undiminished&#8212;our
+               determination to persevere unaltered. Our confidence in
+               the triumphant and glorious issue of the present struggle
+               remains firm.
+
+            </p>
+            <div class="lg">'Truth smote to Earth revives again;<br>The eternal years of God are hers&#8212;<br>But error wounded, shrieks with pain,<br>And dies among her worshippers.'<br><br></div>
+            <p>
+               "From this time henceforward, Pennsylvania must
+               become the great battle-field of opinion on the subject of
+               <a name="p_62"></a>
+               slavery. The light of that evening's sacrifice has reached
+               already every portion of our State. Men are every
+               where inquiring why the sacrifice was made? Why a
+               mighty city was convulsed with violence? Why a noble
+               hall was burned by incendiaries in the view of gazing
+               thousands? Why the 'shelter for orphan children' was
+               set on fire, and why the houses of our citizens were
+               surrounded by a ruffian mob? They may be told now by
+               the perpetrators of these outrages, that all has been
+               occasioned by the conduct of the abolitionists. But the
+               delusion cannot last. Truth will make its way to the
+               abused ear of the community; and it will be known that
+               the scenes which have disgraced our city, are directly
+               attributable to the influence of southern slavery. The
+               spirit of free inquiry, now fairly awakened, will never again
+               slumber in this state. Like the Greek fire, it will blaze
+               with fiercer intensity for every attempt to extinguish it."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The proceedings of the authorities and the public at
+            large, consequent upon this act of incendiarism and
+            outrageous violence, were truly characteristic. It is
+            supposed that the destruction of the Hall was planned
+            beforehand, and there is some evidence to show that
+            strangers from the South were implicated in the conspiracy;
+            but, as usual, the old drama of the wolf accusing the
+            lamb was enacted over again, and a pretext was laid hold
+            of, that, in the peculiar state of feeling existing in the
+            community, was almost deemed a justification of all that
+            had happened; though, in truth, it was in the last degree
+            ridiculous. It was asserted that colored men had been
+            seen walking arm in arm with white ladies, and that white
+            men had handed colored females out of their carriages at
+            the door of the Hall, as politely as if they had not
+            <a name="p_63"></a>
+            belonged to the proscribed class. In several instances, if
+            not in all, these reports were untrue in point of fact, and
+            originated in the existing paradox, that colored men and
+            women are sometimes white, and that white gentlemen
+            and ladies are not unfrequently of dark complexion. As
+            an illustration, I quote the following scene from a letter
+            addressed to me by Robert Purvis, an intelligent and
+            educated man of color, and the son-in-law of James
+            Forten, a wealthy and venerable colored citizen of Philadelphia,
+            recently deceased.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "In regard to my examination before the jury in the
+            Pennsylvania Hall case, I have to say, that it was both a
+            painful and ludicrous affair. At one time the fulness of
+            an almost bursting heart was ready to pour forth in bitter
+            denunciation&#8212;then the miserable absurdity of the thing,
+            rushing into my mind, would excite my risible propensities.
+            You know the county endeavored to defend itself against
+            the award of damages, by proving that the abolitionists
+            were the cause of the destruction of the building, in
+            promoting promiscuous intermingling, in doors and out, of
+            blacks and whites, thereby exciting public feeling, &amp;c.
+            A witness, whose name I now forget, in proof of this point,
+            stated, that upon a certain day, hour, &amp;c., a
+            '<i>negress</i>' approached the Hall, in a carriage,
+            when a white man
+            assisted her in getting out, offered his arm, which was
+            instantly accepted, and he escorted her to the saloon of
+            the building! In this statement he was collected, careful,
+            and solemn&#8212;minutely describing the dress, appearance
+            of the parties, as well as the carriage, the exact
+            time, &amp;c.&#8212;the clerks appointed for the purpose taking
+            down every word, and the venerable jurors looking credulous and
+            horror-stricken. Upon being called to <em>rebut</em> the
+            testimony
+            <a name="p_64"></a>
+            I, in truth and simplicity, confirmed his testimony in every
+            particular!! The attorney, on our behalf, David Paul
+            Brown, Esq., a gentleman, scholar, and philanthropist, in
+            a tone of irony peculiarly severe, demanded, 'whether I
+            had the unblushing impudence, in broad day-light, to offer
+            my arm to my wife?' I replied, in deep affectation of the
+            criminality involved, that the only palliation I could offer,
+            for conduct so outrageous was, that it was unwittingly
+            done, it seemed so natural. This, as you might well
+            suppose, produced some merriment at the expense of the
+            witness for the county, and of all others, whose gullibility
+            and prejudice had given credit to what would have been
+            considered, had I been what is called a white man, an
+            awful story."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The proceedings in the case are, I believe, still pending.
+            My friend, Samuel Webb, in a letter dated "11th
+            Month 16th, 1841," says:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Last 7th day, after several years incessant struggle,
+               we brought the case of the Pennsylvania Hall before the
+               Court of Criminal Sessions. George M. Dallas, Counsel
+               for the County, in opposing the award of the appraisers,
+               (thirty-three thousand dollars, not one-third of what it
+               ought to have been,) spoke for about one hour&#8212;the
+               purport of his speech was&#8212;that here was no mob at
+               all, (!) that the jury appointed to ascertain the facts had
+               reported to the Court, that the mob, if mob it might be
+               called, was composed of orderly, respectable citizens;
+               and of, course, orderly, respectable citizens could not be
+               a mob. After this I should not be surprised to hear
+               it doubted whether there ever was such a building, or if
+               there was, whether it was ever destroyed; but unluckily
+               the ruined walls are still standing, and if I had my way,
+               <a name="p_65"></a><em>there they should stand</em>, until slavery shall be abolished,
+               which it will be, soon after your East India possessions can
+               grow cotton for six cents per lb. by free labor."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            To resume the narrative: I paid a visit to the widow
+            of Joseph Lancaster, who, with her three children by a
+            former husband, are living in great obscurity in the suburbs
+            of this city.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I returned to New York on the 10th, for the purpose
+            of being in the city at the time when the religious and
+            benevolent anniversaries are held, and of meeting parties
+            who attend them. Here I had the pleasure of meeting
+            with several warm-hearted abolitionists from distant parts
+            of the country. The first meeting I attended was the
+            anniversary of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society, which, though held at a distance from the centre
+            of the city, in consequence of the pre-engagement of the
+            New York Tabernacle, was well attended, and I believe
+            gave general satisfaction. I was present also at two other
+            of its meetings. I attended several adjourned sittings of a
+            convention called for the purpose of organizing a political
+            "Liberty party," on the grand principle of the abolition of
+            slavery. The chief business in hand was to nominate a
+            President and Vice President of the United States, for
+            the next election, and the choice fell upon my friend
+            James G. Birney, for President, and Thomas Morris, late
+            United States Senator from Ohio, for Vice President. A
+            plan was arranged for putting in nomination abolition
+            candidates for every office in the free States, down to that
+            of constable.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I listened to the discussions that took place with
+            considerable interest, as there are some valuable friends to
+            the cause, men, whose opinions justly carry great weight,
+            <a name="p_66"></a>
+            who do not think this the best means of bringing political
+            influence to bear upon the question, but who would prefer
+            voting for such anti-slavery candidates, as might be nominated
+            by either of the two great parties already existing,
+            or in the absence of any such candidate would decline
+            voting at all. My own bias was in favor of this course,
+            since it was the one pursued in Great Britain, and which
+            had been so eminently successful in the general election of
+            1833. I became convinced, however, that the "third
+            party" has strong reasons in its favor, and that in various
+            important respects the abolitionists of the United States
+            are differently circumstanced in regard to elections from
+            those of my own country; and it must not be forgotten
+            that many of the men who pledged themselves on the
+            hustings in England were not faithful at the time of trial.
+            At the last sitting of the Convention, I stated the advantage
+            we had found in England, when we wished to carry
+            any specific measure, of a personal interview with the
+            members of the legislature, who might state facts to them
+            and answer their objections. It was immediately suggested
+            to send a deputation to Albany, where the senate and
+            assembly of the State of New York were then in session,
+            to promote the repeal of two iniquitous laws affecting
+            people of color, and which were to be brought before the
+            consideration of the Houses. One of them is known as
+            the "nine months law." By its provisions a slave-holder
+            could bring his negro "with his own consent" into this
+            <em>free</em> State, and keep him there in slavery for nine months!
+            At the expiration of the time it was of course very easy
+            by a short journey to a neighboring State, to obtain a new
+            license, and thus perpetuate slave-holding in the State of
+            New York. The other law was an act restricting the
+            <a name="p_67"></a>
+            elective franchise of men of color, to those possessing a
+            fixed amount of property, no such restriction existing in
+            the case of white men. This suggestion was adopted by
+            the Convention, and a deputation appointed, with what
+            success will be seen hereafter.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In order to give a general idea of the course pursued
+            by the "Liberty party," I subjoin a statement of the plan
+            of operation issued by a Philadelphia committee.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "PLAN OF OPERATION.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "A national committee to meet at Utica, to have a
+               general care and oversight of the cause throughout the
+               nation, and to act as a central corresponding committee.&#8212;State
+               committees, to perform similar duties, in their States.&#8212;County
+               committees, the same in their respective counties.&#8212;City
+               and district committees, the same in their
+               respective cities and districts.&#8212;Township and ward
+               committees, to have the particular charge of their respective
+               townships or wards.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "This duty may be performed by their appointing a
+               sub-committee, to consist of one member for each block,
+               square, section, sub-division, or neighborhood, whose duty
+               it will be to endeavor to abolitionize his sub-division; or,
+               at least, ascertain, as far as practicable, how many of the
+               legal voters will vote the Liberty ticket, and transmit the
+               number to his city or county committee, which is to
+               forward the number of voters in their city or county to
+               their Stale committee, and the State committee is to
+               forward the number of voters in their State to the national
+               committee; and also to distribute, or cause to be distributed,
+               in his sub-division, such tracts, circulars, notices,
+               tickets, &amp;c., as shall be furnished by his superior committee
+               for that purpose.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_68"></a>
+               "Each committee is to communicate with its next
+               superior committee once a year, or oftener, if required,
+               and to meet at such time and place not less than once a
+               month, as shall be agreed upon between it and its superior
+               committee."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            I afterwards was present at one of a series of meetings,
+            held for the purpose of introducing to the public the
+            Amistad captives, Africans of the Mendi country, who had
+            recently regained their freedom. The case of these
+            people is so singularly interesting, that, though some of my
+            readers may be already well acquainted with it, I venture
+            to introduce a brief statement of their history in the
+            Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_11"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_11"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_11"></a><a href="#FootFN1_11">A</a>: See Appendix E.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On this occasion a very crowded and miscellaneous
+            assembly attended, to see and hear the Mendians, although
+            the admission had been fixed as high as half a dollar, with
+            the view of raising a fund, to carry them to their native
+            country. Fifteen of them were present, including one
+            little boy and three girls. Cinque their chief, spoke with
+            great fluency in his native language; and his action and
+            manner were very animated and graceful. Not much of
+            his speech was translated, yet he greatly interested his
+            audience. The little boy could speak our language with
+            facility; and each of them read without hesitation one or
+            two verses in the New Testament. It was impossible for
+            any one to go away with the impression, that in native
+            intellect these people were inferior to the whites. The
+            information which I privately received, from their tutor
+            and others who had full opportunities of appreciating their
+            capacities and attainments, fully confirmed my own very
+            favorable impressions.
+
+         </p><a name="p_69"></a><p>
+            One evening during my stay, I took tea with
+            twelve or fifteen colored gentlemen, at the house of a
+            colored family. The refined manners and great intelligence
+            of many of them would have done credit to any
+            society. The whites have a monopoly of prejudice, but
+            not a monopoly of intellect; nor of education and accomplishments;
+            nor even of those more trivial, yet fascinating
+            graces, which throw the charm of elegance and refinement
+            over social life.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I found from the conversation I had with my colored
+            friends, on different occasions, that the prejudice against
+            them was steadily, and not very slowly, giving way; yet
+            several instances were mentioned, of recent occurrence,
+            which show that it is still strong: I will quote one only.
+            A colored gentleman informed me that last winter a near
+            female relative being about to take a journey by railway
+            to Philadelphia, she was compelled, though in delicate
+            health, to travel in the comfortless, exposed car, expressly
+            provided for negroes, though he offered to pay double
+            fare for a place in the regular carriage. A lady, not of
+            the proscribed class, who has long resided in New York,
+            mentioned to me as a marked indication of a favorable
+            change in regard to color, the holding of such meetings as
+            those at which the Amistad captives were introduced.
+            Such an exhibition, instead of causing a display of benevolent
+            interest among all classes, would, some years ago,
+            have excited the malignant passions of the multitude, and
+            probably caused a popular out-break. Another sign of
+            the times was, that white and colored children might be
+            seen walking in procession without distinction, on the
+            anniversaries of the charity schools. The same lady, in
+            whose veracity I place full confidence, informed me that
+            <a name="p_70"></a>
+            there is now residing in this city, a native of Cuba,
+            formerly a slave-holder at the Havana, who had narrowly
+            escaped assassination from a negro. He had threatened
+            the slave with punishment the following day, but the
+            desperate man concealed himself in his master's room, and
+            in the night, stabbed and killed his mistress by mistake,
+            instead of his master. Three negroes were executed as
+            principal and accessories; but their intended victim was so
+            terrified that he left Havana for New York. His fears,
+            not his conscience, were alarmed, for he still carries on his
+            diabolical traffic between Africa and Cuba, and is reported
+            to have gained by it, last year, one hundred thousand
+            dollars. He lives in great splendor, and has the character
+            of a liberal and generous man, but with the most implacable
+            hatred to the blacks. "One murder makes a
+            villain, thousands a hero." How wide the distinction
+            between this man and the wretches who paid the forfeit of
+            their lives for a solitary murder!<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_12"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_12"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_12"></a><a href="#FootFN1_12">A</a>: Sir F. Buxton
+            has shown that two lives at least are sacrificed
+            for every slave carried off from Africa.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the evening of the 17th, in company with several
+            of my abolition friends, I started for Albany, where the
+            State legislature was then in session. The distance from
+            New York is about a hundred and fifty-five miles, and is
+            frequently performed by the steamers, on the noble river
+            Hudson, in nine hours and a half up the stream, and in
+            eight hours down. On these steamers there is accommodation
+            for several hundred passengers to lodge, and the
+            fare is only one dollar, with an extra charge for beds and
+            meals. For an additional dollar, two persons may secure
+            a state room to themselves.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="p_71"></a>
+            As night drew on, and the deck began to be cleared,
+            I observed a well-dressed black man and woman sitting
+            apart, and supposing they could obtain no berths on
+            account of their color, I went and spoke to them. I told
+            them I and several others on board were abolitionists.
+            The man then informed us they were escaping from
+            slavery, and had left their homes little more than two days
+            before. They appeared very intelligent, though they
+            could neither read nor write, and described to us how
+            they had effected their escape. They had obtained leave
+            to go to a wedding, from which they were not expected
+            to return till the evening of the day following. Having
+            procured forged certificates of freedom, for which they
+            paid twenty-five dollars, each, they came forward with
+            expedition by railway and steam boat. They had heard
+            of emancipation in the British West Indies, and the efforts
+            of the abolitionists in the States, but they were unacquainted
+            with the existence of vigilance committees, to facilitate the
+            escape of runaway slaves. We assisted them to proceed
+            to the house of a relative of one of our party, out of the
+            track of the pursuer, should they be followed. There is
+            little doubt that they have safely reached Canada, for I
+            was told at Albany, public opinion had become so strong
+            in favor of self-emancipation, that if a runaway were
+            seized in the city, it is probable he would be rescued by
+            the people.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I would also point attention to the fact, which is
+            brought to light by this relation, that the slave-holders
+            have not only to contend with the honest and open-handed
+            means which the abolitionists most righteously
+            employ,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_13"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_13"></a>
+            to facilitate the escape of slaves, but with the mercenary
+            <a name="p_72"></a>
+            acts of members of their own community, who live by the
+            manufacture and sale of forged free papers.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_13"></a><a href="#FootFN1_13">A</a>: See Deut. xxiii, 15, 16.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During my stay in Albany, I waited upon William H.
+            Seward, the Governor, and on Luther Bradish, the
+            Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York. It will,
+            I trust, be considered no breach of confidence, if I state
+            that I found their sentiments on the true principles of
+            liberty, worthy of the enlightened legislators and first
+            magistrates of a free republic. They concur in the
+            general sentiment that public opinion in this metropolitan
+            State is making rapid progress in favor of full and
+            impartial justice to the people of color, a movement to
+            which their own example in the high stations which they
+            adorn has given a powerful impulse.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I attended part of the sittings of the Senate and
+            Assembly, and conversed with a number of members of
+            both houses. The public business was transacted with at
+            least as much order and decorum as in the Lords and
+            Commons of Great Britain. I left Albany the same
+            evening, and had the satisfaction of hearing, a few days
+            afterwards, that the repeal of "the nine months law"
+            had passed both houses, and was ratified by the Governor;
+            and that in the Assembly upwards of fifty members had
+            voted for it, although it was thought not ten would have
+            done so two years since. By this change of the law any
+            slave brought by his master within the limits of the State,
+            even with his own consent, is not obliged to return to
+            slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I proceeded by way of New York to Hartford in
+            Connecticut, in order to be present at an anti-slavery
+            meeting of the State Society, to which I had been invited.
+            On my arrival, on the afternoon of the 19th, I found the
+            <a name="p_73"></a>
+            meeting assembled, and in the chair my friend J.T.
+            Norton, a member of the Connecticut legislature, a munificent
+            and uncompromising friend to the anti-slavery cause,
+            and one of the delegates to the London Convention. A
+            black minister of religion addressed the meeting in an able
+            and interesting manner. Soon after the close of his
+            speech, a circumstance, quite unexpected to me, introduced
+            a discussion on the right of women to vote and publicly
+            act, conjointly with men. The chairman decided that
+            the motion in favor of it was negatived, but the minority
+            required the names on both sides to be taken down; this
+            consumed much time, and disturbed the harmony of the
+            meeting. I attended in the evening a committee of the
+            legislature, which was sitting at the court house, to hear
+            the speeches of persons who were allowed to address the
+            committee in support of a petition that the word "white"
+            should be expunged from the constitution of Connecticut.
+            This change would of course give equal rights to the
+            colored class. When I entered, the same colored minister
+            I had heard in the afternoon, was addressing the committee.
+            He was listened to with great attention, not only
+            by the members, but by near two hundred of the
+            inhabitants, who were present. He was followed on the
+            same side, by a white gentleman in a very strong and
+            uncompromising speech. The next day I paid my
+            respects to William W. Ellsworth, the Governor of the
+            State, and to one of the judges of the court; and afterwards
+            attended the adjourned meeting of the Anti-Slavery
+            Society. The vexed question of "women's rights" was
+            again brought forward in another shape; the names on
+            both sides again called for, with the same result as before.
+            My belief was fully confirmed, that those who differ so
+            <a name="p_74"></a>
+            widely in sentiment, have no alternative but to meet and
+            act in distinct organizations.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The Amistad captives arrived at Hartford on the
+            afternoon of the same day, and were to address a meeting
+            in the evening. An anti-slavery bazaar or fair which I
+            visited this day, furnished ample testimony of the zeal of
+            the female friends of the oppressed slave in this district.
+            I returned the same evening to New Haven, and subsequently
+            received a copy of two resolutions, approving the
+            proceedings of the general Anti-Slavery Convention, in
+            which it is stated by the Connecticut anti-slavery committee,
+            "they have abundant evidence that the cause of
+            the slave has been essentially promoted thereby;" also
+            recommending "that a convention of men from all parts
+            of the world, friendly to the cause of immediate emancipation,
+            be again called in London, in the summer of
+            1842."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 21st, I proceeded to the residence of Judge
+            Jay, where I was very kindly received by his wife and
+            family, the Judge himself being from home. On his
+            return the next day, I had much interesting conversation
+            with him on the prospects of our cause. He is convinced
+            that it is making steady progress, notwithstanding the
+            schism in the anti-slavery ranks. He said also, that of the
+            runaway slaves who called at his house, some have told
+            him that their condition had improved of late years;
+            others saw no change in their treatment; not one has
+            complained that they suffered more than formerly, in
+            consequence of the discussions at the North about abolition.
+            With regard to the free blacks, he fears that the
+            persecution of them by the slave-holders has increased;
+            though at the North the prejudice against them has
+            <a name="p_75"></a>
+            unquestionably, in his opinion, been much mitigated by
+            the efforts of the abolitionists. It is an interesting fact,
+            and one that ought to encourage the humble and retired
+            laborer in the cause of truth and righteousness, that this
+            able and distinguished advocate of the claims of the
+            oppressed slaves and people of color, was converted to his
+            present views by Elizabeth Heyrick's pamphlet, "Immediate,
+            not Gradual, Abolition of West India Slavery."
+            Let me for a moment pause to render a tribute of justice
+            to the memory of that devoted woman. Few will deny
+            that the long and heart-sickening interval that occurred
+            between the abolition of the slave-trade of Great Britain,
+            and the emancipation of her slaves, was owing to the
+            false, but universal notion, that the slaves must be gradually
+            prepared for freedom: a notion that we now confess
+            is as contrary to reason and Christian principle as it is
+            opposed to the past experience of our colonies. Yet a
+            generation passed away while the abolitionists of Great
+            Britain were trying to make ropes of sand&#8212;to give
+            practical effect to an impracticable theory; pursuing a delusion,
+            which this honored woman was the first to detect;
+            and that less by force and subtlety of argument, than by
+            the statement of self-evident truths, and by the enforcement
+            of the simple and grand principle that Christianity
+            admits of no compromise with sin. This was an easy
+            lesson, yet it was one which our senators and statesmen,
+            our distinguished philanthropists, and our whole anti-slavery
+            host were slow to learn. The pamphlet produced
+            little immediate effect, but to cause its writer to be
+            regarded as an amiable enthusiast and visionary. It now
+            remains a monument of the indestructible nature, and the
+            <a name="p_76"></a>
+            irresistible power of truth, even when wielded by feeble
+            and despised hands.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Judge Jay read to me part of a very interesting and
+            important manuscript, which he had prepared on the
+            preservation of international peace. He suggests that
+            any two nations, entering into an alliance, should embody
+            in their treaty a clause mutually binding them to refer any
+            dispute or difficulty that may arise, to the arbitration of
+            one or more friendly powers. As he has concluded to
+            publish his pamphlet, I trust it will shortly be in the
+            hands of the friends of peace in this country, as well as
+            in America. This idea is beautifully simple, and of easy
+            application. Through the kindness of the author, I have
+            been furnished with a long and important extract from his
+            manuscript, which I am permitted to lay before the British
+            public by anticipation, in the Appendix to the present
+            work.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_14"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_14"></a> On returning
+            from his hospitable mansion, he
+            obligingly sent his carriage with me to Sing Sing, but the
+            steamboat had started earlier than we expected, and I
+            hired a carriage and a pair of horses, with the driver, who
+            was also the proprietor, to convey me the remainder of
+            the way to New York. The distance for which I
+            engaged it, was thirty-six miles, for the moderate sum of
+            five dollars. On the road, the man pointed out the place
+            where Major Andre was taken, whose tragical end excites
+            sympathy even to this day, in the breast of the Americans.
+            On entering the city, we passed a man in livery, and my
+            driver remarked, "There, that is English; I would not
+            wear <em>that</em> for a hundred dollars a day." Long may the
+            American, who lives by his daily labor, preserve this
+            feeling of honorable independence.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_14"></a><a href="#FootFN1_14">A</a>: See Appendix F.
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="p_77"></a>
+            During my stay at New York this time, I was the
+            guest of my friend William Shotwell, Jr., at whose hospitable
+            dwelling, I afterwards took up my abode, whenever
+            I lodged in the city. From the 24th to the 28th, I was
+            chiefly occupied in attending the sittings of the Friends'
+            Yearly Meeting of this State; and, during the intervals,
+            in seeing many Friends in private company. I was much
+            encouraged to find among them, a considerable number
+            thoroughly imbued with anti-slavery sentiments; especially,
+            from the western parts of the State. The subject of
+            slavery was introduced, in the Yearly Meeting, by reading
+            the Epistle from the Society in England, which is
+            elsewhere quoted.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_15"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_15"></a> This was
+            followed on the part of
+            many, by expressions of deep feeling; and the question
+            was referred to a committee, for practical consideration.
+            In consequence of the report of this committee, at a
+            subsequent sitting, five hundred copies of the English
+            address were directed to be printed, and circulated among
+            Friends, within the compass of the Yearly Meeting; and
+            the whole subject was referred to its "meeting for sufferings,"
+            with an earnest recommendation, that they should
+            embrace every right opening for furthering the great
+            object. The clerk of the Yearly Meeting expressed his
+            firm conviction, that the work was on the wheel, and that
+            nothing would be permitted to stop its progress, until,
+            either in mercy or in judgment, the bonds of every slave
+            should be broken. He spoke in a very powerful manner.
+            In most of the epistles sent out from this Yearly Meeting,
+            as well as from that of Philadelphia, the subject of slavery
+            was introduced, and commended to the earnest consideration
+            of the body, here and elsewhere. Previous to the
+            <a name="p_78"></a>
+            assembling of the Yearly Meeting, I had placed in the
+            hands of one of its members, the following letter:
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_15"></a><a href="#FootFN1_15">A</a>: See Appendix A.
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               My Dear Friend,&#8212;Wilt thou have the kindness to
+               ask the Friends with whom it rests to grant such a request,
+               to permit the use of the meeting house at a convenient
+               time, either during the Yearly Meeting, or before those
+               who attend from the country leave the city, for the
+               purpose of affording my friend John Candler an opportunity
+               of giving Friends some outline of emancipation in
+               Jamaica. I should like at the same time to give a little
+               information on the state of the anti-slavery question in
+               other parts of the world. John Candler, it is I believe
+               generally known, visited Jamaica with the full sanction of
+               the "meeting for sufferings," in London. My visit to this
+               country had no particular reference to the members of our
+               Society, but my friends in England kindly furnished me
+               with the enclosed documents.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Affectionately,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><i>New York, 5th Month 17th</i>, 1841.
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            This request was kindly complied with. The large
+            meeting house was granted for the evening of the 27th.
+            The clerks of the men's and women's meetings gave
+            public notice of it in their respective assemblies. The
+            former, the venerable and worthy Richard Mott, encouraged
+            Friends to be present, and said, as a thinking and
+            reasoning people, they need fear no harm from a calm
+            consideration of the subject. The attendance was large,
+            including, I believe, most of those Friends who were from
+            the country. The following brief notice of it in the
+            <a name="p_79"></a>
+            American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, will explain
+            the character of the meeting.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "On Thursday evening of last week, the members of
+               the Society of Friends (Orthodox,) assembled in this city
+               at their Annual Meeting, met at their meeting house in
+               Orchard street, to listen to the statements of John Candler,
+               of England, lately returned from a visit to the West India
+               Islands, as to the results of emancipation in those Islands,
+               and also of our esteemed friend, Joseph Sturge, in reference
+               to the general subject of emancipation throughout the
+               world.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The meeting was largely attended. The successful
+               and happy results of the immediate emancipation of the
+               slaves of the colonies, as detailed by John Candler, were
+               calculated to strengthen the conviction that to do justice is
+               always expedient. Joseph Sturge gave a history of the
+               progress of the anti-slavery cause in Great Britain from
+               the time of the old abolition society, of which Thomas
+               Clarkson was a member, and of which he is sole survivor.
+               He also glanced at the state of the cause in other quarters
+               of the globe&#8212;at the efforts for East India emancipation,
+               and at late movements in France, Brazil and
+               Spain, in favor of emancipation; concluding with a most
+               affecting appeal to the members of his religious society to
+               omit no right opportunity for pleading for the slave, and
+               for hastening the day of his deliverance.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "We take pleasure in recording such evidences that
+               the good old testimony of the Society of Friends, on this
+               subject, is still maintained among them. The Friends of
+               the past generation set a noble example to other Christian
+               sects, by emancipating their slaves, from a sense of religious
+               <a name="p_80"></a>
+               duty; and it seems to us, that those of the present
+               day have great responsibilities resting upon them; and
+               that it especially becomes them to see to it that their light
+               is not hidden in this hour of darkness and prejudice, on
+               the subject of human rights. The slaveholder and his
+               victim both look to them;&#8212;the one with deprecating
+               gesture, and words of flattery&#8212;the other in beseeching
+               and half reproachful earnestness. We cannot doubt that
+               the agonizing appeal of the latter is listened to by all who
+               truly feel the weight of their religious testimonies resting
+               upon them; and we trust there will be found among them,
+               an increasing zeal to secure to these unhappy victims of
+               avarice and the lust of power, that liberty which George
+               Fox, two centuries in advance of his contemporaries,
+               declared to be 'the right of all men.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            When the assembly broke up, the clerk of the Yearly
+            Meeting, who sat by us, expressed to me his entire
+            satisfaction with the proceedings, as did others present.
+            One influential member of the Society, however, who met
+            me the next day in the street, stated very decidedly his
+            disapprobation of the tenor of certain parts of my address;
+            but I found that he condemned me on hearsay evidence,
+            not having attended the meeting himself. On the 29th,
+            I was favored with a call from Lieutenant Governor
+            Cunningham, of St. Kitts, on his way to England, who
+            gave a very favorable account of the continued good
+            conduct of the emancipated slaves in that Island. It is
+            surely an eminent token of the divine blessing on a
+            national act of justice and mercy, that evidence of this
+            kind should have been so abundantly and uniformly
+            supplied from every colony where slavery has been
+            <a name="p_81"></a>
+            abolished. A fine black man was brought to me about
+            this time, who showed me papers by which it appeared he
+            had lately given one thousand five hundred dollars for his
+            freedom. He had since been driven from the State in
+            which he lived, by the operation of a law, enacted to
+            prevent the continued residence of free people of color,
+            and has thus been banished from a wife and family, who
+            are still slaves. He has agreed with their owner, that if
+            he can pay two thousand five hundred dollars, in six years,
+            his wife and six children shall be free, and he was then
+            trying to get employment in New York, in the hope of
+            being able to raise this large sum within the specified
+            time.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 29th, I proceeded to Burlington; while I was
+            there five or six Friends drew up and presented me with
+            a resolution, expressive of their readiness and desire to join
+            with other members of their religious society in active
+            efforts for the abolition of slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 30th, I paid a second visit to my venerable
+            friend John Cox. The next morning his grandson kindly
+            accompanied me to Mount Holly, to see the humble
+            dwelling of the late John Woolman. I afterwards
+            received from John Cox a letter, from which I quote the
+            following extract relating to this remarkable man, whose
+            character confers interest even on the most trivial incidents
+            of his life which can now be remembered:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Since our separation on the morning of the 31st
+               ultimo, when my grandson accompanied thee to Mount
+               Holly, I have been there, it having been previously
+               reported that the ancient, humble dome, which passed
+               under thy inspection as the residence of John Woolman,
+               <a name="p_82"></a>
+               he never inhabited, though that he built the house (as
+               Solomon built the temple,) is admitted. With a view to
+               remove this erroneous impression, I sought and obtained
+               an interview with the only man now living in the town,
+               who was contemporary with John Woolman, (now eighty
+               years of age,) and in habits of occasional intercourse with
+               him. He informed me that John Woolman's daughter
+               (an only child,) and her husband resided in the house when
+               her father embarked for London, which was in the year
+               1772, as recorded in his journal. The fact of residence
+               is corroborated by the circumstance of the search for and
+               destruction of caterpillars in the apple orchard, which
+               I think, was related to thee.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The sage historian of by-gone days, whom I met at
+               Mount Holly, spake of his being at John Woolman's little
+               farm, in the season of harvest, when it was customary,
+               and so remains to the present time, for farmers to slay a
+               young calf or a lamb; the common mode is by bleeding
+               in the jugular vein; but with a view to mitigate the
+               sufferings of the animal in that mode, he had prepared,
+               and kept by him for that express purpose, a large block
+               of wood with a smooth surface, and after confining the
+               limbs of the animal, it was laid gently thereon, and the
+               head severed from the body at one stroke."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            While in this neighborhood, I made a call on Nathan
+            Dunn, the proprietor of the "Chinese collection." He
+            resided many years at Canton, and since his return has
+            built himself a mansion in the Chinese style. His museum
+            of Chinese curiosities is by far the most extensive and valuable
+            which has ever been seen out of that country, and forms
+            one of the most attractive and instructive exhibitions in
+            <a name="p_83"></a>
+            Philadelphia; one whose character and arrangement are
+            quite <em>unique</em>, and which has some pretensions to the title
+            of "China in miniature." It occupies the whole of the
+            lower saloon of that splendid building recently erected at
+            the corner of Ninth and George streets, by the Philadelphia
+            Museum Company. The visitor's notice is first
+            attracted by a series of groups of figures, representing
+            Chinese of nearly every grade in society, engaged in the
+            actual business of life. The figures, in their appropriate
+            costume, are modeled in a peculiarly fine clay, by
+            Chinese artists, with exquisite skill and effect. All are
+            accurate likenesses of originals, most of whom are now
+            living. The following enumeration of one of the cases,
+            expanded in the subsequent description, which I quote
+            from the catalogue, will give an idea of the manner in
+            which Chinese life and manners are illustrated:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "CASE VIII.&#8212;<i>No</i>.
+               21. <em>Chinese Gentleman</em>.&#8212;22.
+               <em>Beggar asking alms</em>.&#8212;23.
+               <em>Servant preparing breakfast</em>.&#8212;24.
+               <em>Purchaser</em>.&#8212;25. <em>Purchaser examining a piece of
+                  black silk. The proprietor behind the counter
+                  making calculations on his counting board</em>.&#8212;<em>Clerk
+                  entering goods</em>.&#8212;<em>Circular table, with breakfast
+                  furniture</em>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "This has been arranged so as to afford an exact
+               idea of a Chinese retail establishment. Two purchasers
+               have been placed by the counter: one of whom is scrutinizing
+               a piece of black silk that lies before him. The
+               owner, behind the counter, is carelessly bending forward,
+               and intent on casting an account on the 'calculating dish,'
+               while his clerk is busy making entries in the book, in
+               doing which he shows us the Chinese mode of holding
+               a pen, or rather brush, which is perpendicularly between
+               <a name="p_84"></a>
+               the thumb and all the fingers. A servant is preparing
+               breakfast. A circular eight-legged table, very similar to
+               those used by our great grandfathers, is spread in the
+               centre of the shop. Among its furniture, the ivory chopsticks
+               are the most novel. On the visitor's right hand
+               sits a gentleman, with a pipe, apparently a chance comer,
+               'just dropped in' about meal time; on the left, a blind
+               beggar stands, beating two bamboo sticks against each
+               other, an operation with which he continues to annoy all
+               whom he visits, till he is relieved by some trifling gratuity,
+               usually a single <i>cash</i>. A gilt image of Fo is
+               inserted in the front part of the counter, and a small covered tub,
+               filled with tea, with a few cups near by, standing on the
+               counter, from which customers are always invited to help
+               themselves.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The merchants and shop-keepers of Canton are
+               prompt, active, obliging, and able. They can do an
+               immense business in a short time, and without noise, bustle,
+               or disorder. Their goods are arranged in the most
+               perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of its place.
+               These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising of
+               the Western nations, and place them in prominent contrast
+               with the rest of the Asiatics. It is confidently
+               asserted by those who have had the best opportunities of
+               judging, that as business men, they are in advance of
+               Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese merchants.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the
+               scrolls hung up in the interior of some of the shops,
+               which serve at the same time to mark the thrifty habits
+               of the traders. A few specimens are subjoined:&#8212;'Gossipping
+               and long sitting injure business.' 'Former
+               customers have inspired caution&#8212;no credit given.' 'A
+               <a name="p_85"></a>
+               small stream always flowing.' 'Genuine goods; prices
+               true.' 'Trade circling like a wheel,' et cet."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In addition to the above models, the collection
+            includes an almost innumerable variety of specimens of
+            the fine arts and manufactures, comprising almost every
+            article of use and luxury&#8212;furniture, modern and antique
+            porcelain, models houses, pagodas, boats, junks, and
+            bridges; pieces of silk, linen, cotton, grass-cloth, and other
+            fabrics manufactured in China for home consumption;
+            books and drawings, costume, idols, and appendages of
+            worship; weapons, musical instruments, signs, mottoes,
+            and entablatures, and numerous paintings, which last, it is
+            justly observed, "will satisfy every candid mind that
+            great injustice has been done to the Chinese artists, in the
+            notion hitherto entertained respecting their want of skill.
+            They paint insects, birds, fishes, fruits, flowers, with great
+            correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy and variety of
+            their colors cannot be surpassed. They group with
+            considerable taste and effect, and their perspective&#8212;a
+            department of the art in which they have been thought
+            totally deficient&#8212;is often very good."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Many of the paintings represent actual scenes and
+            occurrences; and thus, like the models before mentioned,
+            bring living China before the mind's eye. The following
+            is a good example.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "910. <em>View of the interior of the Consoo House,
+                  with the court in session, for the final decision of the
+                  charge of piracy committed by the crew of a Chinese
+                  junk on a French captain and sailors, at a short distance
+                  from Macao</em>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The French ship, Navigatre, put in to Cochin
+               China in distress. Having disposed of her to the government,
+               <a name="p_86"></a>
+               the captain, with his crew, took passage for Macao
+               in a Chinese junk belonging to the province of Fokien.
+               Part of their valuables consisted of about 100,000 dollars
+               in specie. Four Chinese passengers bound for Macao,
+               and one for Fokien, were also on board. This last
+               apprised the Frenchmen in the best manner he could, that
+               the crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take
+               their lives and seize their treasure. He urged that an
+               armed watch should be kept. On reaching the Ladrone
+               Islands, the poor Macao passengers left the junk. Here
+               the Frenchmen believed themselves out of danger, and
+               exhausted by sickness and long watching, yielded to a
+               fatal repose. They were all massacred but one, a youth
+               of about nineteen years of age, who escaped by leaping
+               into the sea, after receiving several wounds. A fishing
+               boat picked him up and landed him at Macao, where
+               information was given to the officers of government, and
+               the crew of the junk, with their ill-gotten gains, were
+               seized, on their arrival at the port of destination in Fokien.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Having been found guilty by the court, in their own
+               district, they were sent down to Canton, by order of the
+               Emperor, to the Unchat-see, (criminal judge) to be
+               confronted with the young French sailor. This trial is
+               represented in the painting. The prisoners were taken
+               out of their cages, as is seen in the foreground. The
+               Frenchman recognized seventeen out of the twenty-four;
+               but when the passenger, who had been his friend, was
+               brought in, the two eagerly embraced each other, which
+               scene is also portrayed in the painting. An explanation
+               of this extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the
+               man forthwith set at liberty. A purse was made up for
+               him by the Chinese and foreigners, and he was soon on
+               <a name="p_87"></a>
+               his way homeward. The seventeen <em>were</em> decapitated, in a
+               few days, in the presence of the foreigners; the captain,
+               was to be put to a 'lingering death,' the punishment of
+               traitors, and the stolen treasures were restored."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            I do not quote the above for the sake of the anecdote,
+            though the relation is authentic, but as, affording a striking
+            illustration of the advanced civilization of the Chinese.
+            It shows that the supremacy of the law is universal, and
+            its administration efficient. The criminals, in this instance,
+            are promptly seized, tried, and condemned on strong
+            evidence; but, before they are executed, reference is made
+            to the distant metropolis, Pekin. Here it is observed,
+            that the most important witness was not 'confronted with
+            the prisoners,' and they are forthwith directed to be
+            conveyed to Canton, to be examined in his presence.
+            Seventeen are recognized by him and are executed. The
+            rest escape. Now this is just what might have taken
+            place under the best ordered governments of Europe.
+            The humane maxims of British jurisprudence, if not
+            acknowledged in theory, may be here witnessed in
+            practical operation, and the single circumstance of referring
+            capital convictions to the Emperor, in his distant
+            metropolis, for confirmation, before they are carried into
+            effect, shows a respect for human life, even in the persons
+            of criminals, which is one of the surest tokens of a high
+            state of civilization. Such is the criminal jurisprudence
+            of China, in practice; in theory, its just praise has been
+            awarded, some years ago, by an able writer in the Edinburgh
+            Review. He says:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The most remarkable thing in this code, is its great
+               reasonableness, clearness, and consistency; the businesslike
+               brevity and directness of the various provisions, and
+               <a name="p_88"></a>
+               the plainness and moderation of the language in which
+               they are expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct
+               series of enactments, savoring throughout of practical
+               judgment and European good sense. When we turn
+               from the ravings of the Zendavesta, or the Puranas, to
+               the tone of sense and of business of this Chinese collection,
+               we seem to be passing from darkness to light&#8212;from
+               the drivellings of dotage to the exercise of an improved
+               understanding; and, redundant and minute as these laws
+               are in many particulars, we scarcely know any European
+               code that is at once so copious and so consistent, or that
+               is nearly so free from intricacy, bigotry and fiction."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In addition to what have been noticed, the Chinese
+            exhibition includes a copious and very interesting collection
+            of specimens of the natural history of China.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I trust the extended notice I have given to the subject,
+            will at least prove that this is not an ordinary exhibition,
+            but a representation of a distant country and remarkable
+            people, in which amusement is most skilfully and philosophically
+            made subservient to practical instruction. A
+            beneficent Creator has implanted within us a thirst for
+            information about other scenes and people. To be totally
+            devoid of this feeling would argue, perhaps, not merely
+            intellectual but moral deficiency. Such being the case,
+            the founder of the "Chinese collection" deserves to be
+            regarded as a public benefactor, for, by spending a few
+            hours in his museum, with the aid of the descriptive
+            catalogue, one may learn more of the Chinese than by the
+            laborious perusal of all the works upon them that have
+            ever been written.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_16"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_16"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_16"></a><a href="#FootFN1_16">A</a>: While the above was passing
+            through the press, I have learned
+            that this interesting Collection has arrived for exhibition in this
+            country.
+         </p><a name="p_89"></a><p>
+            I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing my
+            deep regret that the British public should appear to view
+            with indifference, or complacency, the cruel and unjust
+            war which our Government is now waging against this
+            highly cultivated and unoffending people, at the instigation
+            of a handful of men, who have acquired wealth and
+            importance in the vigorous pursuit of an immoral and
+            unlawful traffic, by means the most criminal and detestable.
+            I have attempted, since my return from the
+            United States, to give some expression to my sentiments,
+            in a letter which has been widely circulated, and which
+            will be found reprinted in the Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_17"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_17"></a> I trust none
+            under whose notice this subject may come will endeavor
+            to evade their share of responsibility. If the present war
+            with China were the sole consideration, perhaps no course
+            would be left to the Christian citizen, but to record his
+            protest and mourn in silence; but the conclusion of the
+            war <i>per se</i> would not terminate the
+            difficulty, for trade and
+            mutual intercourse between the two countries, <em>on the basis of
+               a reciprocation of interests</em>, can never be restored till
+            the EAST INDIA COMPANY'S OPIUM TRADE, a traffic,
+            like the slave trade, hateful in the sight of God and man,
+            is suppressed; or at least, until British connection with it
+            is severed; If asked who are the guilty persons, I would
+            say, in the first instance, the East India Company; secondly, the
+            opium smugglers; thirdly, the British government, and lastly, the
+            British people, who, by silent
+            acquiescence, make the whole guilt, and the whole
+            responsibility their own.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_17"></a><a href="#FootFN1_17">A</a>: See
+            Appendix G.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The author of the most popular modern work on
+            China, who long superintended the interests of the British
+            <a name="p_90"></a>
+            merchants at Canton, and whose work, to a considerable
+            extent, reflects their views, after stating the increasing
+            discouragements imposed by the authorities on foreign
+            commerce, the effect for the most part of opium smuggling,
+            and other lawless proceedings, observes:&#8212;"These
+            (discouragements) are their (the British merchants) real
+            subjects of complaint in China; and whenever the
+            accumulation of wrong shall have proved, by exact
+            calculation, that it is more profitable, according to merely
+            commercial principles, to remonstrate than submit, these
+            will form a righteous and equitable ground of
+            quarrel!!"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_18"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_18"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_18"></a><a href="#FootFN1_18">A</a>: Davis's China and the Chinese,
+            (Murray's Family Library,) vol. i. p. 195.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The remonstrance here alluded to is WAR, as is apparent
+            from the context of the passage, as well as from the
+            fact, that by the author's own showing no other kind of
+            remonstrance remained to be tried. The true "casus
+            belli" is set forth by anticipation in this passage without
+            disguise, and by one who knew well, and has clearly
+            described the causes that were operating to produce a
+            rupture. The opium merchants have discovered that
+            now, in the fulness of time, it is <em>profitable</em> to go to
+            war with China, and forthwith the vast power of Great
+            Britain, obedient to their influence, is put in motion to
+            sustain their unrighteous quarrel, to the unspeakable
+            degradation of the character of this professedly Christian
+            nation. The morality of the war on our side, is the
+            morality of the highwayman; that morality by which the
+            strong in all ages have preyed upon the weak. And
+            though a handful of unprincipled men find their account in
+            it, before the people of Great Britain have paid the
+            expenses of the war, and the losses from derangement
+            and interruption of commerce, it will cost millions more
+            <a name="p_91"></a>
+            than all the profit that has ever accrued to them from the
+            opium trade. From what motive then, do we uphold a
+            traffic, which is the curse of China, the curse of India,
+            and a calamity to Great Britain? Such a war may be
+            fruitful in trophies of military glory, if such can be gained
+            by the slaughter of the most pacific people in the world;
+            but to expect that it will promote the reputation, the
+            prosperity, or the happiness of this country, would be to
+            look for national wickedness to draw down the Divine
+            blessing. The descriptive catalogue of the "Ten thousand
+            Chinese things," concludes with sentiments on this
+            subject which do equal honor to the head and heart of the
+            writer.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Alas for missionary efforts, so long as the grasping
+               avarice of the countries, whence the missionaries go, sets
+               at nought every Christian obligation before the very eyes
+               of the people whom it is sought to convert! Most
+               devoutly do we long for the auspicious day, when the
+               pure religion, that distilled from the heart, and was
+               embodied in the life of Jesus, shall shed its sacred influence
+               on every human being; but, in our inmost soul we
+               believe it will not come, till the principles of religion shall
+               take a firmer hold on the affections of those who profess
+               to receive it, and rear a righteous embankment around
+               their sordid and stormy passions. When the missionary
+               shall find an auxiliary in the stainless life of every compatriot
+               who visits the scene of his labors, for purposes of
+               pleasure or of gain,&#8212;when he can point not only to
+               the pure maxims and sublime doctrines proclaimed by the
+               Founder of his faith, but to the clustering graces that
+               adorn its professors,&#8212;then indeed will the day dawn,
+               and the day star of the millennium arise upon the world."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote><a name="p_92"></a><p>
+            During my short stay in Philadelphia on this occasion,
+            I visited several of its prisons, philanthropic institutions,
+            et cet. These are pre-eminently the glory of this beautiful
+            city; yet as they have been often described, I shall
+            pass them by in silence, with the exception of two, the
+            Refuge, and the Penitentiary; which I briefly notice
+            because I may offer a few general remarks in another
+            place, on the important subject of prison discipline. The
+            Refuge is an asylum for juvenile delinquents, founded on
+            the just and benevolent principle that offences against
+            society, committed by very young persons, should be
+            disciplined by training and education, rather than by
+            punishment. In this establishment there are from eighty
+            to ninety boys, and from forty to fifty girls, of ages varying
+            from eight to twenty-one years. The former are employed
+            in various light handicraft trades, and the latter in domestic
+            services, and both spend a portion of their time in
+            school. They remain from six months to four years.
+            From the statements of the superintendent and matron, it
+            appeared that about three-fourths of the male, and four-fifths
+            of the female inmates become respectable members
+            of society, and the remainder are chiefly such as are
+            fifteen or sixteen years of age when first admitted into the
+            Refuge, an age at which character may be considered as
+            in a great measure formed. The labor of the children
+            pays about one-fifth of the expense of the establishment,
+            the rest being defrayed by the legislature.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The prejudice of color intrudes even here, no children
+            of that class being admitted into the Refuge. Colored
+            delinquency is left to ripen into crime, with little interference
+            from public or private philanthropy. As might have
+            been expected, colored are more numerous than white
+            <a name="p_93"></a>
+            criminals, in proportion to relative population; and this
+            is appealed to as a proof of their naturally vicious and
+            inferior character; when in fact the government and
+            society at large are chargeable with their degradation.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The Penitentiary contained, at the time of my visit,
+            about three hundred and forty male, and thirty-five female
+            prisoners. In this celebrated prison, hard labor is combined
+            with solitary confinement, an arrangement which is
+            technically known as the "separate system." Silence
+            and seclusion are so strictly enforced as to be almost absolute
+            and uninterrupted; even the minister who addresses
+            the prisoners on the Sabbath is known to them only by
+            his voice. A marked feature of this institution is security
+            without the aid of any deadly weapon, none being allowed
+            in the possession of the attendants, or indeed upon the
+            premises. As compared with the "silent system," exhibited
+            in the not less famed prisons of the State of New
+            York, this is much less economical, as the mode of
+            employing the prisoners, in their solitary cells, greatly lessens
+            the power of a profitable application of their labor.
+            If prisoners exceed their allotted task, one-half of their
+            surplus earnings is given to them on being set at liberty.
+            My visit was too cursory to enable me to give a decisive
+            opinion on the "separate system," but I confess my
+            impression is, that the punishment is one of tremendous
+            and indiscriminating severity, and I find it difficult to
+            believe that either the safety of society, or the welfare of
+            the prisoner, can require the infliction of so much suffering.
+            Criminals are sometimes condemned for very long
+            periods, or for life; and in these cases, I was informed,
+            occasionally manifested great recklessness and carelessness
+            of their existence. I am also not quite convinced that
+            <a name="p_94"></a>
+            the reformation of prisoners is effected to the extent sometimes
+            inferred from the small number of recommittals. A
+            statistical conclusion cannot be drawn from this
+            datum, unsupported by other proofs.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 2d of the 6th Month, (June,) I proceeded to
+            Wilmington, Delaware, with my friend John G. Whittier.
+            Here we met a company of warm-hearted and intelligent
+            abolitionists, with whom we discussed the prospects
+            of the cause. It was calculated that if compensation
+            were conceded, to which many would on principle object,
+            a tax of less than one dollar per acre would buy up all
+            the slaves in the State for emancipation. It was admitted
+            by all, that the abolition of slavery would advance the
+            price of land in a far greater ratio; probably ten or twenty
+            dollars per acre.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We went forward the same evening to Baltimore,
+            accompanied by one of our Wilmington acquaintance,
+            and in the railway carriage was a member of the Society
+            of Friends from North Carolina, who, though a colonizationist,
+            appeared to be a man of candor. He gave it as
+            his opinion that the majority of the free people of that
+            State are in favor of the abolition of slavery. We also
+            had the company, a part of the way, of Samuel E.
+            Sewall, Counsellor at Law, in Boston, an early and tried
+            abolitionist, and a faithful friend and legal adviser of the
+            free people of color.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The next morning, we left Baltimore for Washington,
+            two hours' ride by railway. The railroads of this country
+            being often extremely narrow, the trains frequently pass
+            almost close to the piers of the bridges and viaducts, a
+            circumstance which explains the following printed notice
+            in the carriages: "Passengers are cautioned not to put
+            their arms, head, or legs out of the window."
+
+         </p><a name="p_95"></a><p>
+            In passing from a free to a slave State, the most casual
+            observer is struck with the contrast. The signs of industry
+            and prosperity on the broad face of the country are
+            universally in favor of the former, and that to a degree
+            which none but an eye witness can conceive. This fact
+            has been often noticed, and has been affirmed by slaveholders
+            themselves, in the most emphatic terms. In cities
+            the difference is not less remarkable, and was forcibly
+            brought to our notice in the hotel at which we took up
+            our residence on arriving at Washington, and which,
+            though the first in the city, and the temporary residence
+            of many members of Congress, was greatly deficient in
+            the cleanliness, comfort, and order, which prevail in the
+            well-furnished and well-conducted establishments of New
+            York, Philadelphia, Boston, &amp;c. At this house, I understood,
+            some of the servants were free, and others slaves.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We were now in the District of Columbia, the seat of
+            this powerful Federal Government, and in the city of
+            Washington, the metropolis of the United States. Here
+            are concentrated as it were into one focus, the associations
+            of the past, connected with the great struggle for independence,
+            and the memory of those names and events
+            which already belong to history. Whatever may be our
+            political principles, or the opinions of those who like
+            myself consider all resort to arms as forbidden under the
+            Christian dispensation, it is impossible to recall without
+            emotion, transactions which have exerted and will continue
+            to exert, so marked an influence on the destinies of
+            mankind. This city was not the scene of those events,
+            but it was erected to be a perpetual monument of them,
+            and in the limited district of ten miles square, in which it
+            stands, the Government which was then called into existence
+            <a name="p_96"></a>
+            reigns sole and supreme. If a stranger were to
+            inquire here for the monuments of the fathers of the
+            Revolution, the American would proudly point to the
+            Capitol, with the national Congress in full session, and to
+            the levee of the President, crowded by free citizens, and
+            representatives of foreign nations. The United States
+            were thirteen dependent colonies, they are now twenty-six
+            sovereign States, rich and populous, covering the face
+            of this vast continent, and compacted into one powerful
+            confederacy. But notwithstanding the glowing emotions
+            which seem naturally called forth by the locality, there is
+            many an American who bitterly feels that the District of
+            Columbia is the shame, rather than the glory of his
+            country. Here is proclaimed to the whole world by the
+            united voice of the American people, "We hold these
+            truths to be self-evident&#8212;that all men are created equal;
+            that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
+            inalienable rights&#8212;that among these are life, liberty, and
+            the pursuit of happiness;" and here also by a majority
+            of the same people expressing their deliberate will, through
+            their representatives, this declaration is trampled under
+            foot, and turned into derision.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_19"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_19"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_19"></a><a href="#FootFN1_19">A</a>: "Large
+            establishments have grown up upon the national domain,
+            provided with prisons for the safe keeping of negroes till a full
+            cargo is procured; and should, at any time, the factory prisons be
+            insufficient, the public ones, erected by Congress, are at the
+            service of the dealers, and the United States Marshal becomes the
+            agent of the slave trade."&#8212;<em>Judge Jay's View of the
+               action of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery</em>,
+            <i>page</i> 93. "But the climax of infamy
+            is still untold. This trade in blood,&#8212;this buying,
+            imprisoning, and exporting of boys and girls eight years
+            old,&#8212;this tearing asunder of husbands and wives, parents and
+            children,&#8212;is all legalized, in virtue of authority delegated
+            by Congress!! The 249th page of the laws of the city of Washington
+            is polluted by the following enactment, bearing date
+            28th July, 1838:&#8212;'For a
+            to trade or traffic in slaves for profit, four hundred
+            dollars.'"&#8212;<em>Ibid</em>, <i>page</i>
+            98.
+         </p><a name="p_97"></a><p>
+            The District of Columbia is the chief seat of the
+            American slave trade; commercial enterprize has no other
+            object! Washington is one of the best supplied and most
+            frequented slave marts in the world. The adjoining and
+            once fertile and beautiful States of Virginia and Maryland,
+            are now blasted with sterility, and ever-encroaching desolation.
+            The curse of the first murderer rests upon the
+            planters, and the ground will no longer yield to them her
+            strength. The impoverished proprietors find now their chief
+            source of revenue in what one of themselves expressly
+            termed, their "crop of human flesh." Hence the slave-holding
+            region is now divided into the "slave-breeding,"
+            and "slave-consuming" States. From its locality, and,
+            from its importance as the centre of public affairs, the
+            District of Columbia has become the focus of this dreadful
+            traffic, which almost vies with the African slave trade
+            itself in extent and cruelty, besides possessing aggravations
+            peculiarly its own.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_20"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_20"></a> Its victims
+            are marched to the south
+            <a name="p_98"></a>
+            in chained coffles, overland, in the face of day, and by
+            vessels coastwise. Those who protest against these
+            abominations are the abolitionists; a body whose opinions
+            are so unpopular that no term of reproach is deemed vile
+            enough for their desert; yet if these should hold their
+            peace, the very stones would surely cry out. The state
+            of things in this District has one peculiar feature; being
+            under the supreme local government of Congress, it presents
+            almost the only tangible point for the political efforts
+            of those hostile to slavery. Against slavery in any but
+            their own States, the abolitionists have neither the power
+            nor the wish to exert that constitutional interference which
+            they rightfully employ in the States of which they are
+            citizens; but with respect to the District of Columbia,
+            they are, in common with the whole republic, responsible
+            for the exercise of political influence for the abolition of
+            slavery within its limits. Hence this is the grand point of
+            attack. They have experienced a succession of repulses,
+            <a name="p_99"></a>
+            but their eventual success is certain; the political influence
+            of the slave-holding interest, which is now paramount,
+            and which controls and dictates the entire policy of the
+            general Government will be destroyed. Then will the
+            abolition of American slavery be speedily consummated.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_20"></a><a href="#FootFN1_20">A</a>: "Human flesh is now
+            the great staple of Virginia, In the
+            legislature of this State, in 1833, Thomas Jefferson Randolph
+            declared that Virginia had been converted into 'one grand
+            menagerie, where men are reared for the market, like oxen for the
+            shambles.' This same gentleman thus compared the foreign with
+            the domestic traffic: 'The trader (African) receives the slave, a
+            stranger in aspect, language and manner, from the merchant who
+            brought him from the interior. But <em>here</em>, sir,
+            individuals whom the master has known from infancy,&#8212;whom he
+            has seen sporting
+            in the innocent gambols of childhood,&#8212;who have been accustomed
+            to look to him for protection,&#8212;he tears from the mother's arms,
+            exiles into a foreign country, among a strange people, subject to
+            cruel task-masters. In my opinion, it is much worse.'&#8212;Mr.
+            Gholson, of Virginia, in his speech in the legislature of that State,
+            January 18, 1831, says: 'The master forgoes the service of the
+            female slave, has her nursed and attended during the period of her
+            gestation, and raises the helpless and infant offspring. The value
+            of the property justifies the expense; and I do not hesitate to say,
+            that in its increase consists much of our wealth.'&#8212;Professor
+            Dew, now President of the College of William and Mary, Virginia, in
+            his review of the debate in the Virginia legislature, 1831-3, speaking
+            of the revenue arising from the trade, says: 'A full equivalent
+            being thus left in the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an
+            advantage to the State, and does not check the black population as
+            much as at first view we might imagine; because it furnishes every
+            inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to
+            <em>encourage breeding</em>,
+            and to cause the greatest number possible to be raised.
+            Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State, for other
+            States.'&#8212;Mr. C.F. Mercer asserted, in the Virginia Convention
+            of 1829, 'The tables of the natural growth of the slave population
+            demonstrate; when compared with the increase of its numbers in the
+            commonwealth for twenty years past, that an annual revenue of not less
+            than a million and a half of dollars is derived from the exportation
+            of a part of this population.'"&#8212;<em>Judge Jay's
+               View</em>, <i>pages</i> 88, 89.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Very soon after our arrival, we proceeded to the
+            House of Representatives, then sitting, and were favored,
+            by introductions from a member, with seats behind the
+            Speaker's chair. The subject before the House was, of
+            course, peculiarly interesting to me, being the proposed
+            re-enactment of the "gag;" a rule of the House, by
+            which petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District
+            of Columbia, are laid upon the table, without being read
+            or referred, and thus are virtually rejected. One of the
+            speakers, William Slade, of Vermont, who was opposed
+            to the "gag," told the pro-slavery members that they
+            were greatly mistaken in supposing that such a measure
+            would suppress the anti-slavery feeling of the country.
+            They might, for a time, block up the Potomac, but it
+            would only be to direct its waters into a new channel; in
+            the same way as the rejection of anti-slavery petitions had
+            resulted in the formation of a third abolition political party,
+            which was now regularly organized and in the field.
+            Having previously heard much of the virulence of the
+            pro-slavery members, I was particularly impressed with
+            the silence and attention with which they listened to this
+            speech, and with the feeling which seemed evidently to
+            prevail, that the subject could no longer be met with
+            contempt and ridicule. One of the liberal members told
+            me afterwards, that they felt themselves in a different
+            atmosphere to what they did two years ago, both in the
+            House and in the city, when touching upon this subject.
+            <a name="p_100"></a>
+            Before the debate closed, the House divided on the
+            question, whether ex-president Adams, the veteran defender
+            of the constitutional right of petition, and who had
+            brought forward this motion for the repeal of the "gag,"
+            was entitled to the right of reply. This was decided in
+            his favor, and the House adjourned till the beginning of
+            the following week.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the afternoon, I proceeded, by a steam packet, with
+            one of my friends, to Alexandria, about six miles distant,
+            on the other side of the Potomac. A merchant, to whom
+            I had an introduction, kindly accompanied us to a slave-trading
+            establishment there, which is considered the principal
+            one in the District. The proprietor was absent;
+            but the person in charge, a stout, middle-aged man, with
+            a good-natured countenance, that little indicated his
+            employment, readily consented to show us over the
+            establishment. On passing behind the house, we looked
+            through a grated iron door, into a square court or yard,
+            with very high walls, in which were about fifty slaves.
+            Some of the younger ones were dancing to a fiddle, an
+            affecting proof, in their situation, of the degradation caused
+            by slavery. There were others, who seemed a prey to
+            silent dejection. Among these was a woman, who had
+            run away from her master twelve years ago, and had
+            married and lived ever since as a free person. She was
+            at last discovered, taken and sold, along with her child, and
+            would shortly be shipped to New Orleans, unless her
+            husband could raise the means of her redemption, which
+            we understood he was endeavoring to do. If he failed,
+            they are lost to him for ever. Another melancholy looking
+            woman was here with her nine children, the whole
+            family having been sold away from their husband and
+            <a name="p_101"></a>
+            father, to this slave-dealer, for two thousand two hundred
+            and fifty dollars. This unfeeling separation is but the
+            beginning of their sorrows. They will, in all probability,
+            be re-sold at New Orleans, scattered and divided, until
+            not perhaps two of them are left together. The most
+            able-bodied negro I saw, cost the slave-dealer six hundred
+            and eighty-five dollars.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Our guide told us that they sometimes sent from this
+            house from fifteen hundred to two thousand slaves to the
+            South in a year, and that they occasionally had three
+            hundred to four hundred at once in their possession.
+            That the trade was not now so brisk, but that prices were
+            rising. The return and profits of this traffic appear to be
+            entirely regulated by the fluctuations in the value of the
+            cotton. Women are worth one-third less than men. But
+            one instance of complete escape ever occurred from these
+            premises, though some of the slaves were occasionally
+            trusted out in the fields. He showed us the substantial
+            clothing, shoes, &amp;c., with which the slaves were supplied
+            when sent to the South; a practice, I fear, enforced more
+            by the cupidity of the buyers, than the humanity of the
+            seller. Our informant stated, in answer to inquiries, that
+            by the general testimony of the slaves purchased, they
+            were treated better by the planters than was the case ten
+            years ago. He also admitted the evils of the system, and
+            said, with apparent sincerity, he wished it was put an
+            end to.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We went afterwards to the city jail, to see a youth
+            whose case I had heard of in Delaware, who had come to
+            Alexandria on board a vessel, and had here been seized
+            and imprisoned on suspicion of being a slave, not having
+            any document to prove his freedom. He had now been
+            <a name="p_102"></a>
+            incarcerated for near twelve months, and though admitted
+            by the jailer and every one else to be free, he was about
+            to be sold in a few days into slavery for a term, in order
+            to pay the jail-fees, amounting to eighty dollars. In the
+            evening on returning to Washington, we paid a visit by
+            appointment to John Quincy Adams, ex-president of the
+            United States; who though considerably more than seventy
+            years of age, is yet one of the most assiduous and energetic
+            members of the House of Representatives, and one of the
+            most influential public men of the day. To this must be
+            added the far higher praise that his distinguished powers
+            are employed in the service of humanity, truth, and justice.
+            How rare is it to witness such a union of intellectual and
+            moral greatness! Posterity will do justice to his fame,
+            when slavery shall exist only in the records of the past,
+            and when it shall be related with wonder, that this venerable
+            man, standing almost alone in his defence of the right
+            of petition, received daily anonymous letters threatening
+            him with assassination. He received us very kindly, and
+            in the course of conversation expressed how much importance
+            he attached to the late repeal of the "nine months
+            law," in the State of New York, as a favorable indication
+            of the current of public feeling. He did not appear
+            sanguinely to anticipate that he should be in a majority on
+            his pending motion for the repeal of the "gag."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            One of the principal objects of my visit to Washington
+            was to present an Address to the President, from the
+            Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society. In the course of my inquiries of various official
+            persons, members of Congress, et cet., I found that to
+            obtain an audience for the express purpose would be very
+            difficult, as no member of Congress appeared willing to
+            <a name="p_103"></a>
+            undertake the unpopular service of introducing the bearer
+            of such a document. I was not disposed to apply to the
+            British Ambassador, who on some occasions had shown a
+            want of sympathy with the anti-slavery cause. I found,
+            however, that it was not contrary to etiquette, in this
+            country, for a private individual to address a note to the
+            President, to which, in ordinary courtesy, according to the
+            custom of the place, he has a right to expect a reply. I
+            would remark, however, that nothing is more easy than to
+            gain access to the President; but I felt that to avail myself
+            of those facilities, to place in his hands a document
+            which he might object to receive, would be uncandid. I
+            therefore addressed a note to him, stating that I was the
+            bearer of a memorial from the Committee of the British
+            and Foreign Anti-slavery Society, signed by Thomas
+            Clarkson, addressed to the President of the United States,
+            in which I said, "It may, perhaps, be right to state, that
+            the memorial refers to slavery and the slave-trade in the
+            United States, and that it was written before the death of
+            General Harrison was known in Europe." I then asked
+            permission to present it.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            To this I received no reply. We were afterwards introduced
+            to the President, by a member of Congress, who
+            evinced an anxiety that I should make no reference to the
+            memorial; and the President, on his part, made no allusion
+            to it, or to my letter to himself. After this interview,
+            we proceeded to the Senate, but it had risen just as we entered.
+            I had a short conversation with Henry Clay, who
+            alluded to Joseph John Gurney's work on the West Indies,
+            which I need scarcely add, is written in a series of
+            letters to this statesman. He said that the recent short
+            crop of sugar in Jamaica was a proof that the author had
+            <a name="p_104"></a>
+            been misled in the favorable information he had collected,
+            and also that this deficiency in the crop was a proof not
+            only of the idleness, but of the immorality of the negroes.
+            He accused my companion, John G. Whittier, of deserting
+            him, after having been his warm friend; and on J.W.'s
+            giving his reasons for so doing, he complained that
+            the abolitionists improperly interfered with the affairs of the
+            South, though he made an exception in favor of the Society
+            of Friends. He inquired if J.G. Whittier was a "Friend"
+            in regular standing, evidently intimating a doubt on that
+            point, on account of his being so decided an abolitionist.
+            The praise of such men is the strongest testimony that
+            could be adduced to the declension of the Society of
+            Friends in anti-slavery zeal. To a great extent I fear
+            their sentiments on this subject have been held traditionally;
+            and that in many cases, they have not only done
+            nothing themselves, but by example and precept have condemned
+            the activity of others; I trust, however, a brighter
+            day in regard to their labors is approaching. I feel disinclined
+            to take leave of Henry Clay, without some animadversions
+            which, on the public character of a public
+            man, I may offer without any breach of propriety. In
+            early life, that is in some part of the last century, he supported
+            measures tending to the "eradication of slavery" in
+            Kentucky, and at various periods since, he has indulged in
+            cheap declamation against slavery, though he is not known
+            to have committed himself by a solitary act of manumission.
+            On the contrary, having commenced life with a
+            single slave, he has industriously increased the number to
+            upwards of seventy. As a statesman, his conduct on this
+            question has been consistently pro-slavery. He indefatigably
+            negotiated for the recovery of fugitive slaves from
+            <a name="p_105"></a>
+            Canada, when Secretary of State, though without success.
+            In the Senate he successfully carried through the admission
+            of Missouri into the Union, as a slave State. He has resisted
+            a late promising movement in Kentucky in favor of
+            emancipation; and lastly, in one of his most elaborate
+            speeches, made just before the late presidential election,
+            the proceedings of the abolitionists were reviewed and condemned,
+            and he utterly renounced all sympathy with their
+            object. By way of apology for his early indiscretion, he
+            observes, "but if I had been then, or were <em>now</em>, a citizen
+            of any of the planting States&#8212;the southern or southwestern
+            States&#8212;I should have opposed, and would continue
+            to oppose, any scheme whatever of emancipation,
+            gradual or immediate."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In this extract, and throughout the whole speech,
+            slavery is treated as a pecuniary question, and the grand
+            argument against abolition, is the loss of property that
+            would ensue. Joseph John Gurney, who appears to have
+            been favorably impressed by Henry Clay's professions of
+            liberality, his courteous bearing, and consummate address,
+            manifested a laudable anxiety that so influential a statesman
+            should be better informed on the point on which he
+            seemed so much in the dark; he therefore addressed to
+            him his excellent "Letters on the West Indies," of which
+            the great argument is, that emancipation has been followed
+            by great prosperity to the planters, and attended with
+            abundant blessings, temporal and spiritual, to the other
+            classes, and that the same course would necessarily be followed
+            by the same results in the United States. He has
+            accumulated proof upon proof of his conclusions supplied
+            by personal and extensive investigation in the British
+            Colonies. But Henry Clay shews no sign of conviction.
+            <a name="p_106"></a>
+            Yet though he made to us the absurd remark, already
+            quoted, on Joseph John Gurney's work, I have too high
+            an opinion of his understanding to think him the victim of
+            his own sophistry. He is a lawyer and a statesman. He
+            is accustomed to weigh evidence, and to discriminate facts.
+            I have little doubt that all my valued friend would have
+            taught him, he knew already. He could not be ignorant
+            of the contrast presented by his own State of Kentucky,
+            and the adjoining State of Ohio, and that the difference is
+            solely owing to slavery. If J.J. Gurney could have
+            shewn that abolition would soon be the high road to the
+            President's chair, it is not improbable that he would have
+            made an illustrious convert to anti-slavery principles.
+            Henry Clay's celebrated speech before alluded to, was
+            delivered in the character of a candidate for the Presidency
+            just before the last election&#8212;it was prepared with
+            great care, and rehearsed beforehand to a select number of
+            his political friends. The whig party being the strongest,
+            and he being the foremost man of that party, he might be
+            looked upon as President-elect, if he could but conciliate
+            the south, by wiping off the cloud of abolitionism that
+            faintly obscured his reputation. He succeeded to his
+            heart's desire in his immediate object, but eventually, by
+            this very speech, completely destroyed his sole chance of
+            success, and was ultimately withdrawn from the contest.
+            Thus does ambition overleap itself.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_21"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_21"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_21"></a><a href="#FootFN1_21">A</a>: As a
+            practical commentary on Henry Clay's professions of a
+            regard for the cause of human liberty, I append the following
+            advertisement, which, about two years ago, was circulated in
+            Ohio:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "THREE HUNDRED DOLLAR'S REWARD.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>Run away</i> from James Kendall, in Bourbon
+               County, Ky., to whom he was hired the present year, on Saturday
+               night last, the
+               14th instant, a negro man, named Somerset, about twenty-six years
+               of age, five feet, seven or eight inches high, of a dark copper color,
+               having a deep scar on his right cheek, occasioned by a burn, stout
+               made, countenance bold and determined, and voice coarse. His
+               clothing it is thought unnecessary to describe, as he may have
+               already changed it.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "ALSO,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "From E. Muir, of the same county, on the same night, (and
+               supposed to have gone in company,) a negro man, named Bob,
+               about twenty-nine years old, near six feet high, weighing about 180
+               or 90 pounds, of a dark copper color, of a pleasant countenance,
+               uncommonly smooth face, and a remarkable small hand for a negro of
+               his size. He spells and reads a little. His clothing was a greenish
+               jean coat and black cloth pantaloons.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "We will give the above reward for the delivery of said negroes
+               to the undersigned, or their confinement in jail, so that we get
+               them; or 150 dollars for either of them, if taken out of the State,
+               or 100 dollars for them, or 50 dollars for either, if taken out of the
+               county, and in the State.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "HENRY CLAY, Senior,
+               <br>
+               "E. MUIR.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>Bourbon Co. Ky., Sept</i>. 17, 1839."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote><a name="p_107"></a><p>
+            On leaving the Senate House, we drove to a slave-dealer's
+            establishment, near at hand, and within sight of
+            the <em>Capitol</em>. I have given some particulars of this visit
+            elsewhere, which I need not repeat. I cast my eye on
+            some portraits and caricatures of abolitionists, British and
+            American, among whom Daniel O'Connell figured in association
+            with Arthur Tappan, and the ex-president
+            Adams. The young man in charge of the establishment
+            began to explain them, for our amusement; on which, one
+            of my companions pointed to me, and informed him I was
+            an English abolitionist. He looked uneasy at our presence,
+            and evidently desirous we should not prolong our
+            stay. He told us there were five or six other dealers in
+            the city who had no buildings of their own, and who kept
+            <a name="p_108"></a>
+            their slaves here, or at the public city jail, at thirty-four
+            cents per diem, the difference in comfort being wholly on
+            the side of the private establishments.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We subsequently visited the city jail, to which reference
+            is made in the letter below, and were able to confirm
+            this statement from our own observation.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We left for Baltimore this afternoon. Although I had
+            not succeeded in presenting the address before-mentioned
+            to the President, I little regretted the failure, being convinced
+            that it would not be less generally read by the
+            public on that account, and in this I have not been disappointed.
+            I proceeded at once, the next morning, to Philadelphia; and here I
+            concluded to print and publish the
+            following letter, which, was sent, through the post, to the
+            President, and to each member of the Senate and House
+            of Representatives.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Abolitionists of the United States</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "I was commissioned by the committee of the British
+               and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, to present a memorial
+               from them to your President, and proceeded to Washington,
+               a few days ago, accompanied by John G. Whittier,
+               of Massachusetts, and a friend from the State of Delaware.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "It was my first visit to the seat of legislation of your
+               great republic. On our arrival we went to the House of
+               Representatives, then in session. A member from Maryland
+               was speaking on our entrance, who was the author of
+               a resolution, which had been carried in a former Congress,
+               excluding nearly three millions of your countrymen, on
+               whom every species of wrong and outrage is committed
+               <a name="p_109"></a>
+               with impunity, from all right of petition, either by them
+               selves or their friends. He was advocating the re-enactment
+               of this very resolution for the present Congress, and
+               stated that he had a letter from your President approving
+               the measure. Although I believe I do not speak too
+               strongly when I say an attempt to enforce such a resolution
+               by any crowned head in the civilized world, would be
+               inevitably followed by a revolution, yet it seemed evident
+               that no small portion of your <em>present</em> members were in
+               favor of it. It was with no ordinary emotion that I saw
+               the venerable ex-president Adams at his post, nobly contending
+               against this violation of the rights of his countrymen,
+               and I could not but regret that, with one or two exceptions,
+               be appeared to find little support from his
+               younger colleagues of the free States.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The same day we visited one of the well-known slave-trading
+               establishments at Alexandria. On passing to it
+               we were shewn the costly mansion of its late proprietor,
+               who has lately retired on a large property acquired by the
+               sale of native born Americans. In an open enclosure,
+               with high walls which it is impossible to scale, with a
+               strong iron-barred door, and in which we were told that
+               there were sometimes from three to four hundred persons
+               crowded, we saw about fifty slaves. Amongst the number
+               thus incarcerated was a woman with nine children, who
+               had been cruelly separated from their husband and father,
+               and would probably be shortly sent to New Orleans, where
+               they would never be likely to see him again, and where
+               the mother may be for ever severed from every one of her
+               children, and each of them sold to a separate master.
+               From thence we went to the Alexandria city jail, where
+               we saw a young man who was admitted to be free even
+               <a name="p_110"></a>
+               by the jailer himself. He had been seized and committed
+               in the hope that he might prove a slave, and that the party
+               detaining him would receive a reward. He had been
+               kept there nearly twelve months because he could not pay
+               the jail fees, and instead of obtaining any redress for false
+               imprisonment, was about to be sold into slavery for a term
+               to reimburse these fees.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The next morning I was desirous of handing to the
+               President the memorial, of which the following is a copy:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'<i>Address to the President of the United States,
+                     from the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+                     Society</i>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'SIR,&#8212;As the head of a great Confederacy of
+                  States, justly valuing their free constitution and political
+                  organization, and tenacious of their rights and their character,
+                  the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery
+                  Society, through their esteemed coadjutor and
+                  representative, Joseph Sturge, would respectfully approach
+                  you in behalf of millions of their fellow-men, held in bondage
+                  in the United States. Those millions are denied, not
+                  only the immunities enjoyed by the citizens of your great
+                  republic generally, and of the equal privileges and the impartial
+                  protection of the civil law, but are deprived of
+                  their personal rights, so that they cease to be regarded
+                  and treated, under your otherwise noble institutions, as
+                  MEN, except in the commission of crime, when the utmost
+                  rigor of your penal statutes is invoked and enforced
+                  against them; but are reduced to the degraded condition
+                  of "chattels personal in the hands of their owners and
+                  possessors, to <em>all intents, constructions, and purposes,
+                     whatsoever</em>."
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="p_111"></a>
+                  "'This is the language and the law of slavery; and
+                  under this law, guarded with jealousy by their political institutions,
+                  the slaveholders of the South rest their claims to
+                  property in man But, sir, there are claims anterior to all
+                  human laws, and superior to all political institutions, which
+                  are immutable in their nature,&#8212;claims which are the
+                  birthright of every human being, of every clime, and of
+                  every color,&#8212;claims which God has conferred, and which
+                  man cannot destroy without sacrilege, or infringe without
+                  sin. Personal liberty is among these, the greatest and
+                  best, for it is the root of all other rights, the conservative
+                  principle of human associations, the spring of public virtues,
+                  and essential to national strength and greatness.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The monstrous and wicked assumption of power by
+                  man, over his fellow man, which slavery implies, is alike
+                  abhorrent to the moral sense of mankind; to the immutable
+                  principles of justice; to the righteous laws of God;
+                  and to the benevolent principles of the gospel. It is,
+                  therefore, indignantly repudiated by all the fundamental
+                  laws of all truly enlightened and civilized communities,
+                  and by none more emphatically than by that over which,
+                  Sir, it is your honor to preside.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The great doctrine, that God hath "created all men
+                  equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights,
+                  and that amongst these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+                  happiness," is affirmed in your Declaration of Independence,
+                  and justified in the theory of your constitutional
+                  laws. But there is a stain upon your glory; slavery, in
+                  its most abject and revolting form, pollutes your soil; the
+                  wailings of slaves mingle with your songs of liberty; and
+                  the clank of their chains is heard, in horrid discord with
+                  the chorus of your triumphs.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="p_112"></a>
+                  "'The records of your States are not less distinguished
+                  by their wise provisions for securing the order and maintaining
+                  the institutions of your country, than by their ingenious
+                  devices for riveting the chains, and perpetuating
+                  the degradation of your colored brethren; their education
+                  is branded as a crime against the State&#8212;their freedom is
+                  dreaded as a blasting pestilence&#8212;the bare suggestion of
+                  their emancipation is proscribed as treason to the cause of
+                  American independence.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'These things are uttered in sorrow; for the committee
+                  deeply deplore the flagrant inconsistency, so glaringly
+                  displayed between the lofty principles embodied in
+                  the great charter of your liberties, and the evil practices
+                  which have been permitted to grow up under it, to mar
+                  its beauty and impair its strength. But it is not on these
+                  grounds alone, or chiefly, that they deplore the existence
+                  of slavery in the United States. Manifold as are the evils
+                  which flow from it&#8212;dehumanizing as are its
+                  tendencies&#8212;fearful as its reaction confessedly is on its
+                  supporters,&#8212;the
+                  reproach of its existence does not terminate on the institutions
+                  which gave it birth: the sublime principles and
+                  benign spirit of Christianity are dishonored by it. In the
+                  light of Divine Truth it stands revealed, in all its hideous
+                  deformity, a crime against God,&#8212;a daring usurpation of
+                  the prerogative and authority of the Most High! It is as
+                  a violation of His righteous laws, an outrage on His glorious
+                  attributes, a renunciation of the claims of His blessed
+                  gospel, that they especially deplore the countenance and
+                  support it receives among you; and, in the spirit of
+                  Christian love and fraternal solicitude, would counsel its
+                  immediate and complete overthrow, as a solemn and imperative
+                  duty, the performance of which no sordid reasons
+                  <a name="p_113"></a>
+                  should be permitted to retard&#8212;no political considerations
+                  prevent. Slavery is a sin against God, and ought, therefore,
+                  to be abolished.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The utter extinction of slavery, and its sister abomination,
+                  the internal slave-trade of the United States,
+                  second only in horror and extent to the African, and in
+                  some of its features even more revolting, can only be
+                  argued, by the philanthropy of this country, on the abstract
+                  principles of moral and religious duty; and to those
+                  principles the people of your great republic are pledged
+                  on the side of freedom beyond every nation in the world!
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The negro, by nature our equal, made like ourselves
+                  in the image of his Creator, gifted by the same
+                  intelligence, impelled by the same passions and affections,
+                  and redeemed by the same Savior, is reduced by cupidity
+                  and oppression below the level of the brute, spoiled
+                  of his humanity, plundered of his rights, and often hurried
+                  to a premature grave, the miserable victim of avarice and
+                  heedless tyranny! Men have presumptuously dared to
+                  wrest from their fellows the most precious of their rights&#8212;to
+                  intercept as far as they may the bounty and grace of
+                  the Almighty&#8212;to close the door to their intellectual
+                  progress&#8212;to shut every avenue to their moral and religious
+                  improvement, to stand between them and their
+                  Maker! It is against this crime the committee protest as
+                  men and as Christians, and earnestly but respectfully call
+                  upon you, Sir, to use the influence with which you are
+                  invested, to bring it to a peaceful and speedy close; and,
+                  may you in closing your public career, in the latest hours
+                  of your existence on earth, be consoled with the reflection
+                  that you have not despised the afflictions of the afflicted,
+                  but that faithful to the trust of your high stewardship, you
+                  <a name="p_114"></a>
+                  have been "just, ruling in the fear of the Lord," that you
+                  have executed judgment for the oppressed, and have
+                  aided in the deliverance of your country from its greatest
+                  crime, and its chiefest reproach.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'On behalf of the Committee,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'THOMAS CLARKSON.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the Abolition of
+                  Slavery and the Slave-trade throughout the world.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'27, <i>New Broad Street, London, March 5th</i>,
+                  1841.'
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "I thought it most candid to address a letter to the
+               President informing him of the character of the foregoing
+               memorial, rather than take advantage of a merely formal
+               introduction to present it, without a previous explanation.
+               To this letter no reply was received, and no allusion was
+               made to it by the President at a subsequent introduction,
+               which we had to him. It may be proper to mention in
+               this connection, that memorials of a similar character,
+               bearing upon slavery and the slave-trade, signed by the
+               venerable Clarkson, have been presented to different
+               Heads of Governments, in other parts of the world, and
+               have been uniformly received with marked respect.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Previous to our departure, we visited a private
+               slave-trading establishment in the city, and looked in upon
+               a group of human beings herded together like cattle for
+               the market, within an enclosure of high brick walls
+               surrounding the jail. The young man in attendance,
+               informed us that there were five or six other regular slave-dealers
+               in the city, who, having no jails of their own,
+               either placed their slaves at this establishment, or in the
+               public CITY PRISON. The former was generally preferred,
+               on account of its superior accommodations in respect to
+               <a name="p_115"></a>
+               food and lodging. On my making some remarks to the
+               young man on the nature of his occupation, he significantly,
+               and as I think, very justly replied, that he knew
+               of no reasons for condemning slave-traders, which did not
+               equally apply to slave-holders. You will bear in mind
+               that this was said within view of the Capitol, where
+               slave-holders control your national legislation, and within
+               a few minutes' walk of that mansion where a slave-holder
+               sits in the presidential chair, placed there by your votes;
+               and it is certainly no marvel, that, with such high examples
+               in his favor, the humble slave-dealer of the District
+               should feel himself in honorable company, and really
+               regard his occupation as one of respectability and public
+               utility.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "From thence we proceeded to the city prison, an
+               old and loathsome building, where we examined two
+               ranges of small stone cells, in which were a large number
+               of colored prisoners. We noticed five or six in a single
+               cell, barely large enough for a solitary tenant, under a heat
+               as intense as that of the tropics. The keeper stated that
+               in rainy seasons the prison was uncomfortably wet. The
+               place had to us a painful interest, from the fact that here
+               Dr. Crandall, a citizen of the free States, was confined
+               until his health was completely broken down, and was
+               finally released only to find a grave, for the crime of having
+               circulated a pamphlet on emancipation, written by one
+               of the friends who accompanied me.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_22"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_22"></a> On inquiry of the
+               <a name="p_116"></a>
+               keeper, he informed us that slaves were admitted into his
+               cells, and kept for their owners at the rate of thirty-four
+               cents per day, and that transfers of them from one master
+               to another sometimes took place during their confinement;
+               thus corroborating the testimony of the keeper of the
+               private jail before mentioned, that this city prison, the
+               property of the people of the United States, and for the
+               rebuilding of which, a large sum of your money has been
+               appropriated, is made use of by the dealers in human
+               beings as a place of deposit and market; and thus you, in
+               common with your fellow citizens, are made indirect participators
+               in a traffic equal in atrocity to that foreign trade,
+               the suppression of which, to use the words of your President
+               in his late message, 'is required by the public honor,
+               and the promptings of humanity.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_22"></a><a href="#FootFN1_22">A</a>: On being
+               released from prison, Dr. Crandall went to Kingston,
+               Jamaica, to recruit his health. A gentleman of that city, W.
+               Wemyss Anderson, found him in his lodgings, solitary and friendless,
+               and rapidly sinking under his disease. He took him, though
+               a perfect stranger, into his own house; and the last days of Dr.
+               Crandall were soothed by the kind sympathy and attentions of a
+               Christian family. It was also manifest, that he enjoyed the sunshine
+               of inward peace, and the rich consolations of the gospel. His kind
+               host, whom I count it a privilege to call my friend, obeyed, in this
+               instance, the apostolic injunction, and experienced the consequent
+               reward, "Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some
+               have entertained angels unawares."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "As one who has devoted much of his humble labors to
+               the cause you wish to promote, I perhaps shall be excused
+               for thus stating these facts to you, as they all passed before
+               my personal observation in the course of a few hours.
+               I shall deem it right to publish them in Europe, where I
+               am about shortly to return. Recollect, they all occurred
+               and exist within the District of Columbia, and that those
+               who elect the legislators who uphold the slave system, are
+               justly responsible for it in the sight of God and man. Is
+               it not all the natural consequence of your electing slave-holders
+               <a name="p_117"></a>
+               and their abettors to the highest offices of your
+               State and nation? Some of your most intelligent citizens
+               have given it as their opinion that fully two-thirds of the
+               whole population of the United States are in favor of the
+               abolition of slavery; and my own observation, since I
+               landed on these shores, not only confirms this opinion, but
+               has convinced me that there is a very rapid accession to
+               their numbers daily taking place; and yet we have the
+               extraordinary fact exhibited to the world, that about two
+               hundred and fifty thousand slave-holders&#8212;a large proportion
+               of whom, bankrupt in fortune and reputation, have
+               involved many of the North in their disgrace and ruin&#8212;hold
+               in mental bondage the whole population of this great
+               republic, who permit themselves to be involved in the
+               common disgrace of presenting a spectacle of national inconsistency
+               altogether without a parallel. I confess that,
+               although an admirer of many of the institutions of your
+               country, and deeply lamenting the evils of my own government,
+               I find it difficult to reply to those who are
+               opposed to any extension of the political rights of Englishmen,
+               when they point to America and say, that where
+               all have a control over the legislation but those who are
+               guilty of a dark skin, slavery and the slave-trade remain
+               not only unmitigated, but continue to extend; and that
+               while there is an onward movement in favor of its extinction,
+               not only in England and France, but even in Cuba
+               and Brazil, American legislators cling to this enormous
+               evil, without attempting to relax or mitigate its horrors.
+               Allow me, therefore, to appeal to you by every motive
+               which attaches you to your country, seriously to consider
+               how far you are accountable for this state of things, by
+               want of a faithful discharge of those duties for which every
+               <a name="p_118"></a>
+               member of a republican government is so deeply responsible;
+               and may I not express the hope that, on all future
+               occasions, you will take care to promote the election of
+               none as your representatives who will not <em>practically</em> act
+               upon the principle that in every clime, and of every color,
+               'all men are equal?'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Your sincere friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>Philadelphia, 6th Month 7th</i>, 1842."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            This letter was extensively reprinted, not only in the
+            anti-slavery but in pro-slavery newspapers, both in the
+            North and South. In the numerous angry comments
+            upon it, no attempt that has come to my knowledge was
+            made to deny any one of my statements. One of the
+            papers intimates that the vote by which the house soon
+            after refused to adopt a specific and exclusive rule against
+            abolition petitions, was brought about by "the sinister
+            influence of Mr. Sturge." I need not add how happy I
+            should have been to have possessed the influence with
+            which this writer has so liberally invested me, and that I
+            should have regarded it as a talent to be employed and
+            improved to the very utmost.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I spent from the 5th to the 11th of the Sixth Month,
+            (June) in Philadelphia and the vicinity, during which
+            time, I made numerous calls, and met several large parties
+            in private.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During this stay, in company with John G. Whittier,
+            I paid a visit to my excellent friend, Abraham L. Pennock,
+            at his residence in Haverford, Delaware county,
+            about ten miles from the city. He is an influential member
+            of the Society of Friends, and until recently he has
+            <a name="p_119"></a>
+            been a resident in the city. He has, for many years,
+            been an uncompromising abolitionist, and an active member
+            and officer of anti-slavery societies; yet he appears to
+            enjoy the respect and confidence not only of his anti-slavery
+            associates, but of the Society of Friends, and the
+            community generally. I found him a warm advocate, in
+            practice as well as theory, of entire abstinence from the
+            products of slave labor, as well as of independent political
+            action on the part of abolitionists. He expressed much
+            regret that he was unable to attend the General Anti-Slavery
+            Convention, in London, and gave his cordial
+            approbation to its proceedings.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_23"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_23"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_23"></a><a href="#FootFN1_23">A</a>: See Appendix H.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We reluctantly bade farewell to our kind friend and
+            his interesting family, all the members of which appear to
+            share his zeal and untiring devotion to the cause of the
+            oppressed, and returned to our lodgings in the city. Even
+            now I look back to this visit as among the most grateful
+            recollections of my sojourn in the United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I may mention, in this connection, that A.L. Pennock,
+            as well as others with whom I conversed on the subject,
+            spoke with much regret of the want of faithfulness on the
+            part of members of the Society of Friends, in maintaining
+            their testimony against slavery, while exercising their civil
+            rights as citizens and electors. From all I could learn, I
+            have been led to fear that "Friends" in the United States,
+            with few exceptions, are in the practice of voting for
+            public officers, without reference to their sentiments on the
+            important subject of slavery. At the late Presidential
+            election it is very evident that the great body of "Friends"
+            who took any part in it, voted for John Tyler, the slaveholder.
+
+         </p><a name="p_120"></a><p>
+            Among the active friends of emancipation, who occupy
+            a high station in our society, I can scarcely omit mentioning
+            Enoch Lewis, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, whose
+            talents and literary acquirements, devoted as they are, to
+            the maintenance and promulgation of the principles and
+            Christian testimonies of our religious society, deservedly
+            command a high degree of respect.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Among the members of the society which have separated
+            from "Friends" in Philadelphia and elsewhere, I met
+            with many warm and steady friends of emancipation, some
+            of whom have proved their sincerity by great sacrifices.
+            Amongst these I cannot omit mentioning James and Lucretia
+            Mott, James Wood, Dr. Isaac Parish, and Thomas
+            Earle, of this city.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I republished in Philadelphia, with the permission of
+            the author, in two separate pamphlets, for distribution
+            amongst those to whom it was addressed, "A Letter to
+            the Clergy of various Denominations, and to the Slave-holding
+            Planters in the Southern parts of the United
+            States of America, by Thomas Clarkson." This remarkable
+            production was written after its venerable author had
+            attained his eightieth year, and has been pronounced by
+            a very competent judge the most vigorous production of
+            his pen. As its circulation had but just commenced when
+            I left the United States, I could not judge of the effect
+            produced by this energetic appeal from one whose name
+            must command respect, even from the slave-holders; but
+            I have since been informed it has been read with interest
+            and attention.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had several conferences with "Friends" who were
+            interested in the cause, to discuss the best mode of engaging
+            the members of the Society to unite their efforts on
+            <a name="p_121"></a>
+            behalf of the oppressed and suffering slaves; and though
+            no immediate steps were resolved on, yet I found so much
+            good feeling in many of them, that I cannot but entertain
+            a hope, that fruit will hereafter appear. I had spent
+            much of my time and labor in Philadelphia, particularly
+            among that numerous and influential body with whom I
+            am united in a common bond of religious belief, and I
+            trust of Christian affection. Of the kindness and hospitality
+            I experienced I shall ever retain a grateful recollection;
+            yet I finally took my leave of this city, under
+            feelings of sorrow and depression that so many of the very
+            class of Christian professors who once took the lead in
+            efforts for the abolition of slavery, efforts evidently attended
+            with the favor and sanction of the Most High,
+            should now be discouraging, and holding back their members
+            from taking part in so righteous a cause. Among
+            the warmest friends of the slave, sound both in feeling and
+            sentiment, are a few venerable individuals who are now
+            standing on the brink of the grave, and whose places,
+            among the present generation, I could not conceal from
+            myself, there were but few fully prepared to occupy.
+            I had found in many Friends much passive anti-slavery
+            feeling, and was to some extent cheered by the discovery.
+            May a due sense of their responsibility rest upon every
+            follower of Christ, to remember them that are in bonds,
+            and under affliction, not only with a passive, but with an
+            active and self-denying sympathy, a sympathy that makes
+            common cause with its object.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Apart from the fact, that Philadelphia is one of the
+            most beautiful cities in the world, to a member of the Society
+            of Friends it must ever be an object of peculiar interest.
+            Here William Penn made his great experiment
+            <a name="p_122"></a>
+            of a Christian government. Here, to the annual assemblies
+            of Friends, came Warner Mifflin, and John Woolman,
+            and James Pemberton, and George Dillwyn, and
+            other worthies of the past, who have now gone from works
+            to rewards. A few miles distant, in Frankford, is still to
+            be seen the residence of the excellent Thomas Chalkley.
+            Here Benezet exemplified, in the simplicity, humility, and
+            untiring benevolence of his daily life, the lessons inculcated
+            in his writings. And here, at this day, are a larger
+            number of members of our religious society than can be
+            found congregated elsewhere, within an equal space of
+            territory. They are, in general, in easy circumstances,
+            many of them wealthy, and occupying a high rank in the
+            community.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Who can recur, without a lively feeling of interest, to
+            the hopes and prayers of the benevolent founder of the
+            city, as expressed in affecting terms in his farewell letter,
+            written as he was about taking his final departure for
+            England.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this
+               province, named before thou wert born, what love, what
+               care, what service, and what travail has there been to
+               bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would
+               defile thee! Oh, that thou mayest be kept from the evil
+               that would overwhelm thee! that faithful to the God of
+               Mercies, in a life of righteousness, thou mayest be preserved
+               to the end!"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            On the 11th, with John G. Whittier, I left for New
+            York, and the next day we proceeded by steam packet to
+            Newport, on Rhode Island, to attend the New England
+            yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, which was to be
+            held the next week. We arrived about seven o'clock in
+            <a name="p_123"></a>
+            the morning. I found the change of climate particularly
+            refreshing and agreeable. During the last fortnight, the
+            range of the thermometer had frequently reached 94 degrees or
+            96 degrees in the shade: a tropical heat, without those alleviations
+            which render the heat of the tropics not only tolerable,
+            but sometimes delightful. In Rhode Island, the climate,
+            while we were there, was almost as temperate as an
+            English summer.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Some parts of the New England States are much resorted
+            to by southern families of wealth; and their annual
+            migrations have the effect of materially adding to the vast
+            amount of complicated pro-slavery interests which exist in
+            the free States, as well as of diffusing pro-slavery opinions
+            and feelings throughout the entire community. We may
+            hope this current will soon set in the opposite direction.
+            The season was too early for the arrival of these visitors,
+            and the hotels were generally filled with "Friends," collected
+            from near and distant places, to attend the yearly
+            meeting. There were upwards of a hundred boarding at
+            the same house with ourselves. Soon after our arrival I
+            addressed a letter, making the same application for the use
+            of the meeting house for my friend, John Candler, who
+            was also here, and myself, which had been complied with
+            at New York, forwarding at the same time my credentials.
+            My request, however, in this instance was not granted.
+            Yet there was plainly a willingness on the part of many to
+            receive information, and we caused it to be known that we
+            should be at home at our hotel, on the evening of the sixteenth.
+            About two hundred friends assembled, and appeared
+            interested in a brief outline of the state and prospects
+            of the cause in Europe which I endeavored to give
+            them.
+
+         </p><a name="p_124"></a><p>
+            The subject of slavery was brought before the yearly
+            meeting by a proposition from one of its subordinate, or
+            "quarterly meetings," to encourage more action, on the
+            part of the society, for its abolition. A proposal was immediately
+            made, and assented to without discussion, that
+            the consideration of it should be referred to a committee.
+            On the reading of the address on slavery from the London
+            yearly meeting, it was, in like manner, immediately proposed
+            and agreed to, that it should be referred to the same
+            committee. At a subsequent sitting, this committee reported,
+            that they should recommend the whole subject to
+            be left under the care of their "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+            which was adopted. With the exception of reading the
+            documents, and going through the necessary forms of business,
+            these proceedings passed almost in silence; yet, in
+            the several epistles drawn up to be forwarded to the other
+            yearly meetings, allusion was made to the deep exercise
+            of Friends at this meeting, on the subject of slavery, and
+            their strong desire and wish to encourage others to embrace
+            every right opening for promoting its abolition; with a
+            plain intimation, however, in their epistle to Great Britain,
+            of their disapproval of Friends uniting with any of the anti-slavery
+            associations of the day. These passages in the
+            epistles passed without remark or objection. The Meeting
+            for Sufferings, of Rhode Island, has thus virtually undertaken
+            to do, or at least to originate, all that is to be
+            done, during the present year, by Friends of New England,
+            to help the helpless, and to relieve the oppressed
+            slaves. Sincerely do I desire, that it may not incur the
+            responsibility of neglecting so solemn a charge. I subsequently
+            met, on board the steamer in which we left Newport,
+            many members of this body; with one of whom I
+            <a name="p_125"></a>
+            had some conversation, in the presence of other Friends,
+            to whom I felt it right to state, that the declarations of
+            sympathy for the slaves, in the epistles which had been
+            sent out, were stronger, in my judgment, than was justified
+            by any thing which had been expressed, or had been
+            manifested, in the Yearly Meeting. This conviction I yet
+            retain. I afterwards obtained some authentic extracts
+            from the laws of Rhode Island, affecting the people of
+            color, and under which slavery is very distinctly recognized
+            and sanctioned, even in this <em>free</em> State. I felt it my
+            duty to forward a copy of these to the "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+            accompanied by the following letter:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Meeting for Sufferings of New England</i></p>
+            <p><i>Yearly Meeting of Friends.</i></p>
+            <p>
+               "On passing through Providence, from the Yearly
+               Meeting at Rhode Island, a solicitor of that place kindly
+               furnished me with the annexed extracts from the laws of
+               the State of Rhode Island. I thought it best to send a
+               copy to you, as it is probable some members of your meeting
+               may not be aware of their precise nature; and it is a
+               source of regret to me, and I know it will be so to my
+               friends in England, to know that in the State in which
+               your Yearly Meeting is held, slavery is fully legalized, if
+               the slaves are the property of persons not actually citizens
+               of that place;&#8212;the most odious distinctions of color also
+               remain on the statute book, including one (Section 10,
+               No. 2,) which is a disgrace to any civilized community.
+               I may add, that two very respectable solicitors in Providence
+               expressed their decided opinion, that if Friends
+               heartily promoted the repeal of these obnoxious laws,
+               which throw all the moral influence of the State on the
+               <a name="p_126"></a>
+               side of slavery, it might easily be accomplished. I cannot
+               but hope the subject will receive your prompt attention.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Truly your friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            To soften the impression which I fear the preceding
+            detail will give, I may remark, that I am convinced, from
+            extensive private communication with Friends in New
+            England, that there is yet among them much genuine
+            anti-slavery feeling, especially where the deadening commercial
+            intercourse with the South does not operate;
+            and though, at present, with some bright individual
+            exceptions, this is a talent for the most part hidden or
+            unemployed, I trust that many faithful laborers in this
+            great cause will yet be found among them.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During our stay in Rhode Island, we twice visited Dr.
+            Channing, at his summer residence, a few miles from
+            Newport. The delicacy which ought ever to protect
+            unreserved social intercourse, forbids me to enrich my
+            narrative with any detail of his enlightened and comprehensive
+            sentiments; yet I cannot but add, that, widely
+            differing from him as I do, on many important points, I
+            was both deeply interested and instructed by his modest
+            candor and sincerity, and by the spirit of charity with
+            which he appeared habitually to regard those of opposite
+            opinions. Our conversation embraced various topics. I
+            may be allowed to mention, that he highly approved of
+            Judge Jay's suggestion for the promotion of permanent
+            international peace. He also made a practical suggestion
+            on the anti-slavery movement, which I trust will be acted
+            on&#8212;That petitions should be sent to Congress, praying
+            that the free States should be relieved from all direct or
+            <a name="p_127"></a>
+            indirect support of slavery. As the South has loudly
+            complained of Northern interference, this will be taking
+            the planters on their own ground.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Sixth Month, (June) 19th.&#8212;We went on to New
+            Bedford, where, the next day, we called on a number of
+            persons friendly to abolition, and met a large party of
+            them the same evening, at the house of a Friend. A
+            public meeting for worship was appointed during our stay,
+            at the request of a minister of the Society of Friends
+            from Indiana, which we attended. I had the pleasure of
+            witnessing the colored part of the audience, placed on a
+            level, and sitting promiscuously with the white, the only
+            opportunity I had of making such an observation in the
+            United States; as, on ordinary occasions, the colored
+            people rarely attend Friends' meetings. One of the
+            waiters at our hotel told me he had escaped from slavery
+            some years before. The idea of running away had been
+            first suggested to his mind, by reflecting on his hard lot,
+            being over-worked, and kept without a sufficiency of food,
+            and cruelly beaten, while his owner was living in luxury
+            and idleness, on the fruits of his labor. He had been
+            flogged for merely speaking to one of his master's visitors,
+            in reply to a question, because it was suspected he had
+            divulged matter that his master did not wish the stranger
+            to know.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 21st, we arrived at Boston, and stopped at the
+            Marlborough hotel. One of the first things noticed by a
+            visitor to the States is the number and extent of the
+            hotels, almost all of which are on the principle of the
+            English boarding houses. Besides the number of casual
+            visitors in a population which travels from place to place,
+            perhaps more than any other in the world, the hotels are
+            <a name="p_128"></a>
+            the permanent homes of a numerous and important class
+            of unmarried men, engaged in business, and often indeed
+            of young married persons, who choose to avoid expense
+            and the cares of housekeeping. At many, if not most of
+            the hotels, cleanliness, regularity, and order, pervade all
+            the arrangements, and as much comfort is to be found as
+            is compatible with throng and publicity. Still the domestic
+            charm of private life is wanting, and its absence renders
+            the system of constant residence most uncongenial to
+            English habits and feelings. An unsocial reserve lies on
+            the surface of English character, and the love of privacy,
+            or at least of a retirement which can be closed and
+            expanded at will, is an extensive and deep-seated feeling.
+            Yet the Anglo-American, even of the purest descent, has
+            early lost the latter characteristic, while he often retains
+            the first unimpaired. What law governs the hereditary
+            transmission of such traits? Several first rate hotels in
+            New England are strictly on the temperance plan, and
+            among them is the Marlborough, in Boston, the second in
+            extent of business in this important city, and which makes
+            up from one hundred to two hundred beds. No intoxicating
+            liquor of any kind can be had in the house.
+            Printed notices are also hung up in the bed rooms, that it
+            is the established rule to take in no fresh company and
+            to receive no accounts on the first day of the week,
+            and the cooking and other preparations are as much as
+            possible performed before hand, that the servants may
+            enjoy the day of rest, and partake of the moral and
+            Spiritual benefit of a weekly pause from the whirl and
+            turmoil of secular engagements.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had scarcely ventured to hope that I should ever
+            witness a large hotel like this, conducted on such principles;
+            <a name="p_129"></a>
+            but having now seen it, it adds additional strength
+            to my conviction, that in proportion as Christianity is
+            carried out in common life, in the same proportion is the
+            lost happiness of man recovered. Too many in the
+            present day, who are not behind-hand in profession, keep
+            their principles more for show than use. They acknowledge
+            the purity of them, and have some faint perception
+            of their moral beauty, but secretly believe, and sometimes,
+            openly avow them to be impracticable in the present state
+            of the world. They who exhibit proof of the contrary,
+            are benefactors to their fellow men; and among these,
+            justly deserves to be classed Nathaniel Rogers, the
+            proprietor of the Marlborough Hotel, in Boston.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We called upon several of our anti-slavery friends on
+            the day of our arrival, and in the evening, took tea with a
+            number of those who approve of the proceedings of the
+            London Convention, and who concur in the principles of
+            the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The
+            subjects discussed were the time and place of a future
+            convention of the friends of the slave of different nations.
+            London was unanimously approved as the place, and the
+            preponderance of sentiment was in favor of 1842 as the
+            time.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 22d we went on to Lynn. Here are a very
+            considerable number of the Society of Friends, who are
+            desirous of taking part in active anti-slavery exertion,
+            when they can do so without compromise of principle. It
+            is greatly to be regretted that in this vicinity, a few
+            individuals, formerly members of our religious society,
+            have embraced, in connection with their abolition views,
+            the doctrines of non-resistance, or non-government, in
+            church and state, and thus greatly added to the difficulties
+            <a name="p_130"></a>
+            in the way of efficient action on the part of
+            consistent members; but whatever may be the errors
+            and indiscretions of these individuals, they furnish no
+            valid excuse for the apathy and inaction on the part
+            of "Friends," nor lessen, in the slightest degree, their
+            responsibility for the firm and faithful maintenance of
+            our Christian testimony against oppression. We proceeded,
+            the same evening, to Amesbury, where the
+            family of my friend and companion John G. Whittier
+            reside, in whose hospitable and tranquil retreat we
+            remained till the 25th. Here I found myself in a manufacturing
+            district, and paid a visit to a large woollen mill,
+            and was much pleased with the cleanliness and order
+            displayed, and with the evident comfort and prosperity of
+            the working people, who are chiefly young women, none
+            of whom are admitted under sixteen years of age. Any
+            person given to intoxication would be instantly discharged.
+            All the manufactories in this place are joint-stock companies,
+            and the mills are worked by water power, of which
+            there is an abundant supply.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had agreed, on my return to Boston, to meet my
+            abolition friends at a tea party, and found an entertainment
+            provided from the Marlborough Hotel, in a large room
+            adjoining one of the chapels, on a scale of great profusion,
+            a little to my disappointment, as I had anticipated one of
+            a social rather than of a public character, though I could
+            not but feel the kindness which it was intended to manifest.
+            Charles Stewart Renshaw, from Jamaica, was
+            opportunely present, and his information on the state of
+            that Island added much interest to the evening, the proceedings
+            of which, I hope, gave pretty general satisfaction.
+            In condescension to my wish, my valued friend, Nathaniel
+            <a name="p_131"></a>
+            Colver, suggested to the company to dispense with the
+            usual form of public prayer, and substitute an interval of
+            silence, after the reading of a portion of scripture, which
+            was kindly complied with.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Before leaving Boston, I had a long interview with
+            William Lloyd Garrison. His view of "women's rights"
+            is so far a matter of conscience with him, as to be made
+            an indispensable term of union; yet though widely differing
+            on this, and other important points, we parted, I trust,
+            as we met, on personally friendly terms; and certainly on
+            my part with a desire to promote a spirit of forbearance, and
+            with a deeper and stronger conviction that the friends of
+            the bleeding and oppressed slave, should not spend their
+            strength in unprofitable contention upon points in regard
+            to which both parties claim to act conscientiously, while
+            the common cause requires their undivided energies.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 28th I left Boston for the beautiful town of
+            Worcester, about forty miles distant, on the principal line
+            of railway to New York, where I had the pleasure of
+            visiting, at his own residence, my friend, Cyrus P.
+            Grosvenor, one of the delegates to the Anti-Slavery Convention
+            last year. There are here a considerable number
+            of sincere abolitionists, of whom we met a small company in
+            the evening, in a room used as the Friends' meeting house.
+            I gave them a brief account of the state of the anti-slavery
+            cause in other parts of the world. In company
+            with John M. Earle, editor of one of the Worcester
+            papers, with whom I had formed a previous acquaintance
+            at the Yearly Meeting, I also called on the Governor of
+            the State of Massachusetts, who resides in this place. We
+            had some friendly conversation, but he seemed cautious on
+            the subject of abolition. The temperance cause in Worcester
+            <a name="p_132"></a>
+            has made so much progress that at the three largest
+            and best hotels, which make up nearly one hundred beds
+            each, no intoxicating liquor of any kind is sold. A people
+            thus willing to carry out their convictions, to the sacrifice
+            of prejudice, appetite, and apparent self-interest, cannot
+            long remain a nation of slave-holders. In common with
+            the rest of New England, this town is remarkable for the
+            number, size, and beauty of its places of worship. I calculated,
+            with the aid of a well-informed inhabitant, that if
+            the entire population were to go to a place of worship, at
+            the same hour, in the same day, there would be ample accommodation,
+            and room to spare. Yet here there is no
+            compulsory tax to build churches, and maintain ministers.
+            By the efficacy of the voluntary principle alone is this
+            state of things produced.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My dear friend, John G. Whittier returned home from
+            Worcester on account of increased indisposition, while I
+            proceeded alone to New York. The journey from Boston
+            to the latter city is a remarkably pleasant one. Leaving
+            Boston at four in the afternoon, we proceed on one of
+            the best railways in the States, at the rate of upwards of
+            twenty miles an hour, through a very beautiful and generally
+            well cultivated country, to the city of Norwich, in
+            the State of Connecticut, where the train arrives about
+            eight in the evening, and the passengers immediately
+            embark on a handsome steamer, for New York, enjoying,
+            as long as daylight lasts, the fine scenery on the banks of
+            the Thames. The night I went was moonlight; and,
+            after long enjoying the coolness of the evening on deck,
+            the company retired to their berths, and arrived at New
+            York at the seasonable hour of six the following morning.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I remained in New York until the 7th of the Seventh
+            <a name="p_133"></a>
+            Month (July). My friends, William Shotwell and wife,
+            had left the city during the hot months, but very kindly
+            placed their town house at my service, and I found the
+            retirement thus at my command both refreshing and very
+            serviceable, in enabling me to bring up arrears of writing.
+            During this interval, I spent one very pleasant day with
+            Theodore and Angelina Grimke Weld, and their sister,
+            Sarah Grimke, who reside on a small farm, a few miles
+            from Newark. To the great majority of my readers these
+            names need no introduction; yet, for the benefit of the
+            few, I will briefly allude to their past history. When the
+            American Anti-Slavery Society was formed, in 1833,
+            Theodore D. Weld was at the Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati,
+            Ohio. He was unable to attend on that occasion,
+            but wrote a letter, declaring his entire sympathy with its
+            object. Soon after, through the influence and exertions of
+            himself and Henry B. Stanton, a large majority of the
+            students at Lane Seminary, comprising several slave-holders
+            and sons of slave-holders, became members of an Anti-Slavery
+            Society. The Faculty opposed the formation of
+            this society, and finally expelled its members from the
+            seminary. For two or three years after, Theodore Weld
+            was engaged in anti-slavery effort, principally in the States
+            of Ohio and New York. His voice failed at last, and for
+            several years he was unable to address a public assembly.
+            Angelina Grimke Weld, and her sister, Sarah Grimke,
+            were natives of South Carolina, the daughters of a distinguished
+            Judge of that State; for several years they resided
+            in Philadelphia. Having long felt a deep interest in
+            the condition of the slaves, in the year 1837 they, in accordance
+            with what they believed to be a sense of religious
+            duty, visited New York and New England, to plead the
+            <a name="p_134"></a>
+            cause of those, with whose sorrows, degradation, and cruel
+            sufferings, they had been familiar in their native State.
+            They are evidently women of superior endowments, kind-hearted
+            and energetic, and still retain something of the
+            warmth and fervor of character peculiar to the South.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Few, even of the well informed abolitionists of England,
+            have an adequate idea of the extent, variety, and excellence
+            of the anti-slavery literature of the United States,
+            or of the amount of intellectual power which has been willingly
+            consecrated to this service. Of the cause itself,
+            with all its exigencies, we may adopt, in a yet more limited
+            sense, the sentiment of the Christian poet, on the transient
+            nature of all sublunary things,
+
+         </p>
+         <div class="lg">"These, therefore, are occasional, and pass."<br><br></div>
+         <p>
+            The time approaches when the shackles of the slave
+            will fall off&#8212;when his suffering and despairing cry will
+            be no more heard. Slavery itself is a temporary exigency;
+            but its removal has called, and will yet call
+            forth, works bearing the impress of intellectual supremacy,
+            which will be embodied in the permanent literature of the
+            age, and will contribute to raise the character, and to extend
+            the reputation, of that literature. The names of
+            Channing, Jay, Child, Green, and Pierpont, are already
+            their own passport to fame. Other names might be mentioned;
+            but, one instance excepted, selection might be invidious.
+            That exception is Theodore D. Weld, whose
+            palm of superiority few would be disposed to contest. His
+            principal works are, "The Bible against Slavery;"
+            "Power of Congress over Slavery in the District of
+            Columbia;" and "Slavery as it is."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            All his writings are marked by varied excellence; yet
+            <a name="p_135"></a>
+            their chief characteristic is an irresistible and overwhelming
+            power of argument. Although brief and compressed
+            in style, he exhausts his subject; and his two principal
+            works, though on warmly controverted topics, have never
+            been replied to. He would be a bold antagonist who
+            should enter the lists against him: he would be a yet
+            bolder ally who should attempt to go over the same
+            ground, or to do better what has been done so well.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            One of the most voluminous and popular writers that
+            ever lived, observed to a friend, "that he was more proud
+            of his compositions for manure, than of any other compositions
+            with which he had any concern." My friend, has
+            the same love of rural occupations, and has found severe
+            manual labor essential for the recovery of health, broken
+            by labor of another kind. I found him at work on his
+            farm, driving his own wagon and oxen, with a load of
+            rails. When he had disposed of his freight, we mounted
+            the wagon, and drove to his home. Two or three of his
+            fellow-students at the Lane Seminary arrived about the
+            same time, and we spent the day in agreeable, and, I trust,
+            profitable intercourse. In the household arrangements of
+            this distinguished family, Dr. Graham's dietetic system is
+            rigidly adopted, which excludes meat, butter, coffee, tea,
+            and all intoxicating beverages. I can assure all who may
+            be interested to know, that this Roman simplicity of living
+            does not forbid enjoyment, when the guest can share with
+            it the affluence of such minds as daily meet at their table.
+            The "Graham system," as it is called, numbers many
+            adherents in America, who are decided in its praise.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My friends, Theodore D. and Angelina Weld, and
+            Sarah Grimke, sympathize, to a considerable extent, with
+            the views on "women's rights," held by one section of
+            <a name="p_136"></a>
+            abolitionists; yet they deeply regret that this, or any other
+            extraneous doctrine, should have been made an apple of
+            discord; and, since the rise of these unhappy divisions,
+            they have held aloof from both the anti-slavery organizations,
+            though, as among the most able and successful
+            laborers in the field, they may justly be accounted allies
+            by each party. Difference of opinion on these points did
+            not, for a moment, interrupt the pleasure of our intercourse;
+            and I could not but wish, that those, of whatever
+            party, who are accustomed to judge harshly of all who
+            cannot pronounce their "shibboleth," might be instructed
+            by the candid, charitable, and peace-loving deportment of
+            Theodore D. Weld.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During my visit to New York, I became acquainted
+            with many who were deeply interested in the abolition
+            cause, not a few of whom were members of my own
+            religious society. Among these, I may particularly
+            mention my venerable friends, Richard Mott and Samuel
+            Parsons. I paid a second visit to the residence of the
+            latter at Flushing, but regret to say, I found him too
+            unwell to enjoy company.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_24"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_24"></a> His sons are anxiously
+            <a name="p_137"></a>
+            desirous of furthering the abolition cause on every suitable
+            occasion. One evening I spent with a respectable
+            minister, who is a man of color, and who assured me that
+            most of the intelligent persons of his class in New York
+            approve of the course pursued by the late Convention in
+            London, and the Committee of the British and Foreign
+            Anti-Slavery Society. I saw at his house a man who had
+            purchased his freedom for twelve hundred dollars, intending
+            to remain in the same State, but, as in a precisely
+            similar case already noticed, he afterwards found he had
+            no alternative but to emigrate, leaving his still enslaved
+            family behind him, or to be again sold into slavery
+            himself, under the laws enacted to drive out free people
+            of color. He was trying to raise the large sum of fourteen
+            hundred dollars, to purchase his wife and four children.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_24"></a><a href="#FootFN1_24">A</a>: This illness
+            terminated fatally. One of his intimate friends in this country,
+            has favored me with the following communication respecting him.
+            "Samuel Parsons had been from early life, a warm friend to the
+            African race; his love of peace rendered him at the first
+            accessible to prejudice against the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+            through the misrepresentations respecting its violent and rash
+            measures; which misrepresentations it was much more easy to believe
+            than to investigate. Yet his interest for the negro and colored
+            population of the United States continued, and he extended
+            acts of protection and kindness towards them, whenever opportunity
+            for it was afforded. In the Eleventh Month, last year, I find
+            the following paragraph in one of his letters to us, viz. 'Though
+            sensible that I am drawing towards the close of time, I cannot
+            avoid taking a deep interest in the moral reformation, relative to
+            slavery and intemperance, which is progressing in the earth; my
+            son Robert and I look at these publications as they appear, with
+            deep solicitude. The proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention
+            of the world, and its movements, are of great moment to the whole
+            civilized world. The anti-slavery cause, has not, I fear, advanced
+            much the last year; the separation in the National Society, and the
+            truckling to the South of the politicians of both sides, during the
+            late Presidential election, has for a time marred the work; but the
+            anti-slavery banner of a third party is still displayed, and it will
+            probably continue to nominate till it seriously influences the
+            elections. In the mean time, the individual States, one after another,
+            are freeing the colored people from part of their civil disabilities.
+            A hard battle is to be fought, but mighty is truth, and must
+            prevail.'"
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "The fourth of July," the anniversary of the independence
+            of the United States, fell this year on the first day of
+            the week, and was therefore celebrated the day following.
+            It is still marked by extravagant demonstrations of joy, and
+            <a name="p_138"></a>
+            often disgraced by scenes of intemperance and demoralization.
+            The better part of the community wisely
+            counteract the evil, to a great extent, by holding, on the
+            same day, temperance meetings, school examinations,
+            opening their places of worship, et cet. I accompanied
+            my friend Lewis Tappan to attend an anti-slavery meeting
+            at Newark, in which Theodore Weld was expected to
+            take a part for the first time after an interval of five years'
+            discontinuance of public speaking. Several years before,
+            he had been carried away by the stream in crossing a
+            river, and had very narrowly escaped drowning. This
+            accident caused an affection of the throat, and eventually
+            disqualified him for public labor except with the pen, to
+            which, though deemed a great loss at the time by his
+            fellow-laborers in the anti-slavery cause, we probably owe
+            the invaluable works before referred to. It was on the
+            same anniversary, five years ago, that he had spoken last,
+            a circumstance to which he made a touching allusion: he
+            spoke very impressively for more than half an hour without
+            serious inconvenience, and I hope it may please
+            Providence to restore his ability to plead, as he was wont
+            to do with great power, for the cause of the oppressed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the afternoon there was a public examination of the
+            scholars belonging to the place of worship in which the
+            preceding meeting was held, and in connection with this a
+            little incident occurred, which may serve to illustrate the
+            state of public feeling. Newark, from its extensive trade
+            with the south, is much under pro-slavery influence. But
+            the congregation of this chapel are generally anti-slavery,
+            and have several colored children in their school. One of
+            these, a little black girl, was qualified to take part in the
+            public examination; but this, in the estimation of some
+            <a name="p_139"></a>
+            of the parents of white scholars, and several even of the
+            trustees, could not be borne. Others, on the contrary,
+            resolved to battle with the prejudice of caste, and to call
+            for her, if she were not brought forward; and, finally, I
+            suppose, by way of compromise, she was brought on the
+            platform to recite alone, after the little scholars who could
+            rejoice in the aristocratic complexion had performed their
+            parts, without suffering the indignity of a public association
+            with a colored child. Even this was, however,
+            considered a victory by the anti-prejudice party.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I left on the seventh for Niagara, being desirous to see
+            the celebrated Falls, and to visit some friends living in the
+            western part of this State, as well as to find relief from
+            the oppressive and tropical heat. I hoped also to fall in
+            with my friends and fellow laborers, J. and M. Candler,
+            who had gone with a party in the same direction. I need
+            not describe a route so often traversed by Europeans.
+            One of its agreeable incidents was an accidental meeting
+            with John Curtis, of Ohio, on his way, on a free trade
+            mission, to Great Britain, from motives which I believe to
+            be disinterested and philanthropic. His labors, which are
+            principally intended to show the evils of our taxes upon
+            food, will not be in vain; though he will find many in
+            England, as I found in America, who have no ear for
+            truth when it opposes their prejudices or imaginary self-interest.
+            He gave me a most cheering account of the
+            march of abolition in Ohio, and said he had lately attended
+            a meeting held at the invitation of the abolitionists, on
+            the 5th of July, at which there were three thousand
+            persons, who had come to the place of meeting in nine
+            hundred vehicles of different kinds. He said he had
+            never witnessed a more enthusiastic meeting. Another
+            <a name="p_140"></a>
+            gentleman and his wife made themselves known to me, in
+            the railway carriage, as warm abolitionists, and spoke
+            favorably of the prospects of the cause in this part of the
+            State of New York. The gentleman said he had lately
+            had a discussion with a deacon of a church he attended,
+            who defended the admission of slave-holders to the communion.
+            On being asked, however, whether he would
+            admit sheep-stealers, he acknowledged this was not so
+            great a crime as man-stealing, and pleaded no further in
+            favor of church-fellowship with slave-holders.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The journey from New York to the Falls of Niagara,
+            a distance of 480 miles, is performed in about forty-eight
+            hours, and when the railway communication is further
+            completed, and the speed raised to the standard of the
+            best English lines, it will probably be accomplished in less
+            than thirty hours. The railway passed for many miles
+            through the original forest, in which I observed very lofty
+            trees, but none of an extraordinary girth. In many places
+            the ground was crowded with fallen trees, in every stage
+            of decay. I found my friends at the Eagle Hotel, at
+            Niagara, where I remained till the twelfth, enjoying with
+            them the views and scenery of "the Falls," a spectacle
+            of nature in her grandest aspect, which mocks the limited
+            capacity of man to conceive or to describe.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the eleventh, being the first day of the week, we
+            held a meeting for worship, at our hotel, and were joined
+            by an Irish lady and her three daughters, who had been
+            living here some months. This lady told me she was
+            present when M'Leod was arrested in this hotel. From
+            all I have been able to learn, there are a number of
+            reckless men on both sides the border line, who are
+            anxious to foment war for the sake of plunder; but the
+            <a name="p_141"></a>
+            great bulk of the American people, I am persuaded, are
+            for peace, and especially for peace with England, a feeling
+            which time is strengthening.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the twelfth, our whole party left for Buffalo, by
+            railway, getting a transient view of Lake Ontario before
+            entering the city. Here we parted company, they proceeding
+            to Toronto, by steam packet, and I to Syracuse
+            by coach. The American vehicle of this name, carries
+            nine inside passengers on three cross seats. It is hung on
+            leather springs, so as to be fitted to maintain the shocks of
+            a <i>corduroy</i> road. Wishing to see the
+            country, I mounted
+            the box, by the side of the coachman, but at times had
+            some difficulty in retaining my seat. The value of land
+            in this part of the country, when cleared and in cultivation,
+            I understood to be from thirty to fifty dollars per
+            acre. A large breadth of wheat is grown, of which the
+            yield is generally good; but this year there will be, in
+            many cases, a short crop, from the extreme drought in the
+            two preceding months. I went forward from Syracuse to
+            Rochester by railway, and thence, with the exception
+            of twelve miles by coach, by the same conveyance to
+            Auburn, where we arrived at two o'clock in the morning.
+            One of my fellow-passengers had been a soldier in the
+            so-called "patriot" army, which enlisted against Santa
+            Anna, in the revolt of Texas. He stated, that some
+            planters were emigrating from Mississippi, with as many
+            as two hundred "hands," (slaves,) and plainly said, it was
+            intended to plant the Anglo-Saxon flag on the walls of
+            Mexico. If half what he asserted was true, the worst
+            apprehensions of the abolitionists are too likely to be
+            realized by the Texian revolution, and the establishment
+            of a new slave-holding power on the vast territory
+            <a name="p_142"></a>
+            claimed by that piratical band of robbers, and forming the
+            South-western frontier of the United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            At Auburn I paid a visit to the celebrated State
+            Prison, and though, from want of time to call upon a
+            gentleman in the city for whom I had a letter, I was
+            unprovided with an introduction, I was politely admitted
+            by the superintendent, who refused to receive the fee
+            customarily paid by visitors, when he found, from the
+            entry of my name and address, I was an Englishman. I
+            passed through the different workshops, in which nearly
+            all handicraft trades are carried on, and very superior work
+            is frequently executed by the prisoners. Besides other
+            less complicated machines, one complete locomotive
+            engine has been constructed within these walls. As the
+            system of discipline adopted here is the same as at Sing
+            Sing, also in this State, I defer for the present, any
+            remarks upon its character and success.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I left Auburn, in a hired carriage, for Skaneateles, to
+            pay a visit to my friend, James Cannings Fuller. He has
+            a rich farm of 156 acres, with a good house upon it, about
+            a quarter of a mile west of the large and flourishing village
+            of Skaneateles, which overlooks a beautiful lake of the
+            same name, sixteen miles in length, and in some places
+            two miles wide. James C. Fuller left England about
+            seven years ago, and has carried his abolition principles
+            with him to his adopted country. He told me that there
+            had been a great change for the better in the public mind
+            since his residence in this neighborhood. Abolitionism
+            was once so unpopular, that he has been mobbed four
+            times in his own otherwise quiet village. On one occasion
+            he was engaged in a public discussion on slavery,
+            and a mob so much disturbed the meeting, by the throwing
+            <a name="p_143"></a>
+            of shot, and yells the most discordant the human voice
+            could make, that his opponent moved an adjournment,
+            and afterwards accompanied him on his way to his own
+            house, with many other persons, as a body-guard. They
+            were followed by a large number of other persons, who
+            attempted to throw him down, and were very free in the
+            use of missiles and mud; the mob were so vociferous,
+            that their shoutings were heard two and a half miles
+            distant, many persons leaving their houses to endeavor to
+            ascertain the cause of such an uproar. On James C.
+            Fuller's entering his house, the mob surrounded his parlor
+            windows, and these would, most probably, have been
+            smashed in pieces, and the building defaced, had not one
+            of the assailants been seized with a fit, and in that state
+            conveyed into James C. Fuller's parlor, where he lay
+            insensible for three quarters of an hour. This sudden
+            seizure diverted the attention of the mob from my friend
+            and his property to their own companion.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            James C. Fuller informed me that mobs in America
+            are generally, if not always, instigated by "persons of
+            property and standing;" and the most blameable, in his
+            case, were not those who yelled, et cet., et cet., but others
+            who prompted the outrage. Happily this state of things
+            is now altered: as much order and decorum, with fixed
+            attention, is now witnessed at an abolition lecture as at
+            any other lecture; and a colored man can now collect a
+            larger meeting in Skaneateles than a white man, and the
+            behavior of the audience is attentive, kind, and respectful.
+            My friend, John Candler, who was here a fortnight before
+            me, collected a large assembly to hear his account of the
+            effects of emancipation in our West India Islands, and many
+            expressed themselves much gratified with his narrative.
+
+         </p><a name="p_144"></a><p>
+            Being anxious to proceed to Peterboro', to visit Gerrit
+            Smith, I accepted James C. Fuller's kind offer to take me
+            in his carriage. The distance is nearly fifty miles, and the
+            roads were, in some parts, very rough; but they intersect
+            a fine country. Much wheat is grown in many places,
+            and here the crop appeared generally good.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Having started rather late in the afternoon, we were
+            benighted before we reached Manlius Square, where we
+            lodged. Though my kind friend would not permit me
+            to pay my share of the bill, yet, to gratify my curiosity,
+            he communicated the particulars of the charge, as follows:
+            Half a bushel of oats for the horses, 25 cents; supper for
+            two persons, 25 cents; two beds, 25 cents; hay and
+            stable-room for the two horses, 25 cents; total, one dollar,
+            or about 4s. 2d. sterling.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We arrived at Peterboro' early the following morning,
+            where I remained till the sixteenth, at the house of Gerrit
+            Smith. He was once a zealous supporter of the Colonization
+            Society, but when convinced of the evil character
+            and tendency of that scheme, he withdrew from it, and became
+            a warm and able advocate of the immediate abolition
+            of slavery. He is one of the few Americans who have
+            inherited large property from their parents, and he has contributed
+            to this cause with princely munificence. Gerrit
+            Smith and Arthur Tappan have, each on one or more occasions
+            given single donations of ten thousand dollars (upwards
+            of two thousand pounds sterling) to promote anti-slavery
+            objects. His wife, Ann Carroll Smith, who is a
+            native of Maryland, and his daughter, an only child, share
+            in my valued friend's ardent sympathy for the sufferings of
+            the slave. During my stay, he received a letter from
+            Samuel Worthington, of Mississippi, who held in slavery
+            <a name="p_145"></a>
+            Harriet Russell. Harriet was formerly the slave of Ann
+            Carroll Smith, having been given to her when they were
+            both children. Ann C. Smith was but twelve years old
+            when, with her father's family, she removed from Maryland
+            to New York. Harriet was left in Maryland.
+            Shortly after Ann C. Smith's marriage, and when she was
+            about eighteen years of age, her brother, James Fitzhugh,
+            of Maryland, wrote to ask her to give Harriet to him,
+            stating that she was, or was about to be, married to his
+            slave, Samuel Russell. She consented: and her brother
+            soon after emigrated to Kentucky, taking Samuel and
+            Harriet with him. After this Samuel and Harriet were
+            repeatedly sold.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Some years ago, Gerrit and Ann C. Smith having become
+            deeply impressed with the great sin of slavery, were
+            anxious to learn what had become of Harriet. But they
+            did not succeed in ascertaining her residence, until the
+            letter received during my visit informed them of it, and
+            which also stated that Harriet and her husband were
+            living, and that they had several children. The price put
+            upon the family was four thousand dollars.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            James C. Fuller having kindly offered to go into Kentucky,
+            where Samuel Worthington then resided, to negotiate
+            with him for the purchase of the family, G. Smith
+            gladly accepted the offer of one so well qualified for this
+            undertaking. James C. Fuller succeeded in purchasing
+            the family for three thousand five hundred dollars,
+            exclusive of his travelling expenses, and those of the
+            slave family, which amounted to about two hundred
+            and eighty dollars. He has published a very interesting
+            account of his journey, in a letter addressed to myself,
+            from which some extracts are given in the
+            Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_25"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_25"></a> Eighteen
+            <a name="p_146"></a>
+            months ago, G. and A.C. Smith united
+            with other children of her father, the late Col. Fitzhugh, in
+            purchasing, at the cost of four thousand dollars, the liberty
+            of ten slaves, who, or their parents, were among the slaves
+            of Colonel Fitzhugh when he left Maryland. I have
+            recently learned that they are negotiating the purchase of
+            the liberty of other slaves, who formerly belonged to
+            Colonel Fitzhugh. It is nearly seven years since Gerrit
+            Smith and his family adopted the practice of total abstinence
+            from all slave produce, thus additionally manifesting
+            the sincerity of those convictions which have induced him
+            to contribute so largely of his wealth both to the anti-slavery
+            funds, and for the liberation of all slaves with
+            which his family property had the most remote connection.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_25"></a><a href="#FootFN1_25">A</a>: See Appendix I.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Here, I had some expectation of again meeting my
+            friend, James G. Birney, who was gone on a journey to
+            Ohio, and is well known to English abolitionists, by his
+            able assistance at the great Anti-Slavery Convention, as
+            one of its vice-presidents, and by his subsequent labors,
+            which are thus acknowledged, on his return to America,
+            by the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "That this committee are deeply sensible of the services
+               rendered to the anti-slavery cause by their esteemed
+               friend and coadjutor, James Gillespie Birney, Esq., whilst
+               in this country, in a course of laborious efforts, in which
+               his accurate and extensive information, his wise and judicious
+               counsels, and his power of calm and convincing
+               statement, have become eminently conspicuous.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The committee also take the present occasion to
+               <a name="p_147"></a>
+               record their sense of his zealous and disinterested labors in
+               defence of the rights of outraged humanity in his own
+               country, during a period of great excitement and opposition:
+               and of the proof he has given of his sincerity, in
+               having twice manumitted the slaves that had come into his
+               possession; a noble example, which they trust others will
+               not be slow to follow."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Whilst J.G. Birney was in this country, in addition to
+            his arduous labors, in addressing large assemblies in many
+            of the cities of the United Kingdom, he prepared and
+            published his excellent work, "The American Churches
+            the Bulwark of American Slavery," which is eminently
+            deserving of the attentive perusal of all Christian readers.
+            The estimation in which James G. Birney is held by
+            American abolitionists, is marked by his having been twice
+            unanimously selected by the "Liberty Party," as a candidate
+            for the Presidential chair.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I found G. Smith as much interested in the subject of
+            temperance, as in that of slavery. No person in the
+            whole of the township in which he lives is licensed to sell
+            drams. For an innkeeper to sell a glass of spirits, or
+            even of strong beer, is illegal, and exposes him to a heavy
+            fine.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The next morning I left early for Utica, where I had
+            the pleasure of again meeting the friends I had parted
+            from at Buffalo, with whom I paid a visit to the Oneida
+            Institute, about two miles from Utica. This college was
+            the first in the United States to throw open its doors to
+            students, irrespective of color. It was also one of the earliest
+            institutions to combine manual labor with instruction.
+            The principle is adopted partly from a motive of economy,
+            but principally because intellectual vigor is believed to depend
+            <a name="p_148"></a>
+            on bodily health, and that these can be best secured
+            and preserved by exercise and labor, especially out of door
+            and agricultural employments. The labor of the students
+            defrays a considerable part of the expense of their support,
+            but as the severe pressure of the times has limited
+            the means of many liberal benefactors of Oneida, the establishment,
+            which usually comprises one hundred young
+            men, is now limited to about one-third of the number.
+            Several of these are colored. The Oberlin Institute in
+            Ohio is on a much larger scale than this, and is on an
+            equally liberal footing with regard to color. I much regretted
+            being unable, from want of time, to comply with
+            the urgent request of my friend, Wm. Dawes and others,
+            to visit this important and interesting establishment. The
+            number of students at Oberlin last year was five hundred
+            and sixty, including those in the department for females.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I was much pleased to have the opportunity of becoming
+            further acquainted with the President of Oneida,
+            Beriah Green, and with his friend, Wm. Goodell, who resides
+            in the neighborhood. Their names will be reverenced
+            by the abolitionists of America as long as the memory
+            of anti-slavery efforts shall survive. Before we left,
+            we had an opportunity of meeting the students together,
+            who appeared much interested with my friend John
+            Candler's details of the results of emancipation in Jamaica.
+            I was disappointed in not finding at home Alvan Stewart,
+            one of the ablest and most zealous friends of the Anti-Slavery
+            cause; but Beriah Green kindly accompanied me
+            to call upon several of their abolition friends in the city.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My limited time prevented my paying a visit to Henry
+            B. Stanton, who was residing not far from Utica, and
+            whose acquaintance I had the pleasure of making in England.
+            <a name="p_149"></a>
+            He also will be remembered for his able assistance
+            at the Convention, and by his eloquent addresses at public
+            meetings in this country. The following record of his services
+            is made by the Committee of the British and
+            Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "That this Committee, in taking leave of their friend
+               and fellow-laborer in the cause of universal emancipation,
+               Henry Brewster Stanton, Esq., record their high estimate
+               of the valuable services rendered by him to that cause,
+               whilst in Great Britain, by his eloquent and powerful advocacy;
+               and, in tendering him their thanks, they express
+               their sincere desire for his success in the great work to
+               which he has devoted himself."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The name of Henry B. Stanton previously occurs in
+            conjunction with that of Theodore D. Weld, as having left
+            Lane Seminary with many other students, rather than be
+            silent on the abolition question: becoming from that time
+            a strenuous and powerful anti-slavery advocate.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I proceeded in the evening to Albany, and thence to
+            New York the next morning; where I remained from the
+            17th to the 26th instant, and, during this time, I put in
+            circulation the following address:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Members of the Religious Society of Friends
+                  in the United States of America</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Dear Friends,&#8212;Having for many years believed
+               it my duty to devote a considerable portion of my time
+               and attention to the promotion of the abolition of slavery
+               and the slave-trade, I have acted in cordial co-operation
+               with the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society since
+               its formation. The principles of that Society may be
+               briefly explained by the following extract from its constitution:
+               <a name="p_150"></a>
+               'That so long as slavery exists, there is no reasonable
+               prospect of the annihilation of the slave-trade, and
+               of extinguishing the sale and barter of human beings:
+               that the extinction of slavery and the slave-trade will be
+               attained most effectually by the employment of those
+               means which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character:
+               and that no measures be resorted to by this society
+               in the prosecution of their objects, but such as are in entire
+               accordance with these principles.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "My visit to this country had reference, in a great
+               measure, to the objects for which this society was established;
+               but, although I left my native land with the
+               general approbation and full unity of my friends, they
+               concurred with me in opinion, that any <em>official</em> document,
+               beyond a certificate from 'my monthly meeting,'
+               expressive of sympathy with my engagement, might
+               rather obstruct than promote the end I had in view. I
+               was desirous of a personal interchange of sentiment with
+               many of the abolitionists in this land, upon matters having
+               an important bearing upon our future exertions. The
+               warm attachment which I have ever felt to the religious
+               society with which I am connected, and the ready co-operation
+               of its members with their Christian neighbors in
+               promoting this cause in Great Britain, inclined me to
+               embrace every suitable opportunity to communicate with
+               Friends in this country. And I have been encouraged,
+               not only by the great personal kindness I have received
+               from them generally, but also by the lively interest
+               expressed by most, on the subject of emancipation,
+               wherever I have introduced it.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "A further acquaintance with Friends in the compass
+               of the three or four 'Yearly Meetings,' in which my lot
+               <a name="p_151"></a>
+               has been cast, and my inquiries respecting the state of the
+               other Yearly Meetings, has convinced me that a large
+               number of their most consistent members, including many
+               aged and universally respected Friends, are desirous of
+               embracing every right opening, both individually and
+               collectively, for the promotion of the abolition cause.
+               And while they are fully aware that there are reasons
+               growing out of the existing state of things, which render
+               great circumspection necessary, they can see no good
+               ground for believing that the manner in which Friends of
+               this country, of a former generation, labored for the
+               liberation of the slave, was not under the guidance of
+               the Spirit of truth.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "This is now the course pursued by Friends generally
+               in England. That there may be no misapprehension as
+               to the conduct of Friends, with regard to this subject, in
+               Great Britain, I may mention, that I am the bearer of a
+               document expressive of unity with my visit, signed by
+               William Allen, Josiah Forster, William Forster, George
+               Stacey, Samuel Fox, George W. Alexander, and Robert
+               Forster, who declare themselves fellow members with
+               myself of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee.
+               This committee is composed of persons of various
+               religious denominations, amongst whom it will be seen are
+               many of the prominent members of our meeting for sufferings.
+               Upon the list of delegates to the late Anti-Slavery
+               Convention, in London, are the names of nearly one hundred
+               well known Friends, including those of four who are,
+               or have been clerks of the yearly meeting; and the present
+               clerk of that meeting, my esteemed friend, George Stacey,
+               took an active part, and rendered essential service in the
+               Convention. The meeting house in Gracechurch Street
+               <a name="p_152"></a>
+               was freely granted by Friends in London, who have
+               charge of it, for the use of the Convention, and the
+               concluding sittings of that body were held in it.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In fact, Friends generally in England think it their
+               duty to render every aid in their power to the anti-slavery
+               cause, whether in their collective capacity, or individually
+               uniting with their fellow-citizens, when they can do so
+               without any compromise of our religious principles and
+               testimonies. I speak more explicitly on this point, because
+               I have ascertained with much concern, that there is an
+               influential portion of the Society, including, I have no
+               doubt, some sincere abolitionists, who have been so fearful
+               that the testimonies of the Society might suffer by any
+               union with others, that they have not only avoided such
+               a co-operation themselves, but have dissuaded those of
+               their brethren, who have believed it incumbent upon them
+               to act otherwise; and in one 'Yearly Meeting,' at least,
+               I have too much reason to fear they have tacitly, if not
+               actively sanctioned the omission of the names of Friends
+               on meeting appointments,&#8212;however consistent in their
+               conduct, and concerned for the welfare of the society&#8212;simply
+               because they have felt it their duty to act with
+               persons of other denominations in promoting the abolition
+               of slavery; thus, in appearance at least, throwing the
+               whole weight and influence of the society, in its collective
+               capacity, against a movement, which, although doubtless
+               partaking of the imperfections attendant upon all human
+               instrumentality, has already aroused the whole country to
+               a sense of the wrongs of the slave, and secured to the
+               nominally free colored citizens, in many of the States,
+               rights of which they have been so long and so unjustly
+               deprived.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_153"></a>
+               "Though I can hardly expect that any thing from
+               one entertaining my view of the subject, can have much
+               weight with those Friends, who, with a full understanding
+               of the heavy responsibility they were assuming, have
+               discountenanced anti-slavery exertions, and the use of our
+               meeting houses, even by consistent members, for the
+               purpose of giving information on the
+               subject:<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_26"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_26"></a> yet, as it
+               has occasioned me no small degree of anxiety, both in
+               reference to the anti-slavery cause, and the Society of
+               Friends itself, I believe I cannot return to my native
+               land with peace of mind, without earnestly and affectionately
+               pressing upon such Friends, the great importance
+               of a careful examination of the ground which they have
+               taken. Our unwearied adversary is sometimes permitted
+               to lead us into the most fearful errors, when he assumes
+               the appearance of an angel of light. And is there not
+               great danger, in encouraging the young and inexperienced
+               to suppose that the maintenance of any of our testimonies
+               may be neglected, except when we feel a Divine intimation
+               to uphold them, and may it not open the door to
+               great laxity in our practice? While I fully believe that
+               the true disciple of Christ will be favored with the immediate
+               guidance of the Holy Spirit whenever it is needful
+               to direct his steps; it appears to me especially important,
+               that, in matters of self-sacrifice and conflicting with our
+               <a name="p_154"></a>
+               worldly interest or reputation, we should guard against
+               being deluded into a neglect of duty, by waiting for this
+               direct Divine intimation, where the path of duty is obvious
+               and clearly understood, and when testimonies are concerned,
+               which we have long considered it our duty, on all
+               occasions, to support. If, under such a view of the subject,
+               we do believe it our duty to cease to act ourselves,
+               and discourage our brethren from laboring in the cause of
+               the slave; a close self-examination surely is needful, in
+               order to ascertain if we are consistently carrying out the
+               same principle in our daily walk in life&#8212;in our mercantile
+               transactions&#8212;our investments of property&#8212;in our connection
+               with public institutions,&#8212;and with political
+               parties.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_26"></a><a href="#FootFN1_26">A</a>: "It is right to state, that I was
+               much encouraged by the
+               lively expression of sympathy in the anti-slavery cause in the
+               Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and New York: that at the former
+               place Friends opened a room at the meeting house for my friend
+               John Candler to give some information on the subject, and at New
+               York the large meeting house was not only readily granted to him
+               and me for the same purpose, but the clerks of the Yearly Meeting
+               kindly gave notice and invited Friends to attend."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "It should be borne in perpetual recollection, that
+               we are in no small danger of shrinking from a faithful
+               maintenance of those testimonies which are unpopular
+               with the world, as well as of not seeing our own neglect
+               of duty, while censuring the zeal or supposed indiscretion
+               of others. Besides, if this good cause be really endangered
+               by popular excitement, and the indiscretion of its
+               imprudent advocates, the obligation of consistent Friends
+               to be found at their posts, faithfully maintaining the testimony
+               of truth on its behalf, is greatly increased; and it
+               is under such circumstances that I think I have seen the
+               peculiar advantage and protection to our young friends in
+               England, of having their elder brethren with them, aiding
+               them by their sympathy, as well as by their advice and
+               counsel. I am persuaded that those who are called to
+               occupy the foremost ranks in society cannot be too careful
+               not to impose a burden upon tender consciences, by discouraging,
+               either directly or indirectly, a course of conduct
+               <a name="p_155"></a>
+               which is sanctioned by the precepts and examples of our
+               Divine Master, lest they alienate from us some of His
+               disciples, and thereby greatly injure the society they are
+               so laudably anxious to 'keep unspotted from the world.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "We are told, on the highest authority, that 'by their
+               fruits' we are to judge of the laborers in the Christian
+               vineyard; and, while I am fully aware of the greater
+               difficulties in the way of emancipation <em>here</em>, as compared
+               with Great Britain, I have been almost irresistibly led to
+               contrast the difference in the results of the course pursued
+               by Friends in the two countries. In America, during the
+               last twenty-five years, it is evident that slavery and the
+               slave-trade have greatly increased; and even where the
+               members of our society are the most numerous and influential,
+               the prejudice against color is as strong as in any
+               part of the world,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_27"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_27"></a> and Friends themselves, in many
+               places, are by no means free from this prejudice. In
+               Great Britain, Friends, by society action, and by uniting
+               with their fellow-countrymen, not only contributed, under
+               Providence, in no small degree, to the passage of the act
+               of 1834, for the abolition of slavery in the British West
+               Indies; but, when it was found that the system of
+               apprenticeship which this act introduced, was made an
+               instrument of cruel oppression to the slaves, a renewal of
+               similar labors for about twelve months, resulted in the
+               <em>complete</em> emancipation of our colored brethren in those
+               colonies.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_27"></a><a href="#FootFN1_27">A</a>: "I should, I believe,
+               do wrong to conceal the sorrow which I
+               have felt that the scheme of African colonization, the great support
+               of which, at the present time, appears to be hostility to anti-slavery
+               efforts and an unchristian prejudice against color, still has the
+               sympathy and the active aid of some members of our
+               society."
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_156"></a>
+               "In closing this letter, I wish to address a few words to
+               that numerous and valuable class of Friends, previously
+               alluded to, with whom I deeply sympathize, who are only
+               deterred from more active exertion by their reluctance to
+               give dissatisfaction to those whom they respect. The
+               sorrow which I feel, under the consideration that, in parting
+               with many of you, we never probably shall meet again
+               in mutability, is softened by the persuasion, that the
+               difficulties by which you are surrounded are lessening, and
+               that some who are now opposing you, will, ere long, join
+               you in efforts, which shall remove from the minds, both of
+               abolitionists and slave-holders, the belief so generally entertained,
+               that the Society of Friends in this country are not
+               earnestly engaged for the <em>total and immediate</em>
+               abolition of slavery. No one regrets more than myself that any friends
+               to the cause of abolition should connect other topics with
+               it, which, however suitable to be discussed on their own
+               merits, must necessarily interfere with this simple and momentous
+               object. You are aware of some of the circumstances
+               which may have led to the state of feeling, with
+               many in our society, which we so much deplore. And it
+               is my fervent desire that none of you, in any steps you
+               may consider it your duty to take, may afford just cause
+               of uneasiness, by any compromise of Christian principle,
+               any improper harshness of language, or by the introduction
+               of any subject not strictly belonging to the anti-slavery
+               cause. Your situation is one of peculiar difficulty and
+               delicacy. Both from a regard to your own religious
+               society and the suffering slave, you have need to exercise
+               great watchfulness, and to cultivate feelings of brotherly
+               love and that 'charity which suffereth long, and is kind.'
+               The beautiful example of John Woolman, in this respect,
+               <a name="p_157"></a>
+               is worthy of your imitation. His labors were, for years,
+               far less encouraged by the leading influences of society
+               than your own at the present time; yet we find, in reading
+               his invaluable journal, no traces of bitterness or
+               uncharitable feeling.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Finally, dear friends of all classes,&#8212;In thus freely
+               addressing you, I have written, not only with a strong
+               attachment to our religious society, but, I trust, under a
+               feeling of a degree of that love, which is not confined to
+               geographical boundaries, or affected by color or by clime.
+               The prayer of my heart is, that each of you may be willing
+               to be made instrumental, in the Divine Hand, in faithfully
+               maintaining our Christian testimony against slavery;
+               bearing in mind, that the labors of your ancestors have
+               greatly increased your responsibility, by separating you
+               from those influences which so deaden the feelings and
+               harden the heart against the claims of our brethren in
+               bonds. May these considerations, viewed in connection
+               with the difficulties which obstruct the progress of emancipation
+               in this land, stimulate you to increased exertion;
+               and when you are summoned to the bar of that final tribunal,
+               towards which we are all hastening, may you have
+               the inexpressible consolation of reflecting, that you have
+               performed all you could towards 'undoing the heavy
+               burden and letting the oppressed go free.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "I am, very sincerely,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Your friend,
+               <br>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>"New York, Seventh Month 17th, 1841."</p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The above letter so fully embodies my view of the
+            state of the Society in reference to the anti-slavery cause,
+            <a name="p_158"></a>
+            that I shall think it needless, after a few general observations,
+            again recur to this subject. I feel bound to acknowledge
+            that this public mode of making my sentiments
+            known was disapproved by some Friends; yet of all the
+            objections that were made to the proceeding, none tended
+            to impugn the accuracy of my representation of the existing
+            state of things. This is approved by some, and
+            deplored by others, but my statement has not been denied
+            by any. In consequence of a remonstrance made to me
+            on special grounds in the kindest and most Christian manner
+            by two beloved friends, I felt called upon to subject
+            my motives and conduct, in issuing such an address, to
+            deliberate reconsideration; and the result was, that I not
+            only felt myself clear of just censure, but that in no other
+            way could I have discharged my duty according to my
+            own interpretation of its dictates. Of other objectors, I
+            may add, that simply to enumerate their reasons, stated to
+            me in private conference, would be the severest public
+            animadversion that could be made, either on the individuals
+            themselves, or on the Society whose views they professed
+            to represent.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the present state of this great controversy, the abolitionists
+            may justly say, "he that is not with us, is
+            against us," while the pro-slavery party can witness, "he
+            that is not against us, is on our side." Hence the praise
+            bestowed on the neutrality of the Society of Friends by
+            the great slave-holding senator, Henry Clay. Hence also
+            the suspicious compliments of the late President Van
+            Buren, the first act of whose administration was a pledge
+            to refuse his signature to any bill for the abolition of
+            slavery in the District of Columbia. I fear it is undeniable
+            that in the last eight years the collective influence
+            <a name="p_159"></a>
+            of the Society has been thrown into the pro-slavery scale,
+            and this notwithstanding the existence of much diffused
+            and passive sympathy and right feeling on behalf of the
+            slave, in the breasts of probably a large majority of individual
+            members. The abolitionists of the United States
+            have been treated by too many influential Friends, as well
+            as by the leading professors of other denominations, as a
+            party whose contact is contamination; yet to a bystander
+            it is plainly obvious that the true grounds of
+            offence are not always those ostensibly alleged, but the
+            activity, zeal, and success with which they have cleared
+            themselves of participation in other men's sins, and by
+            which they have condemned the passive acquiescence of
+            a society making a high profession of anti-slavery principles.
+            I do not intend to defend all the proceedings of
+            the anti-slavery societies. That they have sometimes
+            erred in judgment and action,&#8212;that they have had unworthy
+            men among their members, I have little doubt.
+            But, the same objections might have been raised to the
+            old anti-slavery societies, in which the leading Friends of
+            the United States took an active part with their neighbors
+            of other denominations, and, with far greater force against
+            the Colonization Society, which is patronized, even to
+            this day, both by individual members and by at least one
+            Meeting of Sufferings.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_28"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_28"></a> The causes that have produced
+            the state of things I have attempted to describe, derive
+            their origin, I believe, from one source&#8212;inaction. After
+            the Society of Friends had purified itself from slave-holding,
+            it gradually subsided into a state of rest, and
+            finally lapsed into lethargy and indifference on this
+            <a name="p_160"></a>
+            question. In the world we live in, evil is the quick and
+            spontaneous growth, while good is the forced and difficult
+            culture. Good principles can only be preserved bright,
+            pure, and efficient, by watchful care and constant use; if
+            laid aside, they rust and perish. These are the necessary
+            effects of the fall of man by disobedience from that state
+            of happiness and holiness in which he was formed by a
+            beneficent Creator. In a state of inaction, Friends have
+            been exposed to the influences of a corrupt public sentiment;
+            they have, to a considerable extent, imbibed the
+            prejudice against color, while some of them have been
+            caught by the gilded bait of southern commerce.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_28"></a><a href="#FootFN1_28">A</a>: See Appendix
+            K.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In a former part of this work I have briefly alluded to
+            that memorable reformation, which, in the latter part of
+            the preceding century, purged the Society of Friends
+            from the heinous sins of slave trading and holding slaves.
+            This reformation in Great Britain, with perhaps a few individual
+            exceptions, consisted merely in the adoption of
+            new convictions, and the abandonment of lax opinions;
+            but, on the American continent, it was sealed by the
+            willing sacrifice of an immense amount of property. One
+            can scarcely avoid looking back with regret to times when
+            convictions of duty had such power, when Christian principle
+            was carried out, whatever the cost. Then, indeed,
+            was exhibited, by the American Friends, the fruit of a
+            world-overcoming faith. It must be confessed that the
+            present position of their descendants presents an unpleasing
+            contrast; yet I trust, that from all I have written, the
+            conclusion will be drawn, that I look forward to the future
+            with hope; though it is a hope chastened with fear.
+            Next to a fervent desire that slavery may be speedily
+            abolished, it is one of the warmest wishes of my heart,
+            <a name="p_161"></a>
+            that the "Society of Friends" in America, may be among
+            the chiefly honored agents in accomplishing, in the wisdom
+            and power of Jesus Christ, so great a work, thereby contributing
+            to the fulfilment of the angelic prophecy of
+            "Glory to God, and good will to man."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I subsequently visited, in company with a colored
+            gentleman, one of the principal colored schools in New
+            York, in which there were upwards of three hundred
+            children present. All the departments appeared to be
+            conducted, under colored teachers, with great order and
+            efficiency, and the attainments of the higher classes were
+            very considerable. On the whole, this school would bear
+            comparison with any similar school for white children
+            which I ever visited.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Having received from Great Britain the minutes of a
+            special meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, called to consider
+            the time of holding a second General Convention,
+            I met some of the friends of the cause in New York,
+            together with John G. Whittier and Elizur Wright, of
+            Boston, to obtain an interchange of their sentiments on
+            the same subject. After considerable discussion, they
+            unanimously concluded to leave the decision as to the
+            time of holding a future Convention to the London Committee&#8212;the
+            question of time being the summer of 1842
+            or 1843.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The numerous persons on whom I called, before
+            leaving New York, concurred uniformly in the belief that
+            public opinion was steadily, and somewhat rapidly advancing,
+            in favor of emancipation, and that the prejudice
+            against color was lessening.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The unanimity I found in the opinion that public
+            feeling in favor of peace was continually strengthening,
+            <a name="p_162"></a>
+            was very encouraging. All whom I consulted, approved
+            of the suggestion of Judge Jay, already mentioned, though
+            I had no suitable opportunity of obtaining the collective
+            sentiments of the friends of peace in New York upon it.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The Secretary of the Vigilance Committee, an association
+            existing in several of the Northern cities, formed to
+            aid runaway slaves in escaping to a place of safety, as well
+            as to protect the free colored people from kidnappers,
+            informed me that the number of slaves who applied for
+            assistance was constantly on the increase. He said that,
+            only a few days before, a man, who was a preacher of the
+            gospel, who was escaping to Canada, called upon him;
+            and on being asked why he was fleeing from slavery, he
+            exposed his naked back, lacerated with a recent flogging,
+            and said that he had received that punishment for going to
+            his place of worship.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the evening of the 24th I went up the river Hudson
+            to Sing Sing, in company with Lewis Tappan. Our
+            object was to spend the next day, which was the first day
+            of the week, in this celebrated state prison. We lodged
+            at a quiet hotel, on an eminence above the village; and
+            next morning, about eight o'clock, we went to the prison,
+            where we were very kindly received by the superintendent,
+            J.G. Seymour, and by the chaplain. Soon afterwards,
+            we had the opportunity of seeing all the male
+            prisoners, about seven hundred and fifty, in the chapel, when
+            they were addressed by a minister of the Presbyterian
+            persuasion, whom we had met on board the steamer, and
+            whom Lewis Tappan had invited to be there. We were
+            informed that about one-third of the prisoners were colored:
+            these did not sit separate, but were intermixed with the
+            rest. In general, however, the striking language of De
+            <a name="p_163"></a>
+            Beaumont, a late French traveller in the United States,
+            will be found true. "The prejudice against color haunts
+            its victim wherever he goes,&#8212;in the hospitals where humanity
+            suffers,&#8212;in the churches where it kneels to
+            God,&#8212;<em>in the prisons where it expiates its
+               offences</em>,&#8212;in the
+            grave-yards where it sleeps the last sleep."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            From hence we proceeded to the female department,
+            where about eighty were assembled, some of whom
+            seemed much affected by an address from my friend,
+            Lewis Tappan. He told them he saw at least one
+            present who had been a scholar in his colored Sabbath
+            School at New York. The white women were placed
+            in the front seats, and the colored behind them. We
+            next went to the Sabbath School for the male prisoners,
+            held in the chapel, where the attendance is general,
+            though perfectly voluntary. Twenty-five of the best
+            educated and most orderly prisoners are allowed to teach
+            classes: the other teachers were officers of the prison, and
+            other persons attracted hither by benevolent motives; and
+            I was told the teachers selected among the convicts had
+            not once been detected in the abuse of this privilege, by
+            entering into conversation on other topics. On the
+            breaking up of the school, Lewis Tappan addressed them,
+            and I added a few words. We were kindly invited to
+            dine with the matron. She mentioned one instance of
+            complete reformation in a female, which was to be attributed
+            she believed, under the Divine blessing, to the
+            ministry of Joseph J. Gurney, who visited Sing Sing, in
+            the course of his religious labors in the United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            After dinner we were permitted to visit the male
+            prisoners at their cells, list shoes being provided for us
+            that we might walk along the galleries without noise.
+            <a name="p_164"></a>
+            Those who wished to do so, were suffered to speak to us
+            through their grated doors, in a low voice. A number
+            embraced this opportunity; of the sincere repentance and
+            reformation of some of whom, I could scarcely doubt.
+            One prisoner, a man of color, appeared to enjoy a state of
+            perfect happiness, under a sense of being at peace with
+            his Maker. Another manifested such a feeling of his
+            spiritual blessings, and especially of that change of heart
+            he had been favored to experience, as scarcely to have a
+            desire for his liberation, though his health was visibly
+            sinking under the confinement, and there appeared little
+            other prospect but that of his dying in the prison, as he
+            had been condemned for ten years, of which three yet
+            remained. Several were Englishmen, who were mostly
+            under feigned names, keeping their real names secret,
+            from a natural unwillingness to disgrace their families.
+            Some of these were men of education, and communicated
+            to me in confidence their family names. One referred to
+            gentlemen standing deservedly high in the estimation of
+            the British public, as well knowing him. Two or three
+            of this class wept much, when speaking of their situation,
+            and of the offences that had brought them there.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I gathered from the prisoners themselves that a great
+            change had been introduced, both in the affairs and in the
+            management of the prison, within the last eighteen months,
+            by the present excellent superintendent and chaplain and
+            their coadjutors, and with the happiest effects. The
+            former system was one of brutal severity; now, without
+            any relaxation of discipline, needless severity is discarded,
+            and the floggings have been reduced nine-tenths, the great
+            object being the reformation of the prisoners. One of
+            these, speaking of the superintendent and chaplain, said:
+            <a name="p_165"></a>
+            "there was not a prisoner in the jail, but rejoiced to hear
+            the sound of their feet."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            J.G. Seymour mentioned one of the English prisoners
+            to me, whose heart had been softened, and his reformation
+            commenced, through the kindness of his prosecutor,
+            who had spent both time and money in endeavoring to
+            procure his release. This statement was fully confirmed
+            in an interesting conversation I had with the individual
+            himself, who was subsequently permitted, as well as
+            another Englishman, to send letters by me to their relations
+            in this country.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            An extract from the correspondence of one of my
+            unfortunate fellow-countrymen, which I am permitted to
+            make, will afford an interesting view of the internal administration
+            of the Sing Sing prison, by one of its inmates.
+            After alluding to the absolute monotony of prison life, he
+            gives one day as a specimen of every day. "Monday
+            morning, the large prison bell rings at five o'clock, when
+            we all rise; half an hour after, we all go out to work, to
+            our respective shops, till breakfast, the keepers all the time
+            seated upon a high seat, overlooking&#8212;seeing that everything
+            is ordered and going on in a proper manner: no
+            talking allowed upon any occasion, or under any pretence
+            whatever. When the breakfast-bell rings, we all go in to
+            breakfast, each one to a separate room, (which are all
+            numbered, one thousand in all;) every man's breakfast is
+            ready for him in his room,&#8212;one pint of coffee, with
+            plenty of meat, potatoes, and rye bread. After one hour,
+            the prison opens again, and we work in a similar manner
+            till twelve&#8212;dinner hour&#8212;when we go in again. Dinner
+            is set ready as before,&#8212;an ample quantity of meat,
+            potatoes, and bread, with a cup of water, (the best beverage
+            <a name="p_166"></a>
+            in the world&#8212;would to God I had never drank any
+            thing else, and I should not have been here;) one hour
+            allowed for dinner, when we go out and work again till six
+            o'clock, when we come in and are locked up for the night,
+            with a large bowl of mush, (hasty pudding with molasses,)
+            the finest food in the world, made from Indian meal.
+            Thus passes each day of the week. Sundays we rise at
+            the same hour; each man has a clean shirt given him in
+            his room, then goes to the kitchen, brings his breakfast in
+            with him, the same as before, and is locked up till eight,
+            when Divine service is performed by a most worthy and
+            able chaplain. After service, through the pious and
+            benevolent efforts of Mr. Seymour, we have an excellent
+            Sabbath School. Bible classes, where from three to four
+            hundred attend, about half to learn to read, and the others
+            to receive instruction in the way to attain everlasting life,
+            under the immediate inspection of Mr. Seymour; and I
+            am happy to say, that the greatest attention is paid by
+            scholars of both classes: many, very many, know how to
+            appreciate the value of these privileges, and benefit by
+            them accordingly. Mr. Seymour has obtained a large
+            library for us, and one of the prisoners is librarian. At
+            eleven o'clock we are locked up for the day, with an extra
+            allowance of food and water sufficient. The librarian and
+            an assistant are left open, to distribute the books; that is
+            to go to each man's cell, get the book he had the previous
+            Sunday, and give him another in exchange, generally supplying
+            them with a small tract, of which we mostly have
+            a great plenty."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            A large proportion of the prisoners work in a stone
+            quarry without the walls; and the most painful sight
+            I saw at Sing Sing were the sentinels placed on prominent
+            <a name="p_167"></a>
+            points commanding the prison, with loaded muskets and
+            fixed bayonets, who have orders at once to shoot a convict
+            who may attempt to escape, if he does not obey the order
+            to return. I was told, however, an occurrence of the kind
+            had not happened for years.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            A number of the female domestics in different families
+            in the village of Sing Sing, have been prisoners, and are
+            now reformed and generally conducting themselves to the
+            entire satisfaction of their employers.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            There are few subjects more interesting to a civilized
+            and Christian community, than that of prison discipline.
+            It will scarcely, at the present day, be denied that the
+            only motives on which, in such a government, criminal
+            law can be administered, are the public safety, and the
+            reformation of the criminal himself. Vengeance has not
+            been delegated to man under the Christian dispensation.
+            It is too evident, nevertheless, that the principle of retaliatory
+            punishment, irrespective of any considerations of
+            public safety, or the benefit of the offender, pervades our
+            criminal jurisprudence, both in theory and practice, and
+            just so far as this is the case, is the last great object
+            defeated, for his feelings are deadened, and his heart hardened
+            by it. The most depraved wretch has that within
+            him which testifies that his fellow worm has no right to
+            inflict pain upon him solely as a <em>punishment</em>, and his
+            heart
+            rebels against what he feels to be oppression. On the
+            more enlightened, the effect is equally unfavorable, for
+            he contrasts the practice of his persecutors with their profession,
+            and is perhaps conducted thereby to infidelity and
+            despair. One of the prisoners at Sing Sing, while contrasting
+            the former with the present management, said,
+            "We used to hear the gospel preached to us on the Sabbath,
+            <a name="p_168"></a>
+            but see its doctrines trampled upon in all the conduct
+            pursued towards us the whole week besides." How
+            different the result where the law of love reigns! At
+            Sing Sing there are numerous recent instances where conviction
+            on the minds of the prisoners that the authorities
+            of the prison have no other object than their temporal and
+            spiritual benefit, has softened their hearts, and thereby
+            disposed them to the reception of that consoling faith in a
+            crucified Saviour, which is the only foundation of true
+            amendment of life. How important is it that all the offices
+            in a prison should be filled by persons of true piety; and
+            where can such be more usefully employed?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In a former part of this work, I have expressed a
+            somewhat unfavorable opinion on "the separate system,"
+            adopted in the Philadelphia Penitentiary. One of my
+            objections to this system is this, that to deprive man so
+            entirely of human society, is to do violence to the strongest
+            instinct of his nature, and thereby to inflict suffering
+            far more severe than corporeal pain or privation. If the
+            severity of this system does not obviously tend to carry
+            out the legitimate objects of prison discipline, it cannot be
+            defended. The small number of recommittals is no proof
+            of the efficacy of this system; since, in a country like
+            the United States, a liberated felon may very easily
+            choose another locality for his sphere of action. In favor
+            of the "separate system," it is occasionally pleaded that
+            the prisoner is under a veil of secresy; and that when he
+            goes forth, neither the censorious public, nor his fellow-prisoners,
+            can point him out; and thus, his character
+            being comparatively unblemished, he can, with less difficulty,
+            procure employment. It is obvious that this would
+            induce, in many cases, a degree of dishonest concealment
+            <a name="p_169"></a>
+            from an employer, and encourage dissimulation. It would
+            be much better that the prisoner should depend for a
+            situation on the good character which the superintendent
+            would give him if reformed; and I was glad to find at
+            Sing Sing guarded situations had been procured, in
+            numerous instances, for the liberated prisoners, and that
+            their employers, with very little exception, represented
+            them to be most valuable servants. I could hear of no
+            case, in either of the prisons I visited, of any permanent
+            injury to the health of a prisoner from the entire disuse of
+            intoxicating drinks, however intemperate their previous
+            habits might have been. The same remark is true with
+            regard to tobacco. I will only add, that it is notorious
+            that the prison discipline of Great Britain, notwithstanding
+            all its recent improvements, is yet lamentably deficient;
+            and that though the United States justly claim precedence
+            of us in this respect, they have, by no means reached
+            perfection. The greatest deficiency of all, however, in
+            each nation, is that of institutions like the Philadelphia
+            Refuge, co-extensive with the wants of the community,
+            for the reformation of juvenile delinquency; thus suppressing
+            crime in its small beginnings. So long as this want
+            is unsupplied, and the juvenile offender is contaminated by
+            contact with the hardened criminal, the statesmen and
+            those who control the legislatures of both countries, dishonor
+            their profession of Christianity.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 26th, I accompanied my friends, J. and M.
+            Candler, to the steamer which was to convey them on
+            board the "Roscius" packet, to sail for Liverpool this
+            afternoon. I afterwards called upon Charles Collins,
+            who, for many years past, has dealt exclusively in articles
+            of free labor produce, and for which he said he had found
+            <a name="p_170"></a>
+            the demand to increase of late. I am more and more
+            convinced that this branch of the abolition question has
+            not received the attention it deserves from the friends of
+            the cause. Before leaving New York, I ought not to
+            omit to record a visit that was on a previous occasion
+            paid us at our hotel, by William Cullen Bryant, whose
+            name on this side of the water is associated with some of
+            the most beautiful productions of American literature.
+            He is the editor of the <em>New York Evening Post</em>, a
+            leading democratic paper, and, to his credit be it said, he has
+            always advocated the rights of the abolitionists. He has
+            a thin, pale, thought-worn countenance, and his manner
+            is quiet and unassuming. I also formed an agreeable
+            acquaintance with Lydia Maria Child, known in both
+            hemispheres as one of the most pleasing of American
+            writers. She is editor of the <em>National Anti-Slavery
+               Standard</em>.
+             Her services in the cause of the slave have
+            been of great value, and have been given at the risk of
+            destroying her interests and popularity as an author.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I finally quitted this city, in the steamer, for Boston,
+            on the 24th, accompanied by John G. Whittier.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I remained in Boston till the first of the Eighth
+            Month, (August) when I embarked on board the "Caledonia"
+            steamer for England.&#8212;During the interval, I
+            made a number of calls upon the abolitionists in Boston;
+            and, among others, saw Henry and Maria Chapman and
+            Wendell Phillips; the former of whom had just returned
+            from a visit to Hayti, and the latter from Europe. I
+            had several interviews with Martha V. and Lucy M.
+            Ball, secretaries of the Boston Female Emancipation
+            Society, who have long been faithful and laborious abolitionists.
+            I also met, as at New York, a number of the
+            <a name="p_171"></a>
+            friends of the cause, again to consider the best time for
+            calling a second general Convention, to whom I read the
+            London minutes on that subject. A resolution was
+            unanimously passed, of the same tenor as those of New York,
+            lately noticed. While in this city, I had not only
+            the pleasure of renewing my intimacy with my friend,
+            Nathaniel Colver, who is known to many of the English
+            abolitionists as their valuable and cordial coadjutor at the
+            great Convention in London, but of becoming acquainted
+            with many zealous and able friends of the slave. One of
+            these was Amos A. Phelps, one of those who signed the
+            original declaration issued by the American Anti-Slavery
+            Society, on its foundation at Philadelphia, in 1833.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We also went to Salem, and met a number of
+            "Friends" who were abolitionists, and who appeared
+            desirous to embrace every suitable opportunity of promoting
+            the cause.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Salem is a city of about fourteen thousand inhabitants,
+            and I was told that the number of its population who
+            went and returned to and from Boston, a distance of
+            fourteen miles, weekly, was about five hundred&#8212;a striking
+            proof of the locomotive energy of the Americans.
+            Their gratification, in this respect, has been much facilitated
+            of late by the rapid extension of railways. These,
+            with few exceptions, are by no means so completely
+            constructed as in England; but, owing to the cheapness
+            of land, timber, et cet., and by making the lines generally
+            single, and, on the average, the speed of travelling being
+            about one-fourth less than is common in England, they
+            answer the purpose of rapid transit, while the outlay is
+            about as many dollars per mile as it is sovereigns with us.
+            On this railway, and some others in New England, the
+            <a name="p_172"></a>
+            lines are double, and the construction and speed are
+            nearly equal to ours.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I was informed, the proportion of severe accidents is
+            not larger than in Great Britain. The carriages are
+            generally built to hold sixty or seventy persons, who are
+            seated two by two, one behind another, on double rows
+            of seats, ranged across the carriage, with room to walk
+            between, along the centre. The carriage in which we
+            returned from Salem had twenty-two seats on each side,
+            to contain two each, or, in the whole, eighty-eight
+            passengers. Yet the weight of this machine would be
+            little more than that of an English first-class carriage, to
+            hold eighteen persons, and it cost probably less. Their
+            carriages are well ventilated in summer, and warmed by
+            a stove in winter. Locomotive engines approach Boston
+            near enough to prevent the use of horses; but, on arriving
+            at the distance of a mile or two from New York,
+            Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the carriages and passengers
+            are drawn in by horses. One carriage is often specially
+            reserved for the ladies on the principal lines, into which
+            gentlemen do not usually intrude, unless they have ladies
+            under their care. It is common, however, for the latter
+            to take their seats in any of the carriages. There is no
+            distinction of price, and none of accommodation, except
+            that an inferior and more exposed carriage, at the same
+            fare, is purposely provided for persons of color; but this
+            disgraceful relic of past times cannot survive long. The
+            principal disadvantage that I observed on the American,
+            as compared with the English railways, was the delay on
+            meeting other trains, and on stopping for them at places
+            where they could pass, and also the sparks from the
+            wood, used for fuel instead of coke. On one occasion,
+            <a name="p_173"></a>
+            my coat was set on fire in this way, though I was seated
+            in a covered carriage. Very efficient locomotive engines
+            are made in the United States. I visited a celebrated
+            manufactory at Philadelphia, which has sent ten to
+            England, for the use of the Birmingham and Gloucester
+            Railway. At the time of my visit, they had many
+            orders unexecuted from several European governments.
+            As far as my inquiries went, the cost of making them is,
+            upon the whole, about the same as in England.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Having been, for several years, a director on the
+            Birmingham and London Railway, I felt some interest
+            in these inquiries, and came to the conclusion, that there
+            are several arrangements of economy, and some of convenience,
+            in the construction and working of railways,
+            which the English might borrow with advantage from the
+            United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 29th instant, the secretary of the Peace
+            Society convened a meeting of the members of that
+            society, and of other influential gentlemen, including
+            Alden Bradford, late secretary of the State of Massachusetts;
+            Robert Rantoul, an eloquent and prominent member
+            of the legislature, and S.E. Coues, of New
+            Hampshire,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_29"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_29"></a> to take into consideration the best
+            means of securing permanent international peace. A very harmonious
+            and satisfactory discussion took place, and the
+            following statement of the proceedings was subsequently
+            handed to me by the gentleman who officiated as secretary
+            to the meeting:
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_29"></a><a href="#FootFN1_29">A</a>: Since elected President of the
+            American Peace Society.
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "A meeting of the friends of peace was held in the
+               city of Boston, on the evening of the 29th day of July,
+               1841.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_174"></a>
+               "The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting
+               Mr. Joseph Sturge, from England, and there were present
+               most of the active members of the American Peace Society.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Amasa Walker, Esq., was chosen chairman; and J.P.
+               Blanchard, secretary.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Mr. Sturge addressed the meeting, and suggested the
+               expediency of calling, at some future time, a Convention
+               of the friends of peace, of different nations, to deliberate
+               upon the best method of adjusting international disputes;
+               and, offered, for the consideration of the meeting, a plan
+               proposed by Judge Jay, in which all the friends of peace
+               could unite.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The meeting was then addressed by several gentlemen,
+               who cordially approved the plan proposed, and,
+               subsequently, the following resolutions were unanimously
+               adopted.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Resolved,&#8212;That this meeting receives with great
+               pleasure the suggestion of our friend Joseph Sturge, of
+               England, of a general conference of the friends of peace,
+               at the earliest practical opportunity, at London, to consult
+               on the measures which are best adapted to promote universal
+               peace among the nations of the earth; and they
+               respectfully refer the subject to the executive committee
+               of the American Peace Society, for their decision, on
+               correspondence and consultation with the friends of the
+               cause in this and other countries.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Resolved,&#8212;That the suggestion by Judge Jay, of
+               the insertion of a clause in all conventional treaties
+               between nations, mutually binding the parties to submit all
+               international disputes, during the continuance of such
+               treaties, to the arbitration of some one or more friendly
+               <a name="p_175"></a>
+               powers, presents a definite and practicable object of effort,
+               worthy of the serious attention of the friends of peace.
+               And this meeting recommends to the friends of the cause,
+               in different countries, to petition their respective Governments
+               in favor of the measure."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            On the 30th, in company with John G. Whittier and
+            C. Stewart Renshaw, I went over to Lowell, the chief
+            seat of the woollen and cotton manufacture in America.
+            Less than twenty years ago, there were not more than
+            forty or fifty houses on the site of this flourishing city,
+            which now contains upwards of twenty thousand inhabitants.
+            Its numerous mills are all worked by water power,
+            and belong to incorporated joint-stock companies. We
+            were obligingly shown over two of the largest woollen
+            and cotton factories, where every stage of the manufacture
+            was in process, from the cotton, or sheep's wool, to the
+            finished fabric. We also visited works, where the printing
+            of cottons is executed in a superior style, besides a
+            new process for dyeing cotton in the thread, invented by
+            an Englishman, now in the establishment. The following
+            abstract of the manufacturing statistics of Lowell, on
+            the first of January, 1841, will show the great importance
+            to which this new branch of industry has attained with
+            such unprecedented rapidity.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Ten joint-stock companies, with a capital of ten millions
+            of dollars, having thirty-two woollen and cotton factories,
+            besides print works, et cet., with one hundred and
+            seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight
+            spindles, and five thousand five hundred and eighty-eight
+            looms, employing two thousand one hundred and seventy-two
+            males, and six thousand nine hundred and twenty
+            females, who made, in 1840, sixty-five millions eight
+            <a name="p_176"></a>
+            hundred and two thousand four hundred yards of cotton
+            and woollen cloths, in which were consumed twenty-one
+            millions four hundred and twenty-four thousand pounds of
+            cotton alone.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The average amount earned by the male hands employed,
+            exclusive of their board, is four dollars and eighty
+            cents, or about twenty shillings sterling per week, and of
+            the females two dollars, or about eight shillings and sixpence
+            per week.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            But the most striking and gratifying feature of Lowell,
+            is the high moral and intellectual condition of its working
+            population. In looking over the books of the mills we
+            visited, where the operatives entered their names, I
+            observed very few that were not written by themselves;
+            certainly not five per cent. of the whole number were
+            signed with a mark, and many of these were evidently
+            Irish. It was impossible to go through the mills, and
+            notice the respectable appearance and becoming and modest
+            deportment of the "factory girls," without forming a
+            very favorable estimate of their character and position in
+            society. But it would be difficult indeed for a passing
+            observer to rate them so high as they are proved to be
+            by the statistics of the place. The female operatives are
+            generally boarded in houses built and owned by the "corporation"
+            for whom they work, and which are placed
+            under the superintendence of matrons of exemplary
+            character, and skilled in housewifery, who pay a low rent
+            for the houses, and provide all necessaries for their inmates,
+            over whom they exercise a general oversight, receiving
+            about one dollar and one-third from each per week.
+            Each of these houses accommodates from thirty to fifty
+            young women, and there is a wholesome rivalry among
+            <a name="p_177"></a>
+            the mistresses which shall make their inmates most comfortable.
+            We visited one of the hoarding houses, and
+            were highly pleased with its arrangement. A considerable
+            number of the factory girls are farmers' daughters, and
+            come hither from Vermont, New Hampshire, and other
+            distant States, to work for two, three, or four years, when
+            they return to their native hills, dowered with a little
+            capital of their own earnings. The factory operatives at
+            Lowell form a community that commands the respect of
+            the neighborhood, and of all under whose observation they
+            come. No female of an immoral character could remain
+            a week in any of the mills. The superintendent of the
+            Boott Corporation informed me, that, during the five and
+            a half years of his superintendence of that factory,
+            employing about nine hundred and fifty young women, he
+            had known of but one case of an illegitimate birth&#8212;and
+            the mother was an Irish "immigrant." Any male or
+            female employed, who was known to be in a state of
+            inebriety, would be at once dismissed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            At the suggestion of the benevolent and intelligent
+            superintendent of the Boott Company, we waited to see
+            the people turn out to dinner, at half-past twelve o'clock.
+            We stood in a position where many hundreds passed
+            under our review, whose dress, and quiet and orderly
+            demeanor would have done credit to any congregation
+            breaking up from their place of worship. One of the
+            gentlemen with me, who is from a slave State, where all
+            labor is considered degrading, remarked, with emotion,
+            "What would I give if, (naming a near relative in
+            the slave States,) could witness this only for a quarter of
+            an hour!" We dined with one of our abolition friends
+            at Lowell, who informed us that many hundreds of the
+            <a name="p_178"></a>
+            factory girls were members of the Anti-Slavery Society;
+            and that, although activity in this cause has been pretty
+            much suspended by the division in the ranks of its friends,
+            yet there is no diminution of good feeling on the subject.
+            The following extracts, from a pamphlet published by a
+            respectable citizen of Lowell, will further illustrate the
+            moral statistics of the place, which, I believe, can be
+            paralleled by no other manufacturing town in the world.
+            The work is dated July, 1839:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "There are now in the city fourteen regularly organized
+               religious societies, besides one or two others quite
+               recently established. Ten of these societies constitute a
+               Sabbath School Union. Their third annual report was
+               made on the fourth of the present month, and it has been
+               published within a few days. I derive from it the following
+               facts. The number of scholars connected with
+               the ten schools at the time of making the report, was four
+               thousand nine hundred and thirty-six, and the number of
+               teachers was four hundred and thirty-three, making an
+               aggregate of five thousand three hundred and sixty-nine.
+               The number who joined the schools during the year, was
+               three thousand seven hundred and seventy, the number
+               who left was three thousand one hundred and twenty-nine.
+               About three-fourths of the scholars are females.
+               A large proportion of the latter are over fifteen years of
+               age, and consist of girls employed in the mills. More
+               than five hundred of these scholars have, during the last
+               year, become personally interested in practical piety, and
+               more than six hundred have joined themselves to the
+               several churches. Now let it be borne in mind, that
+               there are four or five Sunday Schools in the city, some of
+               which are large and flourishing, not included in this
+               <a name="p_179"></a>
+               statement. Let it be borne in mind, too, that a great
+               proportion of these scholars are the factory girls, and
+               furthermore, that these most gratifying results just given,
+               have nothing in them extraordinary&#8212;they are only the
+               common, ordinary results of several of the past years.
+               There has been no unusual excitement; no noise, no
+               commotion. Silently, quietly, unobtrusively, from Sabbath
+               to Sabbath, in these little nurseries of truth, duty
+               and religion, has the good seed been sowing and springing
+               up&#8212;watered by the dews, and warmed by the smiles of
+               heaven&#8212;to everlasting life....
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "I shall now proceed to enumerate some of the
+               influences which have been most powerful in bringing
+               about these results. Among these are the example and
+               watchful care and oversight of the boarding house keepers,
+               the superintendents, and the overseers.... But
+               a power vastly more active, all pervading and efficient,
+               than any and all of these, is to be found in the jealous
+               and sleepless watchfulness, over each other, of the girls
+               themselves.... The strongest guardianship of
+               their own character, as a class, is in their own hands, and
+               they will not suffer either overseer or superintendent to
+               be indifferent to this character with impunity.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The relationship which is here established between
+               the Sunday school scholar and her teacher&#8212;between the
+               member of the church and her pastor&#8212;the attachments
+               which spring up between them, are rendered close and
+               strong by the very circumstances in which these girls are
+               placed. These relationships and these attachments take
+               the place of the domestic ties and the home affections,
+               and they have something of the strength and fervency of
+               these."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote><a name="p_180"></a><p>
+            The next extract shows their prosperity in a pecuniary
+            point.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The average wages, clear of board, amount to about
+               two dollars a week. Many an aged father or mother, in
+               the country, is made happy and comfortable, by the self-sacrificing
+               contributions from the affectionate and dutiful
+               daughter here. Many an old homestead has been cleared
+               of its incumbrances, and thus saved to the family by these
+               liberal and honest earnings. To the many and most
+               gratifying and cheering facts, which, in the course of this
+               examination I have had occasion to state, I here add a
+               few others relating to the matter now under discussion,
+               furnished me by Mr. Carney, the treasurer of the Lowell
+               Institution for Savings. The whole number of depositors
+               in this institution, on the 23d July, was nineteen
+               hundred and seventy-six; the whole number of deposits
+               was three hundred and five thousand seven hundred and
+               ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, (about &pound;60,000.)
+               Of these depositors, nine hundred and seventy-eight are
+               factory girls, and the amount of their funds now in the
+               bank, is estimated by Mr. Carney, in round numbers, at
+               one hundred thousand dollars, (about &pound;20,000.) It is a
+               common thing for one of these girls to have five hundred
+               dollars (about &pound;100 sterling) in deposit, and the only
+               reason why she does not exceed this sum is the fact, that
+               the institution pays no interest on any larger sum than
+               this. After reaching this amount, she invests her remaining
+               funds elsewhere."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In confirmation of this description of the state of the
+            Lowell population, I have obtained, through the kindness
+            of a friend in Massachusetts, the following parallel statistics
+            to a recent date:&#8212;
+
+         </p><a name="p_181"></a><blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.&#8212;By the report of the school
+               committee for the year ending on the 5th of Fourth
+               Month (April) 1841, it appears that the whole number
+               of pupils in the schools, who attended during the whole
+               or part of the year, was 5,830. The whole amount expended
+               by the city for these schools, during the year,
+               was 18,106 dollars, 51 cents.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "SABBATH SCHOOLS.&#8212;The number of scholars and
+               teachers in the Sabbath Schools, connected with the
+               various religious societies in Lowell, during the year
+               ending on the 5th of Seventh Month (July) 1841, was
+               5,493.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "SAVINGS BANK.&#8212;The Lowell Institution for Savings,
+               in its report of Fifth Month (May), 1840, acknowledges
+               328,395 dollars, 55 cents, deposits, from 2,137
+               persons; together with 16,093 dollars, 29 cents, nett
+               amount received for interest on loans and dividends in
+               stocks, less expense and dividends paid&#8212;making in all,
+               344,488 dollars, 84 cents; nett amount of interest, 24,714
+               dollars, 61 cents. Within the year, 120,175 dollars, 69
+               cents, had been deposited, and 70,384 dollars, 24 cents,
+               drawn out.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "PAUPERS.&#8212;The whole expense of the city for the
+               support of the poor, during the year ending on the 31st
+               of Twelfth Month (December) 1840, was 2,698 dollars,
+               61 cents."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            As a proof, slight yet significant, of the spread of intellectual
+            cultivation, I ought not to omit a notice of the
+            "Lowell Offering," a little monthly magazine, of original
+            articles, written exclusively by the factory girls. The
+            editor of the <em>Boston Christian Examiner</em> commends this
+            little periodical to those who consider the factory system
+            <a name="p_182"></a>
+            to be degrading and demoralizing; and expresses a doubt
+            "whether a committee of young ladies, selected from the
+            most refined and best educated families in any of our
+            towns and cities, could make a fairer appearance in type
+            than these hard-working factory girls."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The city of Lowell has been distinguished by British
+            tourists as the Manchester of the United States; but, in
+            view of the facts above related, an American has declared
+            it to be "<em>not</em> the Manchester of the United States."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Besides the general prosperity of the operatives, the
+            shareholders in the different corporations divide from
+            eight to fifteen per cent, per annum on their capital.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The inquiry naturally suggests itself, why the state
+            of things in the manufacturing districts of Great Britain
+            should be so widely different from this? Some may
+            satisfy themselves by recollecting that England is an old
+            and America a young country; though, to my mind, this
+            affords no reasonable explanation of the contrast&#8212;since,
+            from the possession of surplus capital, complete machinery,
+            and facility of communication, et cet., the advantages
+            for <em>commerce and manufactures</em>, under a system of
+            perfectly unrestricted exchange, must preponderate greatly
+            in favor of the former. But whatever the solution of the
+            difficulty, it is quite evident that the statesman who would
+            elevate the moral standard of our working population,
+            must begin by removing the physical depression and destitution
+            in which a large proportion of them, without any
+            fault of their own, are compelled to drag out a weary and
+            almost hopeless existence. To some peculiarly constituted
+            minds, "over-production" is the explanation of the present
+            appalling distresses of this country; and what they are
+            pleased to consider a healthy state of things, is to be restored
+            <a name="p_183"></a>
+            by a diminution of production;&#8212;yet nothing is
+            more certain, than that the largest amount of production
+            which has ever been reached, is not more than adequate
+            to supply our increasing population with the necessaries of
+            life, on even a very limited scale of comfort. A diminished
+            production implies the starving down of the population to
+            such a diminished number as may obtain leave to toil, and
+            leave to subsist, from legislators, who, either in ignorance
+            or selfishness, set aside nature's laws, and disregard the
+            plainly legible ordinances of Divine Providence. If we
+            reflect on the part which commerce is made to perform in
+            the moral government of the world, on the one hand as the
+            bond of peace between powerful nations, by creating a
+            perpetual interchange of temporal benefits; and, on the
+            other, as the channel for the diffusion of blessings of an
+            intellectual and spiritual kind; we are conducted irresistibly
+            to the conclusion, that any arbitrary interruption of
+            its free course must draw down its own punishment.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Though the laws of nature may not permit the limited
+            soil of this country to grow food enough for its teeming
+            population, yet while Great Britain possesses mineral
+            wealth, abundant capital, and the largest amount of skilled
+            industry of any nation in the world, the tributary supplies
+            of other countries would not only satisfy our present
+            wants, but would, I firmly believe, with an unfettered
+            commerce, raise our working population, the most numerous,
+            and by far the most important part of the community,
+            to the same level of prosperity as the same class in the
+            United States. Then would there be more hope for the
+            success of efforts to elevate the standard of moral and
+            intellectual cultivation among them, for as an improvable
+            material they are no way inferior to any population upon
+            <a name="p_184"></a>
+            earth. John Curtis of Ohio, a free trade missionary to
+            this country, has published a pamphlet full of important
+            statistical facts, illustrating the suicidal policy of Great
+            Britain, from which I venture to take the following
+            extracts:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "England already obtains luxuries in superabundance;
+               but these can never supply the wants of her artizans&#8212;they
+               demand substantial bread and meat, and a market
+               where their labor can procure these necessaries. Tropical
+               climates are not adapted to supply their wants. For this
+               reason trade either with the East or West Indies cannot
+               give effectual relief: it may furnish luxuries, but England
+               is overstocked with them already. The food of tropical
+               climates, with the exception of rice, is not calculated for
+               export. The people of England, if they are to import
+               food, need the production of a climate similar to their own.
+               In this respect America is well adapted to supply them.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "All parts of the United States between thirty-seven
+               and forty-four degrees of north latitude will produce
+               wheat. But that part of the country best adapted to
+               furnish an abundant supply is, beyond all question, the
+               northern part of the Mississippi valley, and the contiguous
+               country south of the great lakes. It has been styled
+               <i>par excellence</i> the wheat-growing region
+               of America. Within
+               its limits lie the six north-western States of the American
+               Union, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, and Wiskonsan
+               (including as States the two territories of Iowa
+               and Wiskonsan, about to be admitted into the Union.)
+               These States, exclusive of two hundred thousand square
+               miles, the title to which is yet mostly in the Indian tribes,
+               cover an area of two hundred and thirty-six thousand and
+               eleven square miles. The country is, generally, an undulating
+               <a name="p_185"></a>
+               prairie, interspersed with groves of trees, and
+               unbroken by hill or mountain. The soil commonly rests
+               upon a strata of limestone, is fertile beyond description,
+               and abundantly watered by the finest springs and streams.
+               Its climate is clear and salubrious, and the country as well
+               calculated as any other on the globe to minister to the
+               support and happiness of civilized man. As already
+               explained, for an inland country, it possesses unequalled
+               facilities for foreign intercourse and commerce, by means
+               of its great lakes and rivers. The most distant parts of
+               it are now reached in twenty days from Liverpool. The
+               energies of the American people have been chiefly
+               expended, during the last few years, in opening and taking
+               possession of this region, which they consider destined to
+               become the future seat of American wealth and greatness.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Wheat once formed a leading article in the exports
+               of the United States. The trade of that country with
+               Great Britain was then double the present amount in
+               proportion to the number of the population. Had the
+               trade of the two countries continued free, it would have
+               increased with the increase of population and capital.
+               The legitimate exchange trade has decreased between
+               England and America for thirty years. What part has
+               the restrictive system had in producing this result? A
+               few facts may enable us not only to answer this question,
+               but to anticipate the consequences of a continuance of the
+               same policy. From the time of the revolutionary war in
+               America until 1812, the trade between the two countries
+               regularly increased with the increase of the population.
+               The average annual consumption of foreign merchandise
+               in the United States for each inhabitant was,
+
+            </p>
+            <table summary="annual consumption">
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">From 1790 to 1800,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">39s. 4d.</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;1800 to 1810,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">41s. 8d.</td>
+               </tr>
+            </table>
+            <p><a name="p_186"></a>
+               "In 1812 came the second American war, and in 1815 the
+               British corn law, which was promptly followed by the
+               high American tariff of 1816. For ten years prior to
+               1830, the annual average consumption of merchandize
+               had fallen to 22s. 6d., while the population of the States
+               was nearly double, and their capital treble that of the ten
+               years preceding 1810. Soon after 1830 followed the
+               modification of the American tariff, and the importations
+               based on the great transatlantic loans of that period. But,
+               notwithstanding the stimulation and extravagance of the
+               time, the average annual consumption amounted to only
+               31s. per head of foreign produce during the ten years prior
+               to 1840. Abating the importation based on the loans of
+               the last few years, and the trade of England with the
+               United States has not increased in amount for the last
+               thirty years, while the population of England has increased
+               from eighteen to twenty-seven millions, and that of the
+               States from seven to seventeen millions.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Let the reader observe this, that in the Eastern
+               States, in that of Massachusetts, for instance, in which
+               State Boston is situated, the people bring a large part of
+               their food from the Western States, where they obtain it
+               in exchange for their manufactures. If free trade were
+               allowed, is it possible for any man to give a reason why
+               the manufacturer and laborer of Manchester would not be
+               able to do as well as the manufacturer and laborer of
+               Boston now does, abating the difference of transporting
+               goods and grain across the Atlantic? At least, the consequence
+               would be an extension of trade, and employment
+               equal to the amount of food which would, in such case,
+               be brought from America; and the limit to this quantity
+               will be found only when the wants of Englishmen are
+               <a name="p_187"></a>
+               supplied, and their ability to pay exhausted. The ability
+               of America to supply any required quantity of food has
+               already been shown. There lie the broad lands, ready
+               for cultivation as soon as there shall be a demand for the
+               produce. And if seventeen millions of people, sent chiefly
+               from England, or descended from those who have been
+               sent, are not sufficient to raise the requisite quantity of
+               provisions demanded of them by those who remain in the
+               parent country, then let more be sent, for the land lies
+               equally open to the people of all nations.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Then, as to the ability of Englishmen to pay for all
+               they want, let us ask, what those who produce the food,
+               or those who bring it, can want in exchange that England
+               cannot furnish? Gold, it is said.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_30"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_30"></a> But for what do they
+               want gold but to purchase other supplies than food? and
+               as they would then have the means to pay, England
+               would be the very country which, of all others, could supply
+               them to advantage. Whatever was wanted which her
+               own artizans do not produce themselves, they could still
+               supply. Englishmen would not at all be confined to a
+               direct sale or exchange of their goods with the wheat
+               grower, but can give him the merchandize of India and
+               China, and the fruits of the tropics, for which English
+               manufactures would pay. If the idle mills and idle
+               laborers of England could at once be set at work to produce
+               <a name="p_188"></a>
+               food for the people, new activity would be imparted
+               to trade in every part of the world&#8212;from India to the
+               frozen regions of Greenland and Labrador. But, on the
+               other hand, how is it possible for England to extend her
+               foreign trade while the present restrictions continue?
+               Even with such a country as India, reduced under British
+               sway, it cannot be done except by diminishing the commerce
+               with other countries to the same extent. England
+               cannot, in her present condition, greatly increase her consumption
+               of such merchandize as India can furnish, or
+               dispose of such merchandize abroad, to any great extent,
+               for the reasons already given.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_30"></a><a href="#FootFN1_30">A</a>: "Englishmen,
+               reasoning from a restricted course of trade, are
+               constantly prone to the belief that the purchase of foreign corn,
+               from some unexplained necessity, must take away their gold.
+               Americans, from the same cause, reason in the same manner
+               respecting the purchase of foreign goods. Under the action of the
+               restrictive system, there may be some truth in the reasonings of
+               each party, but they certainly form a beautiful running commentary
+               upon each other."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "As to any proposed gain by the Colonial trade, it is
+               the very thing rejected by the restrictions on the trade
+               with the United States. What are these States but the
+               greatest colonies ever planted by Great Britain? and their
+               independence does not at all prevent England from deriving
+               all the advantage from them ever to be derived from
+               colonies. The only good which England can derive from
+               her extensive colonization is not to be gained by swaying
+               a barren sceptre over distant colonies, but by spreading
+               abroad her race, her language, her civilization, and thus
+               enlarging the sphere of her commerce. Under a free
+               system of intercourse England would not derive less
+               benefit, at present, from the United States than if they had
+               remained a part of the British dominions, for if trade were
+               free, they would not trade the less because of their independence,
+               or furnish less food, or at higher prices. England,
+               however, seems determined to sacrifice all the
+               advantages which naturally accrue to her from having
+               colonized the finest part of the New World, and to refuse
+               the abundance and relief thus providentially prepared by
+               her own offspring."
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_189"></a>
+               The great importance of these extracts is the best
+               apology for their length&#8212;but there is yet another branch
+               of the subject. A country whose population is beyond
+               its means of supply from its own soil, has no resources but
+               that of her manufactures and foreign trade; if these be
+               dried up, her people must emigrate or starve. But the
+               United States has an alternative;&#8212;her first and best
+               resource,&#8212;and the most profitable application of her
+               industry is in her broad and fertile lands, the superabundant
+               produce of which would not only feed, but, by exchange,
+               clothe her population, and supply them with all the comforts
+               of civilized life. She cannot avail herself of this to
+               its full extent without our aid. But, if we refuse to trade
+               on equal terms, her wants will not, therefore, go unsupplied.
+               She can manufacture for herself&#8212;her resources
+               for manufactures and commerce are, at least, equal to our
+               own, with the exception of capital and population, which
+               the lapse of a few more years will supply.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The present may justly be considered a crisis in the
+               commercial policy of America. If it be decided that
+               foreign markets are to continue closed against American
+               corn&#8212;if England, which is the principal corn market of
+               the world, refuse to exchange the produce of her mills
+               and workshops for that of the fields of the Americans,
+               they have no other alternative than to erect mills and
+               workshops from which to supply themselves. The effect
+               of such a course would prove decisive on the trade with
+               England, and go far to complete the ruin so effectually begun
+               by the British corn law and corresponding restrictions.
+               If forced from employment on the land, which an abundant
+               and fertile soil has naturally made their most profitable
+               one, it will be found that the Americans lack neither the
+               <a name="p_190"></a>
+               talent, the energy, nor the means, at once to extend their
+               present manufactures to the full supply of their own
+               wants. They have water-power, coal, and iron, in greater
+               natural abundance and perfection than any other part of
+               the world."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_31"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_31"></a></p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_31"></a><a href="#FootFN1_31">A</a>: "The United States are computed
+               to contain not less than
+               eighty thousand square miles of coal, or sixteen times as much as
+               Europe. One of these coal fields extends nine hundred miles in
+               length. The State of Pennsylvania has ten thousand square miles
+               of coal and iron. Great Britain and Ireland have two thousand.
+               All the north-western States of America contain large quantities
+               of coal. The coal strata of the States generally lie above the level
+               of the streams, and the coal is taken from the hill sides. The beds
+               of coal and iron are to a great extent contiguous."
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            This is not mere theory. The developement is actually
+            begun:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "A few years since, the country smiths, and the
+               matrons with their daughters at the household wheel and
+               loom, were the principal manufacturers of America.
+               Now the cotton mills alone are computed at one thousand,
+               and the capital invested in manufacturing machinery at
+               &pound;23,500,000. The estimated value of some of the principal
+               articles of manufacture is as follows:
+
+            </p>
+            <table summary="estimated values">
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Woollens,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&pound;15,750,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Cotton,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;11,250,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leather,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;9,000,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hats and Caps,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;3,575,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Linen,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,350,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Paper,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,350,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Glass,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,125,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Iron and Steel,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;11,250,000</td>
+               </tr>
+            </table>
+            <p>
+               "Some idea of the rapidity with which the American
+               manufactures are now capable of being extended, may be
+               <a name="p_191"></a>
+               formed from the past progress of the cotton manufacture.
+               The consumption of raw cotton was,
+
+            </p>
+            <table summary="consumption of raw cotton">
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">In 1833,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">196,000 bales.</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1835,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">236,700&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1837,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">246,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1839,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">276,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+               </tr>
+            </table>
+            <p>
+               "The United States already supply two-thirds of
+               their own consumption of cottons. At the above rate of
+               increase&#8212;of nearly fifty per cent, in five years&#8212;America
+               will much more than supply its own market in five
+               years to come. Never has the manufacturing interest of
+               the United States been in as prosperous and sound a condition
+               as at present. They need no high tariff to protect
+               them against British competition. <em>The English corn
+                  law is their best protection</em>."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            It is the restrictive policy of Great Britain that has
+            called into existence Lowell and the manufacturing cities
+            of the United States, producing an immense amount of
+            articles which were once the sole products of British
+            industry and skill. If the same policy is continued, the
+            prosperity of the United States will be impeded, but that
+            of England will be destroyed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following is an extract from the memorial of
+            Joshua Leavitt to Congress, on the wheat interests of the
+            North Western States:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no
+               foreign market for these products, the fine country under contemplation
+               is not, therefore, to be despaired of. Let the necessity once
+               become apparent, and there will be but one mind among the people
+               of the North-west. The same patriotism which carried our fathers
+               through the self-denying non-importation agreements of the
+               revolution, will produce a fixed determination to build up a home
+               <a name="p_192"></a>
+               market, at every sacrifice. And it can be done. What has been
+               done already in the way of manufactures, shows that it can be done.
+               The recent application of the hot-blast with anthracite coal to the
+               making of iron, and the discovery of a mine of natural steel, would
+               be auxiliaries of immense value. We could draw to our factories
+               the best workmen of Europe, attracted less by the temptation of
+               wages, than by the desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance
+               of their children. But it would take a long time to build up a
+               manufacturing interest adequate to supply the wants of the Northwest,
+               or to consume the produce of these wide fields; and the
+               burden of taxation for internal improvements, uncompleted and
+               unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear: and all the
+               population that is concentrated upon manufactures, is so much kept
+               back from the occupation of that noble domain; and the national
+               treasury would feel the effects of the curtailment of imports and
+               the cessation of land sales; and the amount of misery which the
+               loss of the American market would occasion to the starving
+               operatives and factory children on the other side of the Atlantic,
+               is worthy to be taken into the account, by every statesman who
+               has not forgotten that he is a man."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            If we refuse the Americans as customers, we compel
+            them to become our rivals; and, after supplying their own
+            wants, they will compete with us for the trade of the
+            world, on more than equal terms. Our statesmen may
+            yet employ America to build up the prosperity of our
+            country whilst increasing her own, or they may suffer its
+            rapidly developing and gigantic resources to work out
+            our ruin: the alternative is before them and before the
+            country&#8212;but decision must be prompt, for there is no
+            pause in the march of events. However unwise the
+            policy, we cannot be surprised that the American and
+            Continental manufacturer are each applying to his government
+            to follow our example, and protect home trade by
+            fiscal regulations.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            This question of trade with America has also most
+            <a name="p_193"></a>
+            important anti-slavery bearings&#8212;and here, again, I find
+            my own views anticipated by the able writer already
+            quoted:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The present policy of restricting the traffic with
+               America so closely to cotton, gives a deceitful appearance
+               to the stated imports and exports. From these statements
+               there should, in fairness, be deducted the value of all the
+               raw cotton which is returned to America; and, in fact,
+               if the true exchange trade would be seen, all should be
+               deducted that is exported from England. That portion
+               of cotton goods which is of English origin, that is, their
+               value above the raw material out of which they were
+               made, is, in fact, the only real part of English export.
+               Before exclusive importance was bestowed on cotton, the
+               exchange with America was in a large proportion of articles
+               not to be returned. It would be so again if trade
+               were free."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Again:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "To one effect which would be produced in America
+               by the repeal of the corn and provision laws, no party or
+               class in England can profess indifference, and that is, <em>its
+                  effect on slavery in the United States</em>. At the present
+               time, England gives a premium to American slavery by
+               admitting, at low duties, the cotton of the slave-holder,
+               which is his staple production, and refusing corn, which
+               is mostly the produce of free labor. The slave-holding
+               States, to the productions of which Great Britain confines
+               her American trade, are less populous and less wealthy than
+               the free; yet of their produce England received in 1839, according
+               to the American estimates, &pound;11,600,000, while of
+               that of the free States she received less than &pound;500,000."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "It should be remembered that the labor of the slave
+               <a name="p_194"></a>
+               States, is almost wholly expended in agriculture, under
+               the stimulus of a good market, while a large part of that
+               of the free States is otherwise employed, for the want of
+               such market. The effective laborers of the free States
+               are double the number of those in the slave States; and
+               were an opportunity given them, they would export in
+               as great a proportion. Thus England, by her laws, fosters
+               an odious institution abroad, which, in words, she loudly
+               condemns, and spends millions to rid the world of; whilst
+               she rejects more honorable, profitable, and wealthy customers,
+               the fruits of whose free and active industry are
+               in effect made contraband in England by law.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Not only would England escape this inconsistency
+               and reproach, by repealing the corn law, but she would
+               strike a most effectual blow at the existence of slavery in
+               the United States. Cotton, at present, from being made
+               by the corn law the principal exchangeable article in the
+               American trade, assumes an undue and unnatural importance
+               in American commerce, legislation, and home industry.
+               The slave-owner drives his slaves in its production,
+               and purchases supplies of the northern freeman, whose
+               interests are thus identified with those of the cotton
+               grower, and the slave-holding interest becomes predominant
+               in the country. From their habits, the people of the
+               slave-holding States are constantly contracting more debts
+               in the free States than they have the means of paying; so
+               that, under the present system of intercourse, the slaveholders
+               exercise over the free population of the north, the
+               same control which an insolvent debtor frequently has over
+               his creditor, by threatening to break and ruin him, if not
+               allowed his own way. A repeal of the corn laws would
+               release the free States from their present commercial and
+               consequent political vassalage to the southern slave-holders,
+               <a name="p_195"></a>
+               and thereby take from American slavery, the great citadel
+               of its strength, and insure its overthrow by the influences
+               which would arise to assail it from all quarters.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "But as free trade, in destroying the odious monopoly
+               of the haughty slave-holder, would benefit and not injure
+               him, so would its effects be found universally. It would
+               give peace and plenty to England and the world,&#8212;it
+               would enlarge and secure trade, bind the spreading
+               branches of the Anglo-saxon race by natural affinity to
+               England as their acknowledged head, and promote the
+               liberty and civilization of the human family at large."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In view of the whole spirit of this discussion of one of
+            the most important questions bearing upon human interests,
+            I would simply add, that a wise Providence has
+            bound the duty and the interest, both of individual and
+            social man, firmly together, but for the trial of his virtue
+            the bands are concealed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 31st, I took my luggage on board the steam
+            packet "Caledonia," for Liverpool, via Halifax, which
+            was to sail the day following, although it was the first
+            day of the week. The proprietors of the packets are
+            bound in a heavy fine to sail on the appointed days,
+            whether those fall on the first day of the week or not. By
+            this arrangement the religious feelings of the people of
+            Boston are offended, which is the more inexcusable, on
+            the part of the British Government, as it does not suffer
+            its own mails to depart, either from London or Halifax,
+            on that day. Some gentlemen, who were interested in
+            the subject, placed in my hands a memorial addressed to
+            the Lords of the Admiralty in Great Britain, praying for
+            such an alteration of the arrangements as would prevent
+            this periodical violation of the first day of the week. A
+            <a name="p_196"></a>
+            gentleman, who was active in getting it signed, assured
+            me it was received with universal favor. The signatures,
+            obtained on very short notice, are those of the most influential
+            men in their respective stations in the city of Boston,
+            and include the names of the mayor of the city, an ex-lieutenant
+            governor of the State of Massachusetts, one
+            bishop, upwards of forty ministers of religion, of different
+            denominations, nine gentleman, upwards of one hundred
+            and twenty merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance
+            companies, the post-master of Boston, five physicians,
+            seven members of the legal profession, and two editors of
+            newspapers. After my arrival in this country, I presented
+            this document, through the Secretary of the Admiralty,
+            to the authorities to whom it is addressed, but regret to
+            state that the request was not complied with. The
+            memorial, and the reply of the Lords of the Admiralty
+            are given in the Appendix<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_32"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_32"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_32"></a><a href="#FootFN1_32">A</a>: .See Appendix L.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On leaving the shores of the United States, I left the
+            following letter for publication:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Friends of Immediate Emancipation in the
+                  United States</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Having visited your country as an humble fellow-laborer
+               in the great cause in which you are engaged, and
+               which, through trials and difficulties a stranger can
+               scarcely appreciate, you have so zealously maintained,
+               I have had a pleasing and satisfactory interview with
+               many of you, with reference to future exertions, in cooperation
+               with those of other lands, who unite with you in
+               regarding slave-holding and slave-trading as a heinous sin
+               <a name="p_197"></a>
+               in the sight of God, which should be immediately abolished.
+               It is the especial privilege of those who are laboring in
+               such a cause, to feel that 'every country is their country,
+               and every man their brother,' and to live above the atmosphere
+               of sectional jealousy and national hostility; and
+               hence I feel an assurance, that you will receive with
+               kindness a few lines from me on the eve of my departure
+               to my native land.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "You concur generally in opinion, that in endeavoring
+               to obtain the great object we have in view, it is very important
+               that the friends of the cause should be united, not
+               only in principle, but, as far as may be, in the character of
+               the measures which they pursue; and I have been much
+               encouraged in finding that you have generally adopted the
+               sentiment so rapidly spreading on the other side of the
+               Atlantic,&#8212;'That there is no reasonable hope of abolishing
+               the slave-trade, but, by the abolition of slavery, and that
+               no measures should be pursued for its attainment, but those
+               which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character.'
+               The progress of emancipation in Europe has been, beyond
+               a doubt, greatly retarded by leaving slavery and the slave-holder
+               unmarked by public reprobation, and concentrating
+               all the energies of philanthropy upon a fruitless effort to
+               abolish the slave-trade. And in this country the Colonization
+               scheme, with its delusive promise of good to
+               Africa, and its vague anticipations of putting an end to the
+               slave-trade by armed colonies on the coast of that ill-fated
+               continent, has been the means of obstructing emancipation
+               at home, of unprofitably absorbing the energies and
+               blinding the judgment of many sincere friends of the slave,
+               and of strengthening the unchristian prejudice against
+               color. The abolitionists of Europe, with few exceptions,
+               <a name="p_198"></a>
+               have seen the error of their former course of action, and
+               are now striking directly at the root, instead of lopping
+               the branches of slavery; and if further evidence of the
+               evil tendency and character of colonization is needed in
+               the United States, the recent proceeding of a meeting of
+               the Maryland Society at Baltimore, must convince all who
+               are friendly to the true interests of the people of color, that
+               it is a scheme deserving only the support of the enemies
+               of freedom.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_33"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_33"></a></p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_33"></a><a href="#FootFN1_33">A</a>:
+               "The following resolution was passed at
+               the meeting of the Maryland Society above alluded to:&#8212;'That while it is
+               most earnestly hoped that the free colored people of Maryland may see
+               that their best and most permanent interests will be consulted by
+               their emigration from this State; and while this Convention would
+               deprecate any departure from the principle which makes colonization
+               dependent upon the voluntary action of the free colored people
+               themselves&#8212;yet, if, regardless of what has been done to provide
+               them with an asylum, they continue to persist in remaining in
+               Maryland, in the hope of enjoying here an equality of social and
+               political rights, they ought to be solemnly warned, that, in the
+               opinion of this Convention, a day must arrive when circumstances
+               that cannot be controlled, and which are now maturing, will
+               deprive them of choice, and leave them no alternative but
+               removal,'"
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The rapid progress of public opinion, as to the
+               iniquity of slavery, and the entire safety, as well as advantage,
+               of its immediate abolition&#8212;the attention which has
+               been awakened to it in all parts of the civilized world&#8212;the
+               movements in France, Spain, Brazil, and Denmark,
+               and other countries with slave-holding dependencies, all
+               indicating that the days of slavery are numbered, should
+               serve to encourage and stimulate us to increased exertions;
+               and while it is a cause of profound regret, that any thing
+               should have disturbed the harmony and unity of the real
+               <a name="p_199"></a>
+               friends of emancipation in this country&#8212;the hardest battle
+               field of our moral warfare&#8212;I am not without hope, that,
+               in future, those who,&#8212;from a conscientious difference of
+               opinion, not as to the object, but the precise mode of obtaining
+               it,&#8212;cannot act in one united band, will laudably
+               emulate each other in the promotion of our common
+               cause, and in Christian forbearance upon points of disagreement;
+               and that, where they cannot praise, they will
+               be careful not to censure those, who, by a different road,
+               are earnestly pursuing the same end. Without entering
+               into the controversies which have divided our friends on
+               this side the water, I believe it would be nothing more
+               than a simple act of justice for me to state, on my return
+               to Europe, my conviction that a large portion of the abolitionists
+               of the United States, who approve of the proceedings
+               of the late General Anti-Slavery Convention,
+               and are desirous of acting in unity with the British and
+               Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, from the general identity of
+               their practice, as well as principles, with those of the
+               British and Foreign Society, are entitled to the sympathies,
+               and deserving of the confidence and co-operation of
+               the abolitionists of Great Britain. It has been my pleasure
+               to meet, in a kindly interchange of opinion, many valuable
+               and devoted friends of emancipation; who, while dissenting
+               from the class above-mentioned in some respects, are
+               nevertheless disposed to cultivate feelings of charity and
+               good will towards all who are sincerely laboring for the
+               slaves. And in this connection I may state, that neither
+               on behalf of myself, or of my esteemed coadjutors in Great
+               Britain, am I disposed to recriminate upon another class
+               of abolitionists, who, on some points, have so far differed
+               from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee,
+               <a name="p_200"></a>
+               and the great majority of the Convention above mentioned,
+               as to sustain their representatives in refusing to act with
+               that Convention, and in protesting against its proceedings;
+               and who have seen fit to censure the committee in their
+               public meetings and newspapers in this country, as 'arbitrary
+               and despotic,' and their conduct as 'unworthy of
+               men claiming the character of abolitionists.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "As a corresponding member of the British and
+               Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and intimately acquainted
+               with its proceedings, I am persuaded that its
+               members have acted wisely, and consulted the best
+               interest of the cause in which they were engaged, in
+               generally leaving unnoticed any censures that have been
+               cast upon them while in the prosecution of their labors.
+               Yet, before leaving this country, I deem it right to bear
+               my testimony to the great anxiety of that committee
+               faithfully to discharge the duties committed to their trust;
+               and to state that it has never been my privilege to be
+               united to any body more desirous of keeping simply to the
+               one great object of their association&#8212;the total and immediate
+               abolition of slavery and the slave-trade. I am persuaded
+               that all candid minds, making due allowance for
+               the imperfection pertaining to human associations, will feel
+               their confidence in the future integrity of that committee
+               increased in proportion as they closely investigate their
+               past acts; and that, even when the wisdom of their course
+               may have been questioned, they will accord to them a
+               scrupulous honesty of purpose.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The first public suggestion of a General Anti-Slavery
+               Convention, like the one held last year in London,
+               originated, I believe, on this side of the Atlantic, although
+               the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+               <a name="p_201"></a>
+               Society took upon themselves the heavy responsibility of
+               convening it. At its close, they invited an expression of
+               the opinion of the delegates, as to the desirableness of
+               again summoning such an assembly. The expression was
+               generally in the affirmative; and, after discussion, a resolution
+               was passed, leaving it to the Committee of the British
+               and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, after consulting
+               with the friends of the cause in other parts of the world,
+               to decide this important question, as well as the time and
+               place of its meeting, should another Convention be
+               resolved upon.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Since I have been in the United States, I have
+               found those abolitionists who approved the principles and
+               proceedings of the late Convention so generally in favor
+               of another, and of London as its place of meeting, that the
+               only question seemed to be whether it should be held in
+               1842 or 1843. This expression of opinion is, I know,
+               so generally in accordance with the views of the British
+               and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and of many other
+               prominent abolitionists in Europe, that I have little doubt
+               they will feel encouraged to act upon it, probably at the
+               latter period. There is abundant and increasing evidence
+               of the powerfully beneficial influence of the late Convention
+               upon almost every part of the world where slavery is
+               still tolerated; and we are encouraged to hope that the
+               one in anticipation will be still more efficient for the
+               promotion of universal liberty.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Painful as has been to me the spectacle of many of
+               the leading influences of the ecclesiastical bodies in this
+               country, either placed in direct hostility to, or acting as a
+               drag upon, the wheel of the anti-slavery enterprise&#8212;and
+               of the manifest preponderance of a slave-holding influence
+               <a name="p_202"></a>
+               in the councils of the State&#8212;I am not one of those who
+               despair of a healthful renovation of public sentiment which
+               shall purify Church as well as State from this abomination.
+               There are decided indications that all efforts of
+               councils and synods to unite 'pure religion and undefiled,'
+               with a slave-trading and slave-holding counterfeit of Christianity,
+               must ere long utterly fail. And it is to me a
+               matter of joy, as it must be to every friend of impartial
+               liberty and free institutions, that the citizens of this republic
+               are more and more feeling that the plague-spot of slavery,
+               as with the increased facilities of communication its horrors
+               and deformity become more apparent in the eyes of the
+               world, is fixing a deep disgrace upon the character of their
+               country, and paralyzing the beneficial influence which
+               might otherwise flow from it as an example of a well-regulated
+               free government. May each American citizen
+               who is desirous of washing away this disgrace, to whatever
+               division of the anti-slavery host he may attach himself,
+               ever bear in mind that the cause is of too tremendous and
+               pressing a nature to admit of his wasting his time in censuring
+               and impeding the progress of those who may array
+               themselves under a somewhat different standard from his
+               own; and that any energies thus wasted, which belong to
+               the one great object, so far as human instrumentality is
+               concerned, is not only deferring the day of freedom to two
+               and a half millions of his countrymen, but inasmuch as the
+               fall of American slavery must be the death-blow to the
+               horrid system, wherever it exists, the result of the struggle
+               here involves the slavery or freedom of millions in other
+               parts of the world, as well as the continuance or suppression
+               of that slave-trade, to the foreign branch of which
+               alone more than <em>one thousand victims are daily sacrificed</em>;
+               <a name="p_203"></a>
+               and in reference to which it has justly been said, 'that all
+               that has been borne to Africa of the boasted improvements
+               of civilized life, is a masterly skill in the contrivance, and
+               an unhesitating daring in the commission of crimes, which
+               the mind of the savage was too simple to devise, and his
+               heart too gentle to execute.' There are no doubtful indications
+               that it is the will of Him, who has the hearts of
+               all at His disposal, that, either in judgment or in mercy,
+               this dreadful system shall ere long cease. It is not for us
+               to say why, in His inscrutable wisdom, He has thus far
+               permitted one portion of His creatures so cruelly to oppress
+               another; or by what instrumentality He will at length
+               redress the wrongs of the poor, and the oppression of the
+               needy; but should the worst fears of one of your most
+               distinguished citizens, who in view of this subject, acknowledged
+               that he 'trembled for his country, when he
+               remembered that God was just,' be finally realized, may
+               each one of you feel that no exertions on his part have
+               been wanting to avert the Divine displeasure, and preserve
+               your land from those calamities which, in all ages, have
+               rebuked the crimes of nations.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Your sincere friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Boston, Seventh Month 31st, 1841."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            My dear friend John G. Whittier, whose pleasant
+            company and invaluable aid I had enjoyed, as much as his
+            health would permit, during my stay in the United States,
+            kindly accompanied me on board. Had he been less
+            closely identified with the transactions of which the present
+            volume is a record, I should have felt it due to his
+            station among the earliest and most distinguished advocates
+            <a name="p_204"></a>
+            of the anti-slavery cause in America, to attempt some delineation,
+            however imperfect, of that rare and consecrated
+            union of consistent Christian character, fine talents, and
+            sound and impartial judgment, which give him so much
+            weight in the councils of his fellow-laborers. We set sail
+            about noon on the 1st of the Eighth month, (August,) and
+            arrived off Liverpool about eleven o'clock, P.M. on the
+            13th, which interval included ten hours delay at Halifax.
+            We had about ninety passengers from Halifax to Liverpool,
+            and with the exception of a severe gale on the 10th,
+            almost amounting to a hurricane, we had a very favorable
+            voyage. The time from Halifax to within sight of the
+            light house off the south coast of Ireland was announced
+            to be only nine days and thirteen minutes.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            One of my fellow passengers had recently been traveling
+            in the southern States, and showed me a letter given
+            to him as a curiosity at the post office at Charleston, South
+            Carolina, which was addressed by a slave to her husband,
+            but from insufficient direction had never reached its destination.
+            It was to convey the tidings that she was about
+            to be sold to the South, and begging him, in simple and
+            affecting terms, to come and see her, as they would never
+            meet again. Another of the passengers, who had also
+            been a fellow voyager with my friend Joseph John Gurney,
+            had recently travelled in Texas. He was strongly
+            impressed with the evils likely to result from the proposed
+            recognition of that government by Great Britain. In consequence
+            of the promising aspect of these negotiations
+            between General Hamilton and Lord Palmerston in favor
+            of Texas, the paper money issued by that piratical government,
+            and which had not been previously negotiable
+            for more than one tenth of its nominal value, rapidly rose.
+            <a name="p_205"></a>
+            The Texas republic, in his opinion, could not secure a
+            permanence without British recognition.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Many planters, with their slaves, have emigrated thither
+            to escape their creditors from the border States, and
+            the republic has been lavish of grants of land to men of
+            capital and influence, to induce them to settle within its
+            limits. My informant considered the state of society to
+            be as bad as it well could be, and continue to exist. The
+            white inhabitants are living not only in fear of hostile Indians,
+            but in fear of each other.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            From a late letter of a friend in America, I make the
+            following extract relative to the present condition of Texas.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "To give thee some adequate idea of the importance
+               of that beautiful republic of Texas, which Lord Palmerston
+               and the late Whig government of England took under
+               their especial protection, I will just refer to the statistics
+               of the late election of its President. The successful
+               candidate, General Houston, a man notorious for his open
+               contempt for all the decencies of civilized society,&#8212;brutal,
+               brawling, profane, and licentious,&#8212;received somewhat
+               rising five thousand votes: his competitor, Judge Burnet,
+               between two and three thousand,&#8212;a vote smaller by thousands
+               than that of our little county of Essex, in Massachusetts.
+               Late accounts from Texas inform us that gangs
+               of organized desperadoes, under the names of moderators
+               and regulators, are traversing its territory, perpetrating
+               the most brutal outrages. In one instance they seized
+               a respectable citizen who dared to express his dissatisfaction
+               with their proceedings, hurried him into the forest,
+               and deliberately dug his grave before his eyes, <em>intending
+                  to bury him alive</em>! The miserable victim, horrified by
+               the prospect of such a fate, broke away from his tormentors,
+               <a name="p_206"></a>
+               and attempted to escape, but was shot down and
+               instantly killed! Such a congregation as Texas presents
+               was never, I suspect, known, save in that city into which
+               the Macedonian monarch gathered and garnered, in
+               one scoundrel community, the vagabond rascality of his
+               kingdom.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Thou would'st be amused to read an article, which has
+               made its appearance in the <em>Houston Telegraph</em>&#8212;a Texian
+               paper&#8212;in which the editor says, 'that while we deeply
+               commiserate the situation of our sister republic, in regard
+               to the political scourge of abolitionism, it is pleasing
+               to reflect that our country enjoys a <em>complete immunity
+                  from its effects</em>. Indeed we may with safety declare,
+               that throughout the whole extent of our country, not a
+               single abolitionist can be found.' He goes on to say that
+               this induces many of the southern planters to emigrate to
+               Texas, who, he remarks, '<em>will necessarily look to Texas,
+                  as the Hebrews did to the promised land, for a refuge
+                  and home</em>.' It will thus be seen that Texas is the promised
+               land of the patriarchal slave-holders of the southern
+               States. When hunted from every other quarter of the
+               globe by the inexorable spirit of abolition, when even
+               Cuba and Brazil cease to afford them an asylum&#8212;when
+               slave-holding shall be every where else as odious and detestable
+               as midnight larceny, or highway robbery,&#8212;Texas
+               alone, uninfected and secure, is to open its gates of refuge
+               to the persecuted Calhouns and McDuffies, and their
+               northern allies in church and state&#8212;the San Marino of
+               slavery, dissevered from the world's fanaticism&#8212;isolated
+               and apart, like the floating air-island of Dean Swift."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The following extract from a recent New York paper
+            gives an equally deplorable representation of the society
+            in Texas.
+
+         </p><a name="p_207"></a><blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The pestilent influence of the recent horrible murders
+               on the Arkansas, and other United States' rivers, has
+               caused the practice of lynching to break forth with renewed
+               fury in Texas, where it had apparently slept for the
+               previous year. And we find recorded in the Texas papers
+               nearly a dozen of these murders that have occurred,
+               and undoubtedly there have been more than as many more.
+               In Shelby county two citizens have been shot down, and
+               several houses burned by a party of outlaws. In Red
+               River two men have been hanged as horse-thieves, without
+               judge or jury. In Washington county one man has
+               been shot down, under the pretence that he was a murderer.
+               In Austin county two men were killed, and two
+               hostile parties were in arms for several days, taking the
+               law into their own hands. In Jefferson county two men
+               have been killed, and the house of one of them burnt to
+               the ground by a party of self-styled 'regulators.' And
+               all this in the space of a year."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Several of my fellow-passengers were from Cuba, and
+            some of them slave-holders by their own admission. With
+            one or two of those who could speak English, I had
+            much conversation on the abolition of slavery. They
+            concurred with apparent sincerity in the desire that the
+            slave trade might be effectually suppressed. They seemed
+            to consider that this trade was promoted by the mother
+            country as one means of preventing the colony from
+            aspiring to independence. They admitted the abstract
+            injustice of slavery, and one remarked, that a difference
+            of the color of the skin was a misfortune, not a crime.
+            They were not, however, disposed to entertain a thought
+            of emancipation, without being fully compensated for
+            their slaves.
+
+         </p><a name="p_208"></a><p>
+            I had again the pleasure of observing on this voyage,
+            the benefits of the change of system with regard to the
+            supply of wines and spirits, each passenger paying for
+            what he consumes, instead of his fare including the privilege
+            of drinking <i>ad libitum</i>. One of the
+            stewards told me the quantity consumed was little more than one-tenth
+            as much as under the former system.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I cannot conclude my narrative more gratefully to my
+            own feelings than by a tribute to the upright and conscientious
+            officer who commanded the vessel. On the first day
+            of the week, the only one we spent at sea, the passengers,
+            and as many of the servants as could conveniently attend,
+            assembled morning and evening in the saloon, for the purpose
+            of religious worship. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence,
+            one of the passengers, officiating as a minister of the English
+            Establishment; and every evening a similar opportunity
+            was offered in the fore cabin to all who were inclined
+            to be present. The captain firmly resisted the introduction
+            of cards on the first day of the week, and in his
+            whole conduct manifested an anxiety not only for the temporal
+            comfort and safety, but for the spiritual interests of
+            those under his care. Would that all captains of vessels,
+            invested as they are with such authority and influence over
+            the passengers and crews, were like-minded with my friend
+            Captain McKellar.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I disembarked at Liverpool early in the morning on the
+            14th of Eighth month, (August,) 1841.
+
+         </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="teidiv">
+         <h2><a name="genobs"></a>
+            GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+         </h2><a name="p_209"></a><p>
+            The reader who has accompanied me thus far, will
+            not need to be informed that I have designedly omitted
+            many of those remarks on scenery, manners, and institutions,
+            which were naturally suggested to my own mind
+            by a retrospect of my sojourn in the United States. On
+            various subjects of great interest and importance, it
+            would be difficult for me to add anything new or valuable
+            to the information contained in other and well
+            known works; while on those points to which my attention
+            was chiefly directed, I have endeavored, as far as
+            practicable, to incorporate the results of my inquiries in
+            the preceding narrative. There remain, however, a few
+            observations, for which, having found no appropriate
+            place, I would bespeak attention in a concluding chapter.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the Northern States, education, in the common acceptation
+            of the term, may be considered as universal; in
+            illustration of which it may be mentioned, that on the
+            occasion of the late census, not a single American adult
+            in the State of Connecticut, was returned as unable to
+            read or write. Funds for education are raised by municipal
+            taxation in each town or district, to such an amount
+            as the male adults may decide. Their public schools are
+            universally admitted to be well conducted and efficient,
+            and combine every requisite for affording a sound, practical,
+            elementary education to the children of the less affluent
+            portion of the community. I need scarcely add
+            that in a republican government, this important advantage
+            <a name="p_210"></a>
+            being conceded, the road to wealth and distinction,
+            or to eminence of whatever kind, is thrown open to all of
+            every class without partiality&#8212;the colored alone excepted.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following extract from a letter received since my
+            return from a respected member of the Society of
+            Friends, residing in Worcester, Massachusetts, will give
+            a lively idea of the general diffusion and practical character
+            of education in the New England States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "The public schools of the place, like those throughout
+            the State, are supported by a tax, levied on the people
+            by themselves, in their primary assemblies or town
+            meetings, and they are of so excellent a character as to
+            have driven other schools almost entirely out from among
+            us. They are so numerous as to accommodate amply all
+            the children, of suitable age to attend. They are graduated
+            from the infant school, where the A B C is
+            taught, up to the high school for the languages and mathematics,
+            where boys are fitted for the University, and advanced
+            so far, if they choose, as to enter the University
+            one or two years ahead. These schools are attended by
+            the children of the whole population promiscuously; and,
+            in the same class we find the children of the governor
+            and ex-governor of the State, and those of their day-laborers,
+            and of parents who are so poor that their children
+            are provided with books and stationery from the
+            school fund. Under this system, we have no children
+            who do not acquire sufficient school learning to qualify
+            them for transacting all the business which is necessary
+            in the ordinary pursuits of life. A child growing up without
+            school learning would be an anomaly with us. All
+            standing thus on a level, as to advantages, talent is developed,
+            <a name="p_211"></a>
+            wherever it happens to be; and neither wealth
+            nor ancestral honors give any advantage in the even-handed
+            contest which may here be waged for distinction.
+            It is thus that we find, almost uniformly, that our first
+            men, either in government or the professions, are the sons
+            of comparatively poor and obscure persons. In places
+            where the wealthier portion of the community have
+            placed their children in select schools, they are found
+            much less likely to excel, than when placed in contact
+            and collision with the mass, where they are compelled to
+            come in competition with those whose physical condition
+            prepares them for mental labor, and whose situation in
+            society holds forth every inducement to their exertions.
+            To this system, which is co-eval with the foundation of
+            the State, I attribute, in a great degree, that wonderful
+            energy of character which distinguishes the people of
+            New England, and which has filled the world with the
+            evidences of their enterprise."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The preceding statements refer to New England, the
+            oldest portion of the free States. The more recently settled
+            Northern and Western States are necessarily less
+            advanced, yet their educational statistics would probably
+            bear comparison with any country in the world, except
+            the most favored portion of their own. In the slave
+            States the aspect of things affords a striking contrast.
+            Not only is the slave population, with but few exceptions,
+            in a condition of heathen barbarism, a condition
+            which it is the express object of those laws of the slave
+            States, forbidding, under the heaviest penalties, the instruction
+            of the slaves, to perpetuate; but the want of
+            common elementary education among large numbers of
+            the privileged class is notorious. Compare Virginia with
+            <a name="p_212"></a>
+            Massachusetts,&#8212;"The American Almanac for the year
+            1841, states, (page 210) there are supposed to be hardly
+            fewer than 30,000 adult white persons in Virginia who
+            cannot read and write!" An able writer gives the following
+            facts.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "No one of the slave States has probably so much
+            general education as Virginia. It is the oldest of them&#8212;has
+            furnished one half of the Presidents of the United
+            States&#8212;has expended more upon her University than
+            any State in the Union has done during the same time
+            upon its colleges&#8212;sent to Europe nearly twenty years
+            since for her most learned professors; and in fine, has far
+            surpassed every other slave State in her efforts to disseminate
+            education among her citizens; and yet, the
+            Governor of Virginia in his message to the legislature,
+            (Jan. 7, 1839) says, that of four thousand six hundred
+            and fourteen adult males in that State, who applied to
+            the county clerks for marriage licences in the year 1837,
+            one thousand and forty seven were unable to write their
+            names." The governor adds, "these statements, it will
+            be remembered are confined to one sex: the education
+            of females, it is to be feared, is in a condition of <em>much
+               greater neglect</em>."&#8212;The editor of the Virginia Times
+            published at Wheeling, in his paper of January 23d,
+            1839, says,&#8212;"We have every reason to suppose that
+            one fourth of the people of the State cannot write their
+            names, and they have not of course any other species of
+            education."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_34"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_34"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_34"></a><a href="#FootFN1_34">A</a>: "American Slavery as it is," page
+            187.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The destitution of the means of moral and religious
+            improvement is in like manner very great. A recent
+            number of the "Monthly Extracts from the correspondence
+            <a name="p_213"></a>
+            of the American Bible Society," contains the following
+            extract from the 28th annual report of the Virginia
+            Bible Society: "The sub-sheriff of one of our
+            Western Counties stated the following fact to your agent.
+            A jury was to be empannelled in a remote settlement of
+            this country&#8212;he happened to have left his home without
+            a Bible&#8212;there was no Bible in the house where the
+            jury was to sit, and the sheriff travelled fourteen miles
+            calling at every house, before he found a Bible. Pious
+            surveyors stated to your agent that they had traversed
+            every settlement in a remote section of one or two of our
+            south western counties, that they had frequently inquired
+            among the settlers for a Bible, but had never seen or
+            heard of one in a region, say sixty miles by fifty."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            There are few things more striking in the free States
+            than the number and commodiousness of the places of
+            worship. In the New England States, however general
+            the attendance might be, none would be excluded for
+            want of room. The other means or accompaniments of
+            religious instruction are in the same abundance. How is
+            it possible to evade the conclusion that Christianity flourishes
+            most, when it is unencumbered and uncorrupted by
+            state patronage? What favored portion of the United
+            Kingdom could compare its religious statistics with New
+            England?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Religion and morality, viewed on the broad scale, are
+            cause and effect&#8212;a remark which is fully borne out in
+            the Northern States, and in no instance more remarkably
+            exemplified than in the spread of temperance. A few
+            years ago the consumption of ardent spirits, and other intoxicating
+            drinks, was as general as in England, and the
+            effects even more conspicuous and debasing. It is now
+            <a name="p_214"></a>
+            very rare, in the free States, to see a drunken person, even
+            in the most populous cities. At the large hotels, as far as
+            my observation extended, it is the exception, not the rule,
+            to take any spirituous or fermented beverage at or after
+            dinner; and no case of inebriety came under my notice in
+            any of these establishments. I have already remarked,
+            that some of the first hotels in the principal cities are established
+            on the strictest temperance principles. I believe,
+            in private hospitality, intoxicating drinks are, in like
+            manner, very much discarded. At the tables of members
+            of the Society of Friends, it is very rare to see either
+            wine or malt liquor introduced; while, as already noticed,
+            the selling, using, or giving ardent spirits is so great an
+            offence as to be made the subject of church discipline.
+            This is, by no means, one of the "peculiarities" of
+            "Friends," as I believe it may be generally stated that
+            the same practices, in most other Christian communities,
+            would be considered as quite incompatible with a profession
+            of religion.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The effects of this great reformation are not confined to
+            the United States, although the change hitherto has been
+            much more gradual in my native country; not so, however,
+            in Ireland, now, by a happy reverse, a scene of light
+            and promise, amidst surrounding gloom and depression.
+            Of the American facts I have to record, connected with
+            the temperance movement, the most grateful is the striking
+            contrast that is exhibited in the Irish emigrants.
+            By the divine blessing on Theobald Mathew's benevolent
+            labors, they have generally forsaken their besetting sin of
+            drunkenness in their native land, and if compelled to seek
+            the means of subsistence in another country, they now at
+            least do not carry with them habits that tend irresistibly to
+            <a name="p_215"></a>
+            destitution and degradation. The Irish movement is likewise
+            re-acting most beneficially on the native Irish, who
+            have long been settled in America, and who are joining
+            the total abstinence societies in great number, though
+            hitherto the most intemperate part of the community.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In short, whether I consider the religious, the benevolent,
+            or the literary institutions of the Northern States&#8212;whether
+            I contemplate the beauty of their cities, or the
+            general aspect of their fine country, in which nature every
+            where is seen rendering her rich and free tribute to industry
+            and skill&#8212;or whether I regard the general comfort
+            and prosperity of the laboring population,&#8212;my admiration
+            is strongly excited, and, to do justice to my feelings,
+            must be strongly expressed. Probably there is no country
+            where the means of temporal happiness are so generally
+            diffused, notwithstanding the constant flow of emigrants
+            from the old world; and, I believe there is no country
+            where the means of religious and moral improvement are
+            so abundantly provided&#8212;where facilities of education
+            are more within the reach of all&#8212;or where there is less
+            of extreme poverty and destitution.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            As morals have an intimate connection with politics, I
+            do not think it out of place here to record my conviction,
+            that the great principle of popular control, which is carried
+            out almost to its full extent in the free states, is not only
+            beautiful in theory, but that it is found to work well in
+            practice. It is true that disgraceful scenes of mob violence
+            and lynch-law have occurred; but perhaps not more frequently
+            than popular outbreaks in Great Britain; while,
+            generally, the supremacy of law and order have been restored,
+            without troops, or special commissions, or capital
+            punishments. It is also true, that these occurrences are,
+            <a name="p_216"></a>
+            for the most part, directly traceable, not to the celebrated
+            declaration of the equal and inalienable right of all men to
+            life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is the fundamental
+            principle of the constitution; but to the flagrant violation
+            of that principle in the persons of the colored population,
+            of whom those in most of the free states are actually or
+            virtually deprived of political rights; and the rest, constituting
+            a majority of the population in some of the Southern
+            States, are held in abject slavery. The corruptions
+            and disorders that obscure the bright example of the American
+            people, and detract from the estimation in which their
+            institutions and policy would otherwise be held, generally
+            spring from this source. So long as slavery and distinction
+            of color exist, America will always be pointed at with the
+            finger of scorn, for her flagrant violation of all truth and
+            consistency. But let us not forget that this odious institution
+            is the disgraceful legacy of a monarchy&#8212;that it is no
+            necessary effect of republican institutions, but the reverse.
+            Our quarrel, therefore, is not with the declaration of rights,
+            but that this celebrated declaration should be regarded,
+            in the instance of one class in the community, as a mere
+            rhetorical flourish, and should thus be deprived of its legitimate
+            practical effect.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The great feature of the political arrangements of the
+            free States is, the absence of the aristocratic element. A
+            pure despotism in the hands of one man has seldom been
+            seen, except in the instances of those renowned military
+            chiefs, whom a retributive Providence has at intervals employed
+            as the scourge of guilty nations. An aristocracy
+            under various forms and names, has usually been the governing
+            power, and as the too frequent result, laws have
+            been made and administered for the benefit of the few,
+            <a name="p_217"></a>
+            and not for the many. Yet the United States of North
+            America exhibit, however, notwithstanding their political
+            theory to the contrary, an aristocracy of the worst kind,
+            <em>an aristocracy of color</em>; in the free States of the many
+            against the few, in affirming these to be a degraded
+            race, as long as African blood runs in their veins; and in
+            the slave States, for a no better reason, reducing them even
+            when they are the majority; to the condition of brute beasts,
+            to be held and sold as goods and chattels. And this leads
+            me to observe that the writer who mistakes the general
+            government of the confederacy, with its limited scope and
+            powers, for the chief source of laws and administration in
+            the separate States will unavoidably present a confused
+            and distorted representation of existing facts. Each State
+            constitutes within itself a distinct republic, virtually independent
+            of the general government, so long as its legislation
+            does not conflict with the specific articles of the constitutional
+            compact; all the rights and powers of sovereignty,
+            not specifically delegated to the Government in that
+            instrument, being retained by the States. Hence nothing
+            can present a wider contrast than the slavery-blackened
+            code of South Carolina, and the statutes of Massachusetts,
+            characterized by republican simplicity and equality.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The preceding observations in favor of the democratic
+            institutions of the northern States, are therefore to be understood
+            as of local application; and I would explicitly
+            admit that a well-ordered and a well-working government
+            on such principles must in a great measure depend upon
+            the amount of virtue and intelligence in the community:
+            but while a government which is based upon the principles
+            of impartial justice requires a virtuous people properly
+            to administer it, it has, I believe, within itself one of the
+            <a name="p_218"></a>
+            most powerful elements for the formation of such a community.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the subject of peace my inquiries elicited an almost
+            uniformly favorable response. If we except those who
+            would encourage the war spirit, from hopes of sharing
+            in the plunder, or those to whom it would open up
+            the path to distinction and emolument, there are comparatively
+            few who do not desire the maintenance of peace.
+            In the religious part of the community, there is a rapidly
+            spreading conviction of the unchristian character of war,
+            in every shape; and the President, in his late message to
+            Congress, in stating that "the time ought to be regarded
+            as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed
+            as the only proper arbiter of national differences", has
+            expressed the sentiments of the great bulk of the intelligent
+            citizens of the United States. I believe also that
+            the majority would be found willing to assent to any reasonable
+            and practical measure that should preclude the
+            probability of an appeal to arms, or of keeping up what
+            are absurdly called "peace establishments" of standing
+            armies and appointed fleets for the protection of national
+            safety or honor. The late excitements on the Boundary
+            and McLeod questions were confined to comparatively
+            few of the population, and the report of them was magnified
+            by distance.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            But a far stronger guaranty for the permanence of international
+            peace than any treaties, will be found in the
+            interchange of mutual benefits by commerce. For this
+            reason he who is successful in promoting a free and unchecked
+            commerce, is the benefactor, not of his own country
+            alone, but of the world at large. There are few
+            countries where in practice free trade is more fully carried
+            <a name="p_219"></a>
+            out than in the United States, but in theory the true doctrine
+            of this subject is only in part adopted by her statesmen
+            and leading minds. They are willing to trade on
+            equal terms, but will meet prohibition with prohibition.
+            Here undoubtedly they mistake their real interests, but
+            though such a policy will not advance the prosperity of
+            America, it will inflict tremendous and lasting injury on
+            Great Britain. Whatever the event, <em>we</em> cannot complain.
+            The terms offered by the United States, though not wise, on
+            an enlarged view of her own interests, are yet <em>reciprocal</em>,
+            and therefore fair between nation and nation. If, however,
+            I possessed any influence with the enlightened citizens of
+            North America, I should be in no common degree anxious
+            to exert it against those false views of trade and commerce
+            which distort alike the maxims and the policy of her rulers.
+            Their manufactures flourish, not in consequence of
+            protection, but in defiance of it. With such an extended
+            coast, and such facilities of internal communication, prohibition
+            is impossible. The manufactures of England are
+            excluded, not by the revenue laws of the States, but by
+            the corn laws of Great Britain, which forbid the British
+            manufacturer to take in exchange the only article of value
+            his American customer has to spare; a prohibition which,
+            unhappily for the people of this country, our government
+            has power to enforce. The prohibitory system
+            is, to a great extent, impracticable in the United States;
+            and just so far as it should be found practicable, it would
+            prove injurious, by creating fictitious and dependent interests,
+            which, in the course of time, would become insupportably
+            burdensome to the commonwealth, and eventually
+            would have to be relinquished at the cost of a fearful
+            amount of individual distress and national suffering. Legitimate
+            <a name="p_220"></a>
+            commerce is that department of the national welfare,
+            in which it is the business of statesmanship to do
+            nothing but remove the impediments of its own creating
+            in past times. In all other respects, commercial legislation
+            is a nuisance; and if under some circumstances trade
+            is found to flourish concurrently with such interference, the
+            fact is due either to the restrictions and regulations being
+            practically inoperative, or more frequently, to the high
+            profits arising from unexhausted resources, in the absence
+            of competition, enabling commerce to advance in spite of
+            impediments; in the same way as cultivation by slave
+            labor, notwithstanding its expensiveness and inordinate
+            waste, enables the first planter on a virgin soil, and with
+            an open market for his produce, to roll in his carriage,
+            though beggary is to be the fate of the second or third
+            generation of his descendants.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In giving the preceding representation of the religious,
+            the moral, and the intellectual elevation of the population
+            of the Northern States of the Union, I have indicated the
+            source we must look to for the abolition of slavery, to
+            which it is now time to turn our attention, for no American
+            question can be discussed, into which this important subject
+            does not largely enter.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Light and darkness, truth and falsehood, are not more
+            in opposition than Christianity and slavery. If the religion
+            that is professed in the free States be not wholly a dead
+            letter,&#8212;if the moral and intellectual light which they
+            appear to enjoy be indeed light, and not darkness,&#8212;then
+            the abolition of slavery is certain, and cannot be long
+            delayed. In order to make this apparent, as well as to
+            vindicate my own proceedings in the United States, it is
+            incumbent on me to show, that the great contest, for the
+            <a name="p_221"></a>
+            abolition of American slavery, is to be decided in the <em>free</em>
+            States, by the power of public opinion. I have distinctly
+            admitted, that the confederated republics have each their
+            independent sovereignty. Neither the free States, nor the
+            general Government, can perhaps constitutionally abolish
+            slavery in any one of the existing slave States. Yet there
+            are certain objects clearly within the limits of the constitutional
+            power of the general Government, such as the
+            suppression of the internal slave-trade, and the abolition
+            of slavery in the district of Columbia, for which it is undeniably
+            lawful and constitutional for every American citizen
+            to strive; and the attainment of which would suffice to
+            cripple, and ultimately destroy slavery in every part of
+            the Union. The slave-holding power is so sensible of
+            this, that all its united strength is employed to retain that
+            control over the general Government, which it has exercised
+            from the date of the independence, and never more
+            despotically than at the present time. Amidst the difficulties
+            which beset, and the dangers which threatened the
+            country, at the period of the formation of the constitution,
+            the southern States dictated such a compromise as they
+            thought fit; and, with the great principles of liberty paraded
+            on the face of the declaration of independence, came
+            into the Union on the express understanding that those
+            principles should be perpetually violated in their favor.
+            Of the details of this compromise, by far the most important,
+            and one which has mainly contributed to consolidate
+            the political supremacy of the south, is the investiture of
+            the slave masters with political rights, in proportion to the
+            amount of their slave property. Every five slaves confer
+            three votes on their owner; though, in other points of
+            view, a slave is a mere chattel&#8212;an article of property
+            <a name="p_222"></a>
+            and merchandize,&#8212;yet, in this instance, and in <em>criminal
+               proceedings against him</em>, his <em>personality</em> is recognized,
+            for the express object of adding to the weight of his chains,
+            and increasing the power of his oppressor.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The North, in voting away the rights and freedom of
+            the laboring population of the South, surrendered its own
+            liberty. The haughty slave-holding masters of the great
+            confederacy have from the beginning chosen the Presidents,
+            and the high officers of state, and have controlled
+            the policy of the Government, from a question of peace or
+            war, to the establishment of a tariff or a bank. In the
+            executive department they have dictated all appointments,
+            from a letter-carrier to an ambassador; an amusing
+            illustration of which I find in my recent correspondence.
+            A late member of the Massachusetts legislature,
+            writes on the Eighth Month (August) 26, 1841:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "One instance of the all-pervading <i>espionage</i> of the
+               slave power I may mention. The newly appointed postmaster
+               of Philadelphia employed, among his numerous
+               clerks and letter-carriers, Joshua Coffin, who, some three
+               years ago, aided in restoring to liberty a free colored citizen
+               of New York, who had been kidnapped and sold
+               into slavery. The appointment of the postmaster not being
+               confirmed, he wrote to his friends in Congress to inquire
+               the reason, and was told that the delay was occasioned
+               by the fact that he had employed Coffin as one of
+               his letter-carriers! Coffin was immediately dismissed,
+               and the senate in a few days confirmed the appointment!
+               Is not this a pitiful business?"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            If the reader, who wishes further information, will consult
+            William Jay's work, entitled "A View of the Action
+            of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery," he
+            <a name="p_223"></a>
+            will find ample historical proof that the internal and external
+            administration of the Union&#8212;legislative, executive,
+            and diplomatic&#8212;has been employed, without any
+            deviation from consistency, to subserve the interests of
+            the slave-holding States. Yet these States are, in population,
+            numerically weaker than those of the North, and
+            inferior, to a far greater degree, in wealth, intelligence,
+            and the other elements of political power. They are
+            strong only in the compactness of their union, while the
+            citizens of the free States are divided in interest and
+            opinion. Here, then, is presented a distinct and legitimate
+            object for those of the abolitionists who regard their
+            political rights as a trust for the benefit of the oppressed
+            and helpless, to combine the scattered and divided
+            power of the North into a united phalanx, which shall
+            wrest the administration of the Federal Union from the
+            slave-holding interest, and shall purify the general Government
+            from the contamination of slavery, by reversing
+            its general policy on that subject, and by the adoption of
+            the specific measures before mentioned; while, in the
+            States in which they respectively reside, the abolitionists
+            feel it to be their duty to exert themselves, to wipe away
+            from the statute book every vestige of that barbarism
+            which makes political, civil, or religious rights depend
+            upon the color of the skin.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Yet more important is it, however, to bring the moral
+            force of the North to bear against slavery, by reforming
+            the prevailing public sentiment of the religious, moral,
+            and intelligent portion of the community. Here again,
+            one of the most sagacious leaders of the pro-slavery party,
+            J.C. Calhoun, has descried the danger from afar, and
+            has publicly proclaimed it in the senate of the United
+            <a name="p_224"></a>
+            States, by vehemently deprecating the anti-slavery proceedings,
+            not as intended to provoke the slaves to a servile
+            war, but as a crusade against the <em>character</em> of the
+            slave-holders.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Although the different States are distinct governments,
+            their geographical boundaries are mere lines upon the
+            map; their inhabitants speak the same language, and enjoy
+            a communion of citizenship all over the Union. The
+            North Eastern States have by far the greater part of the
+            whole commerce of the Union, and are the medium
+            through which the planter exchanges his cotton for provisions
+            and clothing for his slaves, implements for his agriculture,
+            and his own family supplies. These commercial
+            ties create a direct and extensive pro-slavery interest
+            in the North. Again, the planter is yet more dependent
+            on the North for education for his children, and for the
+            gratification of his own intellectual wants, as the slave-holding
+            region has few colleges, and those of secondary
+            reputation; while I believe it has no periodical of higher
+            pretension than the political newspapers. The pro-slavery
+            re-action in this way, on the seminaries of the
+            North, and on the literature of the United States, is most
+            sensibly felt.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Another powerful cause that contributes to leaven the
+            entire population into one mind on the subject of slavery,
+            is the double migration that annually takes place of people
+            of the Southern States to the North, in summer, and of the
+            inhabitants of the free States to the South in winter.
+            Hence follow family alliances, the interchange of hospitalities,
+            and a fusion of sentiments, so that the slavery
+            interest spreads its countless ramifications through every
+            corner of the free north.
+
+         </p><a name="p_225"></a><p>
+            Another cause, and perhaps the most powerful of all,
+            is the community of religious fellowship in leading denominations.
+            The Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Baptists,
+            and the Presbyterians of two schools, are severally
+            but one body, all over the Union, and as a matter of
+            course, all are tainted with slavery, and for consistency's
+            sake, make common cause against abolition. The
+            pamphlet of James G. Birney, entitled "The American
+            Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery,"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_35"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_35"></a> offers
+            the amplest proof that the Methodist Episcopal, the
+            Baptist, the Presbyterian, and the Anglican Episcopal
+            Churches are committed, both in the persons of their
+            eminent ministers, and by resolutions passed in a church
+            capacity, to the monstrous assertion that slavery, so far
+            from being a moral evil, which it is the duty of the church
+            to seek to remove, is a Christian institution resting on a
+            scriptural basis; this assertion is repeated in the numerous
+            quotations of the pamphlet, in a variety and force of expression
+            that show the utterers were resolved not to leave
+            their meaning in the smallest doubt. Indeed, it might be
+            supposed, from the perusal of this pamphlet, that the
+            suppression of abolitionism, if not the maintenance of
+            slavery, was one of the first duties of the Christian
+            churches in America.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_35"></a><a href="#FootFN1_35">A</a>: Published
+            by Ward &amp; Co., Paternoster-row, London.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following extracts are offered in illustration:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.&#8212;"Resolved,
+               That it is the sense of the Georgia Annual Conference,
+               that slavery, as it exists in the United States, <em>is not a
+                  moral evil</em>."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late President of the
+               <a name="p_226"></a>
+               (Methodist) Wesleyan University in Connecticut&#8212;'The
+               New Testament enjoins obedience upon the slave as an
+               obligation <em>due</em> to a present <em>rightful</em> authority.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Rev. E.D. Simms, Professor in Randolph Macon
+               College, a Methodist Institution&#8212;'Thus we see, that
+               the slavery which exists in America, <em>was founded in right</em>.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. William Winans, of Mississippi, in the
+               General Conference, in 1836&#8212;'Yes, sir, Presbyterians,
+               Baptists, Methodists, should be slaveholders,&#8212;yes, he
+               repeated it boldly&#8212;there should be members, and
+               <em>deacons</em>, and ELDERS and BISHOPS, too, who were slave-holders.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. J.H. Thornwell, at a public meeting,
+               held in South Carolina, supported the following resolution&#8212;'That
+               slavery, as it exists in the South, is no evil,
+               and is consistent with the principles of revealed religion;
+               and that all opposition to it arises from a misguided and
+               fiendish fanaticism, which we are bound to resist in the
+               very threshold.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Rev. Mr. Crowder, of Virginia, at the Annual
+               Conference in Baltimore, 1840&#8212;'In its <em>moral</em> aspect,
+               slavery was not only countenanced, permitted, and
+               regulated by the Bible, but it was positively <em>instituted</em>
+               by GOD HIMSELF&#8212;he had, in so many words, ENJOINED
+               IT.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            THE BAPTIST CHURCH&#8212;"Memorial of the Charleston
+            Baptist Association, to the Legislature of South Carolina:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "'<em>The right of masters to dispose of the time of their
+                  slaves has been distinctly recognized by the Creator of
+                  all things</em>, who is surely at liberty to vest the right of
+               property over any object in whomsoever he pleases.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_227"></a>
+               "Rev. R. Furman, D.D., of South Carolina&#8212;'The
+               right of holding slaves is clearly established in the Holy
+               Scriptures, both by precept and example.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The late Rev. Lucius Bolles, D.D., of Massachusetts,
+               Cor. Sec. Am. Bap. Board for Foreign Missions,
+               (1834.)&#8212;'There is a pleasing degree of union among
+               the multiplying thousands of Baptists throughout the land....
+               Our Southern brethren are generally, both ministers
+               and people, slave-holders.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.&#8212;"Resolution of Charleston
+            Union Presbytery&#8212;'That, in the opinion of this Presbytery,
+            the holding of slaves, so far from being a SIN in
+            the sight of God, is no where condemned in his holy
+            word.'"
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "Rev. Thomas S. Witherspoon, of Alabama, writing
+            to the Editor of the <em>Emancipator</em>, says&#8212;'I
+            draw my warrant from the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament,
+            to hold the slave in bondage. The principle of
+            holding the heathen in bondage is recognized by God....
+            When the tardy process of the law is too long in
+            redressing our grievances, we of the South have adopted
+            the summary remedy of Judge Lynch&#8212;and really, I
+            think it one of the most wholesome and salutary remedies
+            for the malady of Northern fanaticism, that can be
+            applied.'"
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "Rev. Robert N. Anderson, of Virginia&#8212;'Now
+            <em>dear Christian brethren</em>, I humbly express it as my earnest
+            wish, that you <em>quit yourselves like men</em>. If there be any
+            stray goat of a minister among you, tainted with the bloodhound
+            principles of abolitionism, let him be ferreted out,
+            silenced, excommunicated, and left to the <em>public to dispose
+               of him in other respects</em>.'"
+
+         </p><a name="p_228"></a><p>
+            THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.&#8212;"John Jay,
+            himself an Episcopalian&#8212;'She has not merely remained a
+            mute and careless spectator of this great conflict of truth
+            and justice with hypocrisy and cruelty, but her very
+            <em>priests and deacons may be seen ministering at the altar
+               of slavery</em>, offering their talents and influence at its unholy
+            shrine, and openly repeating the awful blasphemy, <em>that
+               the precepts of our Savior sanction the system of American
+               slavery</em>.'"
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In page 25 is the following:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. James Smylie, A.M., of the Amite Presbytery,
+               Mississippi, in a pamphlet, published by him a
+               short time ago, <em>in favor</em> of American slavery, says:&#8212;'If
+               slavery be a sin, and advertising and apprehending slaves,
+               with a view to restore them to their masters, is a direct
+               violation of the Divine law; and if <em>the buying, selling, or
+                  holding a slave, for the sake of gain</em>, is a heinous sin and
+               scandal; then, verily, <em>three-fourths of all the Episcopalians,
+                  Methodists, Baptists</em>, and <em>Presbyterians</em>, in
+               <em>eleven States of the Union</em>, are of the devil. They 'hold,' if
+               they do not buy and sell slaves, and, <em>with few exceptions</em>,
+               they hesitate not to 'apprehend and restore' runaway
+               slaves, when in their power.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Yet, in the face of evidence so overwhelming as this,
+            showing how the whole moral atmosphere of the Northern
+            States is tainted with pro-slavery corruption, the abolitionists
+            are frequently taunted with the question, what has
+            the North to do with slavery? It is, however, a part of
+            their vocation to bear contempt and reproach. They
+            know they are at the right end of the lever, though at
+            some apparent distance from the object to be moved.
+            <em>Their mission is to correct public opinion in the free
+               <a name="p_229"></a>
+               States</em>. Let us suppose, for a moment, this object attained&#8212;the
+            whole slave-holding portion of the churches
+            cut off, as a diseased and corrupt excrescence; the national
+            literature purified, and the entire community pervaded by
+            sound Christian feeling&#8212;a feeling which should abhor all
+            participation, in word or deed, with the guilt of slavery;
+            and how could the South maintain, for a single day, the
+            perpetual warfare, which would be thus waged against
+            her from without, and seconded by alarmed consciences in
+            her own citadel?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The rise of the present abolition movement dates from
+            the year 1832, when a few persons met at Philadelphia,
+            and adopted and signed a declaration of their sentiments.
+            He, however, who would trace anti-slavery sentiments to
+            their source, must go back to the first era of Christianity,
+            and to the authoritative promulgation of the Divine law of
+            love by the lips of the Savior of mankind himself. In
+            the darkest times, since that period, the true doctrine of
+            the unlawfulness of slavery has never been wholly lost,
+            being in fact a part of the imperishable substance of vital
+            Christianity.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            From 1832 until the division referred to in an early
+            portion of this work, the anti-slavery societies multiplied
+            with extraordinary rapidity. The following account of
+            the present state of the cause is furnished by my friend,
+            John G. Whittier.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "He who, at the present time, judges of the progress
+               of the anti-slavery cause in the United States, by statistics
+               of the formation of new societies, or the activity and
+               efficiency of the old, will obtain no adequate idea of the
+               truth. The unfortunate divisions among the American
+               abolitionists, and, the difficulty of uniting, for any continuous
+               <a name="p_230"></a>
+               effort, those who differ widely as to the proper
+               means to be used, and measures to be pursued, have, in a
+               great measure, changed the direction and manifestation of
+               anti-slavery feeling and action. Thus, while public
+               opinion, in all the free States, is manifestly approximating
+               to abolition, and new converts to its principles are daily
+               avowing themselves, it is exceedingly rare to hear of the
+               formation of a new anti-slavery society, and there are few
+               accessions to those which are already in existence. Yet
+               the fresh recipients of the truths of anti-slavery doctrine
+               find abundant work for their hands to do, even without the
+               pale of organized societies, in purifying the churches with
+               which they are connected, and in counteracting the pro-slavery
+               politics of the country.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The two great political parties in the United States,
+               radically disagreeing in almost all other points, are of one
+               heart and mind, in opposing emancipation; not, I suppose,
+               from any real affinity to, or love for the 'peculiar
+               institution,' but for the purpose of securing the votes of
+               the slave-holders, who, more consistent than the Northern
+               abolitionists, refuse to support any man for office, who is
+               not willing to do homage to slavery. The competition
+               between these two parties for Southern favor is one of the
+               most painful and disgusting spectacles which presents itself
+               to the view of a stranger in the United States. To every
+               well wisher of America it must be a matter of interest and
+               satisfaction to know, that there is a growing determination
+               in the free States to meet the combination of slave-holders
+               in behalf of slavery, by one of freemen in behalf of liberty;
+               and thus compel the party politicians, on the ground of
+               expediency, if not of principle, to break from the thraldom
+               of the slave power, and array themselves on the side
+               of freedom.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_231"></a>
+               "It is an undoubted fact, that, at the present time,
+               the various denominations of professing Christians in the
+               United States are more deeply agitated by this question
+               than at any former period. The publication of such books
+               as Weld's 'Slavery as it is,' has unveiled the monstrous
+               features of slavery to the Christian public in the Northern
+               States. The blasphemous attempts of Southern professors
+               and ministers, to defend their abominable practices upon
+               Christian grounds, have powerfully re-acted against them
+               at the North; and church after church, especially in New
+               England, is taking the high stand of the late General
+               Convention in London, in withholding its fellowship from
+               slave-holders, and closing its pulpit against their preachers.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Recent movements in the slave States themselves
+               encourage the friends of freedom. In Kentucky, at the
+               late election for state officers, one of the candidates,
+               Cassius M. Clay, nephew of Henry Clay, avowed his
+               opposition to pro-slavery principles in the strongest terms,
+               and staked his election upon this avowal. He was
+               warmly supported, and his opponent only succeeded by a
+               small majority. Tennessee, in her mountain region, has
+               many decided, uncompromising abolitionists, whose encouraging
+               letters and statements have been published
+               within the last year, in the Northern anti-slavery papers.
+               The excellent work of Joseph John Gurney, on the West
+               Indies, and Dr. Channing's late pamphlet, entitled
+               "Emancipation," have been very widely circulated in
+               many of the slave States; and, so far as can be ascertained,
+               have been read with interest by the planters.
+               The movements of English and French abolitionists have
+               attracted general attention, and, in the Southern States,
+               have awakened no small degree of solicitude.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_232"></a>
+               "That baleful American peculiarity, prejudice against
+               color, is evidently diminishing, under the influence of
+               anti-slavery principles and practice; and the laws which
+               have oppressed the free colored citizen are rapidly yielding
+               to the persevering action of the abolitionists. Dr.
+               Channing has not over-stated the fact, that the provision
+               in the Federal Constitution, relative to the reclaiming of
+               fugitive slaves, has been silently but effectually repealed
+               by the force of public opinion, and the interposition of
+               jury trial, in many of the free States. In Massachusetts,
+               Vermont, Maine, and New York, with the exception of
+               its slavery-ridden commercial emporium, the recovery of a
+               slave by legalized kidnappers is entirely out of the question.
+               In any one of these States, it would, to use the
+               language of a New York mechanic, be exceedingly difficult
+               to prove, to the satisfaction of a jury of honest freemen,
+               that a man had been born 'contrary to the Declaration
+               of Independence.' The frontiers of slavery are every
+               where very much exposed, and all along the line of
+               Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, and Missouri,
+               the tide of self-emancipated men and women is pouring in
+               upon the free States. I cannot give a better idea of the
+               extent of this peculiar emigration, than by copying extracts
+               from the <em>Centreville Times</em>, a paper published in
+               Maryland:&#8212;
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'<em>Free Negroes and Slaves</em>.&#8212;When it is too late,
+                  the people of Maryland will begin to look for the means
+                  of protection in their slave property. We still say slave
+                  property; although, notwithstanding slaves are recognized
+                  as property by the constitution, without which recognition
+                  this confederation never would have been formed: yet
+                  such has been the effect of fanaticism and emancipation,
+                  <a name="p_233"></a>
+                  of the intermeddling machinations of abolitionists, and the
+                  mischievous agency of free negroes&#8212;that <em>the very owners
+                     of this species of property seem to begin to doubt
+                     whether slaves are property or not</em>; and so much has its
+                  value become impaired, in the possession of those who
+                  reside contiguous to the non-slaveholding States, that the
+                  question has been raised, whether they are, in fact, worth
+                  keeping. Either discipline must be so much relaxed, as
+                  that the labor of the slave will scarcely pay for his support;
+                  or, if forced to labor no more than is even necessary
+                  to health and contentment, they abscond, and passing
+                  over the lines into a non-slaveholding State, are there
+                  concealed and protected. The number and the success
+                  of elopements leave no doubt of the establishment of a
+                  regular chain of posts, accessary to, and of systematic
+                  plans, deliberately organized, for their seduction and concealment.
+                  In these escapes, the free negroes are, for the
+                  most part, undoubtedly instrumental, as they are to most
+                  of the robberies committed by slaves. While at Easton,
+                  two weeks since, the slaves of two gentlemen made their
+                  escape, being each, if not recovered, a loss of one thousand
+                  dollars; and the firm persuasion was, that, in both
+                  cases, the runaways were furnished with passes by a free
+                  negro barber. Even if apprehended, these gentlemen will
+                  have been put to an expense of not less than three hundred
+                  dollars, and this without the slightest pretext of ill
+                  usage or unkindness.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The usual process is, when the owner is supposed
+                  to have despaired of his recovery, for some abolition or
+                  free negro lawyer to open a correspondence with the
+                  owner, representing the runaway to be in Canada, or otherwise
+                  beyond apprehension&#8212;coolly adding, with a highwayman's
+                  <a name="p_234"></a>
+                  impudence, "take that or nothing;" and the
+                  owner has to put up with a total loss, or compromise for
+                  a third of the value of his property&#8212;the result in either
+                  case, proving an incentive to others to be off in like manner"'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><br>
+                  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+                  <br></p>
+               <p>
+                  "'There is not an interest that is not impaired, by the
+                  proximity of the free States, and the protection there
+                  afforded to slaves, and by the presence and intercommunion
+                  of the free with the slave negro. Even the value
+                  of land is diminished by it. Maryland suffers the disadvantages,
+                  without the advantages of a slave State. The
+                  disadvantage consists in the reputation, (the odium, north
+                  of the Delaware,) of being a slave State. <em>The capitalists
+                     of the North refuse, on that account, to invest in
+                     Maryland lands, though they could buy land in Maryland
+                     for twenty dollars an acre, which is intrinsically
+                     worth more than theirs, which they could sell for an hundred.</em>
+                  Our condition is, in fact, that of neither the one
+                  or the other; and, unless something can be done to counteract
+                  the progress of fanaticism on this subject, and that
+                  abuse of strength and heedless injustice which always follows
+                  irresponsible power, <em>slavery in Maryland must cease,
+                     either by sale, while that right remains to the slave-holder,
+                     or ere long, by forced emancipation</em>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Virginia&#8212;once proud and independent Virginia,
+                  already half captive to the North&#8212;will soon take her
+                  place as the frontier slave State;&#8212;Maryland, with her
+                  Southern principles, eaten out by Northern men, will then
+                  assume to her the relation that Pennsylvania now bears to
+                  Maryland;&#8212;nay, it is but too obvious that, as things are
+                  now working, in process of time, and that not slowly,
+                  <a name="p_235"></a><em>slavery must cease to exist in all the provision-growing
+                     States</em>,&#8212;its northernmost line will be the line of the
+                  sugar, the rice, and the cotton culture,&#8212;the climate alone
+                  affording to the slave-holder that shelter which justice
+                  could not offer from the rapacity of his pursuers. Will
+                  the Southern still accept the shadow without the substance
+                  of equal and confederate powers? Be his relation, then,
+                  what it may&#8212;independent, confederate, or colonial&#8212;for
+                  one, we say, let it be defined. To the misery of the
+                  slave, let him not add the meanness of the dupe. Let
+                  him remember, that time and corruption have often
+                  achieved what would have defied the power of the sword;&#8212;in
+                  a word, let the slave-holder think, while yet, if yet,
+                  he has power to act.'"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            I have now concluded an imperfect attempt to delineate
+            the present state of the anti-slavery cause, on the
+            North American continent, with incidental notices of the
+            past history of the efforts of its friends. In regard to the
+            future, my hopes are built on the continuance of these
+            efforts, and on the concurrent aid afforded by the march
+            of events, both in the United States and in the world at
+            large, under the manifestly over-ruling power of that gracious
+            Being, who sometimes employs human instrumentality
+            to accomplish His purposes of mercy; but who
+            works also Himself, by His immutable laws, and by the
+            dispensations of His providence.
+
+         </p>
+         THE END.
+         <a name="p_236"></a><a name="A_i"></a></div>
+      <div class="teidiv">
+         <h2><a name="APPs"></a>
+            APPENDIX.
+
+         </h2>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="A"></a>APPENDIX A. p. 30.<br><br><br>ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.<br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "From our Yearly Meeting held in London, by adjournment from the 20th
+                  of the 5th Month to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1840.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>To the Yearly Meetings of Friends on the Continent of North America</i>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "DEAR FRIENDS,&#8212;We think it a favor to us, and we accept
+                  it as an evidence that our Lord is mindful of us, that from one
+                  time to another, when thus assembled for mutual edification, and
+                  the renewing of our spiritual strength, we are in any small measure
+                  brought afresh to the enjoyment of that love which flows from
+                  God to man, through Jesus Christ our Savior; and under its
+                  blessed influence quickened to exercise of mind, not only for the
+                  health and prosperity of all those professing the same faith with
+                  ourselves, but for the coming of the kingdom of God upon earth,
+                  and the universal prevalence of righteousness and truth among
+                  men. This love has often brought us in Christian compassion
+                  and tenderness of spirit, deeply to feel for that portion of the
+                  great family of man subjected to the degradation and cruelty of
+                  slavery.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We do not cease to rejoice with reverent thanksgiving to
+                  Almighty God, for the termination of this system of iniquity in
+                  the British Colonies. It was an act of justice on the part of our
+                  Legislature, and it has removed an enormous load of guilt from
+                  our beloved country; but in our rejoicing, we cannot, nor would
+                  we wish, to forget the hundreds of thousands of our brethren and
+                  sisters on the continent of America, and elsewhere, still detained
+                  in this abject condition, and liable to all the misery and oppression
+                  which it entails upon its victims.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_ii"></a>
+                  "We have a strong conviction of the guilt and sinfulness of
+                  slavery, and its pernicious effects upon both the oppressed and
+                  the oppressor. That man should claim a right of property in the
+                  person of his fellow&#8212;that man should buy and sell his brother&#8212;that
+                  civil governments in their legislative enactments, should so
+                  far forget that 'God who giveth to all, life, and breath, and all
+                  things, and hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to
+                  dwell on all the face of the earth,' as to treat those who differ
+                  from them in the color of their skin, or any other external peculiarity,
+                  as beasts that perish, as chattels and articles of merchandise,&#8212;is
+                  in such direct violation of the whole moral law, and
+                  of the righteousness of the New Testament, and that in a day in
+                  which the principles of civil and religious liberty are so fully
+                  acknowledged in many of the nations of Christendom, may well
+                  excite both indignation and sorrow. And we cannot but regard
+                  it as such proof of hardness of heart, and perverted understanding,
+                  that we think it can be attributed to nothing short of the
+                  deceivableness of Satan working upon the fallen nature of man.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It was, dear friends, in the gradual unfolding of that light in
+                  which the things that are reproved are made manifest, that your
+                  forefathers and ours, were brought to see the criminality of
+                  slavery. Thus enlightened, they could find no peace with God,
+                  until they had put away this evil of their doings from before his
+                  eyes&#8212;until by a conscientious discharge of their individual
+                  religious duty, they had restored those whom they held in bondage,
+                  to the full enjoyment of unqualified freedom. Under the
+                  influence of Divine wisdom, and by this faithfulness on the part
+                  of upright Friends, our religious society were brought to a united
+                  and settled judgment as a body, that personal slavery, both in its
+                  origin and its results, was so great an evil, that it could be tolerated
+                  by no mitigation of its hardship; and they felt the demands
+                  of equity to be so urgent upon them, that they were concerned to
+                  enjoin it upon Friends every where, by a ready compliance with
+                  such reasonable duty, to cease to do evil, by immediately releasing
+                  those they held as slaves. Their own hands being cleansed
+                  from this pollution, they felt it to be laid upon them, plainly and
+                  faithfully, to labor with their countrymen to bring them to a full
+                  understanding of the requiring of the Divine law, and to press it
+                  upon them to act up to its commandments. In the love of God,
+                  <a name="A_iii"></a>
+                  they were bold, both in your country and in ours, to plead the
+                  cause of the oppressed with those in power. We believe, and
+                  we would wish to speak of it with modesty and humility, that
+                  their faithfulness, in connection with the exertions of humane and
+                  devoted men of other Christian communities, were instrumental
+                  to bring about the abolition of the slave trade, as well as the
+                  extinction of slavery.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We are reverently impressed with a sense of the prerogatives
+                  of the Great Head of the Church, to dispose of his servants, and
+                  to employ their time, and every talent which he has intrusted
+                  them, in such a way and manner as may consist with the purposes
+                  of his wisdom and love. It is the concern of this Meeting,
+                  that all our dear friends may carefully seek each to know his
+                  Lord's will, and to ascertain his individual path of duty; at the
+                  same time we desire to encourage one another to simple obedience
+                  to that which in the true light may be made manifest to
+                  them; and each to an unflinching and uncompromising avowal of
+                  his allegiance to his Lord in all things.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We observe with satisfaction and comfort, in the epistles
+                  from your Yearly Meetings, which have been read in this Meeting,
+                  that there is a very general acknowledgment of concern on this
+                  important subject. It has often been a prominent feature in the
+                  brotherly correspondence which subsists between us. The expression
+                  of your encouragement in times past, has been helpful
+                  to us, and in the trials and difficulties you have had to endure,
+                  our hearts have been brought into fellow feeling with you. In
+                  this work of justice and love, we have long labored together. It
+                  has helped to strengthen the bond of our union; and in the fresh
+                  sense of this Christian fellowship, as it is now renewed amongst
+                  us, we offer you, beloved friends, the warm expression of our
+                  sympathy, and our strong desire for your help and encouragement.
+                  So far removed as we are from the scene of slavery, we
+                  are aware that we can but imperfectly appreciate either the sufferings
+                  of the slave, or the trials of those who live in the midst of
+                  such oppression; nor do we believe that we can fully appreciate
+                  either the labors of faithful Friends in your land, or the obstacles
+                  and discouragements which have been thrown in their way.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The brief review we have taken of the history of our Society,
+                  in reference to this deeply interesting subject, and the feeling
+                  <a name="A_iv"></a>
+                  which prevails with us, under a sense of the enormity of the evil,
+                  urges us, and we desire that it may have the same effect upon
+                  you, still to persevere; and in every way that may be pointed out
+                  to us of the Lord, that we may continue to expose the evil of this
+                  unjust interference with the natural and social rights of man.
+                  Time is short, the day is spending fast with every one of us, and
+                  we had need to use diligence in the work of our day. We know
+                  the high authority under which we are commanded to 'love our
+                  neighbor as ourselves.' It is our desire on our own account, and
+                  in this exercise of mind we believe, dear friends, that you are one
+                  with us, that in our efforts to discharge the duties laid upon us,
+                  we may watch against a hopeless and distrustful spirit in times of
+                  discouragement. And O that in his great mercy and love towards
+                  his poor afflicted and helpless children, it might please Him
+                  to hasten the coming of that day, even to this generation of the
+                  enslaved in your land, in which every yoke shall be broken and
+                  the oppressed go free.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "If, in this righteous cause, we move in the leading of our
+                  Lord, we may humbly trust that he, with whom there is no respect
+                  of persons, who careth for the sparrows and feedeth the ravens,
+                  will grant to his dependent ones the help and support of his
+                  Holy Spirit, and enable them, in the face of every opposition, to
+                  do that which is made known to them as his will.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "With the enlarged views entertained by Friends of the
+                  mercy and love of our heavenly Father towards his children of
+                  every nation and tongue all the world over, we desire to press it
+                  upon you still to labor for the removal of all those unjust laws
+                  and limitations of right and privilege consequent upon the unwarrantable
+                  distinction of color&#8212;a distinction which has brought
+                  so much suffering upon those settled in different parts of the
+                  Union, and which we think must conduce to the strengthening
+                  of the prejudices of former years, and to retard the work of emancipation.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is affecting to us to think with what astonishing rapidity
+                  slavery is extending itself upon the Continent of North America,
+                  and how from year to year the slave population is increasing
+                  among you. Our spirits are oppressed with a sense of the magnitude
+                  of the evil; we tremble at the awful consequence which,
+                  in the justice and wisdom of Almighty God, may ensue to those
+                  <a name="A_v"></a>
+                  who persist in the upholding of it. We commend the whole subject
+                  to your most serious attention, and desiring that divine wisdom
+                  may be near to help in your deliberations upon it,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We bid you, affectionately, farewell.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Signed in and on behalf of the Meeting, by
+                  <br><br>
+                  "GEORGE STACEY,
+                  <br><br>
+                  "<i>Clerk to the Meeting this year</i>."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="B"></a>APPENDIX B. p. 30.<br><br><br>EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO
+               SLAVES.<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following extract from Clarkson's "Memoirs of the Public
+               and Private Life of William Penn," will show how the society
+               of Friends, at a very early period, became unwarily entangled
+               with the practice of slave holding; and also that the unchristian
+               nature of it was immediately perceived by the more spiritual
+               minded among them. It will serve also to prove that the testimony
+               of Friends against slavery is no novelty, but is coeval with
+               its rise as a distinct religious body. The measures proposed by
+               William Penn on this subject, are an honorable testimony to the
+               comprehensive benevolence of that truly great and magnanimous
+               legislator, yet they fell short of the exigencies of the case, and of
+               what Christian people required; consequently what good they
+               directly effected was local and temporary. Viewed as the germ
+               of subsequent anti-slavery enterprises of the last century, in Europe
+               and America, their interest and importance cannot be too
+               highly estimated.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "I must observe, that soon after the colony (Pennsylvania)
+                  had been planted, that is, in the year 1682, when William Penn
+                  was first resident in it, some few Africans had been imported, but
+                  that more had followed. At this time the traffic in slaves was not
+                  branded with infamy, as at the present day. It was considered,
+                  on the other hand, as favorable to both parties: to the American
+                  planters, because they had but few laborers, in comparison with
+                  the extent of their lands; and to the poor Africans themselves,
+                  <a name="A_vi"></a>
+                  because they were looked upon as persons redeemed out of superstition,
+                  idolatry, and heathenism. But though the purchase
+                  and sale of them had been admitted with less caution upon this
+                  principle, there were not wanting among the Quakers of Pennsylvania
+                  those who, soon after the introduction of them there, began
+                  to question the moral licitness of the traffic. Accordingly,
+                  at the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania, held in 1688, it had been
+                  resolved, on the suggestion of emigrants from Crisheim, who had
+                  adopted the principles of William Penn, that the buying, selling,
+                  and holding men in slavery, was inconsistent with the tenets of
+                  the Christian religion. In 1696, a similar resolution had been
+                  passed at the Yearly Meeting of the same religious society for
+                  the same province. In consequence, then, of these noble resolutions,
+                  the Quakers had begun to treat their slaves in a different
+                  manner from that of other people. They had begun to consider
+                  them as children of the same great Parent, to whom fraternal offices
+                  were due; and hence, in 1698, there were instances where
+                  they had admitted them into their meeting houses to worship in
+                  common with themselves.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppB_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppB_FN1"></a></p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppB_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppB_FN1">A</a>: "I cannot help copying into a
+                  note an anecdote from Thomas Story's
+                  Journal for this year (1698). 'On the 13th,' says he, 'we had a pretty large
+                  meeting, where several were tendered, among whom were some negroes.
+                  And here I shall observe, that Thomas Simons having several negroes, one
+                  of them, as also several belonging to Henry White, had of late come to
+                  meetings, and having a sense of truth, several others thereway were likewise
+                  convinced, and like to do well. And the morning that we came from
+                  Thomas Simons's, my companion speaking some words of truth to his negro
+                  woman, she was tendered; and as I passed on horseback by the place where
+                  she stood weeping, I gave her my hand, and then she was much more broken:
+                  and finding the day of the Lord's tender visitation and mercy upon
+                  her, I spake encouragingly to her, and was glad to find the poor blacks so
+                  near the truth and reachable.' She stood there, looking after us and weeping,
+                  as long as we could see her. I had inquired of one of the black men
+                  how long they had come to meetings, and he said 'they had always been
+                  kept in ignorance, and disregarded as persons who were not to expect any
+                  thing from the Lord, till Jonathan Taylor, who had been there the year before,
+                  discoursing with them, had informed them that the grace of God,
+                  through Christ, was given also to them; and that they ought to believe in
+                  and be led and taught by it, and so might come to be good Friends, and
+                  saved as well as others. And on the next occasion, which was when William
+                  Ellis and Aaron Atkinson were there, they went to meetings, and
+                  several of them were convinced.' Thus one planteth and another watereth,
+                  but God giveth the increase."
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_vii"></a>
+                  "William Penn was highly gratified by the consideration of
+                  what has been done on this important subject. From the very
+                  first introduction of enslaved Africans into this province, he had
+                  been solicitous about their temporal and eternal welfare. He
+                  had always considered them as persons of the like nature with
+                  himself; as having the same desire of pleasure and the same
+                  aversion from pain; as children of the same Father, and heirs of
+                  the same promises. Knowing how naturally the human heart
+                  became corrupted and hardened by the use of power, he was fearful
+                  lest, in time, these friendless strangers should become an oppressed
+                  people. Accordingly, as his predecessor, George Fox,
+                  when he first visited the British West Indies, exhorted all those
+                  who attended his meetings for worship there, to consider their
+                  slaves as branches of their own families, for whose spiritual instruction
+                  they would one day or other be required to give an account,
+                  so William Penn had, on his first arrival in America, inculcated
+                  the same notion. It lay, therefore, now upon his mind
+                  to endeavor to bring into practice what had appeared to him to
+                  be right in principle. One of them was to try to incorporate the
+                  treatment of slaves, as a matter of Christian duty, into <em>the discipline
+                     of his own religious society</em>; and the other, to secure it
+                  among others in the colony of a different religious description,
+                  <em>by a legislative act</em>. Both of these were necessary. The former,
+                  however, he resolved to attempt first. The Society itself had
+                  already afforded him a precedent, by its resolutions in 1688 and
+                  in 1696, as before mentioned, and had thereby done something
+                  material in the progress of the work. It was only to get a
+                  minute passed upon their books to the intended effect. Accordingly,
+                  at the very first Monthly Meeting of the Society, which
+                  took place in Philadelphia in the present year, he proposed the
+                  subject. He laid before them the concern which had been so
+                  long upon his mind, relative to these unfortunate people; he
+                  pressed upon them the duty of allowing them as frequently as
+                  possible to attend their Meetings for worship, and the benefit
+                  that would accrue to both, by the instruction of them in the principles
+                  of the Christian religion. The result was, that a Meeting
+                  was appointed more particularly for the negroes, once every
+                  month; so that besides the common opportunities they had of
+                  collecting religious knowledge, by frequenting the places of
+                  <a name="A_viii"></a>
+                  worship, there was one day in the month, in which, as far as the
+                  influence of the Monthly Meeting extended, they could neither
+                  be temporally nor spiritually overlooked. At this Meeting also,
+                  he proposed means, which were acceded to, for a more frequent
+                  intercourse between Friends and the Indians; he (William
+                  Penn,) taking upon himself the charge of procuring interpreters,
+                  as well as of forwarding the means proposed."&#8212;Vol. II. pp. 218-222.
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="C"></a>APPENDIX C. p. 34.<br><br><br>Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of Friends,
+               held in
+               Philadelphia, appointed for the Gradual Civilization, &amp;c., of the Indian
+               Natives, presented to the meeting, Fourth Month 21st, 1841, and directed to
+               be printed for the use of the members.<br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "TO THE YEARLY MEETING.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The Committee charged with promoting the Gradual
+                  Improvement and Civilization of the Indian Natives, report:&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "That although they have given attention to this interesting
+                  concern, there are but few subjects in their operations, since the
+                  last report, which require notice. The Indians have been in a
+                  very unsettled condition during the past year, in consequence of
+                  the embarrassment and distress produced by the ratification of
+                  the treaty, and their uncertainty as to the best course to be pursued
+                  by them in their trying and perplexing circumstances.
+                  They still cling to the hope that they shall be able to ward off
+                  the calamity which threatens them, either through the favorable
+                  disposition of the new Administration and Senate, to give their
+                  case a re-hearing, or by an Appeal to the Supreme Court of the
+                  United States. Small as the hope afforded by these sources may
+                  appear to a disinterested observer, they are buoyed up by it, and
+                  seem as unwilling as ever, to look toward relinquishing their
+                  present homes.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In a communication addressed to the committee, dated
+                  Tunesassah, Fifth Month 24th, 1840, signed by ten chiefs, they
+                  say, 'Although, the information of the ratification of the treaty is
+                  distressing to us, yet it is a satisfaction to hear from you, and to
+                  <a name="A_ix"></a>
+                  learn that you still remember us in our troubles, and are disposed
+                  to advise and assist us. The intelligence of the confirmation of
+                  the treaty caused many of our women to shed tears of sorrow.
+                  We are sensible that we stand in need of the advice of our
+                  friends. Our minds are unaltered on the subject of emigration.'
+                  Another dated Cold Spring, Twelfth Month 8th, 1840, holds this
+                  language: 'Brothers, we continue to feel relative to the treaty as
+                  we have ever felt. We cannot regard it as an act of our nation,
+                  or hold it to be binding on us. We still consider, that in justice,
+                  the land is at this time as much our own as ever it was. We
+                  have done nothing to forfeit our right to it; and have come to a
+                  conclusion to remain upon it as long as we can enjoy it in peace.'
+                  'We trust in the Great Spirit: to Him we submit our cause.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A letter from the Senecas, residing at Tonawanda, was
+                  addressed to the Committee, from which the following extracts
+                  are taken:
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'By the help of the Great Spirit we have met in open council
+                     this 23d day of the Fifth Month, 1840, for the purpose of
+                     deliberating on the right course for us to pursue under the late
+                     act of the government of the United States relating to our lands.
+                     Brothers, we are in trouble; we have been told that the President
+                     has ratified a treaty, by which these lands are sold from our
+                     possession. We look to you and solicit your advice and your
+                     sympathy under the accumulating difficulties that now surround
+                     us. We feel more than ever, our need of the help of the great
+                     and good Spirit, to guide us aright. May his council ever
+                     preserve and direct us all in true wisdom.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'It is known to you, brothers, that at different times our
+                     people have been induced to cede, by stipulated treaties, to the
+                     government of the United States, various tracts of our territory,
+                     until it is so reduced that it barely affords us a home. We had
+                     hoped by these liberal concessions to secure the quiet and unmolested
+                     possession of this small residue, but we have abundant
+                     reason to fear that we have been mistaken. The agent and
+                     surveyor of a company of land speculators, known as the Ogden
+                     Company, have been on here to lay out our land into lots, to be
+                     sold from us to the whites. We have protested against it, and
+                     have forbidden their proceeding.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Brothers, what we want, is that you should intercede with
+                     <a name="A_x"></a>
+                     the United States government on our behalf. We do not want
+                     to leave our lands. We are willing that the emigrating party
+                     should sell out their rights, but we are not willing that they
+                     should sell ours.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Brothers, we want the President of the United States to
+                     know that we are for peace; that we only ask the possession of
+                     our just rights. We have kept in good faith all our agreements
+                     with the government. In our innocence of any violation we ask
+                     its protection. In our weakness we look to it for justice and
+                     mercy. We desire to live upon our lands in peace and harmony.
+                     We love Tonawanda. It is the residue left us of the land of our
+                     forefathers. We have no wish to leave it. Here are our cultivated
+                     fields, our houses, our wives and children, and our firesides&#8212;and
+                     here we wish to lay our bones in peace.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Brothers, in conclusion, we desire to express our sincere
+                     thanks to you for your friendly assistance in times past, and at
+                     the same time earnestly solicit your further attention and advice.
+                     Brothers, may the Great Spirit befriend you all&#8212;farewell.'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Desirous of rendering such aid as might be in our power, a
+                  correspondence has been held with some members of Congress,
+                  on the subject of the treaty, and other matters connected with it;
+                  and recently, two of our number visited Washington, and were
+                  assured by the present Secretary of War, under whose immediate
+                  charge the Indian affairs are placed, that it was his determination,
+                  and that of the other officers of the government, to give to
+                  the treaty, and the circumstances attending its procurement, a
+                  thorough examination; and to adopt such a course respecting it,
+                  as justice and humanity to the Indians would dictate.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The friends who have for several years resided at Tunesassah
+                  still continue to occupy the farm, and have charge of the saw
+                  and grist mills and other improvements. The farm, during the
+                  past year, has yielded about thirty-five tons of hay, two hundred
+                  bushels of potatoes, one hundred bushels of oats, and one hundred
+                  bushels of apples. Notwithstanding the unsettlement produced
+                  by the treaty during the past season, the Indians have
+                  raised an adequate supply of provisions to keep them comfortably
+                  during the year; and they manifest an increased desire to avoid
+                  the use of ardent spirits, and to have their children educated. In
+                  their letter of the Twelfth Month last, the chiefs say, 'We are
+                  <a name="A_xi"></a>
+                  more engaged to have our children educated than we have heretofore
+                  been. There are at this time three schools in operation on
+                  this reservation, for the instruction of our youth.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Our friend, Joseph Batty, in a letter dated 28th of Second
+                  Month last, says, 'The Indians have held several temperance
+                  councils this winter. The chiefs&#8212;with the exception of two,
+                  who were not present&#8212;have all signed a pledge to abstain from
+                  the use of all intoxicating liquors, and appear engaged to bring
+                  about a reform among their people; but the influence of the
+                  whites among them is prejudicial to their improvement in this
+                  and other respects.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "By direction of the Committee,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "THOMAS WISTAR, <i>Clerk</i>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Philadelphia, 4th Month 15th, 1841</i>."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="D"></a>APPENDIX D. p. 44.<br><br><br>ELISHA TYSON.<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following particulars of this memorable person are chiefly
+               taken from a work, now very scarce, entitled "The Life of Elisha
+               Tyson, the Philanthropist, by a Citizen of Baltimore."
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The eldest known ancestor of Mr. Tyson was a German
+                  Quaker, converted to the faith of Fox by the preaching of William
+                  Penn. Persecuted by the government of his native country
+                  for his religion, he gathered up his all and followed Penn to England;
+                  with whom, and at whose request, he afterwards embarked
+                  for America, and was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania.
+                  He established himself within what are now called the environs
+                  of Philadelphia, married the daughter of an English settler, and
+                  became the happy father of sons and daughters. From these,
+                  many descendants have been derived.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Elisha Tyson was one of the great grandsons in direct
+                  descent of the German Quaker, and was born on the spot which
+                  he had chosen for his residence. The religion and virtues of this
+                  ancestor were instilled into the minds of his children and children's
+                  children, to the third and fourth generation&#8212;not by transmission
+                  <a name="A_xii"></a>
+                  of blood, but by the force of a guarded and a Christian
+                  education. In the subject of this memoir, they blazed forth with
+                  superior lustre. From his infancy he was conspicuous in his
+                  neighborhood for that benevolence of heart and intrepidity of
+                  soul, which so highly distinguished him in after life."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               In his early manhood he removed to Baltimore, in the slave
+               State of Maryland. Here, from his first residence, he took an
+               active part in various benevolent and public spirited enterprises,
+               although he had to struggle with early difficulties, having no resources
+               for his support but honesty, industry, and perseverance.
+               The cause of the oppressed slaves very soon engaged his attention,
+               and his unwearied exertions in their behalf ceased not till
+               the close of a long and energetic life. In the following quotation,
+               describing the American slave trade, although the past tense
+               is employed by his biographer, yet if Louisiana be substituted for
+               Georgia, the whole representation is true of the present time.
+               That dreadful traffic has increased many fold since the date here
+               alluded to, at which E. Tyson's career of benevolence commenced.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Even the most creditable merchants felt no compunction in
+               speculating in the flesh and blood of their own species. These
+               articles of merchandize were as common as wheat and tobacco,
+               and ranked with these as a staple of Maryland. This state of
+               things was naturally productive of scenes of cruelty. Georgia
+               was then the great receptacle of that portion of these unfortunate
+               beings, who were exported beyond the limits of their native soil;
+               and the worst name given to Tartarus itself could not be more
+               appalling to their imaginations than the name of that sister State.
+               And when we consider the dreadful consequences suffered by the
+               victims of this traffic; a separation like that of death between
+               the nearest and dearest relatives; a banishment for ever from the
+               land of their nativity and the scenes of their youth; the painful
+               inflictions by the hands of slave drivers, to whom cruelty was
+               rendered delightful by its frequent exercise; with many other
+               sufferings too numerous to mention, we cannot wonder at this
+               horror on the part of these unfortunate beings, and that it should
+               cause them to use all the means in their power to avoid so terrible
+               a destiny. The slave-trader, aware of all this, and fearful lest
+               his victims might seek safety by flight, became increasingly
+               <a name="A_xiii"></a>
+               careful of his property. With these men, and upon such subjects,
+               care is cruelty; and thus the apparent necessity of the case came
+               in aid of the favorite disposition of their minds. They charged
+               their victims with being the authors of that cruelty, which had its
+               true origin in their own remorseless hearts. Their plea for additional
+               rigor, being plausibly urged, was favorably received by a
+               community darkened by prejudice. Few regarded with pity,
+               and most with stoical indifference, this barbarous correction for
+               crimes anticipated, and rigorous penance for offences existing
+               only in the diabolical fancies of their tormentors. The truth is,
+               it was the love these poor wretches bore their wives, children,
+               and native soil, for which they were punished. They were commonly
+               bound two and two by chains, riveted to iron collars
+               fastened around their necks, more and more closely, as their
+               drivers had more and more reason to suspect a desire to escape.
+               If they were conveyed in wagons, as they sometimes were, additional
+               chains were so fixed, as to connect the right ancle of one
+               with the left ancle of another, so that they were fastened foot to
+               foot, and neck to neck. If a disposition to complain, or to grieve,
+               was manifested by any of them, the mouths of such were instantly
+               stopped with a gag. If, notwithstanding this, the overflowings
+               of sorrow found a passage through other channels, they were
+               checked by the 'scourge inexorable;'&#8212;the cruel monsters thus
+               endeavoring to lessen the appearance of pain, by increasing its
+               reality. These were scenes of ordinary occurrence; troops of
+               these poor slaves were continually seen fettered as before
+               described, marching two and two, with commanders before and
+               behind, swords by their sides, and pistols in their belts&#8212;the triumphant
+               victors over unarmed women and children. The sufferings
+               of their victims, were, if possible, increased, when they were
+               compelled to stop for the night. They were crowded in cellars,
+               and loaded with an additional number of fetters. On those
+               routes usually taken by them to the South, stated taverns were
+               selected as their resting places for the night. In these, dungeons
+               under ground were specially contrived for their reception. Iron
+               staples, with rings in them, were fixed at proper places in the
+               walls; to these, chains were welded; and to these chains the
+               fetters of the prisoners were locked, as the means of certain
+               safety. It was usual every day for these slave-drivers to keep a
+               <a name="A_xiv"></a>
+               strict record of the imagined offences of their slaves; which, if
+               not to their satisfaction expiated by suffering during the day,
+               remained upon the register until its close; when, in the midst of
+               midnight dungeon horrors, goaded with a weight of fetters, in
+               addition to those which had galled them during their weary
+               march, these reputed sins were atoned by their blood, which was
+               made to trickle down 'the scourge with triple thongs.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Such was the evil with which Elisha Tyson, when "young,
+               solitary, and friendless," undertook to grapple; the means he
+               chiefly employed, were such as tended to purify and enlighten
+               public opinion.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "He had two principal modes of operating upon the public
+                  mind; by conversation in public and private places, and by the
+                  press. Through the means of the first, he worked upon the feelings
+                  and sentiments of the higher and more influential classes;
+                  by means of the latter, he influenced in a great degree, the mass
+                  of the community. In private conversation, his arguments were
+                  so cogent, his appeals so energetic, and his manner so sincere
+                  and disinterested, that few could avoid conviction. It is true,
+                  indeed, as it regards the press, that he did not publish very
+                  much of his own composing; but he procured the publication of a
+                  vast deal of his own dictating. By his arguments and entreaties,
+                  he aroused the zeal of many individuals, each of whom enlisted
+                  himself as a kind of voluntary amanuensis, who wrote and published
+                  his dictations. Many important essays have in this way
+                  been communicated to the public."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               But he undertook also, services requiring a yet sterner resolution,
+               and more heroic perseverance, services which demanded
+               that he himself should be in bondage neither to riches, honor, nor
+               reputation, since his exertions endangered all his personal interests
+               in such a community as that by which he was surrounded.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Of those held in servitude, two classes of beings felt in a
+                  peculiar manner the kindness and sympathy of Mr. Tyson&#8212;those entitled
+                  to their freedom, and illegally held in slavery&#8212;and
+                  those, who, though not illegally kept in bondage, yet were treated
+                  with inhumanity by their masters.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Where he had reason to believe that a person claimed as a
+                  slave was entitled to his freedom, he would, in the first place, in
+                  order to avoid litigation, lay before the reputed owner, the
+                  <a name="A_xv"></a>
+                  grounds of his belief. If these were disregarded, he then proceeded
+                  to employ counsel, by whom a petition for freedom was
+                  filed in the proper court, and the case prosecuted to a final determination.
+                  What excited most astonishment in these trials, was
+                  the extraordinary success which attended him. Very few were
+                  the cases in which he was defeated; and his failure even in these,
+                  was more generally owing to the want of testimony, than to the
+                  want of justice on his side. To enumerate his successes, would
+                  be as impossible, on account of their vast number, as it would be
+                  tedious on account of their similarity to each other. Whole families
+                  were often liberated by a single verdict, the fate of one
+                  relative deciding the fate of many. And often ancestors, after
+                  passing a long life in illegal slavery, sprung at last, like the
+                  chrysalis in autumn, into new existence, beneath the genial rays
+                  of the sun of liberty, which shed at the same time its benign
+                  influence upon their children, and children's children.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The titles of the individuals, thus liberated, to their freedom,
+                  were variously derived. Sometimes from deeds of manumission,
+                  long suppressed, and at last brought to light, by the searching
+                  scrutiny of Tyson&#8212;sometimes from the genealogy of the petitioner,
+                  traced by him to some Indian or white maternal ancestor&#8212;sometimes from
+                  the right to freedom, claimed by birth, but
+                  attempted to be destroyed by the rapacity of some vile kidnapper,
+                  and sometimes from the violation of those of our laws which
+                  manumitted slaves imported from foreign parts.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The labors of Mr. Tyson, were not confined to a single
+                  district&#8212;they extended over the whole of Maryland. There is
+                  not a county in it, which has not felt his influence, or a court of
+                  justice, whose records do not bear proud testimonials of his triumphs
+                  over tyranny. Throwing out of calculation the many
+                  liberations indirectly resulting from his efforts, we speak more
+                  than barely within bounds, when we say, that he has been the
+                  means, under Providence, of rescuing at least two thousand
+                  human beings from the galling yoke of a slavery, which, but for
+                  him, would have been perpetual.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And here let me join my readers in expressions of wonder
+                  and astonishment at this extraordinary display of human benevolence,
+                  in the person of a single individual&#8212;unsupported by
+                  <a name="A_xvi"></a>
+                  power, wealth, or title, beneath the frowns of society, and against
+                  a torrent of prejudice."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               In the year 1789 an "Abolition Society," (see antecedent
+               pages 23 and 24,) was formed in Baltimore, of which Elisha
+               Tyson was a member until its dissolution, seven years afterwards.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "From that time, Mr. Tyson supported alone the cause of
+                  emancipation in Maryland. Alone, I mean, as the sole director
+                  and prime mover of the machinery by which that cause was
+                  maintained. Assisted, he was, no doubt, from time to time; but
+                  that assistance was procured through his influence, or rendered
+                  effectual under his inspection and advice.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppD_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppD_FN1"></a></p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppD_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppD_FN1">A</a>: "One of the
+                  most active assistants was his brother Jesse, much younger
+                  than Elisha. He followed him to this State a few years after the arrival of
+                  the latter, was an active member of the Abolition Society, and continued,
+                  to the day of his death, to co-operate with Elisha."
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The slave traffic gave rise to an evil still greater&#8212;I mean
+                  the crime of <em>kidnapping</em>. If the horrors arising from the first
+                  were so great as I have described them, how shall I depict those
+                  of the other! Slaves only were the victims of the slave trade.
+                  In passing from hand to hand, they merely exchanged one condition
+                  of slavery for another. And though on such occasions they
+                  fell from a less degree of misery into a greater, they could not
+                  number among their privations any thing so bitter as the loss of
+                  liberty. It was this that made the difference between them and
+                  the victims of the kidnapper; not that they laid their hands exclusively
+                  upon the freeman, for sometimes their rapacity seized
+                  upon a slave. But this was very seldom, for the vigilance of
+                  slave owners was always alive to detect, and their vengeance to
+                  punish such daring felony. In almost all cases of man stealing,
+                  the stolen beings were of those who had tasted the sweets of liberty.
+                  To the kidnapper, who made these his prey, there were
+                  great facilities for escaping with impunity; not only because, in
+                  the depth and darkness of a dungeon, his limbs loaded with fetters,
+                  and utterance choked with a gag, his suffering could not be
+                  made visible or audible, but also because the deadness of sensibility
+                  on this subject, which still pervaded the public, though in a
+                  less degree than formerly, seemed to have unnerved every eye
+                  <a name="A_xvii"></a>
+                  and palsied every ear. Sights of misery passed darkly before the
+                  one and sounds of wo fell lifeless on the other.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On one occasion Mr. Tyson received intelligence that three
+                  colored persons, supposed to have been kidnapped, had been seen
+                  under suspicious circumstances, late in the evening, with a notorious
+                  slave-trader, in a carriage, which was then moving rapidly
+                  towards a quarter of the precincts of Baltimore in which there
+                  was a den of man-hunters. It was late in the day when he received
+                  the information, which was immediately communicated to
+                  the proper authorities. As the testimony offered to these was
+                  not, in their opinion, sufficiently strong to induce them to act
+                  instantaneously, Mr. Tyson was obliged to seek for aid in other
+                  quarters. He accordingly requested certain individuals, who had
+                  sometimes lent him their assistance, to accompany him to the
+                  scene of suspicion, in order to obtain, if possible, additional proof.
+                  One after another made excuse, (some telling him that the evidence
+                  was too weak to justify any effort, and others saying that
+                  it would be better to postpone the business for the next morning,)
+                  until Mr. Tyson saw himself without the hope of foreign assistance.
+                  But he did not yield or despair&#8212;one hope yet remained,
+                  and that rested on himself. Alone he determined to search out
+                  the den of thieves, to see and judge for himself. If there was no
+                  foundation for his suspicions, to dismiss them; if they were true,
+                  to call in the aid of the civil power, for the punishment of guilt
+                  and the rescue of innocence.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "So much time had been spent in receiving the excuses of his
+                  friends, that it was late at night when he set out, on foot and
+                  without a single weapon of defence. In the midst of silence and
+                  darkness, he marched along until he arrived at the place of destination.
+                  It was situated in the very skirts of the city&#8212;a public
+                  tavern in appearance, but almost exclusively appropriated to a
+                  band of slave-traders. Here they conveyed their prey, whether
+                  stolen or purchased; here they held their midnight orgies, and
+                  revelled in the midst of misery. The keeper of this place was
+                  himself one of the party, and therefore not very scrupulous about
+                  the sort of victims his companions chose to place beneath his
+                  care. Mr. Tyson ascended the door-sill, and, for a moment, listened,
+                  if perchance he might hear the sounds of wo. Suddenly a
+                  loud laugh broke upon his ears, which was soon lost in a chorus
+                  <a name="A_xviii"></a>
+                  of laughter. Indignant at the sound, he reached forth his hand
+                  and rapped with his whole might. No answer was received. He
+                  rapped again&#8212;all was silence. He then applied himself to the
+                  fastening of the door, and finding it unlocked, opened it and entered.
+                  Suddenly four men made their appearance. They had
+                  been carousing around a table which stood in the centre of a
+                  room, and when a little alarmed by the rapping at the door, they
+                  had gone in different directions to seize their weapons. Mr.
+                  Tyson immediately recognised in the countenance of one of
+                  these, who appeared to be their leader, the slave-trader whose
+                  conduct had given rise to the suspicions that had brought him
+                  thither. Nor was it many moments before the person and character
+                  of Mr. Tyson became known.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I understand,' said he, 'that there are persons confined in
+                  this place entitled to their freedom?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'You have been wrongly informed,' said the leader of the
+                  quartette; 'and, besides, what business is it of yours?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Whether I am wrongly informed,' said Mr. Tyson, calmly,
+                  'can be soon made to appear; and I hold it my business, as it is
+                  the business of every good man in the community, to see that all
+                  doubts of this kind are settled!'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'You shall advance no further,' rejoined the leader, swearing
+                  a tremendous oath, and putting himself in a menacing attitude.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "With the rapidity of lightning, and with a strength that
+                  seemed to have been lent him for the occasion, Mr. Tyson broke
+                  through the arms of his opponent. As he had been repeatedly at
+                  this house on similar errands, he knew the course he should steer,
+                  and made directly for the door of the dungeon. There he met
+                  another of the band, with a candle in one hand, and in the other,
+                  a pistol, which, having cocked, he presented full against the
+                  breast of Mr. Tyson, swearing that he would shoot him if he
+                  advanced a step further.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Shoot if thee dare,' said Mr. Tyson, in a voice of thunder,
+                  'but thee dare not, coward as thou art, for well does thee know,
+                  that the gallows would be thy portion.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Whether it was the voice and countenance of Mr. Tyson, or
+                  the terror of the word gallows, that affected the miscreant, his
+                  arm suddenly fell, and he stood as if struck dumb with amazement.
+                  Mr. Tyson taking advantage of the moment, in the twinkling
+                  <a name="A_xix"></a>
+                  of an eye, snatched the candle from the hand of the kidnapper,
+                  entered the dungeon door, which was providentially unlocked,
+                  and descended into the vault below.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "There he beheld a dismal sight; six poor creatures chained
+                  to each other by links connected with the prison wall! The
+                  prisoners shrunk within themselves at the sight of a man, and one
+                  of them uttered a shriek of terror, mistaking the character of
+                  their visitor. He told them that he was their friend; and his
+                  name was Elisha Tyson. That name was enough for them, for
+                  their whole race had been long taught to utter it. He inquired,
+                  'if any of them were entitled to their freedom?' 'Yes,' said one,
+                  'these two boys say that they and their, mother here are free, but
+                  she can't speak to you, for she is gagged.' Mr. Tyson approached
+                  this woman, and found that she was really deprived of her utterance.
+                  He instantly cut away the band that held in the gag, and
+                  thus gave speech to the dumb. She told her tale; 'she was
+                  manumitted by a gentleman on the eastern shore of Maryland;
+                  her sons were born after her emancipation, and of course
+                  free. She referred to persons and papers. She had come over
+                  the Chesapeake in a packet, for the purpose of getting employment;
+                  and was, with her children, decoyed away immediately on
+                  her arrival, by a person who brought her to that house. Mr.
+                  Tyson told her to be of good comfort, for he would immediately
+                  provide the means of her rescue. He then left the dungeon and
+                  ascended the stair way, when he reached the scene of his preceding
+                  contest; he, looked around, but saw no one save the
+                  keeper of the tavern. Fearing that the others had escaped, or
+                  were about to escape, he hastened out of the house, and proceeded
+                  with rapid strides in pursuit of a constable. He soon found
+                  one and entreated his assistance. But the officer refused, unless
+                  Mr. Tyson would give him a bond of indemnity against all loss
+                  which he might suffer by his interference. Mr. Tyson complied
+                  without hesitation. The officer, after summoning assistance, proceeded
+                  with Mr. Tyson to the scene of cruelty. There meeting
+                  with the tavern keeper, they compelled him to unlock the fetters
+                  of the three individuals claiming their freedom. They then
+                  searched the house for the supposed kidnappers, and found two
+                  of them; in, bed, whom, together with the women, and children,
+                  they conveyed that night to the jail of Baltimore county, to await
+                  <a name="A_xx"></a>
+                  the decision of a court of justice. The final consequence was,
+                  the mother and children were adjudged free. One of the two
+                  slave-traders, taken as afore-mentioned in custody, was found
+                  guilty of having kidnapped them, and was sentenced to the
+                  Maryland penitentiary, for a term of years.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On another occasion, Mr. Tyson having received satisfactory
+                  evidence that a colored person, on board a vessel about to sail for
+                  New Orleans, in Louisiana, was entitled to his freedom, hastened
+                  to his assistance. On reaching the wharf, where the vessel had
+                  lain, he learned that she had cleared out the day before, and was
+                  then lying at anchor, a mile down the river. He immediately
+                  procured two officers of the peace, with whom he proceeded in a
+                  batteau, with a full determination to board the suspected ship.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When he arrived alongside, he hailed the captain and asked
+                  him 'whether such a person, (naming him,) having on board negroes
+                  destined for the New Orleans market, was not among the
+                  number of passengers.' Before the captain had time to reply, the
+                  passenger alluded to, who had overheard the question, stepped to
+                  the side of the vessel, and recognising Mr. Tyson, asked what
+                  business <em>he</em> had with him. 'I understand,' said Mr. Tyson,
+                  'that a colored person,' describing him, 'now in thy possession, is entitled
+                  to his freedom.' 'He is my slave,' said the trader; 'I have
+                  purchased him by a fair title, and no man shall interfere between
+                  him and me.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'If these documents speak the truth,' said Mr. Tyson, holding
+                  certain papers in his hand, 'however fairly you have purchased
+                  him he is not your slave.' He then proceeded to read the
+                  documents. At the same time a light breeze springing up, the
+                  captain ordered all hands to hoist sail and be off. Mr. Tyson
+                  seeing that there was not a minute to be lost, requested the constables
+                  to go on board with him for the purpose of rescuing the
+                  free man who had been deprived of his rights. The trader immediately
+                  drew a dagger from his belt, (for this sort of men went
+                  always armed,) and swore that 'the first man that dared set his
+                  foot upon the deck of that ship was a dead man.' 'Then I will
+                  be that man,' said Mr. Tyson, with a firm voice and intrepid
+                  countenance, and sprang upon the deck. The trader stepped
+                  back aghast. The officers followed, and descended the hold of
+                  the ship. There they soon saw the object of their search.
+                  <a name="A_xxi"></a>
+                  Without any resistance being made on the part of a single person
+                  on board, they led their rescued prisoner along and safely
+                  lodged him in the boat below. Then Mr. Tyson, addressing the
+                  trader, said, 'If you have any lawful claim to this man, come along
+                  and try your title; if you cannot come, name your agent, and I
+                  will see that justice is done to all parties.' The trader, who
+                  seemed dumb with confusion, made no answer; and Mr. Tyson
+                  requested his boatmen to row off. Ere they had proceeded half
+                  their distance from the ship, her sails were spread and she began
+                  to ride down the stream. Had Mr. Tyson's visit been delayed
+                  half an hour longer, his benevolent exertions would have been in
+                  vain.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "No one appearing to dispute the right of the colored man to
+                  freedom, his freedom papers were given him and he was set at
+                  liberty.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The whole life of Mr. Tyson was diversified by acts such as
+                  we have just described. Those I have given to the reader may
+                  be considered as specimens merely, a few examples out of a vast
+                  many, which, if they were all repeated, would satiate by their
+                  number and tire by their uniformity.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The joy manifested by the poor creatures whom he thus rescued
+                  from misery, on their deliverance, may be imagined, but cannot
+                  well be described. Sometimes it broke forth in loud and
+                  wild demonstrations; sometimes it was deep and inexpressible,
+                  or expressed only by mingled tears of gratitude and ecstacy, rolling
+                  silently but profusely down their wo-worn cheeks.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Tyson, it is remarkable, would always turn his eyes from
+                  these manifestations. He would listen to no declarations of
+                  thanks. When these were strongly pressed upon him, he would
+                  usually exclaim, 'Well, that will do now; that is enough for this
+                  time.' And once when one of these creatures, fearful that Mr.
+                  Tyson would not consider him sufficiently grateful, cried out,
+                  'Indeed, master, I am very thankful, I would die to serve you,'
+                  Mr. Tyson exclaimed, 'Why, man, I have only done my duty; I
+                  don't want thy thanks;' and turned abruptly away.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Equalled only by the delight of the rescued victims, was the
+                  chagrin and vexation of the slave-traders, when they saw their
+                  prey torn from their grasp. They cursed the law; they cursed
+                  <a name="A_xxii"></a>
+                  its ministers; but above all, they invoked imprecations upon the
+                  head of Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "They swore that they would murder him, that they would
+                  fire his dwelling over his head, that they would do a thousand
+                  things, all full of vengeance. None of these threats were ever
+                  put into execution; for though a plot was once laid to take away
+                  his life, fear dispersed the actors long before the day of performance.
+                  Thus does it always happen that the wickedest of men
+                  are also the meanest, and therefore the most dastardly. And
+                  thus did the cowardice of Mr. Tyson's enemies shield him from
+                  the effects of their enmity. Nor did he profit less by that individual
+                  fear of him which these slave-traders were made to feel.
+                  They feared him because they deprecated his hostility. In order,
+                  if possible, to lessen this hostility, they frequently became
+                  informers on others engaged in the same traffic. This they were
+                  further inclined to do, in consequence of the jealousy that subsisted
+                  between them&#8212;a jealousy very natural to competitors in
+                  the same line of business. It was always a time of exultation
+                  with them when one of their number found his way into the penitentiary.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It sometimes happened that Mr. Tyson extracted from the
+                  mouths of these monsters, evidence which afterwards went to
+                  criminate those who had uttered it. It was usual with him when
+                  he could not obtain testimony against a suspected person, to send
+                  for such person and interrogate him. No one refused his summons&#8212;fear
+                  forbade the refusal; and after they had come, the
+                  very fear which brought them there sacrificed them to injured
+                  humanity. Sometimes those who came voluntarily for the purpose
+                  of criminating others, involved themselves in toils of their
+                  own weaving; where they were no sooner seen, by the penetrating
+                  eye of Tyson, than he reached forth his hands and secured
+                  his astonished prisoner, before he had a suspicion of his danger.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Tyson's knowledge of the sort of people with whom he
+                  had principally to deal was perfect. His quickness of perception
+                  and self-command were also remarkable. These qualifications
+                  gave him an extraordinary power in the examinations just alluded
+                  to.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "One evening the servant announced a stranger at the door,
+                  <a name="A_xxiii"></a>
+                  who wished to see Mr. Tyson privately. Mr. Tyson requested
+                  that he might be asked into the room where we were then sitting,
+                  and if further privacy were necessary he should have it.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When the door opened and the stranger appeared, he was no
+                  other than the slave-trader we have just alluded to.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Your humble servant,' said the man, casting off his hat and
+                  bowing profoundly; 'I hope you are well, sir; I have a few
+                  words for your private ear.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Every one present may be safely trusted,' said Mr. Tyson;
+                  'but sit down.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The man seated himself. 'Well,' said Mr. Tyson, 'what is
+                  there new in thy way of business; I suppose it continues as usual
+                  to be a good business?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Ah! sir,' said the man, 'I believe it to be a bad business in
+                  more ways than one. I am resolved to quit it.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Not while thee can get two hundred dollars profit per man,'
+                  said Mr. Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Notwithstanding that,' said the trader, 'it's a bad business;
+                  it's a hard business; I must quit it, and that very soon.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Hast thou heard of the old saying,' said Mr. Tyson, 'Hell
+                  is paved with good intentions? I fear,' said he, 'when thee goes
+                  there thee will find thine among the number.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I know,' said the trader, 'you think me very bad; but when
+                  you hear what I have to communicate, perhaps your opinion will
+                  alter a little.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I wish it may; but,' said Mr. Tyson, 'thy progress down
+                  hill has been so rapid, and thou hast got so far, that thee will find
+                  it rather hard to turn about and ascend.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "These doubtings, attended with a shrewd, suspicious, yet
+                  satirical look, had the effect intended; for the man became doubly
+                  anxious to do what he had come to do, and what he thought would
+                  be esteemed a great favor by Mr. Tyson. Accordingly, after a
+                  word or two of preface, he stated that he 'had reason to believe
+                  that ----', naming a certain trader, 'had kidnapped two free
+                  blacks.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Thee is certainly mistaken,' said Mr. Tyson, affecting great
+                  surprise; 'it is hardly possible that so worthy a man could have
+                  been guilty of so great a crime.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_xxiv"></a>
+                  "This apparent doubt on the part of Mr. Tyson, made the
+                  man more anxious to bring out all his testimony.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'But who told thee this piece of news?' said Mr. Tyson.
+                  There was a breach at once into the man's order and arrangement
+                  and he hesitated for a reply. 'Mr. ----, Mr. ----,
+                  Mr. ----, what do ye call him, spoke to me about it.' 'Who?'
+                  said Mr. Tyson. 'Mr. ----,' said the man; mentioning the
+                  name of a veteran dealer in human flesh.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Is he engaged in the traffic now?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes, sir; very deep in it.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'By himself, or in partnership?' asked Mr. Tyson carelessly.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Why, I believe he is in partnership with some body.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Is he not in partnership,' said Mr. Tyson, 'with ----?'
+                  naming the person whom the man was anxious to inculpate.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I believe he was, but I don't know that he is now.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Thee don't know of their having dissolved?' asked Mr.
+                  Tyson at the same time, as if thoughtlessly lighting his pipe.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No, I do not. But as I was going to say,' said the trader&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Ah, true,' said Mr. Tyson, 'we must not forget. Thee was
+                  talking about a case of kidnapping; well?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Last night,' said the trader, 'a hack drove up to the tavern
+                  where I lodge. The hackman inquired the way to ----'s
+                  tavern, which is the place of rendezvous for ---- and his gang;'
+                  naming the person whose guilt <em>seemed</em> to be the principal object
+                  of inquiry. 'I looked into the carriage, and saw two boys.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Did thee speak to them?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No, they were gagged, and that made me think they were
+                  kidnapped.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Was any body with them?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Nobody but the driver, and he was black.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Did thee direct him as he requested?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'And they arrived accordingly?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Did thee follow them?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No sir, not immediately&#8212;but I went this morning, and
+                  inquired whether a hack with two boys and a black driver, had
+                  not arrived late last night, and they said there had.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_xxv"></a>
+                  "'What o'clock last night was it when thee saw the carriage?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'About ten, sir.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Was the hack close, or were the curtains down?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The curtains were down, and that increased my suspicion.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Tyson had now heard enough to convince him that if
+                  there was any kidnapping in this case, the trader who stood before
+                  him had a much nearer connection with it than that of a
+                  mere spectator.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "He had said in the first place that he obtained his knowledge
+                  from a trader who had been partner with the party implicated.
+                  He then stated that he derived it from seeing the kidnapped
+                  persons in a hack. And though it was ten o'clock at
+                  night, (at a time, too, as Mr. Tyson knew, when there was no
+                  moon,) yet he could not only see that these two persons were in
+                  the hack, but that they were gagged. He could not have done
+                  this by the light of a candle or the moon, because 'the hack
+                  was tight, and the curtains were down.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Fearing lest the suspicions of the trader might be excited as
+                  to the sentiments of Mr. Tyson towards him, an end was put to
+                  the part of the dialogue which related to the kidnapping, by saying,
+                  'Well, I am much obliged to thee for thy information; we'll
+                  see this ----, and settle the matter with him;' and then turned
+                  the tide of conversation into a different direction.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The same day Mr. Tyson sent for the person who was first
+                  mentioned as the person communicating the knowledge of the
+                  transaction, and asked him as to the fact of such communication.
+                  It was positively denied. He had 'not seen the informer for six
+                  weeks, except the last evening, when he brought a hack load of
+                  negroes to the tavern where he and his partner were lodgers.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Were two boys among the number?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Were they gagged?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The moment this man left his house, Mr. Tyson went in
+                  search of bailiffs and civil process. With these he proceeded to
+                  the place where the two boys were confined, and had them and
+                  all three of the traders taken into custody.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It turned out afterwards, in the further prosecution of this
+                  investigation, (by what testimony we do not distinctly recollect,)
+                  <a name="A_xxvi"></a>
+                  that the informer who first came to Mr. Tyson had himself kidnapped
+                  the two boys. He sold them to the person upon whom
+                  he had endeavored, in the manner we have detailed, to affix the
+                  whole crime; who, refusing afterward to pay their price, and yet
+                  determined to retain them, exasperated the seller to such a degree
+                  that he resolved to sacrifice him; in attempting which he
+                  sacrificed himself, for he was afterward convicted and sentenced
+                  to the penitentiary.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "During the progress of any investigation originated by Mr.
+                  Tyson in behalf of individual freedom, his anxiety about the final
+                  issue, though concealed from the world, burned with intensity.
+                  His days were restless, his nights were sleepless, and himself,
+                  except when in company, which he avoided at those times, lost in
+                  the abstractions of hope or of despondency.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When he succeeded, his joy was strong, but invisible or inaudible,
+                  save to the Father of all mercies. To him he never
+                  failed 'to pour out his soul' in pious thanksgivings for that he
+                  made him a humble instrument in the restoration of a fellow
+                  being to light and liberty.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When he failed, which was seldom, after he had seriously
+                  undertaken a case, his sorrow was equally great, and as inscrutable
+                  to human observation, excepting that of the unfortunate objects
+                  of his care, who saw him mingling tears of sympathy with
+                  theirs of suffering.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Though Mr. Tyson seldom failed in those cases which he
+                  had commenced in legal form, yet very many persons were turned
+                  hopelessly away whose cases were too groundless for adjudication;
+                  and often those who knew they had no cause for hope,&#8212;condemned
+                  to be torn from their connections and sold, as if to
+                  death, never to be heard of more,&#8212;would call merely to obtain
+                  his sympathies, as if the universe had no other friend for them.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A man who lived with his master, in Anne Arundel county,
+                  came late one evening to Mr. Tyson, and begged that he would
+                  listen to his case. His master had promised him his freedom,
+                  provided he would raise and pay him the sum of five hundred
+                  dollars in six years; and he had earned half of the money, which
+                  he had given his master. The six years were not expired, yet he
+                  was about to be sold to Georgia. Mr. Tyson asked if 'there was
+                  any receipt for the money.' 'No.' 'Was there any witness who
+                  <a name="A_xxvii"></a>
+                  could prove its payment?' 'Nobody but his master's wife.'
+                  'Then,' said Mr. Tyson, 'the law is against thee, and thou must
+                  submit. I can do nothing for thee.' Never, said Mr. Tyson,
+                  when relating this story, shall I forget the desperate resolution
+                  which showed itself in the countenance and manner of this man
+                  when he said, with clenched fist, his eyes raised to Heaven, his
+                  whole frame bursting with the purpose of his soul, while a smile
+                  of triumph played around his lips, 'I will die before the Georgia
+                  man shall have me.' And then suddenly melting into a flood of
+                  tears, he said, 'I cannot live away from my wife and children.'
+                  After this poor fellow had left me, said Mr. Tyson, I said to a
+                  person present, 'That is no common man; he will do what he
+                  has resolved.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A short time afterwards, the remains of a colored person who
+                  had been drowned in the basin at Baltimore were discovered.
+                  The fact coming to the knowledge of Mr. Tyson, he went to see
+                  the body, and recognized in its features and from its dress, the
+                  remains of the unfortunate man who, a short time before, had
+                  breathed the dreadful resolution in his presence."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               Such are a few of the memorials which this friend of the human
+               race has left behind him. He was not less persevering, and
+               scarcely less successful in his endeavors to obtain the mitigation
+               of the slave laws in Maryland. Some of the most repulsive of
+               these were repealed or altered, particularly those restricting manumissions.
+               Thus the condition and the prospects of the whole
+               body of slaves was improved, in addition to <em>more than two
+                  thousand</em> delivered by his immediate instrumentality from illegal
+               bondage. Hundreds of free and happy families have cause at
+               this day to bless the memory of "Father Tyson."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               He also deeply interested himself on behalf of the Indian
+               tribes; and once in company with another individual, as a deputation
+               from the Society of Friends in Baltimore, undertook a dangerous
+               journey to visit several tribes 1000 miles distant, to the
+               north-west of the Ohio. The main object of the mission was to
+               induce the Indians to refrain from the use of ardent spirits&#8212;of
+               whose destructive effects the chiefs were themselves fully sensible.
+               The following affecting address was made to an assembly
+               of "Friends" in Baltimore, by Little Turtle, a chief famous for
+               courage, sagacity and eloquence:
+
+            </p><a name="A_xxviii"></a><blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers and Friends:&#8212;When our forefathers first met on
+                  this great Island, your red brethren were very numerous! But
+                  since the introduction among us of what you call spirituous
+                  liquors, and what we think may justly be called poison, our numbers
+                  are greatly diminished. It has destroyed a great part of
+                  your red brethren.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "My Brothers and Friends:&#8212;We plainly perceive, that you
+                  see the very evil which destroyed your red brethren; it is not an
+                  evil of our own making; we have not placed it among ourselves;
+                  it is an evil placed among us by the white people; we look to
+                  them to remove it out of our country. We tell them, 'Brethren,
+                  bring us useful things; bring goods that will clothe us, our women
+                  and our children; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our
+                  reason, that destroys our health, and destroys our lives.' But all
+                  we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives relief to
+                  your red brethren.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "My Brother and Friends:&#8212;I rejoice to find that you agree in
+                  opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if possible, of service
+                  to us, in removing this great evil out of our country; an evil
+                  which has had so much room in it; and has destroyed so many of
+                  our lives, that it causes our young men to say, 'we had better be
+                  at war with the white people.' This liquor, which they introduce
+                  into our country, is more to be feared than the gun and the tomahawk.
+                  There are more of us dead, since the treaty of Greenville,
+                  than we lost by the six years war before. It is all owing to the
+                  introduction of this liquor amongst us.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;When our young men have been out hunting,
+                  and are returning home, loaded with skins and furs, on their way
+                  if it happens that they come along where some of this whiskey
+                  is deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take a little
+                  drink; some of them will say 'no, I do not want it;' they go on
+                  till they come to another house, where they find more of the same
+                  kind of drink; it is there offered again; they refuse; and again
+                  the third time. But finally, the fourth or fifth time, one accepts
+                  of it and takes a drink; and getting one, he wants another; and
+                  then a third, and a fourth, till his senses have left him. After his
+                  reason comes back to him again, when he gets up and finds where
+                  he is, he asks for his peltry. The answer is, 'You have drank
+                  them,' 'Where is my gun?' 'It is gone?' 'Where is my
+                  <a name="A_xxix"></a>
+                  blanket?' 'It is gone.' 'Where is my shirt?' 'You have sold
+                  it for whiskey!!' Now, Brothers, figure to yourselves, the condition
+                  of this man. He has a family at home; a wife and children,
+                  who stand in need of the profits of his hunting. What
+                  must be their wants, when he himself is even without a shirt?"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The journey of Elisha Tyson and his companion, James Gillingham,
+               occurred a few years subsequent to the interview at
+               which the preceding speech was made. They met a council of
+               the Indians at Fort Wayne, whom Elisha Tyson addressed to the
+               following effect:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "He painted in glowing colors the dreadful effects of intemperance&#8212;both
+                  upon civilized and savage life&#8212;told them that
+                  they must resolve to abstain entirely from it. If they admitted it
+                  at all among them, it would soon conquer them, and reduce them
+                  to a condition worse than that of the brute creation. That not
+                  until they abandoned altogether the use of ardent spirits would
+                  they be fit subjects for civilization. If they were ready to do this
+                  he would then unfold to them the blessings of civilization&#8212;the
+                  superiority of such a condition over the one in which they then
+                  subsisted. He traced their history from the earliest period to the
+                  present time&#8212;shewed them how, as the white population had expanded
+                  itself, they had retreated into the western wilderness&#8212;that
+                  if they did not remain, but continued to retreat, in a few
+                  years they would have no territory upon this continent. In order,
+                  therefore, to their permanent establishment, he recommended to
+                  them the practice of agriculture, as a substitute for hunting.
+                  He advised them to mark out their lands, and ask advice of the
+                  agents established by the Society of Friends among them, with
+                  respect to their cultivation. They stood ready, not only with their
+                  advice, but with their assistance; they were furnished for their
+                  use with all the necessary implements of husbandry, with beasts
+                  of the plough also, and beasts of burden.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "They had come a great distance, endured much privation
+                  and fatigue in order to see them, and must endure a great deal
+                  more before they could again behold their wives and their children.
+                  But they could bear it all with patience, nay with joy, if
+                  they could only have the satisfaction of seeing them adopt the
+                  disinterested advice which he had thus given them."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote><a name="A_xxx"></a><p>
+               The following is one of the speeches made in reply, by White
+               Loon, an influential chief:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;Ever since your great father Onas, (William
+                  Penn,) came upon this great island, the Quakers have been the
+                  friends of red men. They have proved themselves worthy of
+                  being the descendants of their great father. And now, when all
+                  the whites have forgotten that they owe any thing to us, the Quakers
+                  of Baltimore, though so far distant from us, have remembered
+                  the distressed condition of their red brethren, and interceded
+                  with the Great Spirit in our behalf.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;You have travelled very far to see us&#8212;you
+                  have climbed over mountains&#8212;you have swam over deep and
+                  rapid torrents&#8212;you have endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue,
+                  in order that you might have an opportunity of seeing your red
+                  brethren. For this, so long as life exists within us, we shall be
+                  very grateful.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;That wide region of country over which you
+                  have passed, was once filled with red men. Then was there a
+                  plenty of deer and buffalo, and all kinds of game. But the white
+                  people came from beyond the great water; they landed in multitudes
+                  on our shores; they cut down our forests; they drove our
+                  warriors before them, and frightened the wild herds, so that they
+                  sought security in the deep shades of the west.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;These white men were not your grandfathers;
+                  for, as I said before, the sons of Onas were always the friends of
+                  red men.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;The whites are still advancing upon us. They
+                  have reached our territory, and have built their wigwams within
+                  our very hunting grounds. Our game is vanishing away.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;Formerly our hunters pursued the wild deer,
+                  and the buffalo, and the bear; and when they killed them they
+                  ate their flesh for food, and used their skins as covering for themselves,
+                  their old men, their women, and their children. But now,
+                  they kill them that they may have plenty of skins and furs to sell
+                  to the white men. The consequence of this is, the game is destroyed
+                  wantonly, and faster than our necessities require.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;We would not mind all this, provided these
+                  skins and furs were exchanged for useful articles&#8212;for implements
+                  of husbandry, or clothes for our old men, our women, and
+                  <a name="A_xxxi"></a>
+                  our children. But they are too often bartered away for whiskey,
+                  that vile poison, which has sunk even Wapakee into the dust.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;We shall soon be under the necessity either of
+                  leaving our hunting grounds or of converting them into pastures
+                  and fields of corn. Under the kind assistance of our brothers, the
+                  Quakers, we have already proceeded a great way. You have
+                  witnessed, as you have passed among us, the good effects of the
+                  kindness of our brothers. We are disposed to go on as we have
+                  begun, until our habits and manners, as well as the face of our
+                  country, shall be changed and look like those of the white people.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;Accept from us this belt of wampum and pipe
+                  of peace. And may the Great Sasteretsy, who conducted you
+                  here in safety, still go with you and restore you in peace and
+                  happiness to the arms of your women and children."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               After this, with ceremonies such as those already described,
+               but, if possible, accompanied with more solemnity, the chiefs dissolved
+               the council.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               It is a melancholy reflection, that soon such memorials as
+               these will be the only remains of that noble but unfortunate race
+               who once peopled the continent of North America. <em>War</em> has
+               slain its thousands, but <em>alcohol</em> its tens of thousands; and the
+               fortitude which could bear without shrinking the most cruel inflictions
+               of torture, has proved powerless to resist the seductions of
+               strong drink. It is to be feared a heavy retribution awaits the
+               white man, the pitiless author of their extermination.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The biographer of E. Tyson has taken great pains to represent
+               him as a friend to the Colonization Society, but in this
+               respect I am informed, by one who well knew him, he has done
+               him great injustice. It is confessed, indeed, that for a long period
+               E. Tyson viewed this scheme with great jealousy. "When we
+               saw," remarks this writer, "domestic tyrants, and men who had
+               actually, in the southern slave-trade, speculated in the flesh and
+               blood of their fellow creatures, united with their betters in a society,
+               the professed object of which was the peopling of a continent
+               with freemen by the depopulation of a continent of slaves,
+               he argued, as he had a right to argue, mischief to the cause."
+               No evidence is adduced to show that this same distrust of the
+               Colonization Society was ever removed, beyond the fact that,
+               having been the means of liberating eleven native Africans from
+               <a name="A_xxxii"></a>
+               a slave-ship, he cooperated with Gen. Harper, an influential colonizationist,
+               in restoring them to their native country, which bordered
+               upon the colony of Liberia. This was the last public act
+               of his life.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The great concern in which he had spent his life was the
+                  constant topic of his conversation; and he continued with his
+                  latest breath to enforce the claims of the unhappy sons of slavery
+                  upon the humanity of their brethren. It was natural that he
+                  should feel a strong anxiety about the fate of those who, through
+                  his exertions, had been restored to their friends in Africa. He
+                  was on the alert to hear intelligence of their fate&#8212;his spirit
+                  seemed to follow them across the mighty waters. On one occasion
+                  he was heard to say, 'If I could only hear of their safe arrival
+                  I should die content;' and on another, that he 'had prayed
+                  to the Father of Mercies that he would be pleased to spare his
+                  life until he could receive the pleasing intelligence.' His prayer
+                  was heard. The news reached his ears amid the last lingerings
+                  of life. He shed tears of joy on the occasion; and when he had
+                  sufficiently yielded to the first burst of feeling, exclaimed, like
+                  one satiated with earthly happiness, 'Now I am ready to die; my
+                  work is done.' His expressions were prophetic; for in the short
+                  space of forty-eight hours, on the 16th of February, 1824, at the
+                  age of 75 years, he breathed his soul into the hands of God Almighty."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The following are some notices of his personal appearance
+               and mental characteristics:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The person of Mr. Tyson was about six feet in height,
+                  though the habit of leaning forward as he walked, gave a less
+                  appearance to his stature. The rest of his frame was suited to
+                  his height.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The features of his countenance were strong. His forehead
+                  was high; his nose large, and of the Roman order; his eyes
+                  were dark and piercing; his lips so singularly expressive, that
+                  even in their stillest mood they would almost seem to be uttering
+                  the purposes of his mind. Indeed his whole face was indicative,
+                  to a striking degree, of the passions and feelings of his soul.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The mind of Mr. Tyson was strong, rather than brilliant.
+                  With scarcely any imagination, he possessed a judgment almost
+                  infallible in its decisions; great powers of reason, which were
+                  <a name="A_xxxiii"></a>
+                  more conspicuous for the certainty of its conclusions than remarkable
+                  for displaying the train of inferences by which it arrived at
+                  them. He possessed wonderful acuteness of understanding,
+                  quickness of perception, and readiness of reply.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "For these qualities he was indebted more to nature than to
+                  art. He was not educated for the exalted station of a philanthropist,
+                  but for the business of the world; and yet he seemed fitted
+                  exactly for the part he acted. He possessed not the refinements
+                  of education; he had not learned to soar into the regions of fancy,
+                  his destiny was upon the earth; and he knew no flight but
+                  that which bears the soul to heaven."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="E"></a>APPENDIX E. p. 68.
+               <br><br><br>
+               THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES."<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following statements are drawn from a "History of the
+               Amistad Captives, &amp;c., by John W. Barber, member of the Connecticut
+               Historical Society;" from the authentic reports of the
+               proceedings in the courts of law, and from a letter of my friend,
+               Lewis Tappan, to the public papers.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "During the month of August, 1839, the public attention was
+               somewhat excited by several reports stating that a vessel of suspicious
+               and piratical character had been seen near the coast of
+               the United States, in the vicinity of New York. This vessel was
+               represented as a 'long, low, black schooner,' and manned by
+               blacks. The United States steamer Fulton and several revenue
+               cutters were despatched after her, and notice was given to the
+               collectors at various sea ports."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               This suspicious looking schooner proved to be the "Amistad,"
+               which was eventually captured off Culloden Point, by Lieut. Gedney,
+               of the U.S. brig "Washington." At this time, however,
+               the Africans, who were in possession of the vessel, were in communication
+               with the shore, and peaceably trafficking with the inhabitants
+               for a supply of water for their intended voyage to their
+               own country. They had spontaneously submitted to the command
+               of one of their number, Cinque, a man of extraordinary
+               <a name="A_xxxiv"></a>
+               natural capacity. When they were taken, he was separated from
+               his companions and conveyed on board the brig.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Cinque having been put on board of the 'Washington,' displayed
+               much uneasiness, and seemed so very anxious to get on
+               board the schooner that his keepers allowed him to return. Once
+               more on the deck of the 'Amistad,' the blacks clustered around
+               him, laughing, screaming, and making other extravagant demonstrations
+               of joy. When the noise had subsided, he made an address,
+               which raised their excitement to such a pitch, that the
+               officer in command had Cinque led away by force. He was
+               returned to the 'Washington,' and was manacled to prevent his
+               leaping overboard. On Wednesday, he signified by motions that
+               if they would take him on board the schooner again, he would
+               show them a handkerchief full of doubloons. He was accordingly
+               sent on board. His fetters were taken off, and he once
+               more went below, where he was received by the Africans in a
+               still more wild and enthusiastic manner than he was the day previous.
+               Instead of finding the doubloons, he again made an address
+               to the blacks, by which they were very much excited.
+               Dangerous consequences were apprehended. Cinque was seized,
+               taken from the hold, and again fettered. While making his
+               speech, his eye was often turned to the sailors in charge: the
+               blacks yelled, leapt about, and seemed to be animated with the
+               same spirit and determination of their leader. Cinque, when
+               taken back to the 'Washington,' evinced little or no emotion, but
+               kept his eye steadily fixed on the schooner."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               An event so extraordinary and unprecedented as the capture
+               of the "Amistad," excited the most lively interest among all
+               classes. The Africans, forty-four in number, were brought to
+               New Haven and secured in the county jail. A number of gentlemen
+               formed themselves into a committee to watch over their
+               interests, and immediately there was begun a long and complicated
+               series of judicial proceedings, to determine how they
+               should be disposed of. Ruiz and Montez, the two white men,
+               late the prisoners, but claiming to be the owners of the Africans,
+               caused them to be indicted for piracy and murder. This was
+               almost immediately disposed of, on the ground that the charges,
+               if true, were not cognizable in the American courts, the alleged
+               offences having been perpetrated on board a Spanish vessel.
+               <a name="A_xxxv"></a>
+               The Africans therefore were in no immediate danger of capital
+               punishment. Ruiz and Montez on their part seem to have met
+               with sympathy and kindness, and to testify their gratitude caused
+               the following to be inserted in the New York papers:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "A CARD.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "NEW LONDON, AUGUST 29, 1839.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The subscribers, Don Jose Ruiz, and Don Pedro Montez, in
+                  gratitude for their most unhoped for and providential rescue from
+                  the hands of a ruthless gang of African bucaneers and an awful
+                  death, would take this means of expressing, in some slight degree,
+                  their thankfulness and obligation to Lieut. Com. T.R. Gedney,
+                  and the officers and crew of the U.S. surveying brig Washington,
+                  for their decision in seizing the Amistad, and their unremitting
+                  kindness and hospitality in providing for their comfort on
+                  board their vessel, as well as the means they have taken for the
+                  protection of their property.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We also must express our indebtedness to that nation whose
+                  flag they so worthily bear, with an assurance that this act will be
+                  duly appreciated by our most gracious sovereign, her Majesty
+                  the Queen of Spain.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                        DON JOSE, RUIZ,
+                  <br>
+                        DON PEDRO MONTEZ."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               Ruiz and Montez are thus described by a correspondent of the
+               New London Gazette, who visited the Amistad immediately after
+               its capture:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Jose Ruiz, is a very gentlemanly and intelligent young man,
+                  and speaks English fluently. He was the owner of most of the
+                  slaves and cargo, which he was conveying to his estate on the
+                  Island of Cuba. The other, Pedro Montez, is about fifty years of
+                  age, and is the owner of three of the slaves. He was formerly a
+                  ship master, and has navigated the vessel since her seizure by the
+                  blacks. Both of them, as may be naturally supposed, are most
+                  unfeignedly thankful for their deliverance. Pedro is the most
+                  striking instance of complacency and unalloyed delight we have
+                  ever witnessed, and it is not strange, since only yesterday his
+                  sentence was pronounced by the chief of the bucaneers, and his
+                  death song chanted by the grim crew, who gathered with uplifted
+                  sabres around his devoted head, which, as well as his arms, bear
+                  <a name="A_xxxvi"></a>
+                  the scars of several wounds inflicted at the time of the murder of
+                  the ill-fated captain and crew. He sat smoking his Havana on
+                  the deck, and to judge from the martyr-like serenity of his countenance,
+                  his emotions are such as rarely stir the heart of man.
+                  When Mr. Porter, the prize master, assured him of his safety, he
+                  threw his arms around his neck, while gushing tears coursing
+                  down his furrowed cheek, bespoke the overflowing transport of his
+                  soul. Every now and then he clasped his hands, and with uplifted
+                  eyes, gave thanks to 'the Holy Virgin' who had led him out
+                  of his troubles."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               It will be necessary to contrast the deeds of these "gentlemanly
+               and intelligent" <em>Christians</em> with that of the "ruthless gang
+               of African bucaneers," from whose grasp they were so providentially
+               rescued. In giving the subsequent detail, I would not be
+               understood as compromising for a single instant my belief in the
+               inviolability of human life, though it must I think be confessed
+               that in the instance related below, the heathen and barbarous negroes
+               contrast very favorably with the civilized and Christian
+               Spaniards.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The following communication from Mr. Day, of New Haven,
+                  gives a summary account of the African captives, as stated
+                  by themselves, from the time they left Africa, till the time they
+                  obtained possession of the Amistad:
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "NEW HAVEN, OCT. 8, 1839.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  [To the Editor of the Journal of Commerce.]
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Gentlemen&#8212;The following short and plain narrative of one
+                  or two of the African captives, in whose history and prospects
+                  such anxious interest is felt, has been taken at the earliest opportunity
+                  possible, consistently with more important examinations.
+                  It may be stated in general terms, as the result of the investigations
+                  thus far made, that the Africans all testify that they left Africa
+                  about six months since; were landed under cover of the night
+                  at a small village or hamlet near Havana, and after ten or twelve
+                  days were taken through Havana by night by the man who had
+                  bought them, named Pipi, who has since been satisfactorily proved
+                  to be Ruiz; were cruelly treated on the passage, being beaten
+                  and flogged, and in some instances having vinegar and gunpowder
+                  rubbed into their wounds; and that they suffered intensely
+                  <a name="A_xxxvii"></a>
+                  from hunger and thirst. The perfect coincidence in the testimony
+                  of the prisoners, examined as they have been separately,
+                  is felt by all who are acquainted with the minutes of the examination,
+                  to carry with it overwhelming evidence of the truth of their
+                  story.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  Yours respectfully,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                                                        "GEORGE E. DAY."
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                                                        "MONDAY, OCT. 7.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "This afternoon, almost the first time in which the two interpreters,
+                  Covey and Pratt, have not been engaged with special reference
+                  to the trial to take place in November, one of the captives
+                  named Grabeau, was requested to give a narrative of himself
+                  since leaving Africa, for publication in the papers. The interpreters,
+                  who are considerably exhausted by the examinations
+                  which have already taken place, only gave the substance of what
+                  he said, without going into details, and it was not thought advisable
+                  to press the matter. Grabeau first gave an account of the
+                  passage from Africa to Havana. On board the vessel there was
+                  a large number of men, but the women and children were far the
+                  most numerous. They were fastened together in couples by the
+                  wrists and legs, and kept in that situation day and night. Here
+                  Grabeau and another of the Africans named Kimbo, lay down
+                  upon the floor, to show the painful position in which they were
+                  obliged to sleep. By day it was no better. The space between
+                  decks was so small,&#8212;according to their account not exceeding
+                  four feet,&#8212;that they were obliged, if they attempted to stand, to
+                  keep a crouching posture. The decks fore and aft were crowded
+                  to overflowing. They suffered (Grabeau said) terribly. They
+                  had rice enough to eat, but had very little to drink. If they left
+                  any of the rice that was given to them uneaten, either from sickness
+                  or any other cause, they were whipped. It was a common
+                  thing for them to be forced to eat so much as to vomit. Many of
+                  the men, women, and children died on the passage.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "They were landed by night at a small village near Havana.
+                  Soon several white men came to buy them, and among them was
+                  the one claiming to be their master, whom they call Pipi, said to
+                  be a Spanish nick-name for Jose. Pipi, or Ruiz, selected such
+                  as he liked, and made them stand in a row. He then felt each of
+                  them in every part of the body; made them open their mouths
+                  <a name="A_xxxviii"></a>
+                  to see if their teeth were sound, and carried the examinations to
+                  a degree of minuteness of which only a slave dealer would be
+                  guilty.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When they were separated from their companions who had
+                  come with them from Africa, there was weeping among the women
+                  and children, but Grabeau did not weep, 'because he is a
+                  man.' Kimbo, who sat by, said that he also shed no tears&#8212;but
+                  he thought of his home in Africa, and of friends left there whom
+                  he should never see again.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The men bought by Ruiz were taken on foot through Havana
+                  in the night, and put on board a vessel. During the night they
+                  were kept in irons, placed about the hands, feet and neck. They
+                  were treated during the day in a somewhat milder manner, though
+                  all the irons were never taken off at once. Their allowance of
+                  food was very scant, and of water still more so. They were very
+                  hungry, and suffered much in the hot days and nights from thirst.
+                  In addition to this there was much whipping, and the cook told
+                  them that when they reached land they would all be eaten. This
+                  'made their hearts burn.' To avoid being eaten, and to escape
+                  the bad treatment they experienced, they rose upon the crew with
+                  the design of returning to Africa.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Such is the substance of Grabeau's story, confirmed by Kimbo,
+                  who was present most of the time. He says he likes the
+                  people of this country, because, to use his own expression, 'they
+                  are good people&#8212;they believe in God, and there is no slavery
+                  here.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The story of Grabeau was then read and interpreted to
+                  Cinque, while a number of the other Africans were standing
+                  about, and confirmed by all of them in every particular. When
+                  the part relating to the crowded state of the vessel from Africa to
+                  Havana was read, Cinque added that there was scarcely room
+                  enough to sit or lie down. Another showed the marks of the
+                  irons on his wrists, which must at the time have been terribly
+                  lacerated. On their separation at Havana, Cinque remarked that
+                  almost all of them were in tears, and himself among the rest, 'because
+                  they had come from the same country, and were now to be
+                  parted for ever.' To the question, how it was possible for the
+                  Africans when chained in the manner he described, to rise upon
+                  the crew, he replied that the chain which connected the iron collars
+                  <a name="A_xxxix"></a>
+                  about their necks was fastened at the end by a padlock, and
+                  that this was first broken, and afterwards the other irons. Their
+                  object, he said, in the affray, was to make themselves free. He
+                  then requested it to be added to the above, that 'if he tells a lie,
+                  God sees him by day and by night.'"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The interpreters alluded to in the preceding extract were two
+               Africans belonging to the crew of the British brig of war Buzzard,
+               which providentially arrived at New York, from a cruise on
+               the coast of Africa. They were found to speak the same language
+               as the prisoners, and with the consent of Captain Fitzgerald,
+               their services were immediately secured by the indefatigable
+               committee for the African captives. By their aid much information
+               was elicited respecting the native country and previous history
+               of these negroes, with many incidental particulars of great
+               interest, some of which will appear in the following account.
+               The criminal proceedings against the Mendians being quashed,
+               there remained the claim of Ruiz and Montez to have the negroes
+               returned to them as their property. To sustain this claim they
+               produced the license, signed by the proper authorities at Havana,
+               permitting the removal of these negroes from that port to Principe,
+               in the same island. This document is signed by General
+               Espelata, Captain-General of Cuba, and countersigned by Martinez,
+               one of the most extensive slave-traders in the known world.
+               This pass or license described the negroes as
+               <i>ladinos</i>, a term used to designate Africans who have
+               been long settled in Cuba. It was proved, however, that they were
+               <i>Bozal</i> negroes, that is, such as
+               had been very lately introduced, and the testimony on both sides,
+               on this point, established a fact that is but too notorious, that the
+               slave trade to Cuba is openly carried on with the connivance, and
+               even with the corrupt participation of the authorities. One of the
+               witnesses, D. Francis Bacon, gives the following account of the
+               slave trade:&#8212;
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Bacon stated that he left the coast of Africa on the 13th
+                  of July, 1839. He knew a place called Dumbokoro [Lomboko]
+                  by the Spaniards: it was an island in the river or lagoon of Gallinas.
+                  There is a large slave factory or depot at this place,
+                  which is said to belong to the house of Martinez in Havana;
+                  there are also different establishments on different islands. Mr.
+                  <a name="A_xl"></a>
+                  Bacon stated that he had seen American, Russian, Spanish, and
+                  Portuguese vessels at Gallinas. The American flag was a complete
+                  shelter; no man-of-war daring to capture an American vessel.
+                  The slave trade on that part of the coast is the universal
+                  business of the country, and by far the most profitable, and all
+                  engaged in it who could raise the means. Extensive wars take
+                  place in Africa, for obtaining slaves from the vanquished. Different
+                  towns and villages make war upon each other for this purpose.
+                  Some are sold on account of their crimes, others for debts.
+                  The slaves are all brought on to the coast by other blacks, and
+                  sold at the slave factories, as no white man dare penetrate into
+                  the interior. Some of the blacks who have been educated at
+                  Sierra Leone, have been principal dealers in the slave trade."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The decision of the District Court of Connecticut on this
+               question of property, was to the effect that since their original
+               introduction into Cuba was plainly illegal, they were free by the
+               law of Spain, and of course could not be the property of Spanish
+               subjects.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The subsequent proceedings were undertaken on behalf of
+               the United States' Government. "The District Attorney, Mr.
+               Holabird, filed his claim under Lieut. Gedney's libel, on two distinct
+               grounds; one that these Africans had been claimed by the
+               Government of Spain, and ought to be retained till the pleasure
+               of the Executive might be known, as to that demand; and the
+               other, that they should be held subject to the disposition of the
+               President, to be re-transported to Africa, under the act of 1819."
+               The Court finally decreed that the Africans should be delivered
+               to the President of the United States, to be transported to Africa,
+               there to be delivered to an agent appointed to receive and conduct
+               them home. Against this decision, though it is what he had
+               asked for, Holabird appealed on behalf of the United States'
+               Government, and through a protracted series of law proceedings,
+               it was finally carried before the Supreme Court of the United
+               States, the highest tribunal in the nation. The counsel employed
+               on both sides, in the different stages, were of the highest
+               reputation; and finally the venerable John Quincy Adams, after
+               an absence from the Courts of nearly forty years, during which
+               interval he had filled the highest offices of state, at home and
+               <a name="A_xli"></a>
+               abroad, in the service of his country, did not think it beneath him
+               to defend the Mendians before the Supreme Court, against the
+               <em>conspiracies</em> of Forsyth, the Secretary of State, and the Spanish
+               Ambassador. In his first communication to the latter, Forsyth
+               says:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "All the proceedings in the matter, on the part of both the
+                  executive and judicial branches of the government, have had their
+                  foundation in the assumption that Montez and Ruiz alone were
+                  the parties aggrieved; and that their claim to the surrender of the
+                  property was founded in fact and in justice."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The Spanish minister and his successor, complained bitterly,
+               in the course of a long correspondence, of the delay in giving up
+               the Africans, on the ground, as emphatically stated in one of their
+               letters to the Department of State, that "the public vengeance
+               had not been satisfied; for be it recollected that the legation of
+               Spain does not demand the delivery of slaves, but of assassins."
+               In a previous communication it was intimated that "the infliction
+               of capital punishment in this case (in the United States,) would
+               not be attended with the salutary effects had in view by the law,
+               when it resorts to this painful and terrible alternative, namely, to
+               prevent the commission of similar offences." Notwithstanding
+               these dreadful intimations of the fate awaiting the Africans in
+               Cuba, the American Government deliberately adopted the design
+               of delivering them up, either as <i>property</i> or as
+               assassins. That Government found willing agents in the United States' Marshal,
+               and the District Attorney of Connecticut. The following extracts
+               from the argument of John Quincy Adams, will explain
+               these disgraceful transactions:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "On the 7th of January, the Secretary of State writes to the
+                  Secretary of the Navy, acknowledging the receipt of his letter of
+                  the 3d, informing him that the schooner Grampus would receive
+                  the negroes of the Amistad, 'for the purpose of conveying
+                  them to Cuba, in the event of their delivery being adjudged by
+                  the Circuit Court, before whom the case is pending.' This singular
+                  blunder, in naming the Court, shows in what manner and
+                  with how little care the Department of State allowed itself to
+                  conduct an affair, involving no less than the liberties and lives of
+                  every one of my clients. This letter enclosed the order of the
+                  <a name="A_xlii"></a>
+                  President to the Marshal of Connecticut for the delivery of the
+                  negroes to Lieut. Paine. Although disposing of the lives of forty
+                  human beings, it has not the form or solemnity of a warrant, and
+                  is not even signed by the President in his official capacity. It is
+                  a mere order.
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'The Marshal of the United States for the District of Connecticut
+                     will deliver over to Lieut. John S. Paine, of the United
+                     States Navy, and aid in conveying on board the schooner Grampus,
+                     under his command, all the negroes, late of the Spanish
+                     schooner Amistad, in his custody, under process now pending
+                     before the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of
+                     Connecticut. For so doing, this order will be his warrant.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this 7th
+                     day of January, A.D. 1840.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'M. VAN BUREN.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'By the President:
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'JOHN FORSYTH, Sec. of State.'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "That order is good for nothing at all. It did not even describe
+                  the Court correctly, under whose protection those unfortunate
+                  people were. And on the 11th of January, the District Attorney
+                  had to send a special messenger, who came, it appears, all
+                  the way to Washington in one day, to inform the Secretary
+                  that the negroes were not holden under the order of the Circuit
+                  Court, but of the District Court. And he says, 'Should the pretended
+                  friends of the negroes'&#8212;the pretended friends!&#8212;'obtain
+                  a writ of Habeas Corpus, the Marshal could not justify under that
+                  warrant.' And he says, 'the Marshal wishes me to inquire'&#8212;a
+                  most amiable and benevolent inquiry&#8212;'whether in the event of
+                  a decree requiring him to release the negroes, or in case of an
+                  appeal by the adverse party, it is expected the Executive warrant
+                  will be executed'&#8212;that is, whether he is to carry the negroes
+                  on board of the Grampus in the face of a decree of the Court.
+                  And he requests instructions on the point."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               On the 12th of January, the very next day after the letter of
+               the District Attorney was written at New Haven, the Secretary
+               of State replies in a despatch which is marked 'confidential.'
+
+            </p><a name="A_xliii"></a><blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'[CONFIDENTIAL.]
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                              "'DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jan. 12,1840.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'SIR,&#8212;Your letter of the 11th inst. has just been received.
+                  The order for the delivery of the negroes of the Amistad is herewith
+                  returned, corrected agreeably to your suggestion. With
+                  reference to the inquiry from the Marshal, to which you allude,
+                  I have to state, by direction of the President, that if the decision
+                  of the Court is such as is anticipated, the order of the President
+                  is to be carried into execution, unless an appeal shall actually
+                  have been interposed. YOU ARE NOT TO TAKE IT FOR GRANTED
+                  THAT IT WILL BE INTERPOSED. And if, on the contrary, the decision
+                  of the Court is different, you are to take out an appeal, and
+                  allow things to remain as they are until the appeal shall have
+                  been decided.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  I am, sir, your obedient servant
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'JOHN FORSYTH.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'W.S. HOLABIRD, Esq.,
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'<i>Attorney U.S. for District of Conn.</i>'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "But after all the order did not avail. The District Judge,
+                  contrary to all these anticipations of the Executive, decided that
+                  the thirty-six negroes taken by Lieut. Gedney and brought before
+                  the Court on the certificate of the Governor-General of Cuba,
+                  were FREEMEN; that they had been kidnapped in Africa; that they
+                  did not own these Spanish names; that they were not
+                  <i>ladinos</i>;
+                  and were not correctly described in the passport, but were new
+                  negroes bought by Ruiz in the depot of Havana, and fully entitled
+                  to their liberty."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               At a public meeting held subsequent to their liberation, the
+               teacher of the Africans made a statement as follows:&#8212;Their
+               ruling passion was a love for home; and their desire to return
+               thither was constantly manifesting itself. One day, a short time
+               ago, Fohlee came to his teacher, with his cap in his hand, and
+               said, "If Merican men offer me as much gold as fill this cap full
+               up, and give me houses, land and every ting, so dat I stay in dis
+               country, I say no! Is dat like my father? Is dat like my mother?
+               Is dat like my sister? Is dat like my brother? No! I
+               want to see my father, my mother, my brother and sister." This
+               feeling manifested itself in many ways; and they expressed
+               themselves willing to undergo any thing short of losing their
+               <a name="A_xliv"></a>
+               lives, if by so doing they could be at liberty to return to the
+               Mendi country.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               I now introduce the lively narrative of my friend Lewis
+               Tappan:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "EXCURSION WITH THE AMISTAD AFRICANS.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>On board Steam Boat, L.I. Sound, Nov</i>. 15, 1841.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "BROTHER LEAVITT:&#8212;As the committee had chartered a
+                  ship to take the Mendians to Sierra Leone about the middle of
+                  this month, and as the funds contributed by a benevolent public
+                  were about all expended, it appeared necessary, in addition to an
+                  appeal published in the newspapers, to take some prompt and
+                  efficient measures to procure funds sufficient to pay for their outfit
+                  and passages, and, if possible, something to sustain the contemplated
+                  mission in Mendi. One of the committee being sick and
+                  another absent, it devolved upon me to perform the excursion. I
+                  was assisted essentially by Mr. Samuel Deming, one of the committee
+                  at Farmington, and by Mr. William Raymond and Mr.
+                  Needham. On arriving at Hartford, the third instant, I learned
+                  that Mr. Deming had proceeded to Boston, accompanied by ten
+                  of the Mendians, viz., Cinque, Banna, Si-si, Su-ma, Fu-li, Ya-bo-i,
+                  So-ko-ma, Kin-na, Ka-li and Mar-gru. These were selected not
+                  on account of being the best scholars, but with reference to their
+                  being the best singers, although some of them are among the
+                  best scholars. None of them, however, have had instruction in
+                  music. Arriving in Boston, the city was, as I anticipated, full of
+                  excitement, on account of the approaching election,&#8212;a circumstance
+                  unknown to the committee at Farmington, who had sent
+                  off the Mendians sooner than we had calculated,&#8212;and it seemed
+                  almost impossible to procure a suitable place in which to hold
+                  meetings, or to arrest the attention of the people, as the
+                  whole&#8212;democrats, whigs and abolitionists&#8212;had every nerve strained
+                  for the political contest. However, preparation had been made for a
+                  meeting at the Melodeon, late Lion Theatre, on Thursday evening.
+                  A few hundreds assembled, and appeared to be highly gratified
+                  with the performances. It seemed to them marvellous that
+                  these men and children, who, less than three years since, were
+                  almost naked savages in the interior of Africa, should, under the
+                  <a name="A_xlv"></a>
+                  untoward circumstances in which they have been placed for the
+                  largest part of the time since they have been in a civilized and
+                  Christian country, appear so far advanced in civilization and
+                  knowledge. Only forty-six dollars were received, the proceeds
+                  of tickets and a collection, but a strong desire was expressed that
+                  there should be another meeting.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Saturday evening was the only evening we could have
+                  Marlboro' Chapel, the largest church in the city. Preliminary
+                  to this meeting, a private meeting of invited gentlemen was held
+                  during the afternoon, at the Marlboro' Hotel, the Mendians being
+                  present. The meeting was well attended and a good impression
+                  was made. In the evening there was a large meeting in the
+                  Chapel; Rev. Dr. Anderson opened it with prayer, concluding
+                  with the Lord's prayer, each sentence being repeated in our language
+                  by the Mendians. A statement was then made of their
+                  past and present condition, of their good conduct, their proficiency,
+                  of their ardent desire to return to Mendi, and the favorable
+                  prospects of establishing a mission in their country. Three or
+                  four of the best readers were then called upon to read a passage
+                  in the New Testament. They then read and spelled a passage
+                  named by the audience. One of the Africans next related, in
+                  'Merica language,' their condition in their own country, their
+                  being kidnapped, the sufferings of the middle passage, their stay
+                  at Havana, the transactions on board the Amistad, &amp;c. The
+                  story was intelligible to the audience, with occasional explanations.
+                  They were next requested to sing two or three of their
+                  native songs. The performance afforded great delight to the audience.
+                  As a pleasing contrast, however, they sang immediately
+                  after, one of the songs of Zion:
+
+               </p>
+               <div class="lg">"'When I can read my title clear<br>To mansions in. the skies,<br>I'll bid farewell to every fear,<br>And wipe my weeping eyes.'<br><br></div>
+               <p>
+                  "This produced a deep impression upon the audience; and
+                  while these late pagans were singing so correctly and impressively
+                  a hymn in a Christian church, many 'weeping eyes,' bore
+                  testimony that the act and its associations touched a chord that
+                  vibrated in many hearts. Cinque was then introduced to the
+                  audience, and addressed them in his native tongue. It is impossible
+                  <a name="A_xlvi"></a>
+                  to describe the novel and deeply interesting manner in
+                  which he acquitted himself. The subject of his speech was similar
+                  to that of his countryman who had addressed the audience in
+                  English, but he related more minutely and graphically the occurrences
+                  on board the Amistad. The easy manner of Cinque, his
+                  natural, graceful and energetic action, the rapidity of his utterance,
+                  and the remarkable and various expressions of his countenance,
+                  excited the admiration and applause of the audience. He
+                  was pronounced a powerful natural orator, and one born to sway
+                  the minds of his fellow men. Should he be converted and become
+                  a preacher of the cross in Africa, what delightful results
+                  may be anticipated!
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The amount of the statements made by Kin-na, Fu-li and
+                  Cinque, and the facts in the case, are as follows:&#8212;These Mendians
+                  belong to six different tribes, although their dialects are not
+                  so dissimilar as to prevent them from conversing together very
+                  readily. Most of them belong to a country which they call Mendi,
+                  but which is known to geographers and travellers as Kos-sa,
+                  and lies south-east of Sierra Leone; as we suppose, from sixty to
+                  one hundred and twenty miles. With one or two exceptions,
+                  these Mendians are not related to each other; nor did they know
+                  each other until they met at the slave factory of Pedro Blanco,
+                  the wholesale trafficker in men, at Lomboko, on the coast of Africa.
+                  They were stolen separately, many of them by black men,
+                  some of whom were accompanied by Spaniards, as they were
+                  going from one village to another, or were at a distance from
+                  their abodes. The whole came to Havana in the same ship, a
+                  Portuguese vessel named Tecora, except the four children, whom
+                  they saw, for the first time, on board the Amistad. It seems that
+                  they remained at Lomboko several weeks, until six or seven hundred
+                  were collected, when they were put in irons and placed in
+                  the hold of a ship, which soon put to sea. Being chased by a
+                  British cruiser, she returned, landed the cargo of human beings,
+                  and the vessel was seized and taken to Sierra Leone for adjudication.
+                  After some time, the Africans were put on board the
+                  Tecora. After suffering the horrors of the middle passage, they
+                  arrived at Havana. Here they were put into a barracoon, one of
+                  the oblong enclosures, without a roof, where human beings are
+                  kept, as they keep sheep and oxen near the cattle markets, in the
+                  <a name="A_xlvii"></a>
+                  vicinity of our large cities, until purchasers are found, for ten
+                  days, when they were sold to Jose Ruiz, and shipped on board
+                  the Amistad, together with the three girls and a little boy who
+                  came on board with Pedro Montez. The Amistad was a coaster,
+                  bound to Principe, in Cuba, distant some two or three hundred
+                  miles. The Africans were kept in chains and fetters, and were
+                  supplied with but a small quantity of food or water. A single
+                  banana, they say, was served out as food for a day or two, and
+                  only a small cup of water for each daily. When any of them
+                  took a little water from the cask, they were severely flogged.
+                  The Spaniards took Antonio, the cabin-boy and slave to Captain
+                  Ferrer, and stamped him on the shoulder with a hot iron; then
+                  put powder, palm oil, &amp;c. upon the wound, so that they 'could
+                  know him for their slave.' The cook, a colored Spaniard, told
+                  them that on their arrival at Principe, in three days, they would
+                  have their throats cut, be chopped in pieces, and salted down for
+                  meat for the Spaniards. He pointed to some barrels of beef on
+                  the deck, then to an empty barrel, and by significant
+                  gestures,&#8212;as the Mendians say, by 'talking with his
+                  fingers,'&#8212;he made
+                  them understand that they were to be slain, &amp;c. At four o'clock
+                  that day, when they were called on deck to eat, Cinque found a
+                  nail, which he secreted under his arm. In the night they held a
+                  counsel as to what was best to be done. 'We feel bad,' said Kin-na,
+                  'and we ask Cinque what we had best do. Cinque say, "Me
+                  think, and by and by I tell you."' He then said, 'If we do nothing,
+                  we be killed. We may as well die in trying to be free as to
+                  be killed and eaten.' Cinque afterwards told them what he would
+                  do. With the aid of the nail and the assistance of Grabeau, he
+                  freed himself from the irons on his wrists and ancles, and from
+                  the chain on his neck. He then, with his own hands, wrested
+                  the irons from the limbs and necks of his countrymen. It is not
+                  in my power to give an adequate description of Cinque when he
+                  showed how he did this and led his comrades to the conflict and
+                  achieved their freedom. In my younger years I saw Kemble and
+                  Siddons, and the representation of Othello, at Covent Garden, but
+                  no acting that I ever witnessed came near that to which I allude.
+                  When delivered from their irons, the Mendians, with the exception
+                  of the children, who were asleep, about four or five o'clock
+                  in the morning, armed with cane-knives, some boxes of which
+                  <a name="A_xlviii"></a>
+                  they found in the hold, leaped upon the deck. Cinque killed the
+                  cook. The captain fought desperately. He inflicted wounds on
+                  two of the Africans, who soon after died, and cut severely one or
+                  two of those who now survive. Two sailors leaped over the side
+                  of the vessel. The Mendians say 'they could not catch land&#8212;they
+                  must have swum to the bottom of the sea,' but Ruiz and
+                  Montez supposed they reached the island in a boat. Cinque now
+                  took command of the vessel; placed Si-si at the helm; gave his
+                  people plenty to eat and drink. Ruiz and Montez had fled to the
+                  hold. They were dragged out, and Cinque ordered them to be
+                  put in irons. They cried and begged not to be put in chains,
+                  but Cinque replied, 'You say fetters good for negro&#8212;if good for
+                  negro good for Spanish man too: you try them two days, and see
+                  how you feel.' The Spaniards asked for water, and it was dealt
+                  out to them in the same little cup with which they had dealt it
+                  out to the Africans. They complained bitterly of being thirsty.
+                  Cinque said, 'You say little water enough for nigger. If little
+                  water do for him, a little do for you too.' Cinque said the Spaniards
+                  cried a great deal; he felt very sorry; only meant to let
+                  them see how good it was to be treated like the poor slaves. In
+                  two days the irons were removed; and then, said Cinque, we give
+                  them plenty water and food, and treat them very well. Kin-na
+                  stated that as the water fell short, Cinque would not drink any,
+                  nor allow any of the rest to drink any thing but salt water, but
+                  dealt out daily a little to each of the four children, and the same
+                  quantity to each of the two Spaniards! In a day or two Ruiz
+                  and Montez wrote a letter, and told Cinque that when they spoke
+                  a vessel, if he would give it to them, the people would take them
+                  to Sierra Leone. Cinque took the letter and said, 'Very well;'
+                  but afterwards told his brethren, 'We have no letter in Mendi.
+                  I don't know what is in that letter&#8212;there may be death in it.
+                  So we will take some iron and a string, bind them about the
+                  letter, and send it to the bottom of the sea.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When any vessel came in sight, the Spaniards were shut
+                  down in the hold, and forbidden to come on deck on pain of death.
+                  One of the Africans, who could talk a little English, answered
+                  questions when they were hailed from other vessels.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is unnecessary to narrate here subsequent facts, as they
+                  have been published throughout the country. After Cinque's
+                  <a name="A_xlix"></a>
+                  address a collection was taken, and the services were concluded
+                  by the Mendians singing Bishop Heber's missionary hymn:
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'From Greenland's icy mountains.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "At the conclusion of the meeting some linen and cotton table
+                  cloths and napkins, manufactured by the Africans, were exhibited,
+                  and eagerly purchased of them by persons present, at liberal
+                  prices. They are in the habit of purchasing linen and cotton at the
+                  shops, unravelling the edges about six to ten inches, and making,
+                  with their fingers, neat fringes, in imitation, they say, of 'Mendi
+                  fashion.' Large numbers of the audience advanced, and took
+                  Cinque and the rest by the hand. The transactions of this meeting
+                  have thus been stated at length, and the account will serve to
+                  show how the subsequent meetings were conducted, as the services
+                  in other places were similar.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "These Africans, while in prison, (which was the largest part
+                  of the time they have been in this country) learned but little comparatively,
+                  but since they have been liberated, they have been
+                  anxious to learn, as they said 'it would be good for us in our own
+                  country.' Many of them write well, read, spell and sing well, and
+                  have attended to arithmetic. The younger ones have made great
+                  progress in study. Most of them have much fondness for arithmetic.
+                  They have also cultivated as a garden fifteen acres of
+                  land, and have raised a large quantity of corn, potatoes, onions,
+                  beets, et cet., which will be useful to them at sea. In some
+                  places we visited, the audience were astonished at the performance
+                  of Kali, who is only eleven years of age. He would not
+                  only spell any word in either of the Gospels, but spell sentences,
+                  without any mistake, such sentences as 'Blessed are the meek,
+                  for they shall inherit the earth,' naming each letter and syllable,
+                  and recapitulating as he went along, until he pronounced the
+                  whole sentence. Two hundred and seven dollars were received
+                  at this meeting.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'On Sabbath evening a meeting was attended in Rev. Mr.
+                  Beman's Church, (colored.) It was impossible for all to gain
+                  admittance--collected sixteen dollars and fifty-one cents. The
+                  same evening a meeting was held at Elder N. Colver's. A very
+                  warm interest was manifested by this congregation, and the sum
+                  of ninety dollars was contributed. The next morning a respectable
+                  <a name="A_l"></a>
+                  mechanic, a member of this church, offered to go to Mendi
+                  with his wife and child, to take up their permanent abode there.
+                  On Monday we proceeded to Haverhill. It was a rainy day, and
+                  town meeting was held at the same hour. The audience was
+                  small, but a deep interest was felt, and fifty-six dollars contributed.
+                  Rev. Charles Fitch opened the meeting with prayer.
+                  The Mendians and their friends will long remember the hospitality
+                  and generosity of their friends in this place. After a stay of
+                  two hours, we proceeded to Lowell. The heavy rain prevented a
+                  general attendance. Only thirty-one dollars was collected, beside
+                  some private donations. Mr. John Levi, a colored citizen,
+                  rendered important services to us, and several of the clergymen
+                  and other inhabitants rendered efficient aid. On Tuesday we
+                  went to Nashua, N.H., and remained two hours. Owing to some
+                  untoward circumstances, the inhabitants generally had not been
+                  notified of the meeting. A small number only attended. The
+                  collection was twenty-seven dollars. In the evening at Lowell,
+                  the large Methodist Church, St. Paul's, was crowded, one thousand
+                  five hundred people being present, it was said, and many
+                  hundreds unable to get admission. The meeting was opened
+                  with an appropriate prayer by Rev. Luther Lee. In order to give
+                  an opportunity to the audience to see and hear Cinque, he was
+                  invited into the pulpit, where he made an energetic address. One
+                  hundred and six dollars were collected. At the close of the services,
+                  nearly the whole congregation came forward and took the
+                  Mendians by the hand, with kind words and many presents. The
+                  ministers of all denominations attended the meeting, with many of
+                  the most respectable citizens. During the day the Africans were
+                  invited to visit the 'Boott Corporation,' and were conducted over
+                  the whole establishment (cotton mills,) by the agent, Mr. French.
+                  As might be supposed, they were astonished beyond measure.
+                  After inspecting the machinery, the fabrics, and the great wheel,
+                  one of them turned to me and said, 'Did man make this?' On
+                  receiving a reply, he said, 'He no live now&#8212;he live a great
+                  while ago.' Afterwards they visited the carpet factory, and expressed
+                  great delight at the beauty and excellence of the carpets
+                  and rugs. Cinque wished to purchase a miniature hearth rug,
+                  but the agent allowed him to select one of the large and beautiful
+                  rugs to take to Mendi, which he generously presented to him.
+                  The workmen here&#8212;chiefly Englishmen&#8212;made a collection of
+                  <a name="A_li"></a>
+                  fifty-eight dollars and fifty cents on the spot, and presented it to
+                  the Mendi Fund.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In pursuance of previous arrangements, we turned aside,
+                  Wednesday, November 12, to attend a meeting in the large South
+                  Church in Andover, at 9 o'clock, A.M. The house was crowded
+                  in every part. Dr. Edwards led in prayer, and Dr. Woods interrogated
+                  some of the Mendians. After a stay of two hours we
+                  returned to the cars, followed by a large multitude. Collected
+                  eighty-four dollars. It was remarked at the meeting here, as in
+                  other places, that the contemplated mission to Mendi was to be
+                  an anti-slavery mission; that no money would be solicited or received
+                  of slave holders; that the committee were not connected
+                  with any other missionary associations, and would not assume a
+                  hostile attitude towards any. A young gentleman here offered to
+                  go to Mendi as a teacher.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In the afternoon a meeting was held in Boston, at the Marlboro'
+                  Chapel. The scholars in the Sabbath and week-day schools
+                  had been notified of it and attended in large numbers, together
+                  with several respectable inhabitants of Boston and the neighboring
+                  towns. The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. W.B.
+                  Tappan. The collection was one hundred and ten dollars. In
+                  the evening a meeting was held at the Melodeon, and was attended
+                  by a large number of persons. Collection one hundred and
+                  thirty-three dollars. The next day, Thursday the 11th, we left
+                  for Springfield. The meeting was held in the evening, at the
+                  Town Hall, as some of the Parish committee objected to its being
+                  held in the church, fearing it would desecrate the place. The
+                  Hall was crowded, and many could not gain admittance. Dr. Osgood
+                  opened the meeting with prayer, took several of the Mendians
+                  to his own house, and manifested a deep interest on their
+                  behalf, as did many of the other inhabitants. The Mendians
+                  were all hospitably entertained in this place without expense.
+                  Some 'fellows of the baser sort' insulted Kin-na and others as
+                  they went to the Hall; and in the introduction of his speech,
+                  Kin-na spoke of the treatment he had received. But there are
+                  many warm-hearted and generous friends of the colored race in
+                  this town. 'We said nothing to them,' said Kin-na; 'why did
+                  they treat us so? What can we do? We are few and feeble.
+                  What can the dog do when the lion attacks him; or what can be
+                  <a name="A_lii"></a>
+                  done when the cat and the mouse come together!' Collection
+                  seventy-three dollars. The Mendians were invited by Mr. Burleigh
+                  to see a large picture exhibiting here&#8212;'The Descent of
+                  Christ from the Cross,' copied from Rubens&#8212;and were highly
+                  gratified.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Here we received a cordial invitation from two of the ministers
+                  of Northampton and several of their people to visit that place,
+                  with the assurance that the First Church, the largest in the county,
+                  should be opened for the Mendians. On the 12th we rode to
+                  N. in the rain. Mount Tom and the Connecticut River were
+                  pointed out to Cinque, who said, 'In my country we have very
+                  great mountain&#8212;much bigger than that&#8212;and river about so
+                  wide, but very deep.' The weather cleared away towards night,
+                  and the church was nearly filled. Rev. Mr. Pennington, colored
+                  minister of Hartford, opened the meeting with prayer. Collection
+                  seventy-five dollars, in addition to seventeen dollars from the
+                  Female Abolition Society; fifty-three dollars collected before we
+                  arrived, and eighty-five contributed by 'a friend,' a short time
+                  since. The reception here was warm-hearted. Mr. Warner,
+                  keeper of the principal hotel in that place, furnished the Mendians
+                  with one of his best rooms, seated them at the table with his
+                  family and boarders, and, on being asked for his bill the next day,
+                  he replied, 'There is nothing to pay!' The agents of the Nashua
+                  and Andover rail roads also declined taking pay for the passages
+                  of the Mendians. On Saturday, we rose at 3 o'clock, P.M.,
+                  and returned to Springfield. Here we took the steam boat for
+                  Hartford. On arriving, application was made to Mr. Colton,
+                  keeper of the Temperance Hotel, to accommodate the Mendians.
+                  He demurred. Mr. Warner's noble treatment of them was mentioned.
+                  Mr. C. said he could not place them at his table. He
+                  was told that this was not insisted upon; that if he would furnish
+                  me a room they could eat there, and sleep wherever it was convenient
+                  to Mr. C. But he absolutely refused to entertain them
+                  any how. As this house has been patronized by abolitionists,
+                  they ought to know this fact. After remaining in the cold on the
+                  wharf about an hour, the Mendians were received and hospitably
+                  entertained by several families without charge.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On the Sabbath, November 14, they attended public worship
+                  in Rev. Mr. Pennington's church. In the afternoon the church
+                  <a name="A_liii"></a>
+                  was filled. An address was made by the writer, and the Mendians
+                  read in the Testament and sang a hymn. Collection eight
+                  dollars. In the evening a meeting was held in the Centre Church,
+                  Rev. Dr. Hawes's. Notices were read in the other churches, and
+                  handbills had been posted the previous day. The church, in every
+                  part, was crowded, and large numbers were unable to obtain admittance.
+                  Dr. Hawes opened the meeting with prayer. The
+                  services were of an interesting character. Collection eighty
+                  dollars. Dr. Hawes interrogated Kin-na. He said, 'The Mendi
+                  people believe in a Great Spirit, although they do not worship
+                  him. They know they have souls. We think,' said Kin-na, 'we
+                  make clothes. Dog can't do this. He no soul, but we have.'
+                  He said on another occasion, when asked if his people believed
+                  in a future state, 'The Mendi people all Sadducees.' Kin-na
+                  said that they 'owe every thing to God. He keep them alive,
+                  and give them free. When he go home to Mendi, they tell their
+                  brethren about God, Jesus Christ, and heaven.' Fu-li, on a former
+                  evening, being asked, 'What is faith?' replied, 'Believing in
+                  Jesus Christ, and trusting in him.' Their answers to questions
+                  show that they have read and that they understand the Scriptures,
+                  and hopes are entertained that one or two at least know experimentally
+                  the value of religion. The fact that there is no system
+                  of idolatry in Mendi for missionaries to oppose and the natives
+                  technically to adhere to, is an encouraging fact with regard to
+                  the contemplated mission. Another pleasing and remarkable fact
+                  exists: labor is suspended every seventh day, and has been from
+                  time immemorial. They do not engage in any religious services,
+                  but dress in their best apparel, feast on that day,&#8212;as some do
+                  here,&#8212;visit, &amp;c. This day, 15th, Rev. Mr. Gallaudet and Mr.
+                  Brigham have invited the Mendians to visit the Deaf and Dumb
+                  Asylum and the Insane Institution. On a person's giving, by
+                  signs, the deaf and dumb alphabet to Mar-gru, one of the girls,
+                  she, in a few minutes, repeated nearly the whole. They told Mr.
+                  Brigham that there were insane people and idiots in Mendi, and described
+                  their actions and the treatment of them. Two of the Mendians
+                  will be detained as witnesses in Hartford this day, in a
+                  cause appealed from a lower court. Some of the Mendians were
+                  grossly assaulted at Farmington some time since, on a training
+                  day; and those who committed the assault and battery were convicted
+                  <a name="A_liv"></a>
+                  and fined. An appeal was taken. When thus assailed,
+                  the Mendians, as usual, exhibited their peaceful disposition, and
+                  said, 'We no fight.' On Wednesday there is to be a large fare
+                  meeting at Farmington&#8212;on which occasion Dr. Hawes is
+                  to preach. In a few days the Mendians will embark from New
+                  York. May the Lord preserve them, and carry them safely to
+                  their native land, to their kindred and homes. Su-ma, the eldest,
+                  has a wife and five children. Cinque has a wife and three children.
+                  They all have parents or wives, or brothers and sisters.
+                  What a meeting it will be with these relations and friends, when
+                  they are descried on the hills of Mendi! We were invited to
+                  visit other places, but time did not allow of longer absence. I
+                  must not forget to mention that the whole band of these Mendi
+                  are teetotallers. At a tavern where we stopped, Ban-na took
+                  me aside, and with a sorrowful countenance, said, 'This bad
+                  house&#8212;bar house&#8212;no good.' But the steam boat is at the
+                  wharf, and I must close. The collections in money, on this excursion
+                  of twelve days, is about one thousand dollars, after deducting
+                  travelling expenses. More money is needed to defray the expenses
+                  of the Mendians to their native land, and to sustain their religious
+                  teachers. Very truly yours,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "LEWIS TAPPAN."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               But to conclude the narrative of these interesting Africans.
+               After all the trickery on the part of the U.S. government, it was
+               finally decreed by the Supreme Court, that the Mendians were
+               free persons, and might go whither they pleased. They were
+               unanimous for returning to their native country. The Mendian
+               negroes, thirty-five in number, embarked from New York for
+               Sierra Leone, on the 27th of the 11th month, (November,) 1841,
+               on board the barque Gentleman, Captain Morris, accompanied by
+               five missionaries and teachers. The British government has
+               manifested a praiseworthy interest in their welfare, and will assist
+               them to reach their own country from Sierra Leone. Their stay
+               in the United States has been of immense service to the anti-slavery
+               cause, and there is reason to hope that under their auspices,
+               Christianity and civilization may be introduced into their
+               native country.
+
+            </p>
+         </div><a name="A_lv"></a><div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="F"></a>APPENDIX F. p. 76.<br><br><br>Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY, "On the
+               Folly and Evils of War, and the Means of Preserving Peace."
+               <br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "But, after all that can be said against war, and after the
+                  fullest admission of its folly, cruelty, and wickedness, still the
+                  question recurs, how can it be prevented? It would be an impeachment
+                  of the Divine economy to suppose that an evil so
+                  dreadful was inseparably and inevitably connected with human
+                  society. We are informed, by Divine authority, that wars proceed
+                  from our lusts; but our lusts, although natural to us, are not
+                  invincible. He who admits the free agency of man, will not
+                  readily allow that either individuals or nations are compelled to
+                  do evil. The universal prevalence of Christian principles must,
+                  of necessity, exterminate wars; and hence we are informed, by
+                  revelation, that when righteousness shall cover the earth, 'the
+                  nations shall learn war no more.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And are we to wait, it will be inquired, till this distant and
+                  uncertain period for the extinction of war? We answer, that
+                  revelation affords us no ground to expect that all mankind will
+                  previously be governed by the precepts of justice and humanity;
+                  but that experience, reason, and revelation, all unite in leading
+                  us to believe that the regeneration of the world will be a gradual
+                  and progressive work. Civilization and Christianity are diffusing
+                  their influence throughout the globe, mitigating the sufferings
+                  and multiplying the enjoyments of the human family. Free institutions
+                  are taking the place of feudal oppressions&#8212;education
+                  is pouring its light on minds hitherto enveloped in all the darkness
+                  of ignorance&#8212;the whole system of slavery, both personal
+                  and political, is undermined by public opinion, and must soon be
+                  prostrated; and the signs of the times assure us that the enormous
+                  mass of crime and wretchedness, which is the fruit of
+                  drunkenness, will, at no very remote period, disappear from the
+                  earth.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And can it be possible, that, of all the evils under which humanity
+                  groans, war is the only one which religion and civilization,
+                  and the active philanthropy of the present day, can neither remove
+                  <a name="A_lvi"></a>
+                  nor mitigate? Such an opinion, if general, would be most
+                  disastrous to the world, and it will now be our endeavor to prove
+                  that it is utterly
+                  groundless.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We have often seen extensive national alliances for the
+                  prosecution of war, and no sufficient reason can be assigned why
+                  such alliances might not be formed for the preservation of peace.
+                  It is obvious that war might instantly be banished from Europe,
+                  would its nations regard themselves as members of one great Society,
+                  and erect a court for the trial and decision of their respective
+                  differences.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But we are told that such an agreement among the nations
+                  is impossible. It is unquestionably so at present, for the obvious
+                  reason, that time is necessary to enlighten and direct public
+                  opinion, and produce a general acquiescence in the plan, as well
+                  as to arrange the various stipulations and guaranties that would
+                  be requisite. It is certainly not surprising, that those who suppose
+                  a congress of nations for the maintenance of peace, can only
+                  be brought about by a simultaneous movement of the various
+                  states and kingdoms of the earth, who are to continue to battle
+                  with each other till the signal is given for universal peace and
+                  harmony, should be startled at the boldness and absurdity of the
+                  project. But this boldness and absurdity belong not to the project
+                  we advocate. We have no expectation whatever of any general,
+                  much less simultaneous effort of mankind in behalf of peace.
+                  A congress for the decision of national differences, instead of
+                  arising in the midst of the present military policy of Europe, must
+                  be preceded by an extensive, although partial abandonment of
+                  war, and will be the <em>effect</em> and not the cause of the general
+                  diffusion of pacific sentiments.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Hence it is in vain to look for a sudden and universal cessation
+                  of war, even among civilized and Christian nations. But reason
+                  and experience warrant the hope that some one State may be
+                  led to adopt a pacific policy, and thus set an example which
+                  through the blessing of Providence, and the prevalence of Christian
+                  principles, may usher in the reign of universal peace.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But by whom, and in what way it will be asked, is this example
+                  to be set? It may be a feeling of national vanity, and it
+                  may be a reference to the peculiarities of our local, social, and
+                  <a name="A_lvii"></a>
+                  political condition, that inspires the hope, that to the United
+                  States is to be reserved the glory of teaching to mankind the
+                  blessings of peace, and the means of preserving them.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But in <em>what way</em> are we to make the experiment? Certainly
+                  in the way least likely to excite alarm and opposition. In every
+                  effort to promote the temporal or spiritual welfare of others, we
+                  should consider things as they really are, and not merely as they
+                  ought to be, and we should consult expediency as far as we can
+                  do so, without compromising principle.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Of all the nations with whom we have relations, none probably
+                  enjoy in an equal degree our good will, as France. No spirit
+                  of rivalry in commerce or manufactures exists between us, no adjacent
+                  territory furnishes occasion for border aggressions and mutual
+                  criminations, while our past relations afford subjects of pleasing
+                  and grateful recollection, and at present we see no prospect
+                  of the interruption of that harmony which has so long subsisted
+                  between the two nations.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Let us suppose that under these propitious circumstances, a
+                  convention should now be concluded between the two governments,
+                  by which it should be agreed, that if unhappily any difference
+                  should hereafter arise between us, that could not be adjusted
+                  by negociation, neither party should resort to arms, but that they
+                  should agree on some friendly power, to whom the matter in difference
+                  should be referred, and whose decision should be final;
+                  or that if it should so happen that the parties could not concur in
+                  selecting an umpire, that then each party should select a friendly
+                  power, and that the sovereigns or states thus selected, should, if
+                  necessary, call to their aid the assistance of a third.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "To what well founded objections would such a treaty be
+                  subject? It is true that treaties of this kind have been of rare
+                  occurrence, but all experience is in their favor. Vattel remarks
+                  (Law of Nations, book II., chap. 18,) 'Arbitration is a method
+                  very reasonable, very conformable to the law of nature, in determining
+                  differences that do not directly interest the safety of the
+                  nation. Though the strict right may be mistaken by the arbitrator,
+                  <em>it is still more to be feared that it will be overwhelmed by the
+                     fate of arms</em>. The Swiss have had the precaution in all their alliances
+                  among themselves, and even in those they have contracted
+                  with the neighboring powers, to agree beforehand on the
+                  <a name="A_lviii"></a>
+                  manner in which their disputes were to be submitted to arbitrators,
+                  in case they could not adjust them in an amicable manner.
+                  <em>This wise precaution has not a little contributed to maintain the
+                     Helvetic Republic in that flourishing state which secures its liberty,
+                     and renders it respectable throughout Europe</em>.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But it may be said, a nation ought not to permit others to
+                  decide on her rights and claims. Why not? Will the decision
+                  be less consistent with justice, from being impartial and disinterested?
+                  It is a maxim confirmed by universal experience, that no
+                  man should be judge in his own cause; and are nations less under
+                  the influence of interest and of passion than individuals? Are
+                  they not, in fact, still less under the control of moral obligation?
+                  Treaties have often been violated by statesmen and senators, who
+                  would have shrunk from being equally faithless in their private
+                  contracts. Is it to be supposed that the government of a friendly
+                  power, in a controversy between us and France, in which it had
+                  no interest, and with the observation of the civilized world directed
+                  to its decision, would be less likely to pronounce a fair and
+                  impartial judgment than either France or ourselves?
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But we can decide our own controversies for ourselves, it is
+                  said; that is, we can go to war and take our chance for the result.
+                  Alas, 'it is an error,' says Vattel, 'no less absurd than pernicious,
+                  to say that war is to <em>decide</em> controversies between those who, as
+                  in the case of nations, acknowledge no judge. It is <em>power</em> or
+                  <em>prudence</em> rather than right that victory usually declares
+                  for.'&#8212;Book III. Chap. 3.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The United States chose to decide for themselves the controversy
+                  about impressment, by appealing to the sword. In this
+                  appeal they of course placed no reliance on the propriety and justice
+                  of their claims, since such considerations could have no influence
+                  on the fate of battle; but they depended solely on their
+                  capacity to inflict more injury than they would receive themselves,
+                  and this difference in the amount of injury was to turn the
+                  scale in our favor. Our expectations, however, were disappointed.
+                  Our commerce was annihilated, our frontier towns were laid in
+                  ashes, our capital taken, our attempts upon Canada were repulsed,
+                  with loss and disgrace; our people became burthened with taxes,
+                  and we were at last glad to accept a treaty of peace which, instead
+                  of containing, as we had fondly hoped, a formal surrender
+                  <a name="A_lix"></a>
+                  on the part of Great Britain of the right of impressment, made not
+                  the slightest allusion to the subject.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Let us now suppose that a treaty similar to the one we have
+                  proposed with France had, in 1812, existed between Great Britain
+                  and the United States; the question of impressment would then
+                  have been submitted to one or more friendly powers.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is scarcely possible that the umpires could have given
+                  any decision of this question that would have been as injurious to
+                  either party as was the prosecution of the war. Had the claims
+                  of Great Britain been sanctioned, some American seamen would,
+                  no doubt, have been occasionally compelled to serve in the British
+                  navy; but how very small would have been their number compared
+                  with the thousands who perished in the war; and how
+                  utterly insignificant would have been their sufferings resulting
+                  from serving on board a British instead of an American vessel,
+                  when weighed against the burdens, the slaughters, the conflagrations,
+                  inflicted on their country in the contest? If, on the other
+                  hand, the decision had been in our favor, Great Britain would
+                  have lost a few seamen from her navy, but she would have saved
+                  the lives of a far greater number, and she would have been spared
+                  an amount of treasure which would have commanded the services
+                  of ten times as many sailors as she could ever hope to recover by
+                  impressment.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is not, however, probable, that the umpires, anxious to do
+                  right, and having no motive to do wrong, would have sanctioned,
+                  without qualification, the claims of either party.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We can scarcely anticipate any future national difference
+                  which it would not be more prudent and expedient to submit to
+                  arbitration than to the chance of war. However just may be our
+                  cause, however united our people, we cannot foresee the issue of
+                  the contest, nor tell what new enemies we may be called to encounter,
+                  what sacrifices to bear, what concessions to make.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We have already partially commenced the experiment of
+                  arbitrament, by referring no less than three of our disputes to the
+                  determination of as many friendly powers. A difference as to the
+                  meaning of an article, in our last treaty of peace with Great Britain,
+                  was referred to the Emperor of Russia, who decided it in
+                  our favor. The question of our northern boundary was referred
+                  to the King of the Netherlands; and although the line he assigned
+                  <a name="A_lx"></a>
+                  was not the one claimed by either party, it was vastly less
+                  injurious to each, than would have been one month's hostility on
+                  account of it. Our disputes with Mexico were verging rapidly
+                  to open war, when they were happily submitted to the King of
+                  Prussia, and are now in the course of satisfactory adjustment.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A treaty with France of the character proposed, would
+                  greatly increase our importance in the estimation of all Europe&#8212;as
+                  it would permanently secure us from her hostility. It would
+                  be seen and felt, that whatever other nation might enter into collision
+                  with us, it could not expect the aid of France, but that under
+                  all circumstances we should enjoy the friendship and commerce
+                  of our ancient ally. These considerations would not be
+                  without their influence on England. She has colonies near us
+                  which we may capture, or essentially injure, and which cannot
+                  be defended by her, but at very inconvenient expense. A war
+                  with us must ever be undesired by her, for the obvious reason
+                  that in such a contest she has little to gain and much to lose.
+                  Our treaty also with France would deprive England of the aid of
+                  the only nation that could afford her effectual assistance in a war
+                  against us. She would therefore, find it her interest to avail herself
+                  of a similar treaty, and thus to secure herself from hostilities
+                  which on many accounts she must wish to avoid. Once assured
+                  by such treaties of permanent peace with France and England,
+                  we should find our alliance courted by the other powers of Europe,
+                  who would not readily consent that those two nations should
+                  have exclusively the uninterrupted enjoyment of our great and
+                  growing commerce. They would think it a matter of prudence
+                  also, to avoid the risk of collision with a powerful republic, that
+                  had already secured the permanent friendship of France and
+                  England; and they would hasten to contract similar treaties.
+                  Under such circumstances, every consideration of policy would
+                  prompt our South American neighbors to desire that their amicable
+                  relations with us might remain uninterrupted; and to them
+                  we might offer the same stipulations with full confidence of their
+                  cordial acceptance.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And will it be said that all this is visionary and impossible?
+                  The plan we propose rests on no supposed reformation in the passions
+                  and propensities of mankind; but upon obvious principles
+                  of national interest, deduced from reason and experience, and
+                  <a name="A_lxi"></a>
+                  susceptible of the plainest demonstration. It is a plan adapted to
+                  the existing state of civilized society, and accommodated to the
+                  passions and prejudices by which that society is influenced. It
+                  is indeed perfectly consistent with the precepts of Christianity,
+                  but it is also in accordance with the selfish dictates of worldly
+                  policy.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "To this plan we can imagine only one plausible objection,
+                  which is, that the treaties would not be observed. It is readily
+                  admitted that if the only guaranty for the faithful observance of
+                  these treaties consisted in the virtue and integrity of those who
+                  signed them, the confidence to be reposed in them would be faint
+                  indeed. Happily, however, we have a far stronger guaranty in
+                  national interest and in public opinion.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Dismissing then all idle fears that these treaties, honestly
+                  contracted and obviously conducive to the highest interests of the
+                  parties, would not be observed, let us contemplate the rich and
+                  splendid blessings they would confer on our country. Protected
+                  from hostile violence and invasion by a moral defence, more powerful
+                  than armies and navies, we might indeed beat our swords
+                  into ploughshares and our spears into pruning hooks. The millions
+                  now expended in our military establishments could be applied
+                  to objects directly ministering to human convenience and
+                  happiness. Our whole militia system, with its long train of vices
+                  and its vexatious interruptions of labor, would be swept away.
+                  The arts of peace would alone be cultivated, and would yield
+                  comforts and enjoyments in a profusion and perfection of which
+                  mankind have witnessed no example. In the expressive language
+                  of Scripture, our citizens would each 'sit under his own vine and
+                  under his own fig tree, with none to make him afraid,' and our
+                  peaceful and happy republic would be the praise and glory of all
+                  lands.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is impossible that a scene so bright and lovely should not
+                  attract the admiration and attention of the world. The extension
+                  of education in Europe, and the growing freedom of her institutions,
+                  are leading her population to think, and to express their
+                  thoughts. The governments of the eastern continent, whatever
+                  may be their form, are daily becoming more and more sensitive
+                  to public opinion. The people already restive under their burdens,
+                  would soon discover that those burdens would be greatly
+                  <a name="A_lxii"></a>
+                  diminished by the adoption of the American policy. Before long,
+                  some state would commence the experiment on a small scale, and
+                  its example would be followed by others. In time these conventions
+                  would give way to more extended pacific alliances, and a
+                  greater number of umpires would be selected; nor is it the vain
+                  hope of idle credulity, that at last a union might be formed, embracing
+                  every Christian nation, for guarantying the peace of
+                  Christendom, by establishing a tribunal for the adjustment of national
+                  differences, and by preventing all forcible resistance to its
+                  decrees.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is unnecessary to discuss, at this time, the character and
+                  powers with which such a tribunal should be invested. Whenever
+                  it shall be desired, little difficulty will be experienced in devising
+                  for it a satisfactory organization; that it is possible to
+                  form such a court, and that next to Christianity it would be the
+                  richest gift ever bestowed by Heaven upon our suffering world,
+                  will be doubted by few who have patiently and candidly investigated
+                  the subject.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But many who admit the advantages and practicability of
+                  the plan we have proposed, will be tempted to despair of success,
+                  by the apparent difficulty of inducing an effort for its accomplishment.
+                  Similar difficulties, however, have been experienced and
+                  overcome. The abolition of the slave trade, and the suppression
+                  of intemperance were once as apparently hopeless as the cessation
+                  of war. Let us again recur for instruction and encouragement
+                  to the course pursued by the friends of freedom and temperance.
+                  Had the British abolitionists employed themselves in addressing
+                  memorials to the various courts of Europe, soliciting
+                  them to unite in a general agreement to abandon the traffic, they
+                  would unquestionably have labored in vain, and spent their
+                  strength for nought. They adopted another and a wiser course.
+                  They labored to awaken the consciences of their own countrymen,
+                  and to persuade them to do justice and to love mercy; and
+                  thus to set an example to the rest of Europe, infinitely more efficacious
+                  than all the arguments and remonstrances which reason
+                  and eloquence could dictate.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In vain might moralists and philanthropists have declaimed
+                  for ages on the evils of drunkenness, had no temperance society
+                  been formed till all mankind were ready to adopt a pledge of total
+                  <a name="A_lxiii"></a>
+                  abstinence. The authors of the temperance reformation did not
+                  lavish their strength and resources in attempting to convince the
+                  world of the blessings of temperance, but forming themselves into
+                  a temperance society, gave a visible and tangible proof that the
+                  principle they recommended was not merely expedient but practicable.
+                  And surely if we desire to persuade mankind that war
+                  is an unnecessary evil, it is indispensable that we should be able
+                  to point them to some instance in which it has been safely dispensed
+                  with; nor can we hope to effect a change in the opinion
+                  of Europe, while our own people remain unaffected by our assertions
+                  and arguments.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Here then must be the field of our labors; and let those
+                  labors be quickened by the reflection, that while they are aimed
+                  at the happiness of the human race, they are calculated to confer
+                  on our beloved country a moral sublimity which no worldly glory
+                  can approach.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But what are the means we shall use? The same by which
+                  the commerce in human beings was destroyed, and which are now
+                  driving intemperance from the earth&#8212;<em>voluntary associations and
+                     the press</em>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Let the friends of peace concentrate their exertions in Peace
+                  Societies; and let the press proclaim throughout our land, in all
+                  its length and breadth, the folly, the wickedness, and the horrors
+                  of war; and call on our rulers to provide for the amicable adjustment
+                  of national differences. In the first treaty that shall be
+                  formed for this purpose we shall behold the dawn of that glorious
+                  day, the theme of prophets and the aspirations of saints, when nation
+                  shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn
+                  war any more.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The present age is propitious to the enterprise. It is an age
+                  of energy and of freedom. All the powers of mind are in full activity,
+                  and every eye and every ear is open to the reception of
+                  new truths. Science and philanthropy are daily achieving triumphs
+                  which the past century dared not imagine. The world is
+                  no longer governed by princes and senates, but by public opinion,
+                  and at the fiat of this mighty potentate, ancient institutions are
+                  levelled in the dust. Let this despot wield only a delegated authority,
+                  and each individual, however humble, can enhance or
+                  <a name="A_lxiv"></a>
+                  diminish his power. Who, then, will refuse to lend his assistance
+                  to enable public opinion to say to the troubled nations, 'peace&#8212;be
+                  still;' and to compel the rulers of the earth to refer their disputes
+                  to another tribunal than the sword.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In this cause every man can labor, and it is a cause in which
+                  every man is called to labor, by interest and by duty. But it is a
+                  cause that peculiarly claims the zeal and devotion of Christians.
+                  They are the servants of Him who is not only the mighty God
+                  and the everlasting Father, but the Prince of Peace. They know
+                  that war is opposed to all his attributes, and contradicts the precepts
+                  of his word. Conscience gives her sanction to the means
+                  we have proposed, and prophecy assures us of the accomplishment
+                  of the object to which they are directed. Why, then, will
+                  not Christians use the talents and influence given them from
+                  above to effect this consummation? Let them not plead, in excuse
+                  for listlessness and indifference, that it is God alone who 'maketh
+                  wars to cease to the end of the earth.' In the moral government
+                  of the world, the purposes of its Almighty Ruler are accomplished
+                  by his blessing upon human means. He has promised that righteousness
+                  shall cover the whole earth; and in reliance on this
+                  promise, his servants are now bearing the everlasting Gospel to
+                  every nation and kindred, and tongue and people. He has also
+                  promised that nations shall learn war no more, and in his faithfulness
+                  we have all the incentive which certainty of ultimate success
+                  can give to human exertion. And in what cause can the energies
+                  of Christian benevolence be more appropriately exercised? To
+                  prevent war is to avoid the effusion of human blood, and the commission
+                  of innumerable crimes and atrocities;&#8212;it is to diffuse
+                  peace, and comfort, and happiness, through the great family of
+                  man,&#8212;it is to foster the arts and sciences which minister to the
+                  wants of society,&#8212;it is to check the progress of vice,&#8212;to speed
+                  the advance of the gospel,&#8212;to rescue immortal souls from endless
+                  misery,&#8212;and to secure to them a felicity as durable as it is
+                  inconceivable.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "To him who in faith and zeal labors in this great and holy
+                  cause a rich reward is secured. While doing good to others, he
+                  is himself a sharer in the blessing he bestows. The very exercise
+                  of his benevolent affections affords a pure and exquisite delight,
+                  <a name="A_lxv"></a>
+                  and when he enters the world of peace and love, he shall
+                  experience the full import of those cheering, but mysterious
+                  words&#8212;Blessed are the peace makers, for they shall be called
+                  the children of God."'
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="G"></a>APPENDIX G. p. 89.<br><br><br>OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.<br></h3>
+            <p><b>"TO THE CHRISTIAN PUBLIC OF GREAT BRITAIN.</b></p>
+            <p>
+               "In again appealing to you in reference to the opium war in
+               China, I will begin by quoting the following extracts from a letter
+               which I addressed to you on the 19th of the Third Month, 1840.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'It is now too notorious to render needful entering at large
+                  into the subject, that the guilty traffic in opium, grown by the
+                  East India Company, to be smuggled into China, at length compelled
+                  the Chinese Government to vindicate the laws of the Empire,
+                  which prohibit its introduction, and to take decisive measures
+                  for the suppression of the traffic, by the arrest of the parties concerned
+                  in it at Canton, and the seizure and destruction of the
+                  opium found in the Chinese waters.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN1"></a> It is also
+                  well known that
+                  the superintendent of the British trade, (Capt. Elliott) so far compromised
+                  his official character and duty, as to take under his protection
+                  one of the most extensive opium smugglers, and thus rendered
+                  himself justly liable to the penalties to which they were
+                  obnoxious; and at the same time gave, as far as was in his power,
+                  the sanction of the British nation to this unrighteous violation of
+                  the Chinese laws.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN1">A</a>: "See 'Thelwall's
+                  Iniquities of the Opium Trade,' and 'King's Opium Crisis,'"
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The following fact is, however, not so generally known.
+                  An individual,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN2"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN2"></a> now in this country, who has acquired immense
+                  wealth by this unlawful trade, has been in communication with
+                  the Government, and his advice, it is presumed, has in no small
+                  <a name="A_lxvi"></a>
+                  degree influenced the measures they have adopted; though a
+                  leading partner in a firm to which a large proportion of the opium
+                  that was destroyed belonged; and at the very time he was claiming
+                  compensation, or urging a war with China, his house in India
+                  was sending armed vessels loaded with opium, along the coast of
+                  China, and selling it in open defiance of the laws of that Empire.
+                  This information, with the names of the vessels and the parties
+                  concerned, the number of chests of opium on board, the enormous
+                  profits they were realizing, et cet., was some time ago communicated
+                  to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on authority
+                  which he did not and could not dispute.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN2"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN2">B</a>: "This individual is in the new House
+                  of Commons, professedly as a reformer, and represents a borough which
+                  formerly sent to that House one of its most upright members, who has now
+                  retired from public life.
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On the 7th of April, Sir James Graham brought forward a
+                  motion in the House of Commons, in reference to this subject,
+                  but in a manner which gave it so much of a party character, that
+                  our cruel injustice to the Chinese, and the disgraceful conduct of
+                  our Government in attacking them, was lost sight of by many,
+                  whose professed principles ought to have made them foremost in
+                  condemning these proceedings. The Whig Ministry having intimated
+                  they would resign if Sir J. Graham carried his motion,
+                  every other consideration was forgotten in anxiety lest a political
+                  party should be injured or lose office.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "This feeling not only pervaded the supporters of the Government
+                  in the House of Commons, but also extended to many leading
+                  religious professors of various denominations; and thus no
+                  public feeling sufficiently strong could be raised to counteract in
+                  Downing-street, the combined and powerful influence of the East
+                  India Company and the wealthy opium smugglers; though public
+                  meetings were held in London and many places in the country,
+                  and petitions forwarded justly deprecating this war, as one of
+                  almost unparalleled iniquity. At the meeting in the metropolis,
+                  which was held at Freemason's Hall, and at which the Earl of
+                  Stanhope presided, the following resolutions were passed:&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'1. That this meeting, whilst it most distinctly disavows any
+                     party or political objects, and deprecates most strongly any such
+                     construction being put upon its efforts, deeply laments that the
+                     moral and religious feeling of the country should be outraged&#8212;the
+                     character of Christianity disgraced in the eyes of the world&#8212;and
+                     this kingdom involved in war with upwards of three hundred
+                     and fifty millions of people, in consequence of British subjects introducing
+                     <a name="A_lxvii"></a>
+                     Opium into China, in direct and known violation of the
+                     laws of that Empire.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'2. That, although the Chinese have not been heard in their
+                     defence, the statements adduced by the advocates of the war,
+                     clearly establish the fact, that the East India Company, the
+                     growers of and traffickers in opium, and British subjects who received
+                     the protection of the laws of China, have been, throughout,
+                     the wrong doers; therefore this meeting (without reference to the
+                     conviction of many, that all war is opposed to the spirit and precepts
+                     of the gospel,) holds it to be the bounden duty of the government
+                     immediately to effect an equitable and pacific settlement
+                     of the existing differences with China.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'3. That all traffic in opium with the Chinese being contraband,
+                     the opium which was surrendered to their government was
+                     justly confiscated; and that to demand payment from the Chinese,
+                     to make reprisals upon them, or, for this country to give compensation
+                     to the British merchants thus engaged in smuggling, would
+                     be to sanction and even grant a premium on crime.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'4. That the petition now read be adopted by this meeting,
+                     and presented to both Houses of Parliament; and that the Right
+                     Honorable Earl Stanhope be requested to present the same to
+                     the House of Lords, and Lord Sandon to the House of Commons.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'5. That the resolutions of this meeting be published at the
+                     discretion of the Committee; and that a copy of them in the Chinese
+                     language be transmitted, through the High Commissioner
+                     Lin, to the Emperor of China.'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Since this period, I have been in company with several Englishmen
+                  who were at Canton at the time of the seizure of the opium;
+                  and though some of them were concerned in the trade themselves,
+                  and were naturally biassed in favor of their own country,
+                  they all agreed in condemning the proceedings of the English.
+                  I have recently spent some time in the United States, whose intercourse
+                  with China is extensive and frequent, and where the
+                  merits of this case are clearly understood by many of the most
+                  intelligent and candid-minded citizens; and these, without any
+                  exception, considered the acts of the British government in this
+                  matter as some of the most flagrant that ever disgraced a civilized,
+                  much less a Christian people.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_lxviii"></a>
+                  "On my return to this country I found a new administration
+                  entering upon office; the members of which have, for the most
+                  part, condemned the conduct of their predecessors in relation to
+                  this war; and I again, therefore, venture to appeal to the
+                  <em>Christian</em>
+                  public of my country that they may, without delay, forward
+                  petitions, or memorials, strongly urging a reference of the existing
+                  differences with China to commissioners mutually appointed,
+                  who shall be authorized to adjust them, and also to determine
+                  upon the best means of entirely suppressing the guilty traffic in
+                  opium. The present government are not yet committed to this
+                  cruel war; and may no difference of political views deter you
+                  from the faithful discharge of this Christian duty! Even should
+                  you not succeed in inducing our rulers to adopt this course, or
+                  the overtures of this country be rejected by the Chinese, you will
+                  have satisfaction in having made the attempt.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "One-third of the human race are now receiving their impressions
+                  of the Christian religion, by its professors waging a murderous
+                  war to compel them to make restitution to the contraband
+                  opium dealers, for the destruction of this deadly poison, which
+                  continues to be grown by the East India Company, and poured
+                  into China in defiance of all laws, human and divine. Besides
+                  the loss of life sustained by the Chinese, and the fearful mortality
+                  amongst the British troops, from the unhealthiness of the climate,
+                  it is probable that little short of ten millions sterling has already
+                  been expended in naval and military armaments, and the enhanced
+                  price of tea and sugar,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN3"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN3"></a> in the monstrous attempt to
+                  force the Chinese to pay about two millions to those opium smugglers.
+                  All this, be it remembered, is added to the burdens upon the industry
+                  of our own oppressed population.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN3"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN3">A</a>: It is well known that
+                  the high rate of freights from Calcutta, in consequence
+                  of the shipping required for the Chinese expedition, greatly contributed
+                  to the late extravagant price of sugar.
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Earnestly desiring that you may be induced to discharge
+                  your duty as Christians, and whatever may be the result, acquit
+                  yourselves of your share of the national guilt, I conclude with the
+                  words of a friend: 'For my own part, I think the present distress
+                  of the nation may be the retributive chastisement of our recent
+                  atrocious war in China and the East.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All history, and
+                  <a name="A_lxix"></a>
+                  the daily march of events, demonstrate the perpetual retributive
+                  interference of an overruling providence. Yet this doctrine,
+                  proclaimed as loudly by experience as by revelation, and as legibly
+                  written on the page of history as in the Bible, appears to have
+                  not the smallest practical influence on the most enlightened statesmen,
+                  and the most Christian and enlightened nation in the world.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Very respectfully,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Birmingham, 9th Month 30th</i>, 1841."
+                  <br>
+                  "<i>10th Month 9th</i>, 1841.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Since writing the foregoing, the intelligence has arrived that
+                  Canton has been seized; that 'Gen. Sir Hugh Gough calculates
+                  the loss of the Chinese, in the different attacks, at one thousand
+                  killed and three thousand wounded;' that the British have extracted
+                  six millions of dollars as a ransom for evacuating the city,
+                  which the Chinese call 'opium compensation;' and it is but too
+                  evident that the work of the wholesale murder of this unoffending
+                  people has but begun, for Capt. Elliot, who appears to have been
+                  too tender of shedding human blood to please his employers, is
+                  recalled, and is succeeded by Sir H. Pottenger, who, it is reported,
+                  has instructions from Lord Palmerston to demand <em>fifteen millions</em>
+                  of dollars for the opium smugglers, and the whole of the expenses
+                  of the war, and to secure the right to the British of planting
+                  armed factories in the different Chinese ports.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Shall history record that no voice was raised by the Christians
+                  of Britain against the employment of their money, and that of
+                  their starving countrymen, in deeds like these!!"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="H"></a>APPENDIX H. p. 119.
+               <br><br><br>
+               LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following letter was addressed by Abraham L. Pennock,
+               conveying his resignation of the office of Vice President of the
+               American Anti-Slavery Society, (old organization,) after the occurrence
+               of the painful divisions in the anti-slavery body, which
+               <a name="A_lxx"></a>
+               have been already noticed. This letter is written in an excellent
+               spirit, and clearly developes the cause of the separation.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY
+                  SOCIETY.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Other reasons than those which will be presented in this letter,
+                  made it desirable to me to be released from any official connection
+                  with the Anti-Slavery Society. I thought those reasons
+                  so well known to some of the delegates from the Pennsylvania
+                  Society, and withal they were deemed by me of so much value,
+                  that I felt both surprise and regret at understanding that my
+                  name was continued as one of the vice presidents of the Parent
+                  Society. Thus saying, I am, nevertheless, bound to express my
+                  indebtedness for the kind feeling toward me, and confidence in
+                  my love for the slave, which, doubtless, induced the appointment.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "By an accident to my anti-slavery newspapers, I have just
+                  received the proceedings of the society at the above meeting. I
+                  am sorry to find in them superadded reasons for regret at my appointment,
+                  as that appointment seems to place me in the false
+                  position of appearing to be in favor of its leading measures; some
+                  of which, denunciatory of co-laborers in the abolition cause, have
+                  not my unity.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In the heavy responsibilities of the former Executive Committee,
+                  I find a sufficient reason for their transfer of the 'Emancipator'
+                  and other property for which they stood personally engaged;
+                  and I therefore cannot join in affirming such transfer to
+                  be 'a flagrant breach of trust;' and their answer in justification
+                  of their course, 'an attempt to defend which betrays an utter disregard
+                  of the rights of abolitionists.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Believing in the intellectual equality of the sexes, I go fully
+                  for women's rights and duties. They possess a moral force of
+                  immense power, which they are bound to exert for the good of
+                  mankind; including emphatically so, those who are in the hopeless
+                  and most wretched condition of slaves. The belief of the
+                  value of female co-operation is common to the anti-slavery community;
+                  and the only question regarding it which has arisen, is,
+                  whether it shall be exerted in societies and conventions of women,
+                  or in societies and conventions of men and women, irrespective
+                  <a name="A_lxxi"></a>
+                  of sex. The question is of recent date, not even coeval
+                  with the modern anti-slavery enterprise; and the practice, at the
+                  origination of this enterprise, that of separate action. We can
+                  all bear testimony to the powerful impression upon the public
+                  mind, made by women, acting singly or in societies and conventions,
+                  before it was thought of merging their influence in a joint
+                  stock community with their brethren. Where can we find an
+                  anti-slavery organization more potential, and so dignified, as was
+                  the convention of American women? Is it therefore surprising
+                  that the question has not been conclusively settled by American
+                  abolitionists, that women ought to act identically on the same
+                  platform and in the same society with men; and that the practice,
+                  founded on this plan, still remains measurably local, and, by many
+                  conforming to it, is deemed experimental?
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In convening a World's Convention, no innovation upon the
+                  general social usages was contemplated by our brethren in England
+                  who called it. The convention was meant to be a convention
+                  of men; and what was deficient of explicitness in the first
+                  notice was amply made up in the reiteration of the call. It was
+                  fully known before the appointment of delegates by the American
+                  Anti-Slavery Society that the intention of the committee of the
+                  British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was such as is above
+                  explained. The views of the inviting party being known, it was
+                  competent to the invited to accept or reject the invitation, but not
+                  to modify its terms. The American Society, however, in face of
+                  the invitation, with a knowledge of the extreme sensitiveness of
+                  that portion of the British people whom the Convention would
+                  deem it important to conciliate, to any innovation upon established
+                  forms, and itself not united in discarding the distinctions of sex,
+                  resolved to send female delegates to the Convention, and thus, in
+                  effect, to appeal from the Committee to the paramount authority
+                  of the Convention, and with it to settle the American question.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In exercising this authority we are to suppose, from the high
+                  moral, intellectual, and philanthropic standing of its members, the
+                  Convention, in adhering to the general usages of society, meant
+                  to perpetuate no injustice; and we know, from their very respectful
+                  attention to the rejected delegates, that they were influenced
+                  by no want of courtesy&#8212;I am satisfied that they acted according
+                  to their best impressions of duty, the carrying out of which was
+                  <a name="A_lxxii"></a>
+                  their high aim; and that the Convention was not the less a
+                  World's Convention because it did not embrace both sexes as its
+                  members, or any reforms without the scope of its call. I cannot
+                  unite, therefore, in the resolutions declaring the proceedings of
+                  the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 'arbitrary and despotic;'
+                  or the act of the London Conference, excluding the female
+                  delegates of the American Society appointed in contradiction
+                  to the terms of the invitation, as 'highly disrespectful to the
+                  delegates, and to us, their constituents, tyrannical in its nature,
+                  mischievous in its tendencies, and unworthy of men claiming the
+                  character of abolitionists.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Thus my views not being in harmony with the action of the
+                  society, in the particulars above referred to, my duty to it and
+                  myself is, to tender you this as my resignation of the office of
+                  Vice President for Pennsylvania, and not to await another election
+                  for withdrawing from it.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "With no heart for the controversies which have got in among
+                  my brethren, the common friends of the enslaved, and which are
+                  sadly wasting their anti-slavery strength, but with a warm heart
+                  for the legitimate objects of the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+                  I shall not cease anxiously to desire its prosperity and speedy
+                  triumph with these just limitations.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Your friend,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "(Signed) ABRAHAM L. PENNOCK.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Haverford, 6th Month 28th</i>, 1841."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="I"></a>APPENDIX I. p. 146.<br><br><br>GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.<br></h3>
+            <p><i>Extract of a Letter from James Cannings Fuller to Joseph
+                  Sturge</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "DEAR FRIEND,&#8212;Doubtless thou hast often thought of the
+                  visit to our mutual friend, Gerrit Smith, and dwelt on the recollection
+                  with pleasure. As thou requested me to furnish thee with
+                  the result of the case which was brought under our notice from
+                  the correspondence in the case of Sam and Harriet, I cheerfully
+                  comply, by giving thee a somewhat detailed account, believing
+                  <a name="A_lxxiii"></a>
+                  it may be interesting to thee, and not unproductive of benefit to
+                  others.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "There are in America no small number of individuals whose
+                  circumstances, by parental gift or marriage endowments, are
+                  similar to those of our dear friend, Ann Carroll Smith. I would
+                  there were a host prepared, like her and her noble husband, to do
+                  sacrifice of their substance on the altar of human rights.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Ann Carroll Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Col. Wm.
+                  Fitzhugh, a slaveholder, who formerly resided in Hagerstown,
+                  Maryland. About twenty-three years ago, he removed to Geneseo,
+                  New York. Twenty human chattels, whom he brought with
+                  him, became free by the law of 1817; the remainder were left
+                  on his plantation, in Maryland. Mammy Rachael, who nursed
+                  the Colonel's wife, on the births of James Fitzhugh and his sister
+                  Ann, gave to the former a boy, who was named Sam; and to the
+                  latter a girl, called Harriet. They grew up together, and ultimately
+                  formed a strong attachment. When Ann Fitzhugh was
+                  about eighteen years old, her brother wrote to inquire if she
+                  would give him Harriet, that she might become Sam's wife.
+                  When it is considered that Ann was young and inexperienced;
+                  that she had been educated to consider slavery right; that the
+                  doctrine of inalienable personal ownership had not then been
+                  urged; and that the idea of bestowing a wife on her brother's
+                  slave was naturally pleasing, it is no marvel that she cheerfully
+                  granted the request.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "James Fitzhugh removed from Maryland to Kentucky. In
+                  the course of events, his pecuniary affairs became embarrassed,
+                  and creditors grew clamorous for the adjustment of their claims.
+                  His effects were likely to be sold by the sheriff, and it was reported
+                  he had no legal title to Harriet. Under these circumstances,
+                  Gabriel Jackson prevailed on him to transfer Sam, his
+                  wife, and first-born child, to him, in payment of his debt. This
+                  man afterwards sold them to Samuel Worthington, a cotton
+                  planter of Mississippi; whose letter, in reply to Gerrit Smith, arrived
+                  the day we were at his house; and he being in doubt how
+                  to effect the redemption of the family, and their safe transportation,
+                  thou wilt remember that I agreed to effect both, to what I
+                  shall call the Elysian Fields, or, more properly, Eden. I started
+                  on the 26th of Seventh Month, via Lake Erie and the Erie Canal,
+                  <a name="A_lxxiv"></a>
+                  which extends from north to south three hundred and nine miles
+                  through the State of Ohio. From the canal I took steam-boat
+                  down the Ohio, to Maysville, Kentucky. The mistress of the
+                  Eagle Hotel sat at her table as a queen, surrounded by many
+                  slaves. There seemed to be twice as many hands to do the work
+                  as were needful.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "From Maysville to Lexington (sixty-five miles) is the best
+                  road I ever travelled, not excepting the English roads. It is
+                  made and repaired with whitish limestone, from beginning to end.
+                  They told me the repairs were principally made by Irishmen, as
+                  slaves were not to be trusted to do the work. At starting, I observed
+                  that the mail bags were nearly empty; and the driver
+                  being questioned, informed me, that I could carry the whole mail
+                  in my coat pockets. When he told me he was a Pennsylvanian,
+                  I asked whether he could not earn as much in a free, as in a slave
+                  State. He said that eighteen dollars a month was the most he
+                  ever received for driving a team in a free State, and that now he
+                  received thirty dollars a month. This opened the way for a little
+                  anti-slavery talk. 'Last Sunday night,' said he, 'I saw a big
+                  black man making the best of his way for Canada; I might have
+                  stopped him, and had the reward of two hundred dollars, which
+                  was offered.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I asked him whether it was best to have God's blessing,
+                  with the fruits of his honest industry, or his curse, with two hundred
+                  dollars blood money. He answered, with moistened eyes,
+                  'I wish all the slaves were free,' to which I responded, 'Amen.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Some incidents connected with the escape of this negro, go
+                  to prove that slaves can 'take care of themselves,' by a little ingenuity,
+                  when occasion requires. Thinking it would be more
+                  expeditious, as well as more agreeable, to ride from slavery than
+                  to run from it, he took a horse; whether his master's or not, I did
+                  not ascertain. The turnpike gates were a great hindrance, and
+                  greatly increased the risk of apprehension. To avoid this, just
+                  before reaching a turnpike gate, he let down a fence, carefully put
+                  it up again, to avoid pursuit, passed round the back of the keeper's
+                  house, and came out through the fence beyond. As he was remounting
+                  his horse on one of these occasions, the driver came up
+                  with him. Supposing him to be one of the keeper's family, he
+                  wished him good night, but instantly discovered by his voice that
+                  <a name="A_lxxv"></a>
+                  he was a colored man, putting his horse to full speed. When he
+                  returned to Paynestown, he heard people talking about a runaway,
+                  and told Dr. Whitehead he believed he had seen the man
+                  the night before: 'I hope that he'll get safe into Canada,' was
+                  the reply.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'How can you say that, and be a slave-holder?' asked the
+                  coachman.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I wish there were no slaves,' replied he; 'and as soon as
+                  others will liberate theirs, mine shall go free.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Stage coaches afford no facilities to the poor fugitives. By
+                  the law of the United States' Government, no colored man can
+                  drive a mail stage; neither can any colored man ride on one,
+                  unless he is known to be free, or is a slave travelling with his
+                  master. Stage owners incur heavy penalties if they infringe
+                  these rules. A verdict of one thousand six hundred dollars was
+                  lately recovered by a slave-master against the company.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "At Washington the stage was stopped to know if a colored
+                  boy could be put on. 'Yes; where is he?' 'Up at the jail
+                  yonder.' The querist took a seat inside; and soon after I spied
+                  a colored man on the outside, with keepers. He was a re-captured
+                  runaway, who had taken a horse with him, and imitated the
+                  Israelites, in borrowing various other articles, when he escaped
+                  from bondage. He assumed false whiskers and a pair of spectacles;
+                  and on reaching the Ohio river, produced free papers duly
+                  stamped with the county seal. But, unfortunately, when questioned
+                  where he had staid the preceding night, he foolishly attempted
+                  to describe the place, and was thus detected; two hundred
+                  dollars had been offered for him if taken out of the State,
+                  and one hundred dollars if taken in the State. To ride in a stage,
+                  with a man behind, whose legs and arms were fastened together
+                  with rivetted chains and padlocks, was enough to make one feel
+                  the force of Patrick Henry's exclamation, 'Give me liberty, or
+                  give me death!' It was a poor consolation to administer to the
+                  gnawings of his hunger, while beholding his manly frame thus
+                  manacled: but I thought he seemed to eat my gingerbread with
+                  a better relish, when I told him it was made where colored men
+                  were free. At Payne's tavern, in Fairview, the poor fellow had
+                  to undergo an examination from the landlord, and listen to a
+                  homily about truth-telling; so little do slave-holders seem aware
+                  <a name="A_lxxvi"></a>
+                  that stealing and lying are constituent parts of their own system.
+                  In the stage office at Lexington, we encountered the man who
+                  claimed this poor fugitive. The driver, who had come with us
+                  the two last stages, was a native of Duchess Co., N.Y.; and he
+                  began to plead with the slave-holder in behalf of the slave. I
+                  heard of another case where the angry master threatened to flog
+                  and sell a recovered runaway, whom he had with him; but the
+                  stage driver remonstrated with him so effectually, that he wept
+                  like a child, and promised forgiveness to his slave.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Having a great desire to see the imported cattle on Henry
+                  Clay's plantation, I went thither. On approaching the house I
+                  saw a colored man, to whom I said, 'Where wert thou raised?'
+                  'In Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Wilt
+                  thou shew me his improved cattle?' He pointed to the orchard,
+                  and said the man who had charge of them was there. As I followed
+                  his direction, I encountered a very intelligent-looking boy,
+                  apparently eight or nine years old. I said to him, 'Canst thou
+                  read?' 'No.' 'Is there a school for colored people on Henry
+                  Clay's plantation?' 'No.' 'How old art thou?' 'Don't know.'
+                  In the orchard I found a woman at work with her needle. I
+                  asked 'How old art thou?' 'A big fifty.' 'How old is that?'
+                  'Near sixty.' 'How many children hast thou?' 'Fifteen or sixteen.'
+                  'Where are they?' 'Colored folks don't know where
+                  their children is; they are sent all over the country.' 'Where
+                  wert thou raised?' 'Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee
+                  there?' 'Yes.' 'How many children hadst thou then?' 'Four.'
+                  'Where are they?' 'I don't know. They tell me they are
+                  dead.' The hut, in which this '<em>source of wealth</em>' lives, was
+                  neither as good, nor as well floored as my stable. Several slaves
+                  were picking fruit in the orchard. I asked one of the young men
+                  whether they were taught to read on this plantation, and he
+                  answered, 'No.' I found the overseer of the cattle with a short
+                  handled stout whip, which had been broken. He said it answered
+                  both for a riding whip, and occasionally 'to whip off the slaves.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "What, my friend, is to be learned from these gleanings at
+                  Ashland?&#8212;from the doings of our mutual friend, Joseph John Gurney's
+                  'dear friend,' Henry Clay: the man who boasts that 'every
+                  pulsation of his heart beats high for liberty,' yet is not ashamed
+                  to buy men and women at the Capitol!&#8212;that place which, above
+                  <a name="A_lxxvii"></a>
+                  all others, ought not to be cursed by the footsteps of a slave.
+                  Yet I fear there are not wanting in the abolition ranks men so
+                  wedded to political party, that they may be tempted to vote for
+                  Henry Clay; serving their party and themselves thereby, and
+                  perchance thinking they serve their country.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Do not think Clay a sinner above all other men. His
+                  slaves appeared to be well fed and well clothed. Indeed, the
+                  general superiority of condition in Kentucky slaves, over those of
+                  Maryland and Virginia, cannot fail to strike the most superficial
+                  observer.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Pursuing my journey, I came to Blue Lick, whose waters
+                  are celebrated throughout the United States. At the spring I
+                  found several men, white and colored. I asked if I could have a
+                  drink. A white man said the waters were free to all. I asked,
+                  'Will they make all free?' They again replied that the spring
+                  was free to all. 'I perceive thou dost not understand my question,'
+                  said I. But the countenances of the colored men brightened,
+                  and, with a cheerful tone, they answered significantly, 'We
+                  know what you mean.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I found Samuel Worthington quite a different person than
+                  his letters had led me to imagine. When I introduced myself he
+                  appeared nervous and embarrassed. He was a Kentuckian by
+                  birth, but having met with reverses in fortune he went to Mississippi,
+                  and became an overseer; first on a salary of six hundred
+                  dollars, and afterwards two thousand dollars. He now owns a
+                  cotton plantation, with about one hundred and twenty slaves, and
+                  is reputed wealthy. He is considered an accomplished gentleman,
+                  of sound, discriminating, and feeling mind. I believe he is
+                  a kind master, in the common acceptation of the term; that is, he
+                  feeds and clothes his slaves well, and does not overwork them,
+                  though the overseer's whip is the stimulus to labor. He gave me
+                  some account of provision; but the only item I remember is, that
+                  he cured twenty-five thousand pounds of pork annually, for his
+                  slaves. Far be it from me to say any thing disrespectful of him,
+                  except that he is a slave-holder; a word which, in my view, comprises
+                  'the sum of all villany,' In my transactions with him, I
+                  found him fair and honorable, as far as it can be honorable to sell
+                  human flesh.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "He said he had long since received a letter from J. Fitzhugh,
+                  <a name="A_lxxviii"></a>
+                  concerning Sam's family; but as he knew their situation
+                  would not be bettered by being transferred to him, he had taken
+                  no notice of the application. When Gerrit Smith's letter came,
+                  he supposed that the writer was not in earnest, 'that it was all
+                  done for effect, and would end in smoke.' He was surprised to
+                  learn, by G. Smith's reply to him, that it was my intention to
+                  come to Harrodsburg; he regretted that it was so, as it disturbed
+                  him, and might break up his family arrangements. His wife had
+                  three small children, one of them a babe, and the proposed arrangements
+                  would leave her without assistance. He told me he
+                  was not a man to be driven; and I answered that we were well
+                  matched on that point, it would, however, be better for us both
+                  to ascertain coolly how far we could agree. He began by saying
+                  that he did not feel bound to sell the family, in consequence of
+                  what he had written to G. Smith; for he had only said that he
+                  might be induced to take four thousand dollars for them. After
+                  some preliminaries, he proposed that I should have a conversation
+                  with Sam; for he did not think he could be prevailed upon to
+                  leave him. I assured him I should do no such thing, until he and
+                  I had settled the question of dollars and cents. I had no idea of
+                  presenting the cup of freedom to Sam's lips, and then having it
+                  dashed to the ground. 'I do not believe,' said I, 'that there is a
+                  man on these grounds whom I could not induce to go with me
+                  from slavery; but if Sam has objections, let me talk with his wife.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No, that will not do,' replied he; 'she would go with you.'
+                  'Yes,' said I, 'let me talk to your women of a mother's right to
+                  herself and her offspring, and then see how many of them you
+                  would find willing to remain in bondage!'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "After various pros and cons, we concluded a bargain, subject
+                  of course to the parties being <em>willing</em> to leave the 'patriarchal
+                  institution.' Three thousand five hundred dollars were to be
+                  paid, and both of us together were to have an opportunity of conversing
+                  with Sam and his wife. The master probably felt so
+                  confident that his slave would not leave him, that he had not patience
+                  to wait the promised interview; for he popped the delicate
+                  question to him alone. Sam had been informed of the whole
+                  progress of the affair, from the time of G. Smith's first letter;
+                  and he answered promptly that he would go so that before I
+                  met him, that <em>difficult</em> part of the business had 'ended in
+                  smoke.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_lxxix"></a>
+                  "S. Worthington's disappointment was the greater because I
+                  had told him that I had felt like one of old: 'If the woman will
+                  not be <em>willing</em> to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from
+                  this;' that I could go back with a quiet mind; and that the consciences
+                  of my friends in Peterboro' would doubtless be satisfied, having
+                  given Harriet and her family the liberty of choice, and thus made
+                  all the reparation in their power for having ever held her in
+                  slavery.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The large price paid for the redemption of this family may
+                  surprise thee, especially if thou hast not forgotten that passage in
+                  Worthington's letter where he says, 'I am, to some extent, opposed
+                  to slavery; nor do I object to the efforts of abolitionists
+                  when done in a good spirit.' It is, however, but justice to say
+                  that the description he gave of the family is strictly correct
+                  'They are all sprightly, remarkable for good character, and of
+                  course most valuable for house servants.' He said he had repeatedly
+                  been offered two thousand dollars for Sam, and he believed
+                  he would command that sum any day from those who knew his
+                  worth; that his old master prised him very highly, particularly
+                  for his moral excellence; and, speaking of his conduct, described
+                  him as a 'gentleman.' Yet he talked as if he were certain that
+                  Sam and his family would be reduced to beggary if left to themselves
+                  at the North! The children, it is true, have had little
+                  preparation in slavery for self reliance; for the most favored of
+                  them cannot spell their own names.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "S. Worthington said many had inquired of him what business
+                  brought me there; and being informed of the object of my
+                  mission, they advised him to have nothing to do with me. 'But,'
+                  said he, 'though I am certain the condition of Sam and his wife
+                  cannot be bettered, I do not think the same with regard to their
+                  children; and as Mr. Smith seems disposed to do a kind action, I
+                  cannot, in conscience, attempt to frustrate it. If I were to send
+                  you home without this family, I should have a troubled mind.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "One of Worthington's greatest difficulties in parting with
+                  these slaves was, that it would leave his wife destitute of servants.
+                  I pitied her, and felt it right to express my sympathy. I told her
+                  my compassion was increased, because I apprehended there was
+                  a struggle in her own breast between duty and interest; and I
+                  appealed to her whether she did not know it was a duty to let
+                  <a name="A_lxxx"></a>
+                  them go, though personal interest would induce her to keep them
+                  in her service. I was glad to perceive that these remarks enabled
+                  her to relieve herself of a weight&#8212;her countenance brightened
+                  up, and she appeared quite willing I should take them away. She
+                  showed great kindness to Harriet and her children, and evidently
+                  felt deeply moved at parting with the nurse, who had thrice been
+                  with her through nature's sorest trials. She appeared to me to be
+                  a nice lady-like person; and, if I judge aright, she knows what
+                  estimate ought to be placed upon slavery in a woman's mind.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Those who know me will not suspect that I sought to conceal
+                  my abolition, even in the hot-bed of slavery. Yet I assure
+                  thee I had no intention of making it a common topic of conversation,
+                  unless the way appeared to open; but thy experience, I
+                  doubt not, as well as mine, proves that it is ever opening. The
+                  most we need to do is to embrace opportunities, without seeking
+                  to make them. I had not expected to say as much as I did, but
+                  it was such a curiosity for a Quaker to be seen in such company,
+                  that it was soon universally known why I had come and what I
+                  had done. This gave rise to many conversations with slave holders,
+                  which I trust did some good. I was astonished at their extreme
+                  ignorance concerning the laboring population of the North.
+                  Thou wilt perhaps be surprised to hear me assert that slave holders
+                  do not know what slavery is. Still more strange will it seem
+                  when I tell thee that thy old friend was highly complimented by
+                  them for his prudence and discretion! The story had become
+                  current that I would not talk to Sam till I had settled the business
+                  with his master; and as they generally professed to believe
+                  that abolitionists wished to incite the slave against their master,
+                  by every mischievous incentive they could devise, my conduct
+                  naturally enough seemed to them remarkable. I told them I
+                  must honestly abjure such complimentary language; for, so far
+                  from being what they would consider discreet, I was in fact an
+                  abolitionist of the most ultra school. I assured them that most of
+                  my associates at the North would have proceeded as I had done,
+                  and some of them probably with more discretion. I like much
+                  better to talk to a southerner on slavery than with a northern
+                  apologist. I regard him as far less mean. There is a mind to be
+                  appealed to for <em>facts</em>, and there is a feeling that can be reached
+                  by a simple testimony of republican truth. In this, the slave
+                  <a name="A_lxxxi"></a>
+                  holder sometimes 'sees his face as in a glass; but he goeth away
+                  and forgetteth what manner of man he is.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "As my prudence and discretion had excited observation, I
+                  ventured to remark that it would be a great gratification to me, if
+                  the slave holders would meet together and let me occupy an hour
+                  or so in defining the true position and principles of the abolitionists;
+                  but this, as I had expected, was declined.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When I paid the money, I felt constrained to testify that I
+                  could in no degree sanction the principle that man could hold
+                  property in man; that the slaves were our equals by creation, and
+                  for their salvation, equally with ours, did Christ leave the right
+                  hand of the Father to suffer on the cross. I told them that contradictory
+                  as it might seem to them, the man who was now paying
+                  money for slaves, had such a detestation of the system, that he
+                  deemed it a duty to abstain from eating or wearing any of the
+                  products of slavery. This seemed to them wondrous strange, and
+                  they inquired if there were many at the North who agreed with
+                  me in this scruple. I told them yes; that the number was increasing,
+                  and that my friend, Gerrit Smith, had abstained from
+                  slave produce for many years.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A few hours previous to my final departure one after another
+                  gathered around me, and as we stood in the open piazza, I said
+                  what I could to explain the principles and practice of abolitionists.
+                  I think S. Worthington felt a little hurt at my being thus engaged,
+                  for when the stage drove up, he came in great haste to
+                  inform me that it was ready. I found it surrounded by many persons,
+                  principally colored, who had assembled to bid farewell to
+                  the objects of my charge. Their master shook each slave by the
+                  hand and bade them farewell. I observed him as we moved
+                  away, and thought he seemed to be a good deal moved from some
+                  cause or other.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I took care that coachman and passengers should be informed
+                  of the history of Sam and his wife; and some one or other
+                  of them was sure to make it a subject of conversation wherever
+                  we stopped. At Lawrenceburg, where we put up for the night,
+                  the landlord was also stage proprietor and a slave holder. He
+                  tried to make me believe that his slaves were much better off than
+                  himself. He enumerated his troubles and perplexities in contrast
+                  with the blessed freedom from care enjoyed by his slaves. I told
+                  <a name="A_lxxxii"></a>
+                  him he had made out his case very well; but to test his sincerity,
+                  I merely wished him to declare candidly, whether he should be
+                  altogether willing that himself and family should exchange places
+                  with a slave family. The test was too severe, and he walked off.
+                  Two young men at table then took up the conversation. The
+                  tyranny which slavery exercises over the entire community, was
+                  illustrated by the assertion that the head of a certain college did
+                  not dare to acknowledge himself an abolitionist; for if he did he
+                  would lose his office, which brought him in a good salary; and,
+                  moreover, the people of D---- would dismiss him from his pastoral
+                  charge. I of course took the ground that he could not be a
+                  truly Christian minister, who would purchase his bread and
+                  cheese at the expense of denying his own belief, or suppressing
+                  his own convictions.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "My host inquired whether I would sit at table with colored
+                  people; and he seemed much surprised when I answered, 'I do
+                  not judge persons by their complexion, but by moral worth. At
+                  my own table I sit with colored people, and I shall with these.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The South, however, is much more free from prejudice
+                  against color than the north; provided the distinction between
+                  the classes is understood.&#8212;A gentleman may seat his slave beside
+                  him in a stage coach, and a lady makes no objection to ride next
+                  a fat negro woman, even when the thermometer is at ninety
+                  degrees; provided always that her fellow travellers understand
+                  she is her <em>property</em>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "At Shelbyville the stage was likely to be crowded with new
+                  passengers, when I said to some young men who were about to
+                  get in, that I had a family with me who must not be turned out of
+                  the seats they had occupied. Samuel and his family took their
+                  accustomed seats, and those who could not find room rode on the
+                  roof of the coach; among them was a member elect of the
+                  Legislature. As we started, a well dressed man, among the
+                  crowd at the tavern-door, called out, 'Go it abolition!'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A crowd at this place attracted my attention, and I found it
+                  was an executor's sale; comprising 'lands, houses, furniture,
+                  horses, cows, hogs, and twenty likely negroes.' Slaves must,
+                  however, be more of a cash article than other commodities; for
+                  they were to be sold on four months' credit; real estate, on twelve
+                  and twenty four months, and all other property, six months'.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_lxxxiii"></a>
+                  "At Louisville, we fell in with Elisha, brother of Samuel
+                  Worthington, on his return to Arkansas, where he had a cotton
+                  plantation. He manifested much openness and good will, and
+                  pressingly invited me to visit him, should I ever go down the
+                  Mississippi. After considerable conversation on slavery, he
+                  asked me what I thought would be the effect of my late visit. I
+                  replied, it was a subject I had often contemplated myself, but I
+                  did not know whether it had entered the heads of others. For my
+                  own part, I thought I had taught the slaveholders a lesson.
+                  They maintained that the slaves did not want their freedom; yet
+                  here was one, well fed and well clothed, and in fact living in
+                  clover, as far as a slave could do so, ready, without my asking
+                  him, to go with me among strangers. If he would leave such a
+                  kind master, what might not be expected of the oppressed
+                  field hand?
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Perhaps a quotation from Latimer would furnish you with a
+                  more direct reply to your question,' said I, 'You know he said at
+                  the stake&#8212;"We shall this day light such a fire in England, as I
+                  trust, by God's grace, will never be put out." And I believe my
+                  visit has kindled a flame of liberty in Harrodsburg, that shall burn
+                  for years to come; and, by its light, I trust, that many will find
+                  their way into Canada.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I told him, too, I had a question to ask, and I wanted a
+                  direct answer&#8212;yes, or no. 'Were the slaves any worse off,
+                  since the question of abolition has been agitated?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "He said they were not, excepting in one respect. Formerly,
+                  when a preacher came among them to hold meetings with the
+                  slaves, they had no objection; but now, they feared that slaves
+                  from different plantations might thus congregate together and
+                  plot mischief. I asked him if slaves in Mississippi were aware
+                  of abolition efforts in the North; and he said he believed they
+                  were.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We parted with Samuel at Louisville, we taking the steam
+                  boat for Cincinnati, and leaving him to proceed to Worthington
+                  plantation for his boys. He stood and watched the departure of
+                  our boat with a soul full of emotion. He felt himself a connecting
+                  link between his sons in distant Mississippi, and his wife and
+                  daughters on their way to Peterboro'; and I was glad to see
+                  nature and affection gush forth in tears. They say colored
+                  <a name="A_lxxxiv"></a>
+                  people cannot take care of themselves, but I assure thee I had
+                  hard work to make these people move a step, till a safe plan was
+                  arranged for their absent children.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When I went to pay the captain my fare, he asked whether
+                  the colored woman and girls were my property. I answered yes;
+                  but explained to him my peculiar situation, and I told him I
+                  detested the very name of slavery. He said they usually asked
+                  for a reference, but he felt sure that a person of my appearance
+                  would not tell him a falsehood. I told him I would show him my
+                  bill of sale, as soon as the hurry had subsided; not because I
+                  acknowledged his right to demand it, but because he was civil
+                  and polite, and I was willing to satisfy him. When I showed him
+                  the bill, he knew both the seller and the witness, as I had expected.
+                  I asked him whether, if I had brought a barrel of lard on
+                  board, he would have troubled me to prove property? He apologized
+                  by saying, that they had been imposed on by white men,
+                  who put slaves on board, under the pretence that they were free;
+                  and that the owners of the line had been obliged to pay six thousand
+                  dollars for fugitive slaves. I noticed there were no colored
+                  hands on board.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On arriving at Buffalo, we put up at the Mansion House;
+                  and the first object that caught my eye was an advertisement, dated
+                  LIBERTY, in Missouri, offering three hundred dollars reward
+                  for three fugitive slaves. This is a free state with a vengeance!
+                  No stage riding for colored people here; moreover, it was with
+                  great difficulty I could obtain breakfast for my companions, though
+                  I had paid for it. I hope abolitionists will keep clear of such a
+                  pro-slavery atmosphere as surrounds the Mansion House.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On board the cars, Colorophobia again began to rage; but
+                  the agent soon quelled it, by finding other seats for two persons,
+                  who thought better of themselves than others did of them. In
+                  the stage to Auburn, difficulty again occurred, and the driver wanted
+                  to return my money, when some of the passengers objected
+                  to the complexion of some of my companions. I told him the
+                  stage was too crowded to hold us at any event; but unless he
+                  sent us on to Auburn in good season, I should teach the company
+                  a lesson they would not soon forget. He did so; and I arrived
+                  safely at my own house, after an absence of twenty-six days, and
+                  a travel of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles. The
+                  <a name="A_lxxxv"></a>
+                  whole cost of redemption, including our travelling expenses, was
+                  three thousand five hundred and eighty-three dollars and eighty-one
+                  cents. (&pound;807.)
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We had not been long there before Harriet said to my wife,
+                  'Madam, I return you a thousand thanks for letting your gentleman
+                  fetch us;' and I believe she said no more than she felt, and I
+                  felt the force of her grateful acknowledgments.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "After two days' rest, we proceeded to Gerrit Smith's; where,
+                  as thou mayest well believe, we received the friendly welcome
+                  which those are wont to receive who visit his house.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Skaneateles, 9th Month 14th, 1841.</i>"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="K"></a>APPENDIX K. Page 159.<br><br><br>The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization
+               Society.
+               <br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The "Friends" alluded to in the text as supporting the Colonization
+               Society in a collective capacity, are those of North Carolina.
+               In 1832 two influential "Friends" appeared at the Annual
+               Meeting of the Colonization Society, as delegates from the Society
+               of Friends in North Carolina. One of the resolutions
+               passed at the time, is as follows:&#8212;"That the thanks of this
+               Meeting be presented to the Society of Friends in North Carolina,
+               for the aid they have liberally bestowed and repeatedly rendered
+               to the cause of African Colonization." The Yearly meeting
+               of Friends in North Carolina stands among the donors of that
+               year, as having contributed five hundred dollars to the Colonization
+               Society. I fear no change has since taken place in the favorable
+               disposition of "Friends" of that region towards this institution,
+               for during one of my visits to Philadelphia, I was informed
+               by a "Friend," just returned from North Carolina, that an agent
+               of the Colonization Society had been recently permitted to make
+               an appeal before the members of the "Meeting of Sufferings"
+               of that Yearly Meeting, which had afterwards granted him two
+               hundred dollars out of the common stock of the Society. Nothing
+               is more certain than that approbation of the principles and
+               measures of the Colonization Society, cannot co-exist with any
+               <a name="A_lxxxvi"></a>
+               lively desires for the extinction of slavery, by the only practical
+               means&#8212;<em>emancipation</em>; and accordingly I was not surprised to
+               find it urged by some prominent individuals as a reason for their
+               own inactivity, and that of the Society at large, on this subject,
+               that "Friends" living within the slave States, urged their brethren
+               at the North not to unite with the Anti-slavery Societies. It
+               appears, however, that "Friends" of North Carolina do not, at
+               all events, object to uniting or co-operating with those of other
+               denominations, in promoting an object which they approve. Their
+               objection to abolition societies evidently rests on quite different
+               grounds.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               I must here be permitted to say a few words, respecting the
+               character and objects of the society, thus officially patronized by
+               the Friends of North Carolina.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The greatest objection to this society, is its representing slavery,
+               and the prejudice against color, as necessary and incurable
+               evils, for which its own mockery of a remedy is the only palliative;
+               and thus administering an opiate to the consciences, not
+               only of slave-holders, but of others who are unwilling to part
+               with their sinful prejudices, and to enter into that fellowship of
+               suffering with the enslaved, without which no efforts for the removal
+               of slavery will be effectual.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The following extracts, elucidating this subject, are from a
+               printed letter written by a friend of high station and extensive
+               influence, then residing in North Carolina, but now of the State
+               of Indiana, in defence of the Colonization Society. It is dated
+               "Third Month 4th, 1834," and I suppress his name, because
+               time and reflection have, I believe, in some degree modified his
+               views.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Speaking of the opposition of Friends in England to the Colonization
+               Society, he says, "I have supposed that they would
+               think it more consistent with Christian principles to emancipate
+               them in the Southern States, and let them remain there, as they
+               have done in the Northern States. I apprehend that Friends in
+               England are not fully apprised of some important circumstances,
+               which place the Southern States in a very different situation
+               from the Northern. In the first place, there never were so many
+               people of color in the Northern States, as there are in the Southern;
+               and another circumstance that diminished them there, and
+               <a name="A_lxxxvii"></a>
+               increased them greatly here, was while the Northern States were
+               legislating on the subject of gradual emancipation, avaricious
+               masters sent them by thousands to the Southern markets, before
+               the emancipating laws were actually passed, which left a small
+               proportion in those States, in comparison to the whites; not
+               many more, perhaps, than they were willing to have for laborers,
+               waiting men, waiting women, et cet. And notwithstanding they
+               have freed their slaves, for which they are entitled to applause,
+               yet they never dreamed of raising them to equal citizenship and
+               privileges with the white people. No, my friend, they can no
+               more reconcile to themselves the idea of sitting down by the side
+               of a colored African, (American?) in any legislative or judiciary
+               department, than the high spirited Southern slaveholder; <em>and not
+                  only so, they never intend to admit them to these privileges, while
+                  the State Government, and the United States' Government continue
+                  in existence</em>." Again, after stating various objections to emancipation,
+               he goes on to say, "I need not dwell much upon the subject
+               of universal emancipation, in stating the best, or the worst,
+               or most probable results of such a measure, because the Southern
+               people have no more idea of the general emancipation of
+               slaves, without colonizing them, than the Northern people have
+               of admitting the few among <em>them</em> to equal rights and privileges.
+               Not even the friends of humanity here, think that a general
+               emancipation, to remain here, would better their condition," et cet.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The inferences plainly to be drawn from all this, and from
+               much besides to the same purport, are, that the wicked determination
+               of the white people to retain their sinful prejudices, is,
+               like the laws of the Medes and Persians, immutable; and must,
+               therefore, be accommodated by the transportation of the unoffending
+               objects of their intense dislike. On this point I will
+               observe that, if it be so, the remedy is worse than the disease;
+               but that Christian principle is powerful enough, as daily experience
+               testifies, to combat and destroy this unholy prejudice. The
+               next inference is, that because the slave population in the Southern
+               States is much more numerous than it was in the Northern,
+               <em>therefore</em> the same reasons for emancipation do not exist. Is not
+               the true conclusion from such premises, the very reverse of this?
+               The motives to abolition increase, both in weight and number, in
+               proportion to the absolute and relative increase of the slave population.
+               <a name="A_lxxxviii"></a>
+               The British West Indies present an example of the
+               safety and advantages of the measure in a community, where
+               the whites are a mere handful compared to the colored population.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               That state of feeling from which the Colonization Society
+               sprung, is well illustrated by this writer, in giving, in natural
+               language, a picture of his own mind. After again repeating his
+               statement of the vast proportion which the colored population
+               bears to the white, in the Slave States, he says, "Now, my
+               friend, the general emancipation of such a number of these poor,
+               degraded creatures, say more than two millions, always to remain
+               here with the white people, even if the Government should take
+               the necessary care for their education and preparation for freedom
+               and civilized life, which to be sure it ought, they must or
+               will be a degraded people, while the reins of government remain
+               in the hands of the whites. Supposing the very best consequences
+               that could follow such a measure, even that both classes
+               should generally exercise Christian feelings towards each other,
+               which is very improbable, if not morally impossible, the peculiarly
+               marked difference of features and color, will be always an insurmountable
+               barrier to general amalgamation." Again, "Were
+               they of the same color and features that we are, in an elective
+               republican government like this, where talents and merit are the
+               common footsteps to esteem and preferment, there would be no
+               difficulty in universal emancipation, without a separation. I have
+               no idea that they are at all inferior to the white people in intellect;
+               give them the same opportunity for enterprise and improvement."
+               Their only sin, it appears, after all, is being "guilty of
+               a skin not colored like our own." I may observe, in passing,
+               that amalgamation, the bugbear of anti-abolitionists, is the necessary
+               result of slavery, not of emancipation.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The preceding extracts present a faithful picture of colonization
+               principles, though it is not every colonizationist who would
+               avow them with so much simplicity. The writer notwithstanding,
+               manifests some benevolent feeling towards the slaves. His
+               conscience cannot be satisfied with the present state of things,
+               and he, like too many others, takes refuge in the pleasing delusion
+               that it would be practicable to convey these colored Americans
+               across the Atlantic and make them comfortable in Africa, because
+               their ancestors were born there. As reasonably and as
+               <a name="A_lxxxix"></a>
+               justly might he talk of transporting the white Americans to England
+               because their ancestors removed from this country.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               It is very easily demonstrable, that this could not possibly be
+               accomplished&#8212;that neither the means of transport could be
+               found, nor the means of settlement provided; and were these
+               impossibilities removed, it might also be shown, very easily, that
+               it would be suicidal policy to remove the entire laboring population
+               of the Southern States from a soil and climate for which
+               they only are adapted. Yet emancipation by removal is the
+               theory of the Colonization Society, and in this point of view that
+               Society must be characterized as a grand imposture. What
+               must be the power of that delusion which can render intelligent
+               and philanthropic men the victims of such a fallacy? If the
+               whites, who hold the reins of government, could but be brought
+               to exercise Christian feelings towards the people of color, which
+               this worthy friend thinks is perhaps "morally impossible," how
+               rapidly would all difficulties vanish? To accomplish this desirable
+               end is the object of the abolitionists; they feel it to be difficult,
+               but they know it to be not impossible.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The writer of this pamphlet uniformly couples "ultra slaveholders"
+               and "northern manumissionists" in the same censure.
+               They are the two objectionable extremes; colonizationists and
+               moderate slave-holders being, I suppose, the golden mean. One
+               illustration more of the animus with which he regards a black
+               population.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "And so it is with the New England immediate manumissionists;
+               they have so few people of color that they do not consider
+               them an evil; and hence they conclude that the Southern
+               States may do as they have done&#8212;free them at once; but I have
+               no doubt at all, if there was as large a proportion of colored
+               people in the New England States as in the Southern, there
+               would be but one voice, and that would be for colonizing them
+               somewhere."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The following passage is historically interesting:
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Yearly Meeting of Friends of North Carolina have sent
+               several hundreds of those they have had under their care to
+               Liberia, for whose emancipation in this State they could never
+               obtain a law, though they petitioned for it oftentimes for the space
+               <a name="A_xc"></a>
+               of fifty years, always finding the chief objection of the legislature
+               to be that of the great number and degraded and low character
+               of the free persons of color already in the State. We prefer
+               sending them to Africa rather than to any of the free States or to
+               Canada&#8212;because we believe <em>that</em> is their proper home. We
+               sent some to the State of Ohio; and since then hundreds of
+               blacks have been in a manner compelled, by the laws of that
+               State, or the prejudices of some of its citizens, to leave it and go
+               to Canada. We have sent some to Indiana, but that State has
+               passed laws, we hear, to prevent any more coming. We have
+               sent some to Pennsylvania, but, about two years ago, we shipped
+               near one hundred from Newbern and Beaufort to Chester; they
+               were not suffered to land, neither there nor at Philadelphia, nor
+               yet on the Jersey shore opposite, but had to float on the Delaware
+               river until the Colonization Society took them into possession;
+               then they were landed in Jersey, ten miles below Philadelphia,
+               and re-shipped for Africa. North Carolina Yearly Meeting has
+               contributed thousands of dollars to the Colonization Society; it
+               has probably done more for it than any other religious community
+               has in America, not merely because it has provided us an asylum
+               for the people of color under our care, but upon the ground of our
+               belief that it is a great, humane, and benevolent institution. I
+               am not informed of a single member of the Society of Friends in
+               this country, not even in any of the slave States, who is not in favor
+               of colonizing them in Africa. We believe generally that colonizing
+               them there gradually is the most likely way to put a peaceful
+               end to slavery, and place them in the great scale of equality
+               with the rest of the civilized world."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               I have devoted a space to this letter for several reasons; first,
+               because the writer is a man of note and influence in his own
+               country, and has plainly uttered what many of the Society of
+               Friends even now feel, secondly, he has shown what was the
+               prevalent sentiment among Friends not longer than seven years
+               since, though I hope and believe a considerable change has taken
+               place in the interval; and lastly, because, within a few months
+               past, a well-known American, a zealous agent of the Colonization
+               Society, has privately employed this very letter to induce abolitionists
+               in England to look favorably on that Society.
+
+            </p><a name="A_xci"></a><p>
+               I would add, also, that I learn, on the authority of an English
+               "Friend," who has lately visited the various Yearly Meetings in
+               America, that in those parts of the slave States in which
+               "Friends" chiefly reside, their influence is very perceptible in
+               mitigating the treatment of the slaves in their neighborhood.
+               This, I willingly believe; indeed the example of a body who
+               refuse to hold slaves, cannot but be highly beneficial.
+
+            </p>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="L"></a>
+               APPENDIX L.&#8212;Page 96.
+               <br><br><br>
+               "Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the
+               Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.
+               <br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "To the Right Honorable the Lords of the Admiralty of
+                  Great Britain.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned, the citizens of Boston, in the United States
+                  of America, of different religious denominations, respectfully
+                  represent&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "That by existing arrangements for the sailing of the Cunard
+                  line of steamers between Boston and Liverpool, it becomes necessary
+                  for them to leave this port on the Sabbath, whenever that
+                  happens to be the regular day appointed for sailing; and that this
+                  occurs a number of times in the course of a year. That the sailing
+                  of a steamer on that day is a source of deep regret to many good
+                  citizens, who are compelled, whenever the event happens, either
+                  to defer their departure to a future day, or to yield to an arrangement
+                  which violates their Christian feelings. And what is still
+                  more to be lamented, as a consequence growing out of the present
+                  regulation, is that aside from the tumult necessarily attendant on
+                  the sailing of these vessels on the Lord's day, it furnishes an
+                  occasion for the needless profanation of the day by thousands
+                  who assemble as spectators on our wharves to witness their
+                  departure.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned regard a proper observance of the Sabbath
+                  as vital to the general peace, good order, and welfare of society;
+                  and they are deeply impressed with the belief that nothing of a
+                  secular or worldly nature should be done on that day by individuals,
+                  <a name="A_xcii"></a>
+                  by governments, or by any of their departments, Which is
+                  not in the strictest sense a work of necessity or mercy; and they
+                  most respectfully represent, that they are unable to perceive any
+                  reasons which render the sailing of steamers from this port on the
+                  Lord's day such a work. And believing as they do, that it will
+                  be the pleasure of your lordships at all times to cherish and promote,
+                  so far as you may be able, a due observance of the Sabbath,
+                  they respectfully and earnestly request your lordships so to vary
+                  the present arrangements as to the times for the sailing of these
+                  steamers, that their departure from this port shall be changed to
+                  another day, whenever the appointed day for sailing shall fall
+                  upon the Christian Sabbath. And they venture to express their
+                  confident belief that not only the public welfare, but also the
+                  private advantage of individuals concerned in the enterprize,
+                  would be ultimately promoted by the arrangements here prayed
+                  for.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned cannot conclude their memorial without
+                  adverting to the high and responsible station that has been
+                  assigned by Providence to the English and American people, in
+                  the great work which they and we rejoice to know is now so
+                  rapidly progressing, of improving the moral and religious character
+                  and condition of the world; nor can they be unmindful of the
+                  fact, that to the same extent as their standing before the world in
+                  this respect is permanent, so will be the influence of their example
+                  on the nations around them, whether it be good or bad.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "That the subject here presented may receive your Lordship's
+                  favorable and Christian consideration is the sincere and earnest
+                  desire of your Lordships' most respectful memorialists."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The signatures to this document included the late mayor and
+               one of the former ones, who was also Lieutenant-Governor of the
+               State of Massachusetts, one bishop, upwards of forty clergymen
+               of different denominations, nine gentlemen, upwards of one
+               hundred and twenty merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance
+               companies, the postmaster of Boston, five physicians, seven members
+               of the legal profession, two editors of newspapers; and it
+               was accompanied by the following memorandum from one of the
+               gentlemen who had taken it round for signature.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned having been personally engaged in obtaining
+                  the signatures to the memorial, asking a change in the sailing
+                  <a name="A_xciii"></a>
+                  of the Cunard steamers, when the regular sailing day occurs on
+                  the Sabbath, hereby certifies that the memorialists are among the
+                  most respectable and influential of their respective professions,
+                  that the memorial was received with almost universal favor, and
+                  that, had time been allowed, and had it been deemed necessary
+                  to do it, thousands of names might have been obtained.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "AMOS A. PHELPS."
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Boston, July 31, 1841."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               On my arrival in this country, I found that Lord Melbourne's
+               administration was about to resign; I therefore deferred forwarding
+               the memorial until the present ministers had entered upon the
+               duties of their respective offices; when I called at the Admiralty,
+               and placed it in the hands of the Secretary, having little doubt
+               the application would have been at once granted; but a few days
+               after it was presented I received the following reply:&#8212;
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Admiralty, September 21, 1841.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Sir,&#8212;Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the
+                  Admiralty the communications of the citizens of Boston, United
+                  States, representing their wish that the departure of Mr. Cunard's
+                  steamers on a Sunday, from their port, should, for the future be
+                  discontinued; I am commanded by their lordships to acquaint
+                  you, that after having given that attention to the subject, which
+                  their respect for the citizens of Boston, and for the religious
+                  opinions expressed by them, could not fail to dictate, my lords
+                  have, upon mature consideration, come to the conclusion, that,
+                  with a due regard to the exigencies of the public service, the
+                  proposed alteration cannot be carried into effect. My lords,
+                  therefore, beg you will have the goodness to convey their
+                  decision to the citizens of Boston, together with the assurance of
+                  their respect for the opinions they have expressed, and their consequent
+                  regret at being unable to comply with their request.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I am, Sir,
+                  <br><br>
+                  "Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "JOHN BARROW.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Joseph Sturge, Esq., Birmingham."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote><a name="A_xciv"></a></div>
+      </div>
+      <hr>
+      <address>&nbsp; 1842 By JOSEPH STURGE.
+          <br>
+         <!--
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+based on c:\downloads\saxon6_5_3teihtml.xsl
+processed using SAXON 6.5.3 from Michael Kay
+on 2004-03-03T20:31:42-06:00--></address>
+
+   <div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11454 ***</div>
+</body>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11454 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11454)
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+Project Gutenberg's A Visit To The United States In 1841, by Joseph Sturge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Visit To The United States In 1841
+
+Author: Joseph Sturge
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2004 [EBook #11454]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Amy Overmyer and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841
+
+BY JOSEPH STURGE
+
+1842
+
+BOSTON: DEXTER S. KING, NO. 1 CORNHILL.
+  "'Tis liberty alone that gives the flower
+  Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;
+  And we are weeds without it. All constraint,
+  Except what wisdom lays on evil men,
+  Is evil; hurts the faculties, impedes
+  Their progress in the road of science; blinds
+  The eyesight of discovery; and begets,
+  In those that suffer it, a sordid mind."
+
+
+COWPER.
+
+
+
+
+
+    Preface to the American Edition
+
+    Preface to the English Edition
+
+    A Visit, &c.
+
+    General Observations
+
+    Appendix A: ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+    Appendix B: EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO
+
+    Appendix C: Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of
+    Friends, &c.
+
+    Appendix D: ELISHA TYSON.
+
+    Appendix E: THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES"
+
+    Appendix F: Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY
+
+    Appendix G: OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.
+
+    Appendix H: LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.
+
+    Appendix I: GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.
+
+    Appendix K: The Society of Friends in America and the
+    Colonization Society
+
+    Appendix L: Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to
+    the Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.
+
+
+Within a few years past, several of our visitors from the other side of
+the Atlantic, have published their views of our country and her
+institutions. Basil Hall, Hamilton and others, in their attempts to
+describe the working of the democratic principle in the United States,
+have been unfavorably influenced by their opposite political
+predilections. On the other hand, Miss Martineau, who has strong
+republican sympathies, has not, at all times, been sufficiently careful
+and discriminating in the facts and details of her spirited and
+agreeable narrative.
+
+The volume of Mr. Sturge, herewith presented, is unlike any of its
+predecessors. Its author makes no literary pretensions. His style, like
+his garb, is of the plainest kind; shorn of every thing like ornament,
+it has yet a truthful, earnest simplicity, as rare as it is beautiful.
+The reader will look in vain for those glowing descriptions of American
+scenery, and graphic delineations of the peculiarities of the American
+character with which other travellers have endeavored to enliven and
+diversify their journals. Coming among us on an errand of peace and good
+will--with a heart oppressed and burdened by the woes of suffering
+humanity--he had no leisure for curious observations of men and manners,
+nor even for the gratification of a simple and unperverted taste for the
+beautiful in outward nature. His errand led him to the slave-jail of the
+negro-trafficker--the abodes of the despised and persecuted colored
+man--the close walls of prisons. His narrative, like his own character,
+is calm, clear, simple; its single and manifest aim, _to do good_.
+
+Although this volume is mainly devoted to the subject of emancipation,
+and to his intercourse with the religious Society of which he is a
+member, yet the friends of peace, of legal reform, and of republican
+institutions, will derive gratification from its perusal. The liberal
+spirit of Christian philanthropy breathes through it. The author's deep
+and settled detestation of our slavery, and of the hypocrisy which
+sustains and justifies it, does not render him blind to the beauty of
+the republican principle of popular control, nor repress in any degree
+his pleasure in recording its beneficent practical fruits in the free
+States.
+
+The labors of Mr. Sturge in the cause of emancipation have given him the
+appellation of the "Howard of our days." The author of the popular
+"History of Slavery," page 600, thus notices his arduous personal
+investigations of the state of things in the West India Islands, under
+the apprenticeship system. "The idea originated with Joseph Sturge, of
+Birmingham, a member of that religious body, the FRIENDS, who have ever
+stood pre-eminent in noiseless but indefatigable exertions in the cause
+of the negro; and who seem to possess a more thorough practical
+understanding than is generally possessed by statesmen and politicians,
+of the axiom that the shortest communication between two given points,
+is a straight line. While others were speculating, and hoping that the
+worst reports from the West Indies might not be true, and that the evils
+would work their own cure, this generous and heroic philanthropist,
+resolved to go himself and ascertain the facts and the remedy required."
+On his return, Mr. Sturge, with his companion, Thomas Harvey, published
+a full account of their investigations into the working of the
+apprenticeship system; and his testimony before the Parliamentary
+Committee, occupied seven days. His disclosures sealed the fate of the
+apprenticeship system. Such a demonstration of popular sentiment was
+called forth against it, that the Colonies, one after another, felt
+themselves under the necessity of abandoning it for unconditional
+emancipation. It was a remark of Brougham, in the House of Lords, that
+the abolition of the apprenticeship was the work of one man, and that
+man was Joseph Sturge.
+
+Mr. Sturge's benevolent labors have not been confined to the abolition
+of slavery. He is a prominent member of the Anti-corn Law League. He is
+an active advocate of the cause of universal peace. He has given all his
+influence to the cause of the oppressed and laboring classes of his own
+countrymen: and his name is at this moment, the rallying-word of
+millions, as the author and patron of the "Suffrage Declaration," which
+is now in circulation in all parts of the United Kingdom, pledging its
+signers to the great principle of universal suffrage--a full, fair and
+free representation of the people. It was reserved for the untitled
+Quaker of Birmingham to take the lead in the great and good work of
+uniting, for the first time, the middle and the working classes of his
+countrymen, and in so doing, to infuse hope and newness of life into the
+dark dwellings of the English peasant and artisan. The Editor of the
+London Non-Conformist, speaking of this movement of Mr. Sturge, says:
+"The Declaration is put forth by a man, who, perhaps, in a higher degree
+than any other individual, has the confidence of both the middle class
+and the working men. The former can trust to his prudence; the latter
+have faith in his sincerity."
+
+Such is the man, who, prompted by his untiring benevolence, visited our
+shores during the past year. This volume is the brief record of his
+visit, and of the impressions produced upon his mind by our conflicting
+interests and institutions. It is now republished, in the belief that
+the opinions of its author will be received with candor and respect by
+all classes of our citizens, and that they are calculated to make a
+permanent and salutary impression, in favor of the great cause of
+universal freedom.
+
+
+Boston, May, 1842.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.
+
+
+In visiting the United States, the objects which preferred the chief
+claim to my attention were the _universal abolition of slavery_, and
+_the promotion of permanent international peace_. Deeply impressed with
+the conviction that the advancement of these is intimately connected
+with the progress of right views among professing Christians in that
+country, it was my desire not only to inform myself of the actual state
+of feeling and opinion among this important class, but if possible, to
+contribute my mite of encouragement and aid to those who are bearing the
+burden and heat of the day, in an arduous contest, on whose issue the
+alternative of a vast amount of human happiness or misery depends. This
+general outline of my motives included several specific, practical
+objects, which will be found detailed in the ensuing pages.
+
+For obvious reasons, _the abolition of slavery in the United States_ is
+the most prominent topic in my narrative; but I have freely interspersed
+observations on other subjects of interest and importance, as they came
+under consideration. Short notices are introduced of some of the
+prominent abolitionists of America; and, though sensible how imperfectly
+I have done justice to exertions, which, either in degree or kind, have
+scarcely a parallel in the annals of self-denying benevolence, I fear I
+shall occasionally have hurt the feelings of the individuals referred
+to, by what they may deem undeserved or unseasonable praise; yet I trust
+they will pardon the act for the sake of the motive, which is to
+introduce the English anti-slavery reader to a better acquaintance with
+his fellow laborers in the United States. My short stay, and the limited
+extent of my visit, prevented my becoming acquainted with many who are
+equally deserving of notice.
+
+Less than twelve months have elapsed since I embarked on this "visit;"
+and though, with the help of steam by sea and land, an extensive journey
+may now be performed in a comparatively short time, yet, during this
+brief interval, my own engagements would have prevented my placing the
+following narrative so early before the public without assistance. It is
+right to state that a large portion of the work has been prepared for
+the press from a rough transcript of my journal, from my correspondence,
+and other documents, by the friend who accompanied me on a former
+journey to the West Indies, and who then compiled the account of our
+joint labors.
+
+Nearly the whole of the narrative portion of this publication has been
+sent to America, to different individuals who were concerned in, or
+present at the transactions related, and has been returned to me with
+their verification of the facts; so that the reader has the strongest
+guaranty for their accuracy. The inferences and comments I am solely
+responsible for, and I leave them to rest on their own merits.
+
+In undertaking this journey, I was careful not to shackle my individual
+liberty by appearing as the representative of any society, whether
+religious or benevolent; and, on the other hand, none of those friends,
+who kindly furnished me with letters of introduction, are in any way
+responsible for my proceedings in the United States, or for any thing
+which this volume contains.
+
+In conclusion,--should these pages come under the notice of any, who,
+though well wishers to their species, are not yet identified with
+anti-slavery effort, I would entreat such to "come over and help us." If
+they are ambitious of a large and quick return for their outlay of
+money, of time, of labor,--for their painful sympathies and self-denying
+prayers,--where will they find a cause where help is more needed, or
+where it would be rewarded more surely and abundantly? Let them reflect
+on what has been effected, within a few short years, in the British West
+Indies, so recently numbered among "the dark places of the earth, full
+of the habitations of cruelty,"--but now scenes of light, gladness, and
+prosperity, temporal and spiritual. To show what remains to be
+accomplished for the universal abolition of slavery--a field in which
+the laborers are few indeed, in proportion to its extent--I may be
+allowed to quote the following comprehensive statement, from the preface
+to one of the most important volumes that ever issued from the press on
+the subject of slavery:[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "Proceedings of the London Anti-Slavery Convention."]
+
+
+    "The extent of these giant evils may be gathered from a brief
+    statement of facts. In the United States of America, the slave
+    population is estimated to be 2,750,000; in Brazil, 2,500,000;
+    in the Spanish Colonies, 600,000; in the French Colonies,
+    265,000; in the Dutch Colonies, 70,000; in the Danish and
+    Swedish Colonies, 30,000; and in Texas, 25,000; besides those
+    held in bondage by Great Britain, in the East Indies, and the
+    British Settlements of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang; and by
+    France, Holland, and Portugal, in various parts of Asia and
+    Africa; amounting in all to several millions more; and exclusive
+    also of those held in bondage by the native powers of the East,
+    and other parts of the world, of whose number it is impossible
+    to form a correct estimate.
+
+    "To supply the slave-markets of the Western world, 120,000
+    native Africans are, on the most moderate calculation, annually
+    required; whilst the slave-markets of the East require 50,000
+    more. In procuring these victims of a guilty traffic, to be
+    devoted to the rigors of perpetual slavery, it is computed that
+    280,000 perish in addition, and under circumstances the most
+    revolting and afflicting.
+
+    "But this is not all. In the Southern section of the United
+    States, and in British India, a vast internal slave-trade is
+    carried on, second only in horror and extent to that which has
+    so long desolated and degraded Africa.
+
+    "These facts exhibit, also, the magnitude of the responsibility
+    which devolves upon abolitionists; in view of it they may well
+    be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all sectarian motive, all
+    party feeling: 'Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace,
+    good will to man,' is their aim: consistently with the blessed
+    character of this gospel anthem, they recognize no means as
+    allowable for them, in the prosecution of their holy enterprise,
+    than those which are of a moral, religious, and pacific nature;
+    in the diligent use of these means, and trusting in God, they
+    cherish the hope that, under His blessing, they may be permitted
+    to accomplish the great work to which they are devoted; and thus
+    be made instrumental in advancing the sacred cause of freedom,
+    and its attendant blessings, civilization and religion,
+    throughout the earth."
+
+    J.S.
+
+    Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Second Month, 1st, 1842.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT, &c.
+
+I embarked at Portsmouth, on board the British Queen steam packet,
+commanded by Captain Franklin, on the 10th of the 3d Month, (March,)
+1841. During the first two or three days, the weather was unusually fine
+for the season of the year, and gave us the prospect of a quick and
+prosperous voyage. The passengers, about seventy in number, were of
+various nations, including English, French, German and American.
+
+The very objectionable custom of supplying the passengers with
+intoxicating liquors without limit and without any additional charge,
+thus compelling the temperate or abstinent passenger to contribute to
+the expenses of the intemperate, was done away. Each individual paid for
+the wine and spirits he called for, a circumstance which greatly
+promoted sobriety in the ship; but I am sorry to say three or four, and
+these my own countrymen, were not unfrequently in a state of
+intoxication. On one occasion, after dinner, one of these addressed an
+intelligent black steward, who was waiting, by the contemptuous
+designation of "blackey;" the man replied to him in this manner:--"My
+name is Robert; when you want any thing from me please to address me by
+my name; there is no gentleman on board who would have addressed me as
+you have done; we are all the same flesh and blood; I did not make
+myself; God made me." This severe and public rebuke commended itself to
+every man's conscience, and my countryman obtained no sympathy even from
+the most prejudiced slaveholder on board. Several of my fellow
+passengers stood in this relation; and I found I could freely converse
+with a native American slaveholder not only with less risk of giving
+offence, but that he was more ready to admit the inherent evils of
+slavery than the Europeans who had become inured to the system by
+residence in the Southern States of America, or than the American
+merchants residing in the Northern cities, whose participation in the
+commerce of the Slave States had imbued them with pro-slavery views and
+feelings. One of them, a French merchant of New Orleans, went so far as
+to assure me, that in his opinion it would be as reasonable to class the
+negroes with monkeys, as to place them on an equality with the whites.
+
+On the nights of the 14th and 15th the Aurora Borealis was very
+beautiful and vivid, which is said to be, in these latitudes, an
+indication of stormy weather. Accordingly on the 16th the weather became
+less favorable, with an increased swell in the sea, wind more ahead, and
+occasional squalls. On the night of the 18th we encountered one of the
+most awful hurricanes ever witnessed by the oldest sailor on board; and
+from this date to the 24th inst. we experienced a succession of storms
+of indescribable violence and severity, which at some intervals caused
+great and I believe very just alarm for the safety of the ship. The
+President steamer, coming in the opposite direction, is known to have
+encountered the same weather, and was doubtless lost, not having since
+been heard of. Our escape, under Divine Providence, must be attributed
+to the great strength of the vessel, which had been thoroughly repaired
+since her last voyage, and to the skill and indefatigable attention of
+the Captain. On the 25th the wind abated, and the greater number of the
+floats or propelling boards of the paddle wheels having been carried
+away, and our stock of coals very much reduced, the Captain decided to
+make for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where we arrived on the evening of the
+30th. After a stay of twenty-four hours, for repairs and supplies, we
+again left for New York, where we arrived safely on the night of 4th
+Month, (April,) 3d.
+
+The following day, being the first of the week, I landed about the time
+of the gathering of the different congregations, and inquired my way to
+the meeting of the orthodox section of the Society of Friends, and
+afterwards took up my abode at the Carlton Hotel. Here I met, for the
+first time, my friend J.G. Whittier, whom I had been anxious to
+associate with myself in my future movements, and who kindly consented
+to be my companion as far as his health would permit. The next morning,
+on returning to the vessel to get my luggage passed, a custom-house
+officer manifested his disapproval of my character and objects as an
+abolitionist, by giving me much unnecessary trouble, and by being the
+means of my paying duty on a small machine for copying letters for my
+own private use, and other articles which I believe are usually passed
+free. Ordinarily at this port, the luggage of respectable passengers is
+passed with little examination, on an assurance that it comprises no
+merchandise. This was almost the only instance of discourteous treatment
+I met with in the United States. We remained in New York from the 4th to
+the 10th of this month, which time was occupied in visiting different
+friends of the anti-slavery cause, and in receiving calls at our hotel.
+
+I had much pleasure and satisfaction in my intercourse here with several
+individuals distinguished in the anti-slavery cause, some of whom I had
+met in 1837, during a short visit to New York on my way from the West
+Indies. Among these, ought particularly to be mentioned the brothers
+Arthur and Lewis Tappan. The former was elected president of the
+American Anti-Slavery Society on its formation, and remained at its head
+until the division which took place last year, when he became president
+of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. His name is not more a
+byeword of reproach, than a watchword of alarm throughout the slave
+states; and the slave holders have repeatedly set a high price upon his
+head by advertisement in the public papers. In the just estimation of
+the pro-slavery party, Arthur Tappan is abolition personified; and truly
+the cause needs not to be ashamed of its representative, for a more
+deservedly honored and estimable character it would be difficult to
+find. In personal deportment he is unobtrusive and silent; his sterling
+qualities are veiled by reserve, and are in themselves such as make the
+least show--clearness and judgment, prudence and great decision. He is
+the head of an extensive mercantile establishment, and the high
+estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens, notwithstanding
+the unpopularity of his views on slavery, is the result of a long and
+undeviating career of public spirit and private integrity, and of an
+uninterrupted succession of acts of benevolence. During a series of
+years of commercial prosperity, his revenues were distributed with an
+unsparing hand through the various channels which promised benefit to
+his fellow creatures; and in this respect, his gifts, large and frequent
+though they were, were probably exceeded in usefulness by the influence
+of his example as a man and a Christian.
+
+His brother Lewis, with the same noble and disinterested spirit in the
+application of his pecuniary resources, possesses the rare faculty of
+incessant labor; which, when combined, as in his case, with great
+intellectual and physical capacity, eminently qualifies for a leading
+position in society. He unites in a remarkable degree, the apparently
+incompatible qualities of versatility and concentration; and his
+admirable endowments have been applied in the service of the helpless
+and the oppressed with corresponding success. He has been from the
+beginning one of the most active members of the central Anti-Slavery
+Committee in New York, a body that has directed the aggressive
+operations against slavery, on a national scale, with a display of
+resources, and an untiring and resolute vigor, that have attracted the
+admiration of all, who, sympathizing in their object, have had the
+privilege of watching their proceedings. Of those who have impressed the
+likeness of their own character on these proceedings, Lewis Tappan is
+one of the chief; and he has shared with his brother the most virulent
+attacks from the pro-slavery party. Some years ago he had the ear of a
+negro sent to him by post, in an insulting anonymous letter. During the
+past year, though marked by a severe domestic affliction, in addition to
+his engagements as a merchant, in partnership with his brother Arthur,
+and his various public and private duties as a man and as a citizen, in
+the performance of which I believe he is punctual and exemplary, he has
+edited, almost without assistance, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+Reporter, and has also been one of the most active members of a
+committee of benevolent individuals formed to watch over the interest of
+the Amistad captives. Besides superintending the maintenance, education,
+and other interests of these Africans, it was necessary to defend their
+cause against the whole power of the United States' Government, to raise
+funds for these objects, to interest foreign Governments in their
+welfare, and more than all, to keep them constantly before the public,
+not only for their own sakes, but that a portion of the sympathy and
+right feeling which was elicited in their favor might be reflected
+towards the native slave population of the country, whose claim to
+freedom rests upon the same ground of natural and indefeasible right.
+With what success this interesting cause has been prosecuted is well
+expressed in a single sentence by a valued transatlantic correspondent
+of mine, who, writing at the most critical period of the controversy,
+says:--"We, or rather Lewis Tappan, has made the whole nation look the
+captives in the face."
+
+Joshua Leavitt, proprietor and editor of the New York Emancipator, a
+large weekly abolition newspaper, and secretary of the American and
+Foreign Anti-slavery Society, is another remarkable man, clear and sound
+in judgment, and efficient in action. He is justly regarded by American
+abolitionists as one of their ablest supporters.
+
+La Roy Sunderland, member of the Executive Committee, and editor of
+"Zion's Watchman," a Methodist, religious, and anti-slavery newspaper,
+with his slight figure, dark intellectual face, and earnest manner, is
+pointed out to the anti-slavery visitor from the Old World as the most
+prominent advocate of emancipation among the Wesleyans. His boldness and
+faithfulness have combined against him the leading influences of his
+denomination, but notwithstanding he has been several times tried by
+ecclesiastical councils, they have always failed to substantiate the
+charges against him, and his vindication has been complete.
+
+Theodore S. Wright, member of the committee, is a colored presbyterian
+preacher in this city--an amiable man, much and deservedly respected.
+
+All the above mentioned individuals, who have from an early period been
+among the most zealous and laborious members of the anti-slavery
+committee, found themselves placed by the events of last year in the
+position of seceders from the American Anti-Slavery Society, though
+their opinions had undergone no change. They now belong to the American
+and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, or as it is technically called the
+"new organization," a distinction which will be afterwards explained.
+
+James M'Cune Smith, a young colored physician, I had known in England,
+where he studied for his profession, having been shut out of the
+colleges of his own country by the prejudice against his complexion.
+Notwithstanding this prejudice he is now practising, I understand, with
+success, and has fair prospects.
+
+I had a pleasant interview with Isaac T. Hopper, whom also I had met in
+1837. He belongs to the American Anti-Slavery Society, or "old
+organization," and has been a zealous and fearless abolitionist for half
+a century. He has been recently disowned by the "Hicksite Friends" for
+his connection with the newspaper called the "National Anti-Slavery
+Standard."
+
+Early on the morning of the 10th, we left for Burlington by railroad,
+where we were most kindly received by our venerable friends Stephen
+Grellett and his wife. On the following day, we took tea with John Cox,
+residing about three miles from Burlington, at a place called Oxmead,
+where formerly that eminent minister of the Society of Friends, George
+Dillwin, resided. J.C. is now in his eighty-seventh year, enjoying a
+green and cheerful old age, and feeling all the interest of his youth in
+the anti-slavery cause. It was cheering and animating to witness the
+serene spirit of this venerable man, and deeply were we interested in
+the reminiscences of his youth. He well remembered John Woolman, whose
+former residence, Mount Holly, is within a few miles of Oxmead, and of
+whom he related various particulars characteristic of the simplicity,
+humanity, and great circumspection of his life and conversation. When
+John Woolman first brought the subject of slavery before the yearly
+meeting of the Society of Friends at Philadelphia, at a time when its
+members were deeply implicated both in slave-holding and in
+slave-dealing, he stood almost alone in his anti-slavery testimony,
+which he expressed in few and appropriate words. Some severe remarks
+were made by others in reply, on this and on successive similar
+occasions, when he introduced the subject, but such treatment provoked
+no rejoinder from John Woolman, who would quietly resume his seat and
+weep in silent submission.
+
+He was not deterred by this discouraging reception from again and again
+bringing the subject before the next Yearly Meeting, and finally his
+unwearied efforts, always prosecuted in the "meekness of wisdom,"
+resulted in the Society of Friends entirely wiping away the reproach of
+this abomination.
+
+The great qualification of John Woolman for pleading the cause of the
+oppressed was the same which has been ascribed with equal truth and
+beauty to his contemporary and co-worker, Anthony Benezet: "a peculiar
+capacity for being profoundly sensible of their wrongs." The biographer
+of the latter has described another occurrence in the Philadelphia
+Yearly Meeting at a subsequent stage of this momentous controversy,
+which may prove an interesting counterpart to the foregoing relation.
+
+"On one occasion during the annual convention of the Society at
+Philadelphia, when that body was engaged on the subject of slavery, as
+it related to its own members, some of whom had not wholly relinquished
+the practice of keeping negroes in bondage, a difference of sentiment
+arose as to the course which ought to be pursued. For a moment it
+appeared doubtful which opinion would preponderate. At this critical
+juncture Benezet left his seat, which was in an obscure part of the
+house, and presented himself weeping at an elevated door in the presence
+of the whole congregation, whom he thus addressed--'Ethiopia shall soon
+stretch out her hands unto God.' He said no more: under the solemn
+impression which succeeded this emphatic quotation, the proposed measure
+received the united sanction of the assembly."[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Life of Anthony Benezet, by Roberts Vaux.]
+
+Even the passing observer is aware how closely the Society of Friends is
+identified with the anti-slavery cause, and if such an one were to make
+this fact the subject of historical investigation, he would probably
+find it one of considerable interest.--He would learn that some years
+before the call of Thomas Clarkson in his early manhood, by a series of
+distinct and remarkable Providences, into this field of labor, this
+Society in America had been pervaded by a noiseless agitation on the
+subject of slavery, which resulted in the abandonment of the
+slave-trade, in the liberation of their slaves, and in the adoption of a
+rule of discipline excluding slaveholders from religious fellowship; so
+that for many years past, the sins in question have been not so much as
+to be named among them, or the possibility of their commission hinted
+at, by any one bearing the name and professing the principles of a
+"Friend." The change described, was effected, not by "pressure from
+without," but by the constraining influence of the love of Christ. The
+chief instruments in the hands of Divine Providence in bringing about so
+remarkable a reformation, were John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, of whom
+the former was the earlier in the field and broke up the fallow ground,
+under circumstances of the greatest discouragement, of which the
+instance above related is an example.
+
+The life of this ever-memorable man was a pattern of apostolic
+Christianity--pure, patient, self-denying, meek. Love was the element he
+breathed. His heart not only yearned towards the oppressed of the human
+family, but his compassion extended to the brute creation, under whose
+sufferings in the service of man, to use his own expression, "creation
+at this day doth loudly groan." Though dependent on his own labor for a
+livelihood, he was careful in a most exemplary degree, "not to entangle
+himself with affairs of this life, that he might please Him who had
+called him to be a soldier;" and the reader of his life will find that
+this unworldly man took similar pains to avoid wealth, which others do
+to acquire it. Perhaps I may be excused for dwelling a moment on this
+theme, when I state that one of the latest public acts of my beloved and
+lamented father-in-law, James Cropper, was to cause John Woolman's
+auto-biography and writings to be re-edited, and a large and cheap
+edition to be struck off, which has appeared since his decease.[A] This
+work is well known to the Society of Friends, but should any other
+reader be induced by these desultory remarks to peruse it, he will find
+himself richly repaid. In the picturesque simplicity of its style,
+refined literary taste has found an inimitable charm,[B] but the
+spiritually minded reader will discover beauties of a far higher order.
+
+[Footnote A: A Journal of the Life, Gospel Labors, and Christian
+Experience, &c. &c. of John Woolman. Warrington, Thomas Hurst.]
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Charles Lamb's Works.]
+
+Taking leave for the present of our venerable friends at Oxmead and
+Burlington, we proceeded on the 12th to Philadelphia, where we remained
+several days, at the Union Hotel. During this brief stay, we received
+visits from a large number of the friends of the anti-slavery cause, and
+made some calls in return. Among others, I had the pleasure of seeing
+James Forten, an aged and opulent man of color, whose long career has
+been marked by the display of capacity and energy of no common kind. The
+history of his life is interesting and instructive, affording a
+practical demonstration of the absurdity, as well as injustice, of that
+prejudice which would stamp the mark of intellectual inferiority on his
+complexion and race.
+
+I returned to New York on the 15th, in company with several anti-slavery
+friends. One of these, Dr. Bartholomew Fussell, resided on the borders
+of the State of Maryland, and had afforded relief and aid to many
+negroes escaping from slavery. He had kept no account of the number thus
+assisted till last year, when there were thirty-four, being fewer he
+thought than the average of several years preceding. The same individual
+related some interesting particulars of the late Elisha Tyson, of
+Baltimore, an abolitionist of the old school, who had rescued many
+negroes from illegal bondage. Dr. Fussell was an eye witness of the
+following occurrence: A poor woman had been seized by the agents of
+Woolfolk, the notorious Maryland slave dealer, and was carried along the
+street in which Elisha Tyson lived. When they arrived opposite his
+house, she demanded to see "Father Tyson." A crowd collected about the
+party, and she so far moved their pity, that they insisted that her wish
+should be complied with. One of the men hereupon went to inform his
+employer, who galloped off, pistol in hand, and found Elisha Tyson
+standing at his own door. Woolfolk with an oath declared he would "send
+him to hell for interfering with his _property_." Elisha Tyson coolly
+exposed his breast, telling him that he dared not shoot, and that he
+(Woolfolk) "was in hell already, though he did not know it." An
+investigation followed; the poor woman was proved to be illegally
+detained, and was set at liberty.[A] It is generally allowed that so
+bold and uncompromising an advocate of the negroes' right as Elisha
+Tyson does not now remain in the slave States.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix D for a brief account of this ancient
+philanthropist.]
+
+As the old school of abolitionists has been mentioned, and will
+occasionally be referred to hereafter, the following historical
+statement of its rise and decline, and of the commencement of the
+present abolition movement, will probably be interesting to the
+anti-slavery reader on this side of the Atlantic. It is from the pen of
+my valued coadjutor John G. Whittier.
+
+
+    "The old Anti-Slavery Societies, established about the period of
+    the American Revolution, and of which the late Judge Jay,
+    Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Rush, and other distinguished statesmen
+    were members, were composed mainly of the Religious Society of
+    Friends. These societies were for many years active and
+    energetic in their labors for the slave, and the free people of
+    color; and little, if any, serious opposition was made to their
+    exertions, which indeed seem to have been confined to the
+    particular states in which they were located. They rendered
+    essential service in promoting the gradual abolition of slavery
+    in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.
+
+    "In 1819 commenced the discussion of what is now known as the
+    'Missouri Question.' The Anti-Slavery Societies took ground
+    against the admission into the Union of the territory of
+    Missouri as a slave state. They succeeded in arousing the public
+    attention; and for two sessions the subject was warmly debated
+    in Congress; the slave-holders finally carrying their point by
+    working upon the fears of a few Northern members, by means of
+    that old threat of dissolving the Union, which in the very
+    outset of the Government had extorted from the Convention which
+    framed the Constitution, a clause legalizing the Foreign Slave
+    Trade for twenty years. The admission of Missouri as a slave
+    State was a fatal concession to the South: the abolitionists
+    became disheartened: their societies lingered on a few years
+    longer, and nearly all were extinct previous to 1830. The
+    colonization scheme had in the mean time, in despite of the
+    earnest and almost unanimous rejection of it by the colored
+    people, obtained a strong hold on the public mind, and had
+    especially enlisted the favorable regard of some of the leading
+    influences of the Society of Friends. Here and there over the
+    country, might be found still a faithful laborer, like Elisha
+    Tyson, of Baltimore, Thomas Shipley, of Philadelphia, and Moses
+    Brown, of Rhode Island, holding up the good old testimony
+    against prejudice and oppression in the midst of a wide spread
+    apostacy. I should mention in this connection, Benjamin Lundy, a
+    member of the Society of Friends, who devoted his whole life to
+    the cause of freedom, travelling on foot thousands of miles,
+    visiting every part of the slave States, Mexico and the Haytian
+    Republic. About the year 1828, he visited Boston, and enlisted
+    the sympathies of William Lloyd Garrison, then a very young man.
+    Not long after, he was joined by the latter as an associate
+    editor of _The Genius of Universal Emancipation_, an
+    anti-slavery paper which he had established at Baltimore. After
+    a residence in Baltimore of about six months, Garrison was
+    thrown into prison for an alledged libel upon a northern
+    slave-trader, whence he was liberated on the payment of his fine
+    by the benevolent Arthur Tappan. Lundy continued his paper some
+    time longer in Baltimore, where he was subjected to brutal
+    personal violence from the notorious Woolfolk, the great
+    slave-dealer of that city. He afterwards removed it to
+    Philadelphia; and in 1834 made a tour through the South Western
+    States and Texas, in which he encountered great dangers, and
+    suffered extreme hardships from sickness and destitution. This
+    journey was deemed by many an unprofitable and hazardous
+    experiment, but it proved of great importance. He collected an
+    immense amount of facts, developing beforehand the grand
+    slave-holding conspiracy for revolutionizing Texas, and annexing
+    it to the American Union, as a slave territory. These he
+    published to the world on his return; and it has justly been
+    said of him, by John Quincy Adams, that his exertions alone,
+    under Providence, prevented the annexation of Texas to the
+    United States. This bold and single-hearted pioneer died not
+    long since in the State of Illinois, whither he repaired to take
+    the place of the lamented Lovejoy, who was murdered by a mob in
+    that State, in 1837.
+
+    "In 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison commenced, under great difficulties
+    and discouragements, the publication of the _Liberator_, in
+    Boston; and by the energy and earnestness of his appeals, roused
+    the attention of many minds to the subject of slavery. Shortly
+    after, a society was formed in Boston in favor of immediate
+    emancipation. It consisted at first, if I remember right, of
+    only twelve members. Previous to this, however, a society,
+    embracing very similar principles, had been formed in
+    Pennsylvania. In 1833, upwards of sixty delegates from several
+    of the free States, met at Philadelphia; among them were Elizur
+    Wright and Beriah Green, (who had been compelled to give up
+    their Professorships in Western Reserve [Ohio] College, for
+    their attachment to freedom,) Lewis Tappan, William Lloyd
+    Garrison, Charles W. Denison, Arnold Buffum, Amos A. Phelps, and
+    John G. Whittier. This Convention organized the American
+    Anti-Slavery Society, proposing to make use of the common
+    instrumentalities afforded by the Government and laws, for the
+    abolition of slavery; at the same time, disavowing a design to
+    use any other than peaceful and lawful measures."
+
+
+In some of the Southern States there are professing Christian churches
+who permit slave-holding, but disallow the selling of slaves, except
+with their own consent. Dr. Fussell informed me how this fair-seeming
+rule of discipline was frequently evaded. First, a church member wishing
+to turn his negroes into cash, begins by making their yoke heavier, and
+their life a burden. Next they are thrown in the way of decoy slaves,
+belonging to Woolfolk, or some other dealer, who introduce themselves to
+the intended victims, for the purpose of expatiating on the privileges
+enjoyed by the slaves of so indulgent a master as theirs; and thus the
+poor unhappy dupes would be persuaded to go and petition to be sold, and
+so the rule of discipline, above cited, would be _literally_ complied
+with. So great, generally, is the dread of being sold to the South, that
+my informant said the larger number of runaways escape when the price is
+high, as the danger of being sold is then most imminent. The greater
+proportion of those who thus emancipate themselves are domestics, owing
+to their superior intelligence, and their opportunities of ascertaining
+the best mode of escape.
+
+On the 16th, I met the Executive Committee of the American and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society, at their office, No. 128 Fulton street, New York.
+The chair was taken by the President of the Society. The subject under
+discussion was the best time and place of holding another Convention of
+the friends of the anti-slavery cause from all parts of the world. After
+deliberate consideration, the following resolutions were unanimously
+adopted.
+
+_Resolved_,--"That this Committee fully recognise and adopt the
+principles upon which the General Anti-Slavery Convention, held in
+London last year, was convened, and upon which it acted; that we feel
+greatly encouraged by the results of its meetings, and that we would
+strongly recommend our transatlantic friends to summon a second
+Convention in London, at about the same period in 1842; and that in the
+event of their doing so, we will use our best exertions to promote a
+good representation of American abolitionists on the occasion."
+
+_Resolved_,--"That we deeply sympathize with the British and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society, in their noble efforts for the abolition of
+slavery and the slave-trade; that we assure them of our hearty
+co-operation in their well devised plans and energetic labors; and that
+so long as the slave question--in connection with the promotion of the
+rights of the free people of color--and nothing else, is admitted to a
+place in anti-slavery meetings, they may expect the co-operation of all
+true-hearted abolitionists throughout the world, in carrying forward the
+great objects of our associations to a glorious consummation."
+
+I returned to Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 17th, but before
+leaving my hotel in New York, informed one of the proprietors that I
+intended being in that city on the week of the anniversaries of the
+Religious and Benevolent Institutions; that as I took a lively interest
+in the anti-slavery question, it was probable some of my friends among
+the people of color would call upon me, and that if he, or any of his
+southern customers objected to this, I would go elsewhere; he answered
+that he had no objection, and even intimated his belief that public
+opinion was undergoing a favorable change in reference to this
+prejudice. Although I did not arrive in Philadelphia till near midnight,
+I found my kind friends, Samuel Webb and wife waiting to receive me,
+whose hospitable dwelling I made my home, whenever I afterwards lodged
+in this city. Samuel Webb is one of the few on whose shoulders the
+burden of the anti-slavery cause mainly rests in Philadelphia. He is a
+practical man, conversant with business, thoroughly acquainted with the
+anti-slavery subject in all its phases, and a strenuous advocate for
+bringing political influence to bear upon the question. He was one of
+the most active in promoting the erection of Pennsylvania Hall, a
+beautiful edifice designed to be open to the use of the anti-slavery
+societies; which was no sooner so appropriated than it was destroyed by
+a mob in the 5th Month, (May,) 1838. The fire-scathed ruin of this
+building yet stands a conspicuous token that the principles of true
+liberty, though loudly vaunted, are neither understood nor enjoyed in
+this Capital of a _free_ republic. If freedom of thought, of speech, of
+the press, and the right of petition had been _realities_ in
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall would have been yet standing. Samuel
+Webb has since taken the chief labor of an appeal to the legal tribunals
+for compensation for this infamous destruction of property, and a jury
+have at length awarded damages, though to a very inadequate amount.
+
+During the ensuing week I was chiefly occupied in attending the
+Philadelphia Friends' Yearly Meeting. In the intervals of the sittings,
+I had many opportunities of meeting "Friends" from whom I received much
+kindness, and many more invitations than it was possible for me to
+accept.
+
+There are many "Friends" of this city who take a deep interest in the
+anti-slavery cause; among whom I may mention Thomas Wistar, an aged and
+influential individual, who, like his venerable contemporary, John Cox,
+has been an abolitionist from his youth up, and a member of the original
+society; and one who has been accustomed to bear his testimony on behalf
+of the oppressed, on suitable occasions, in the presence of his brethren
+in religious fellowship, and whose communications of this kind, are
+always weighty, solemn, and impressive. Dr. Caspar Wistar, son of Thomas
+Wistar, is a warm hearted, active abolitionist, a liberal contributor of
+his pecuniary means, and deeply solicitous that "Friends" in the United
+States should be induced to engage earnestly in the cause of
+emancipation. Edward Needles, a kind and open hearted man, a native of
+Maryland, and President of the "old Abolition Society," is a devoted
+friend to the anti-slavery cause.
+
+The subject of slavery was introduced in the Yearly Meeting by the
+reading of certain minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings, from which it
+appeared that meeting, (the executive Committee of the Society,) had
+taken up the question of the foreign slave-trade, but had not yet
+entertained the consideration of the slavery and internal slave-trade of
+their own country. On the subject of the latter, a very faithful minute
+from the Meeting for Sufferings in London was received and read.
+
+As this term will sometimes occur in the ensuing pages, it may be
+necessary to state for the information of the general reader, that the
+Society of Friends is distributed into various "Yearly Meetings," of
+which there are several on the Continent of North America. Within the
+compass of each an annual assembly is held to regulate all the affairs
+and discipline of that section of the body. There is also in each Yearly
+Meeting a permanent committee called the "Meeting for Sufferings" for
+administering the affairs of the Societies, in the intervals of its
+annual assemblies. The technical name of this committee is an expressive
+memorial of those times of trial, when its chief employment was to
+record "sufferings" and persecutions, and to afford such succor and
+alleviation as circumstances admitted.
+
+An address from the Yearly Meeting of London on slavery was also
+read,[A] which was followed by observations from several, which evinced
+great exercise of mind on the subject. Three thousand copies of it were
+ordered to be printed for distribution among Friends of Pennsylvania,
+and the whole subject of slavery and the slave-trade was referred to
+their Meeting for Sufferings, with a recommendation that an account
+should be drawn up and printed of the former abolition of slavery within
+the limits of the Society of Friends. I need hardly state how much these
+measures were in unison with my own feelings, and that I heartily
+rejoiced at signs of an awakening zeal in my American brethren. Let them
+but ask for the ancient ways, and follow in the footsteps of their
+predecessors, whose memorials are their precious inheritance, and once
+more shall they be made a blessing to mankind, and messengers of mercy
+and deliverance to the oppressed.[B]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix A.]
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Appendix B.]
+
+It will be interesting to some of my English readers to be informed,
+that both the sale and use of spirituous liquors come within the scope
+of discipline among "Friends" in America. In this Yearly Meeting it is
+required that the subordinate meetings should report the number of their
+members, who continue to sell, use, or give ardent spirits. If I
+remember rightly the number of cases reported was fifty-nine. At present
+the moderate use of spirits subjects to admonition, but it was discussed
+at this time whether the rule of discipline should not be rendered more
+stringent, and this practice made a disownable offence. Finally it was
+resolved to make no alteration at present, but to recommend the local
+meetings of Friends to use further labor in the line of reproof and
+persuasion. I am informed that some of the American Yearly Meetings of
+Friends go still farther on this subject. It will scarcely be questioned
+that public sentiment both in the United States, and in England,
+condemns even the moderate use of ardent spirits as a beverage, though
+some difference of opinion will exist as to the propriety of a religious
+society making it a cause of disownment or exclusion. In this case of
+the Philadelphia Meeting, however, it may be remarked, that in a
+community of many thousand members, the practice may be regarded as
+almost eradicated by the milder methods of persuasion. It is a fact
+deserving of notice, that the same worthies of the last century,
+Woolman, Benezet, and others, who raised the standard of anti-slavery
+testimony, also by the same process of independent thinking, and
+single-minded, unhesitating obedience to convictions of duty,
+anticipated the verdict of public opinion on this subject. Woolman found
+that even the most moderate use of ardent spirits, was unfavorable to
+that calm religious meditation, which was the habit of his mind, and has
+left his views on record in various characteristic passages. I shall
+also, I trust, be excused for introducing the following anecdote of two
+of his contemporaries.
+
+"Jacob Lindley, to adopt his own designation of himself was a
+'stripling' when he attended a Yearly Meeting of Friends held at
+Philadelphia; his mind had been for some time much afflicted with an
+observation of the pernicious effects of spirituous liquors, and he was
+anxious that the religious society to which he belonged, should cease to
+use, and prevent any of its members from being instrumental in
+manufacturing or vending them. He therefore rose and developed his
+feelings to the assembly, in the energetic and pathetic manner for which
+he was peculiarly remarkable. When the meeting adjourned, he observed a
+stranger pressing through the crowd towards him, who took him by the
+hand in the most affectionate manner, and said, 'My dear young friend, I
+was very glad to hear thy voice on the subject of spirituous liquors; I
+have much unity with thy concern, and hope that no discouragement may
+have been received from its not being farther noticed; and now I want
+thee to go home, and take dinner with me, having something farther to
+say to thee on the subject.' Lindley accepted the invitation, and after
+they had dined, Benezet introduced his young guest into a little room
+used as a study, where he produced a manuscript work on the subject of
+spirituous liquors, in an unfinished state; he opened the book and laid
+it on a table before them, saying, 'This is a treatise which I have been
+for some time engaged in writing, on the subject of thy concern in
+meeting to-day; and now if thou hast a mind to sit down, and write a
+paragraph or two, I will embody it in the work, and have it
+published.'"[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Life of Anthony Benezet, p. 107-109.]
+
+These eminent men, John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, had much in common;
+yet their characters were as unlike as opposite temperaments, and as
+alike as similarity of views, could make them. So marked was their
+coincidence of sentiment in opposition to the prevailing opinions and
+practices of that day, that it might be surmised one was a disciple of
+the other, yet there is no reason to suppose such was the case. Each had
+the single eye; both learned in the same school, and sat at the feet of
+the same Divine Master. It is an interesting fact that on the subject
+last noticed, their labors should have been comparatively fruitless, and
+for a long interval almost forgotten, while their views on slavery
+rapidly spread, and produced extensive and permanent results. Does not
+this illustrate the lesson long ago taught by a great master of wisdom:
+"In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thy hand;
+for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or
+whether they shall both be alike good." May we not infer from this, that
+even those labors, rightly undertaken, which do not immediately prosper,
+are yet owned and accepted in the Divine sight?
+
+To return from this digression to our attendance of the Yearly Meeting
+in Philadelphia: one interesting part of the business was the annual
+report on education; from which it appeared, that the whole number of
+children, of an age for education, within the compass of this Yearly
+Meeting, was eighteen hundred and fourteen, and of these ninety-eight
+were temporarily absent, though most of them had been receiving
+instruction during part of the year.
+
+I was also deeply interested in the statements made relative to the
+wicked expatriation of the Indians living within this Yearly Meeting's
+limits, by the United States Government, from lands which had been
+secured to them by treaty in the most solemn manner, to the Western
+wilderness, under plea of a fraudulently obtained cession of their
+lands, by a few of their number. What greatly aggravates the case is the
+fact, that these Indians were making rapid progress in civilization, and
+from a nation of hunters had generally become an agricultural people.
+Their whole history is a reproach and blot on the American Government,
+and shews either that public and private virtue amongst the people is at
+a low ebb, or that "the wicked bear rule." On behalf of this injured
+people, "Friends" appear to have made strenuous efforts, but have failed
+in producing any decidedly favorable impression on the Government. The
+report on this subject, embodied a very affecting letter from the chiefs
+of this tribe, describing their grief and distress at the prospect of a
+cruel removal from the homes of their ancestors.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix C.]
+
+During this week, my valued friends, John and Maria Candler, arrived
+from Hayti, after a stay of many months in Jamaica. At the close of the
+Yearly Meeting, a meeting was held, and attended by about three hundred
+"Friends," to whom John Candler gave much interesting information,
+detailing the results of emancipation in that Island, from his own
+extensive observations and inquiries. At the request of some individuals
+present I added a few observations at the close, on the principles and
+objects of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
+
+I visited at this time the celebrated Schuylkill waterworks, which are
+beautifully situated on the river of that name. The water is raised to
+large reservoirs, at a higher level than the tops of the houses, by
+pumps worked by the current of the river. The supply not only suffices
+for the domestic use of the inhabitants, but is abundant for every
+public purpose of ornament or utility. My kind host, Samuel Webb, who
+accompanied me, pointed out a plot of land, presented by William Penn to
+a friend, to enable him to keep a cow, which is now worth many hundred
+thousand dollars for building purposes. He also showed me a mansion, the
+late proprietor of which had received a large accession of wealth from
+the quantities of plate which had been shipped to him in coffee barrels
+from St. Domingo, on the eve of the revolution in that Island, and whose
+owners are supposed to have subsequently perished, as they never
+appeared, with one solitary exception, to claim their property.
+
+It will be necessary, in order to make certain passages of the
+succeeding narrative intelligible to my readers in this country, that
+some account should be given of the schism which has recently taken
+place in the once united and compact organizations of the abolitionists.
+
+The American Anti-Slavery Society, whose origin has been already
+described, acted with great unity and efficiency for several years;
+auxiliaries were formed in all the free States; it scattered its
+publications over the land like the leaves of autumn, and at times had
+thirty or forty lecturers in the field. It kept a steady and vigilant
+eye upon the movements of the pro-slavery party, and wherever a
+vulnerable point was discovered, it directed its attacks. In its
+executive committee were such men as Judge Jay, Arthur and Lewis Tappan,
+La Roy Sunderland, Simeon S. Jocelyn, (the early laborer on behalf of
+the free colored people,) Joshua Leavitt, Henry B. Stanton, and the late
+Dr. Follen, a German political refugee, equally distinguished for his
+literary attainments and his love of liberty.
+
+Until the last three or four years, entire union of purpose and concert
+of action existed among the American abolitionists. This harmony was
+first disturbed by the course pursued in the Boston Liberator. The
+editor of that paper, William Lloyd Garrison, whose early anti-slavery
+career has already been alluded to, and who was deservedly honored by
+the great body of the abolitionists, for his sufferings in their cause,
+and for his triumphant exposure of the oppressive tendencies of the
+colonization scheme, had always refused to share with any society or
+committee, the editorial responsibility of his journal. About the time
+referred to, several pieces were inserted in the _Liberator_,
+questioning the generally received opinions on the first day of the
+week. These were followed by others on other subjects, and he continued
+to keep his readers apprised of the new views of ethics and theology,
+which from time to time were presented to his own mind. His paper was
+not the special organ of any anti-slavery society, yet it was regarded,
+by general consent of the friends and enemies of the cause, as the organ
+of the anti-slavery movement. The discussion in its columns of new and
+startling doctrines, on subjects unconnected with slavery, occasioned
+many of the former much uneasiness and embarrassment, while it furnished
+the latter with new excuses for their enmity, and with the pretence that
+under cover of _abolition_, lurked a design of assailing institutions
+and opinions justly held in regard throughout the Christian world.
+
+In the summer of 1837, Sarah and Angelina Grimke visited New England for
+the purpose of advocating the cause of the slave, with whose condition
+they were well acquainted, being natives of South Carolina, and having
+been themselves at one time implicated in the system. Their original
+intention was to confine their public labors to audiences of their own
+sex, but they finally addressed promiscuous assemblies. Their intimate
+knowledge of the true character of slavery; their zeal, devotion, and
+gifts as speakers, produced a deep impression, wherever they went. They
+met with considerable opposition from colonizationists, and also from a
+portion of the New England clergy, on the ground of the impropriety of
+their publicly addressing mixed audiences. This called forth in the
+Liberator, which at that time, I understand, was under the patronage,
+though I believe not under the control of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery
+Society, a discussion of the abstract question of the entire equality of
+the rights and duties of the two sexes. Here was a new element of
+discord. In 1838, at the annual New England convention of abolitionists,
+a woman was for the first time placed on committees with men, an
+innovation upon the general custom of the community, which excited much
+dissatisfaction in the minds of many.
+
+About this time the rightfulness of civil and church government began to
+be called in question, through the columns of the Liberator, by its
+editor and correspondents. These opinions were concurrently advocated
+with the doctrine of non-resistance. Those who hold these opinions,
+while they deny that civil and ecclesiastical government are of divine
+authority, are yet passively submissive to the authority of the former,
+though they abstain from exercising the political rights of citizenship.
+There were not wanting those, among the opponents of abolition, to
+charge the anti-slavery body at large with maintaining these views, and
+in consequence serious embarrassments were thrown in the way of a
+successful prosecution of the cause. The executive committee of the
+Society at New York were placed in a difficult position, but as far as I
+am able to judge, they endeavored to hold on the steady tenor of their
+way, without, on the one hand, countenancing the introduction of
+extraneous matters upon the anti-slavery platform; or, on the other
+hand, yielding to the clamor of the pro-slavery party, whether in church
+or state.
+
+In subsequent anti-slavery meetings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere,
+it became manifest that there was a radical difference of opinion on the
+subject of political action; the non-resistant and no-government
+influence, operating decidedly against the employment of the elective
+franchise in the anti-slavery cause; and the agitation of this question,
+as well as that of the rights of women, in their meetings, gave to them
+a discordant and party character, painfully contrasting with the
+previous peaceful and harmonious action of the societies. That some of
+both parties began to overlook the great subject of the slaves'
+emancipation, in zealous advocacy of, or opposition to, these new
+measures, I cannot well doubt, judging from the testimony of those, who,
+not fully sympathizing with either, endeavored to bring all back to the
+single object of the anti-slavery association. In addition to these
+intestine troubles, the pro-slavery party made strenuous exertions to
+fasten upon the society the responsibility of the opinions and
+proceedings of its non-resistant and no-government members. Under these
+circumstances it is easy to understand the interruption, for a season,
+of the unity of feeling and action which had previously characterized
+the assemblies of the abolitionists. The actual separation in the
+societies took place in the Spring of 1840. The members of the executive
+committee at New York, with one exception, seceded and became members of
+the committee of the "new organization," under the name of the "American
+and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." There are, therefore, now two central
+or national anti-slavery societies; the "old organization," retaining
+the designation of the "American Anti-Slavery Society." The State
+Societies have, for the most part, taken up a position of neutrality, or
+independence of both. It is important to add that the division took
+place on the "women's rights" question, and that this is the only one of
+the controverted points which the American Anti-Slavery Society has
+officially affirmed; and it is argued, on behalf of their view of this
+question, that since, in the original "constitution" of the society, the
+term, describing its members, officers, et cet., is "persons," that
+women are plainly invested with the same eligibility to appointments,
+and the same right to vote and act as the other sex. I need not say how
+this "constitutional" argument is met on the other side. The other new
+views are held by comparatively few persons, and neither anti-slavery
+society in America is responsible for them. In conclusion, I rejoice to
+be able to add, that the separation, in its effects, appears to have
+been a healing measure; a better and kinder feeling is beginning to
+pervade all classes of American abolitionists; the day of mutual
+crimination seems to be passing away, and there is strong reason to hope
+that the action of the respective societies will henceforward
+harmoniously tend to the same object. That such may be the result is my
+sincere desire. It is proper in this connection to state that a
+considerable number of active and prominent abolitionists do not
+entirely sympathize with either division of the anti-slavery society;
+and there are comparatively few who make their views, for or against the
+question on which the division took place, a matter of conscience.
+
+I have now given a brief, and I trust an impartial account of the origin
+of these dissensions. Some may possibly regard the views and proceedings
+above referred to, as the natural growth of abolitionism, but as well
+might the divisions among the early reformers be charged upon the
+doctrines of the Reformation, or the "thirty years' war" upon the
+preaching of Luther.
+
+On the evening of the 14th instant, we met at a social party the leading
+abolitionists of Philadelphia of the "old organization." There were
+present all but one of the delegates from Pennsylvania to the London
+Convention. I availed myself of the opportunity of briefly and
+distinctly stating the unanimous conclusion of the London Anti-Slavery
+Committee, in which I entirely concurred, on the points at issue. I
+observed, in substance, that in the struggle for the liberation of the
+slaves in the British Colonies, one great source of our moral strength
+was, the singleness of our object, and our not allowing any other
+subject, however important or unexceptionable, to be mixed up with it;
+that though the aid of our female coadjutors had been of vital
+importance to the success of the anti-slavery enterprize, yet that their
+exertions had been uniformly directed by separate committees of their
+own sex, and that the abolitionists of Europe had no doubt that their
+united influence was most powerful in this mode of action: that the
+London Committee being convinced that no female delegate had crossed the
+Atlantic, under the belief that the "call" or invitation was intended to
+include women, felt themselves called upon, without in the slightest
+degree wishing to interfere with private opinion on this, or any other
+subject, to withhold their assent to the reception of such delegates, as
+members of the Convention, and that their decision, when appealed
+against, had been ratified in the Convention itself, by an overwhelming
+majority, after a protracted discussion: finally, that those whose views
+I represented, could not be parties to the introduction, in any future
+convention, of this or any other question, which we deemed foreign to
+our cause, and therefore that for those with whom it was a point of
+conscience to carry out what they deemed "women's rights," I saw no
+alternative but a separate organization, in which I wished that their
+efforts on behalf of the oppressed colored race, might be crowned with
+the largest measure of success. I observed, in conclusion, that my
+object was simply to state the decision of those with whom I acted in
+Great Britain, and that I must decline discussion, being fully convinced
+that it was better that the now separate societies should aim at the
+common object, in a spirit of kind and friendly co-operation, each in
+its own sphere, rather than that they should waste their energies in
+mutual contentions, and in the unprofitable discussion of topics not
+legitimately belonging to the great question of the abolition of
+slavery.
+
+Although I had to address a company almost unanimously opposed on these
+points to myself, my communication was received in a kind and friendly
+spirit, and I was courteously informed that it would be taken into
+consideration at the next meeting of the Committee.
+
+My friend, Daniel Neall, at whose house this interview took place, is a
+venerable looking man, a native of Delaware, and son-in-law of the
+excellent Warner Mifflin. He has been an abolitionist from his boyhood.
+Two years ago, he was dragged from the house of a friend in Delaware,
+and tarred and feathered, and otherwise mal-treated by a mob of
+slave-holders and their abettors; he mildly told those near him that if
+they would call at his house at Philadelphia, he would treat them in a
+very different manner. He was president of the Pennsylvania Hall
+Association, and in the terrible mobs of 1838, manifested a calm, quiet
+courage, as rare as it is commendable.
+
+I remained in Philadelphia until the morning of the 28th, and during
+this interval paid many visits, and obtained much information, on the
+state of the anti-slavery feeling in this city, and more particularly
+amongst the members of the religious community to which I belong. On one
+occasion an esteemed individual kindly invited a number of "Friends" to
+meet me at his house, including some who object to uniting in
+anti-slavery effort with those of other denominations. I was introduced
+by the reading of a certificate of membership from the monthly meeting
+to which I belong, and also a document from a number of "Friends" in
+England, well known to those in America, commending me, and the cause in
+which I was engaged, to their kind and favorable consideration.
+
+I then briefly related the leading objects of my visit to America, and
+that it was my anxious wish the members of my own religious society in
+this land, could see it their place to take the same active and
+prominent part in the anti-slavery cause, as their brethren in England
+had done, especially as the principles on which the British and Foreign
+and the American and Foreign Societies were founded, were entirely in
+accordance with the views of the Society of Friends. Those who spoke in
+reply mostly vindicated the course pursued in the United States. From
+this interview, as well as from others of a more private nature, with
+leading "Friends," I came to the conclusion, that a number of these
+would continue, by their influence and advice, to oppose their fellow
+members joining anti-slavery societies, though it is not probable that
+any disciplinary proceedings would be taken against such who might act
+in opposition to this counsel, so long as the recognized principles of
+the Society were not compromised. On this, to me, painfully interesting
+subject, I could dwell at length, but I will simply remark that, while
+it is evident that anti-slavery feeling is at too low an ebb among
+"Friends" here, yet doubtless, many of those who thus excuse themselves
+from active and effective service in the cause, still deeply sympathize
+with their oppressed fellow-men, and are not quite at ease in view of
+the apathy and inaction of the body to which they belong.
+
+On the 28th we arrived at Baltimore; during a stay of two or three days,
+we found several persons who were friendly to our cause. There are
+computed to be five thousand slaves in this city, but of course slavery
+does not obtrude itself on the casual observer. Here, as in other
+countries, he who would see it as it is, must view it on the
+plantations.
+
+The free people of color in Baltimore, are alive to the importance of
+education. One individual told us, that in distributing about two
+hundred and fifty religious books, which had been sent to be
+gratuitously supplied to the poor of this class, he found only five or
+six families, in which the children were not learning to read and write.
+
+While in Baltimore, the inquiries I made respecting Elisha Tyson, fully
+confirmed the impression I have attempted to convey of his extraordinary
+character; perhaps no one has so good a claim to be considered the
+Granville Sharp of North America, and I have inserted in another place
+some particulars drawn from his biography, which will be found full of
+interest.[A] I am glad also to state, that if there is no one citizen of
+Baltimore on whom his mantle rests, there are yet some who are active in
+preventing the illegal detention of negroes, and of bringing such cases
+before the proper tribunal. One of these related the following case of
+recent occurrence. A woman, who was the wife of a free man, and the
+mother of four children, and who had long believed herself legally free,
+was claimed by the heir of her former master. The case was tried, and
+his right of property in her and her children affirmed. He then sold the
+family to a slave dealer for a thousand dollars; of whom the husband of
+the woman re-purchased them, (his _own_ wife and children,) for eleven
+hundred dollars, to repay which he bound himself to labor for the person
+from whom it was borrowed, for twelve years. Yet this is but a mitigated
+instance of oppression in this _Christian_ country.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix D.]
+
+The religious public of this city appear to be doing nothing
+collectively, to abolish or ameliorate slavery, and with the exception
+of "Friends," and the body who have lately seceded from them, I fear
+that all are more or less implicated in its actual guilt. I was informed
+not long since, even the Roman Catholics, who are more free from the
+contamination than many other religious bodies, had, in some part of the
+State, sold several of their own church members, and applied the
+proceeds to the erection of a place of worship. We called upon the Roman
+Catholic Bishop to inquire into the truth of this, but he was from home.
+When at Philadelphia afterwards, in conversation with a priest, I gave
+the particulars, and said I should be glad to be furnished with the
+means of contradicting it. I have not heard from him since.
+
+I am informed that the Yearly Meeting of "Friends" has advised its
+members not to unite with the anti-slavery societies, and has latterly
+discontinued petitioning the legislature for the abolition of the
+internal slave trade, and the amelioration of the slave code; such is
+the prevailing influence of a pro-slavery atmosphere. The code in
+question has of late years been rendered more severe, and the legal
+emancipation of slaves more difficult; yet I was pleased to learn that
+public opinion has in this respect counteracted legislative tyranny;
+that slavery has in fact become milder, and the number of manumissions
+has not lessened.
+
+The mischievous influence of the Colonization Society is very extensive
+among professing Christians in Baltimore, and is paramount in the
+legislature of the State.
+
+The _American_ slave trade is carried on in the most open manner in this
+city. We paid a visit to the establishment of an extensive slave dealer,
+a large new building in one of the principal streets. The proprietor
+received us with great courtesy, and permitted us to inspect the
+premises. Cleanliness and order were every where visible, and, might we
+judge from the specimens of food shewn us, the animal wants of the
+slaves are not neglected. There were only five or six negroes _in
+stock_, but the proprietor told us he had sometimes three or four
+hundred there, and had shipped off a cargo to New Orleans a few days
+before. That city is the market where the highest price is generally
+obtained for them. The premises are strongly secured with bolts and
+bars, and the rooms in which the negroes are confined, surround an open
+court yard, where they are permitted to take the air. We were
+accompanied and kindly introduced by an individual who has often been
+engaged in preventing negroes from being illegally enslaved; and the
+proprietor of the establishment expressed his approval of his efforts,
+and that when such cases come before himself in the way of trade, he was
+accustomed to send them to our friend for investigation; he added that
+slaves would often come to him, and ask him to purchase them, and that
+he was the means of transferring them from worse masters to better; that
+he never parted families, though of course he could not control their
+fate, either before they came into his hands, or after they left him. He
+said he frequently left his concerns for weeks together, under the care
+of his head slave, whose wife he had made free, and promised the same
+boon to him, if he conducted himself well a few years longer. I thought
+it right to intimate my view of the nature of slavery and the slave
+trade, and that I deemed it wholly inconsistent with the plain precept
+"do unto others as ye would they should do unto you." This he did not
+attempt to controvert, yet he stated in extenuation, that the law
+permitted the trade in slaves, though he should be as willing as any one
+to have the system abolished, if the State would grant them compensation
+for their property. He farther said, that he was born in a slave State,
+that his mother had been for fifty years a member of the Wesleyan body,
+and that though he had not joined a Christian church himself, he had
+never sworn an oath, nor committed an immoral act in his life. He also
+shewed, I think, convincingly, that dealing in slaves was not worse than
+slave holding. On leaving the premises, we found the door of his office
+had been locked upon us during this conference. I subsequently learned
+that this person, though living in considerable style, was not generally
+received in respectable society, and that a lady whom he had lately
+married, was shunned by her former acquaintance. Such is the testimony
+of the slave-holders of Baltimore against slave dealing, by which they
+condemn themselves in the sight of God and man, and add the guilt of
+hypocrisy to their own sin. Some time afterwards I addressed the
+following letter to this individual, which was published in many of the
+American papers:
+
+
+    "To HOPE H. SLAUGHTER, _Slave Trader, Baltimore_:
+
+    "Since thou courteously allowed me, in company with my friend,
+    J.G. Whittier, to visit thy slave establishment in the city of
+    Baltimore, some weeks since, I have often felt a desire to
+    address a few lines to thee. I need not, perhaps, say that my
+    feelings were painfully exercised in looking over thy buildings,
+    fitted up with bolts and bars, for the reception of human beings
+    for sale. A sense of the misery and suffering of the unfortunate
+    slaves, who have been from time to time confined there--of their
+    separation from home and kindred--and of the dreary prospect
+    before them of a life of unrequited toil in the South and South
+    West--rested heavily upon me. I could there realize the true
+    nature of the system of slavery. I was in a market-house for
+    human flesh, where humanity is degraded to a level with the
+    brute; and where children of our common Father in Heaven, and
+    for whom our blessed Redeemer offered up the atoning sacrifice
+    of his blood, were bargained for and sold like beasts that
+    perish. And when I regarded thee as the merchant in this
+    dreadful traffic, and heard thee offer remarks, which might in
+    some degree be considered as an apology for thy business,
+    calling our attention to the cleanly state of the apartments,
+    the wholesome provisions, et cet.; and especially when I heard
+    thee declare that thou hadst been educated by a pious
+    mother--that thou wast never addicted to swearing or other
+    immoralities--and that thy business was a legalized one--that
+    thou didst nothing contrary to law--and that, while in thy
+    possession, the poor creatures were treated kindly--that
+    families were not separated,[A] et cet.,--I was glad to perceive
+    some evidence that the nature of thy employment had not
+    extinguished the voice of conscience within thee. In thy
+    sentiments, and in the manner of their utterance, I thought I
+    could see that truth had not left itself without a witness in
+    thy breast, and that a sense of the wrongfulness of thy
+    occupation still disturbed thee.
+
+    [Footnote A: "The latter remark, of course, applies only to the
+    time they remained with thee. For, on the day we visited thy
+    establishment, a friend with whom I was dining informed me, that
+    a few days before a woman and child had been sold to thee, whose
+    husband and father was a free man, who, in his distress, had
+    been offering to bind himself for a term of years, in order to
+    raise the sum (I think $800) demanded for them; but, as he had
+    been unable to do so, my friend had no doubt they had been sent
+    off with the very lot of slaves, which, we were told by thyself
+    had just been forwarded to New Orleans from thy prison. _Who_ is
+    most guilty in this atrocious transaction--the slave owner, who
+    sold thee the woman and child at Baltimore--_thou_, the
+    transporter of them for ever from their husband and parent--_the
+    purchasers_ of the mother and child at New Orleans, where they
+    may be for ever separated from each other--or the _citizen_ who,
+    by his vote and influence, creates and upholds enactments which
+    legalize this monstrous system, is known only to Him before whom
+    the secrets of all hearts are unfolded."]
+
+    "To thy remark that thy business was necessary to the system of
+    slavery, and an essential part of it--and if slave-_holding_
+    were to be justified at all, the slave-_trade_ must be also--I
+    certainly can offer no valid objection; for I have never been
+    able to discover any moral difference between the planter of
+    Virginia and the slave dealer of Baltimore, Richmond, and
+    Washington. Each has his part to act in the system, and each is
+    necessary to the other. And if the matter were not, in all its
+    bearings, painfully serious, it would be amusing to witness the
+    absurd contempt with which the slave owner of Maryland or
+    Virginia professes to look upon the trader, whose purchase of
+    his surplus slaves alone enables him to retain the residue in
+    his possession; for it seems very evident that the only
+    profitable part of the system in those States, at the present
+    time, is the sale of the annual increase of the slaves.
+
+    "In passing from thy premises, we looked in upon the Triennial
+    Convention of the Baptists of the United States, then in session
+    in the city of Baltimore, where I found slave-holding ministers
+    of high rank in the church, urging successfully the exclusion
+    from the Missionary Board of that Society, of all those who, in
+    principle and practice, were known to be decided abolitionists;
+    and the results of their efforts satisfied me that the darkest
+    picture of slavery is not to be found in the jail of the
+    slave-trader, but rather in a convocation of professed ministers
+    of the Gospel of Christ, expelling from the Board of a Society
+    formed to enlighten the heathen of other nations, all who
+    consistently labor for the overthrow of a system which denies a
+    knowledge of the Holy Scriptures to near three millions of
+    heathen at home!
+
+    "But allow me, in a spirit, as I trust, of Christian kindness,
+    to entreat thee not to seek excuses for thy own course in the
+    evil conduct of others. Thou hast already reached the middle
+    period of life--the future is uncertain. By thy hopes of peace
+    here and hereafter, let me urge thee to abandon this occupation.
+    It is not necessary to argue its intrinsic wickedness, for thou
+    knowest it already. I would therefore beseech thee to listen to
+    that voice which, I am persuaded, sometimes urges thee to 'put
+    away the evil of thy doings,' to 'do justice and love mercy,'
+    and thus cease to draw upon thyself the curse which fell upon
+    those merchants of Tyre, who 'traded in the persons of men.'
+    That these warnings of conscience may not longer be neglected on
+    thy part, is the sincere wish of one who, while he abhors thy
+    occupation, feels nothing but kindness and good will towards
+    thyself.
+
+    "Thy friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_New York, 6th Month 30th, 1841._"
+
+
+The Baptist Convention alluded to in the foregoing letter was one whose
+proceedings I regarded with considerable interest, for it had been
+generally understood that the ministers delegated from the South, as
+well as some of those from the Northern States, intended to exclude
+abolitionists from every office on the missionary board, and especially
+to remove my friend, Elon Galusha, a distinguished Baptist minister,
+from the station of vice-president, for the offence of attending the
+London Anti-Slavery Convention, and more particularly for supporting the
+following resolutions of that assembly:
+
+
+    "1. That it is the deliberate and deeply-rooted conviction of
+    this Convention, which it thus publicly and solemnly expresses
+    to the world, that slavery, in whatever form, or in whatever
+    country it exists, is contrary to the eternal and immutable
+    principles of justice, and the spirit and precepts of
+    Christianity; and is, therefore a sin against God, which
+    acquires additional enormity when committed by nations
+    professedly Christian, and in an age when the subject has been
+    so generally discussed, and its criminality so thoroughly
+    exposed.
+
+    "2. That this Convention cannot but deeply deplore the fact,
+    that the continuance and prevalence of slavery are to be
+    attributed in a great degree to the countenance afforded by many
+    Christian churches, especially in the Western world, which have
+    not only withheld that public and emphatic testimony against the
+    crime which it deserves, but have retained in their communion,
+    without censure, those by whom it is notoriously perpetrated.
+
+    "3. That this Convention, while it disclaims the intention or
+    desire of dictating to Christian communities the terms of their
+    fellowship, respectfully submits that it is their incumbent duty
+    to separate from their communion all those persons who, after
+    they have been faithfully warned in the spirit of the gospel,
+    continue in the sin of enslaving their fellow-creatures, or
+    holding them in slavery--a sin, by the commission of which, with
+    whatever mitigating circumstances it may be attended in their
+    own particular instance, they give the support of their example
+    to the whole system of compulsory servitude, and the unutterable
+    horrors of the slave trade.
+
+    "4. That it be recommended to the Committee of the British and
+    Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in the name of this Convention, to
+    furnish copies of the above resolutions to the ecclesiastical
+    authorities of the various Christian churches throughout the
+    world."
+
+
+On entering the meeting, we found the question was already before them,
+previous to balloting for the officers for the ensuing three years. The
+pro-slavery party were anxious to prevent all discussion, but some on
+the other side proposed questions which compelled their notice. Among
+the rest it was plainly asked, if the southern delegates did not come
+pledged against the re-election of Elon Galusha. This was denied, but
+certain resolutions which had appeared in the public papers were
+appealed to in proof of the fact. The inquiry becoming more searching,
+an expedient was resorted to, which, though quite novel to me, was, I am
+told, not unfrequently adopted when discussions assume a shape not quite
+satisfactory to the controlling powers of a synod. It was proposed that
+they should pray, and then proceed at once to the ballot. The ministers
+called upon were R. Fuller and Elon Galusha, who were considered to
+represent the opposite sides of the discussion. The former individual is
+a large slave-holder, an influential leader in his denomination, and had
+canvassed and condemned Elon Galusha's views and conduct in the public
+newspapers. I must avow, this whole proceeding was little calculated to
+remove my objection to the practice of calling upon any individual to
+offer supplication in a public assembly. After prayer had been offered,
+they proceeded to the ballot, and we left the meeting, deeply impressed
+with the profanation of employing the most solemn act of devotion to
+serve the exigencies of controversy.
+
+In the evening I met a number of the anti-slavery members of the
+Convention, from whom I learned that the vote had excluded Elon Galusha
+and all other known abolitionists from official connection with the
+board, by an hundred and twenty-four to an hundred and seventeen, which
+being a much smaller majority than was expected, they considered the
+result a triumph rather than a defeat.
+
+On the 1st of the 5th Month, (May) we returned to Wilmington, in
+Delaware, where we remained at the hospitable residence of our friend
+Samuel Hilles, till the 3d instant, and met a number of "Friends," and
+others, who treated us with great kindness and hospitality, inspected
+one of the flour mills on the Brandywine river, and the process of
+drying Indian corn before it is ground; these are some of the oldest
+flour mills in the State. A. large peach orchard of one of my friends in
+the neighborhood, was beautifully in bloom. Great quantities of this
+delicious fruit are raised in Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland. Here,
+as in other parts of the States, much money, has been lost by a silk, or
+rather mulberry tree, mania. Young mulberry trees rose to a dollar and a
+quarter each, though they can be multiplied almost without limit in a
+single year. As might have been expected, a re-action took place, many
+parties were ruined, and berry trees may now be had for the trouble of
+digging them up.
+
+The number of slaves in this small State is now reduced to four or five
+thousand, and from all the information I could collect, I feel convinced
+that if those who are friendly to emancipation were to exert themselves,
+they would succeed, without much difficulty, in procuring the abolition
+of slavery within its limits.
+
+My friend, John G. Whittier, being, from increase of indisposition,
+unable to go forward, I left Wilmington alone, and arrived in New York
+in time to be present at a Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention, which I had
+been invited to attend, and at which I was called upon to make a few
+observations on the present state of the question. Several important
+resolutions were unanimously adopted, containing a cordial approval of
+the principles of proceeding of the London Convention, a recommendation
+that another Convention should be held at the same place in 1842, and an
+assurance that exertions should be used to promote a good delegation
+from the Baptist anti-slavery body.
+
+On that respecting Christian fellowship with slave-holding churches, Dr.
+Brisbane spoke in a touching manner, and said he must support it, though
+his friends and relations were in the South, and some of those dearest
+to him still countenanced slavery, or were themselves slave-holders.
+
+On the 6th I returned to Philadelphia, and that evening attended, by
+invitation, a meeting of the Juvenile Anti-Slavery Society, but took no
+part in the proceedings. This Society is one of the most efficient in
+the State; it is entirely confined to young men. I also received a
+formal invitation to attend other meetings about to be held, which I
+felt under the necessity of declining, from a belief that I could not
+participate in the discussions of the meetings with advantage to the
+cause which we all had at heart, and from the fact that previous to
+receiving the invitation I had made other arrangements which would
+occupy most of my time.
+
+The present organized anti-slavery societies in Pennsylvania insist upon
+the mixed action of men and women in committees, et cet. Those who do
+not hold with their views have either silently withdrawn, avoid
+participating in measures which they disapprove, or do not attend
+meetings when it is expected any such measures will be brought forward.
+Among such measures may be reckoned the censures which in a few
+instances have been passed on the London Convention, and the British and
+Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; censures sometimes more decided in
+sentiment than temperate in expression. My own inclination would have
+led me to attend several of these meetings, when my other engagements
+would have permitted, if I could have done so as an ordinary spectator
+and hearer; but on considering that I might appear on the one hand to
+give a tacit sanction to acts and sentiments which I disapproved, or on
+the other hand, that I might be drawn into controversy by explaining my
+objections, I concluded to forego the gratification which the
+proceedings might have afforded me, and I subsequently saw no reason to
+repent the decision I came to.
+
+During this visit to Philadelphia, I made calls upon various individuals
+who are deeply interested in the anti-slavery cause, but who have not
+joined any anti-slavery society. Among these I must instance Professor
+Charles D. Cleveland, an excellent individual, of the Presbyterian
+persuasion, a man of fine talents and an accomplished scholar, who is
+the editor of a paper called the American Intelligencer, in which he has
+reprinted a very large edition of J.J. Gurney's "Letters from the West
+Indies," and has extensively distributed it through the post office.
+This effort of judicious zeal, will probably make hundreds of
+emancipationists, and disarm hostility and rouse indifference to a great
+extent. No impartial and benevolent mind can read these authentic
+details of the results of emancipation in the British Colonies, and
+remain unconvinced of its safety and blessed fruits to every class of
+the community. The Professor has published and circulated Dr. Channing's
+"Emancipation," in the same shape. I also called upon the late Governor
+of Illinois, Edward Coles, who was born in a slave State, but in early
+life, while at college, from a conviction of the sinfulness of
+slave-holding, he resolved upon liberating the negroes which would come
+into his possession on the death of his father. This he faithfully
+performed, removed the people to Illinois, and presented them; with
+lands for their subsistence. He himself soon removed there and became
+Governor of the territory. It was owing to his determined and vigorous
+efforts that slavery was made unconstitutional in that State. He was a
+friend of President Jefferson, and corresponded with him on the subject
+of slavery. All his liberated slaves prospered, all learned to read and
+write, two are now ministers of the gospel, and one is the Governor's
+agent, and a man of property. The number thus freed were between thirty
+and forty, and their value amounted to half his property; but a,
+blessing has followed the sacrifice, and he has now retired to
+Philadelphia with a handsome competence. In the course of conversation,
+the Governor spoke of the prejudice, against color prevailing here as
+much stronger than in the slave States, I may add, from my own
+observation, and much concurring testimony, that Philadelphia appears to
+be the metropolis of this odious prejudice, and that there is probably
+no city in the known world, where dislike, amounting to hatred of the
+colored population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly love!
+
+Among the proofs of this, and of the same feeling in the State at large,
+it may be noticed that two or three years since, a convention was called
+for amending the State constitution, which among other changes, formally
+deprived men of color of the elective franchise. Practically this was of
+little importance, for it was taking away a right, the exercise of
+which, if attempted, would have roused popular indignation to the peril
+of their lives. A yet more obvious sign to the stranger in Philadelphia,
+are the ruins of "Pennsylvania Hall," which most of my readers are
+probably aware was destroyed by a pro-slavery mob in the spring of 1838.
+It stood near the centre of the city, and was sixty-two feet front by
+one hundred deep, and fifty-two feet to the eaves: the large saloon in
+the second story with its galleries being capable of holding three
+thousand persons. On the occasion of its opening, a large number of the
+friends of emancipation assembled in the city, to attend the anniversary
+of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and some other meetings
+connected with the cause. Letters of congratulation on the opening of
+the hall were received by the managers from ex-president Adams, William
+Slade and Francis James, members of Congress, Thomas Morris of the U.S.
+Senate, Judge Jay, Gerritt Smith, and other distinguished friends of
+equal rights. The letter of the venerable ex-president is written with
+his characteristic energy, and I quote an extract from it in further
+proof of the sentiments already expressed on the state of feeling in the
+land of Penn and Benezet, Pemberton and Franklin, on the subject of
+slavery.
+
+
+    "The right of discussion upon slavery, and an indefinite extent
+    of topics connected with it, is banished from one-half the
+    States of this Union. It is _suspended_ in both houses of
+    Congress; opened and closed at the pleasure of the slave
+    representation; opened for the promulgation of nullification
+    sophistry; closed against the question, What is slavery? at the
+    sound of which the walls of the capitol staggered like a drunken
+    man.
+
+    "For this suppression of the freedom of speech and press, and
+    the right of petition, the people of the _free_ States of this
+    Union are responsible, and the _people of Pennsylvania most of
+    all_. Of this responsibility, I say it with a pang, sharper than
+    language can express, _the city of Philadelphia must take
+    herself the largest share_."
+
+
+The meetings of the first day passed without disturbance. On the evening
+of the second day, a meeting of the Female Anti-Slavery Society was held
+in the hall, the proceedings of which were greatly disturbed by a mob of
+from 1500 to 2000 persons, assembled without. The windows on all sides
+were beaten in by stones and other missiles, and one or two persons
+severely injured. The next day the mob lingered about the building, no
+effort being made by the pro-slavery authorities to disperse them. In
+the evening the building was attacked, the doors burst open, and fire
+communicated to the interior; and in the midst of at least 20,000
+persons, the noble and costly hall was consumed, with the exception of
+its bare walls. My friend John G. Whittier, who was present at the time,
+states that the most dreadful threats were uttered by the rioters
+against the prominent abolitionists. The house of Samuel Webb was
+particularly marked for destruction; and as the mob assembled nightly
+for several days, it is scarcely possible to conceive a more trying
+situation than that in which the abolitionists were placed. The
+"Friends" asylum for colored orphans, a small but useful institution,
+was attacked by a portion of the mob, and the next day the association
+to which it belongs publicly disclaimed any connection with the
+abolition societies. One of the daily papers also contained the
+following, headed "Communication."
+
+"An opinion having become prevalent that a considerable number of the
+society of Orthodox Friends were present at the late meetings in
+Pennsylvania Hall, taking an active part in the proceedings, and that
+they still uphold the principles in relation to slavery and the colored
+race there promulgated, it is but justice to this respectable body of
+people to correct public opinion in relation to the subject, by
+observing that _very few_ if any attended the meetings; that among the
+society it is doubtful whether twenty individuals are to be found in
+this city who embrace their doctrines, and that they, as a body, are
+opposed to the indiscreet course which has been taken by the ultra
+abolitionists. Had their views been understood in relation to the
+subject, their property in Thirteenth street would, no doubt, have been
+spared the violence it has suffered, being in no way connected with
+abolitionism, but merely designed as a shelter for an unfortunate class
+of children who have large claims upon the community; and who, upon
+application made in their behalf for the purposes for which this asylum
+was designed, even to the _mob_, I have no hesitation in saying that, as
+_human beings_, they would not oppose it."
+
+While other portions of the community were in like manner propitiating
+the mob, the few but faithful abolitionists of the city calmly but
+firmly maintained their principles, even at the peril of life and
+estate. On the morning after the burning of the Hall, the State
+Anti-Slavery Society, pursuant to adjournment, met at the ruins of the
+Hall, and, amidst the smoking walls, and with the mob lingering about
+them, they proceeded to their business--Abraham L. Pennock, the Vice
+President of the Society, presiding. The editor of the Pennsylvania
+Freeman, John G. Whittier, whose publication office and papers had been
+destroyed by the mob, in his next paper published the following
+editorial article, which I have copied simply to show that while the
+abolitionists on this occasion maintained their sentiments in a clear
+and unequivocal manner, they did not indulge in the language of revenge
+or anger.
+
+
+    "We perhaps need offer no apology to our distant readers, for
+    the want of variety in our present number. Ours must be this
+    week a record of violence--a story of persecution and outrage.
+    We hardly dare trust ourselves to speak upon this matter. It is
+    our desire to do so, if at all, in a tone of calmness,--to hold
+    ourselves aloof, as far as possible, from the present
+    excitement,--to utter our abiding testimony, now dearer than
+    ever to our hearts, not in the language of passion, but firmly
+    and decidedly.
+
+    "Our readers will gather from the statements made in the
+    different extracts in our paper, and especially from the Address
+    of the Executive Committee of the State Anti-Slavery Society,
+    the leading facts of the outrage. Of the course pursued by the
+    civil authorities, we leave the community to judge. Our own
+    reliance for protection has been upon that Providence whose
+    mercy is over all,--in the justice of our cause, and in our
+    conscious innocence of heart and integrity of purpose. We
+    rejoice, and in so doing, the abolitionists of Pennsylvania
+    unite with us, that human life was not sacrificed in defence of
+    our Hall, our persons, and our property. We know, indeed, that
+    had the attack been made upon the United States Bank, or any
+    similar institution in this city, the civil authorities would
+    have met its fury, not as now, with a speech only, but with
+    loaded firelocks and fixed bayonets. We know, it is true, that
+    the mob were in a great measure left free to work their
+    mischievous will upon us. But if those in authority have, _upon
+    their own principles_, treated us with neglect in the hour of
+    our peril, upon them let the responsibility rest. We have thus
+    far survived the onset. Under God, for to him alone are we
+    indebted for protection, we are still left to bear our testimony
+    to the truth. Our consciences are in this matter void of
+    offence. In cheerful serenity of spirit, and not in the tone of
+    menace or boasting, we declare our faith in the principles of
+    emancipation unfaltering--our zeal undiminished--our
+    determination to persevere unaltered. Our confidence in the
+    triumphant and glorious issue of the present struggle remains
+    firm.
+
+      'Truth smote to Earth revives again;
+      The eternal years of God are hers--
+      But error wounded, shrieks with pain,
+      And dies among her worshippers.'
+
+
+    "From this time henceforward, Pennsylvania must become the great
+    battle-field of opinion on the subject of slavery. The light of
+    that evening's sacrifice has reached already every portion of
+    our State. Men are every where inquiring why the sacrifice was
+    made? Why a mighty city was convulsed with violence? Why a noble
+    hall was burned by incendiaries in the view of gazing thousands?
+    Why the 'shelter for orphan children' was set on fire, and why
+    the houses of our citizens were surrounded by a ruffian mob?
+    They may be told now by the perpetrators of these outrages, that
+    all has been occasioned by the conduct of the abolitionists. But
+    the delusion cannot last. Truth will make its way to the abused
+    ear of the community; and it will be known that the scenes which
+    have disgraced our city, are directly attributable to the
+    influence of southern slavery. The spirit of free inquiry, now
+    fairly awakened, will never again slumber in this state. Like
+    the Greek fire, it will blaze with fiercer intensity for every
+    attempt to extinguish it."
+
+
+The proceedings of the authorities and the public at large, consequent
+upon this act of incendiarism and outrageous violence, were truly
+characteristic. It is supposed that the destruction of the Hall was
+planned beforehand, and there is some evidence to show that strangers
+from the South were implicated in the conspiracy; but, as usual, the old
+drama of the wolf accusing the lamb was enacted over again, and a
+pretext was laid hold of, that, in the peculiar state of feeling
+existing in the community, was almost deemed a justification of all that
+had happened; though, in truth, it was in the last degree ridiculous. It
+was asserted that colored men had been seen walking arm in arm with
+white ladies, and that white men had handed colored females out of their
+carriages at the door of the Hall, as politely as if they had not
+belonged to the proscribed class. In several instances, if not in all,
+these reports were untrue in point of fact, and originated in the
+existing paradox, that colored men and women are sometimes white, and
+that white gentlemen and ladies are not unfrequently of dark complexion.
+As an illustration, I quote the following scene from a letter addressed
+to me by Robert Purvis, an intelligent and educated man of color, and
+the son-in-law of James Forten, a wealthy and venerable colored citizen
+of Philadelphia, recently deceased.
+
+"In regard to my examination before the jury in the Pennsylvania Hall
+case, I have to say, that it was both a painful and ludicrous affair. At
+one time the fulness of an almost bursting heart was ready to pour forth
+in bitter denunciation--then the miserable absurdity of the thing,
+rushing into my mind, would excite my risible propensities. You know the
+county endeavored to defend itself against the award of damages, by
+proving that the abolitionists were the cause of the destruction of the
+building, in promoting promiscuous intermingling, in doors and out, of
+blacks and whites, thereby exciting public feeling, &c. A witness, whose
+name I now forget, in proof of this point, stated, that upon a certain
+day, hour, &c., a '_negress_' approached the Hall, in a carriage, when a
+white man assisted her in getting out, offered his arm, which was
+instantly accepted, and he escorted her to the saloon of the building!
+In this statement he was collected, careful, and solemn--minutely
+describing the dress, appearance of the parties, as well as the
+carriage, the exact time, &c.--the clerks appointed for the purpose
+taking down every word, and the venerable jurors looking credulous and
+horror-stricken. Upon being called to _rebut_ the testimony I, in truth
+and simplicity, confirmed his testimony in every particular!! The
+attorney, on our behalf, David Paul Brown, Esq., a gentleman, scholar,
+and philanthropist, in a tone of irony peculiarly severe, demanded,
+'whether I had the unblushing impudence, in broad day-light, to offer my
+arm to my wife?' I replied, in deep affectation of the criminality
+involved, that the only palliation I could offer, for conduct so
+outrageous was, that it was unwittingly done, it seemed so natural.
+This, as you might well suppose, produced some merriment at the expense
+of the witness for the county, and of all others, whose gullibility and
+prejudice had given credit to what would have been considered, had I
+been what is called a white man, an awful story."
+
+The proceedings in the case are, I believe, still pending. My friend,
+Samuel Webb, in a letter dated "11th Month 16th, 1841," says:
+
+
+    "Last 7th day, after several years incessant struggle, we
+    brought the case of the Pennsylvania Hall before the Court of
+    Criminal Sessions. George M. Dallas, Counsel for the County, in
+    opposing the award of the appraisers, (thirty-three thousand
+    dollars, not one-third of what it ought to have been,) spoke for
+    about one hour--the purport of his speech was--that here was no
+    mob at all, (!) that the jury appointed to ascertain the facts
+    had reported to the Court, that the mob, if mob it might be
+    called, was composed of orderly, respectable citizens; and of,
+    course, orderly, respectable citizens could not be a mob. After
+    this I should not be surprised to hear it doubted whether there
+    ever was such a building, or if there was, whether it was ever
+    destroyed; but unluckily the ruined walls are still standing,
+    and if I had my way, _there they should stand_, until slavery
+    shall be abolished, which it will be, soon after your East India
+    possessions can grow cotton for six cents per lb. by free
+    labor."
+
+
+To resume the narrative: I paid a visit to the widow of Joseph
+Lancaster, who, with her three children by a former husband, are living
+in great obscurity in the suburbs of this city.
+
+I returned to New York on the 10th, for the purpose of being in the city
+at the time when the religious and benevolent anniversaries are held,
+and of meeting parties who attend them. Here I had the pleasure of
+meeting with several warm-hearted abolitionists from distant parts of
+the country. The first meeting I attended was the anniversary of the
+American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which, though held at a
+distance from the centre of the city, in consequence of the
+pre-engagement of the New York Tabernacle, was well attended, and I
+believe gave general satisfaction. I was present also at two other of
+its meetings. I attended several adjourned sittings of a convention
+called for the purpose of organizing a political "Liberty party," on the
+grand principle of the abolition of slavery. The chief business in hand
+was to nominate a President and Vice President of the United States, for
+the next election, and the choice fell upon my friend James G. Birney,
+for President, and Thomas Morris, late United States Senator from Ohio,
+for Vice President. A plan was arranged for putting in nomination
+abolition candidates for every office in the free States, down to that
+of constable.
+
+I listened to the discussions that took place with considerable
+interest, as there are some valuable friends to the cause, men, whose
+opinions justly carry great weight, who do not think this the best means
+of bringing political influence to bear upon the question, but who would
+prefer voting for such anti-slavery candidates, as might be nominated by
+either of the two great parties already existing, or in the absence of
+any such candidate would decline voting at all. My own bias was in favor
+of this course, since it was the one pursued in Great Britain, and which
+had been so eminently successful in the general election of 1833. I
+became convinced, however, that the "third party" has strong reasons in
+its favor, and that in various important respects the abolitionists of
+the United States are differently circumstanced in regard to elections
+from those of my own country; and it must not be forgotten that many of
+the men who pledged themselves on the hustings in England were not
+faithful at the time of trial. At the last sitting of the Convention, I
+stated the advantage we had found in England, when we wished to carry
+any specific measure, of a personal interview with the members of the
+legislature, who might state facts to them and answer their objections.
+It was immediately suggested to send a deputation to Albany, where the
+senate and assembly of the State of New York were then in session, to
+promote the repeal of two iniquitous laws affecting people of color, and
+which were to be brought before the consideration of the Houses. One of
+them is known as the "nine months law." By its provisions a slave-holder
+could bring his negro "with his own consent" into this _free_ State, and
+keep him there in slavery for nine months! At the expiration of the time
+it was of course very easy by a short journey to a neighboring State, to
+obtain a new license, and thus perpetuate slave-holding in the State of
+New York. The other law was an act restricting the elective franchise of
+men of color, to those possessing a fixed amount of property, no such
+restriction existing in the case of white men. This suggestion was
+adopted by the Convention, and a deputation appointed, with what success
+will be seen hereafter.
+
+In order to give a general idea of the course pursued by the "Liberty
+party," I subjoin a statement of the plan of operation issued by a
+Philadelphia committee.
+
+
+    "PLAN OF OPERATION.
+
+    "A national committee to meet at Utica, to have a general care
+    and oversight of the cause throughout the nation, and to act as
+    a central corresponding committee.--State committees, to perform
+    similar duties, in their States.--County committees, the same in
+    their respective counties.--City and district committees, the
+    same in their respective cities and districts.--Township and
+    ward committees, to have the particular charge of their
+    respective townships or wards.
+
+    "This duty may be performed by their appointing a sub-committee,
+    to consist of one member for each block, square, section,
+    sub-division, or neighborhood, whose duty it will be to endeavor
+    to abolitionize his sub-division; or, at least, ascertain, as
+    far as practicable, how many of the legal voters will vote the
+    Liberty ticket, and transmit the number to his city or county
+    committee, which is to forward the number of voters in their
+    city or county to their Stale committee, and the State committee
+    is to forward the number of voters in their State to the
+    national committee; and also to distribute, or cause to be
+    distributed, in his sub-division, such tracts, circulars,
+    notices, tickets, &c., as shall be furnished by his superior
+    committee for that purpose.
+
+    "Each committee is to communicate with its next superior
+    committee once a year, or oftener, if required, and to meet at
+    such time and place not less than once a month, as shall be
+    agreed upon between it and its superior committee."
+
+
+I afterwards was present at one of a series of meetings, held for the
+purpose of introducing to the public the Amistad captives, Africans of
+the Mendi country, who had recently regained their freedom. The case of
+these people is so singularly interesting, that, though some of my
+readers may be already well acquainted with it, I venture to introduce a
+brief statement of their history in the Appendix.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix E.]
+
+On this occasion a very crowded and miscellaneous assembly attended, to
+see and hear the Mendians, although the admission had been fixed as high
+as half a dollar, with the view of raising a fund, to carry them to
+their native country. Fifteen of them were present, including one little
+boy and three girls. Cinque their chief, spoke with great fluency in his
+native language; and his action and manner were very animated and
+graceful. Not much of his speech was translated, yet he greatly
+interested his audience. The little boy could speak our language with
+facility; and each of them read without hesitation one or two verses in
+the New Testament. It was impossible for any one to go away with the
+impression, that in native intellect these people were inferior to the
+whites. The information which I privately received, from their tutor and
+others who had full opportunities of appreciating their capacities and
+attainments, fully confirmed my own very favorable impressions.
+
+One evening during my stay, I took tea with twelve or fifteen colored
+gentlemen, at the house of a colored family. The refined manners and
+great intelligence of many of them would have done credit to any
+society. The whites have a monopoly of prejudice, but not a monopoly of
+intellect; nor of education and accomplishments; nor even of those more
+trivial, yet fascinating graces, which throw the charm of elegance and
+refinement over social life.
+
+I found from the conversation I had with my colored friends, on
+different occasions, that the prejudice against them was steadily, and
+not very slowly, giving way; yet several instances were mentioned, of
+recent occurrence, which show that it is still strong: I will quote one
+only. A colored gentleman informed me that last winter a near female
+relative being about to take a journey by railway to Philadelphia, she
+was compelled, though in delicate health, to travel in the comfortless,
+exposed car, expressly provided for negroes, though he offered to pay
+double fare for a place in the regular carriage. A lady, not of the
+proscribed class, who has long resided in New York, mentioned to me as a
+marked indication of a favorable change in regard to color, the holding
+of such meetings as those at which the Amistad captives were introduced.
+Such an exhibition, instead of causing a display of benevolent interest
+among all classes, would, some years ago, have excited the malignant
+passions of the multitude, and probably caused a popular out-break.
+Another sign of the times was, that white and colored children might be
+seen walking in procession without distinction, on the anniversaries of
+the charity schools. The same lady, in whose veracity I place full
+confidence, informed me that there is now residing in this city, a
+native of Cuba, formerly a slave-holder at the Havana, who had narrowly
+escaped assassination from a negro. He had threatened the slave with
+punishment the following day, but the desperate man concealed himself in
+his master's room, and in the night, stabbed and killed his mistress by
+mistake, instead of his master. Three negroes were executed as principal
+and accessories; but their intended victim was so terrified that he left
+Havana for New York. His fears, not his conscience, were alarmed, for he
+still carries on his diabolical traffic between Africa and Cuba, and is
+reported to have gained by it, last year, one hundred thousand dollars.
+He lives in great splendor, and has the character of a liberal and
+generous man, but with the most implacable hatred to the blacks. "One
+murder makes a villain, thousands a hero." How wide the distinction
+between this man and the wretches who paid the forfeit of their lives
+for a solitary murder![A]
+
+[Footnote A: Sir F. Buxton has shown that two lives at least are
+sacrificed for every slave carried off from Africa.]
+
+On the evening of the 17th, in company with several of my abolition
+friends, I started for Albany, where the State legislature was then in
+session. The distance from New York is about a hundred and fifty-five
+miles, and is frequently performed by the steamers, on the noble river
+Hudson, in nine hours and a half up the stream, and in eight hours down.
+On these steamers there is accommodation for several hundred passengers
+to lodge, and the fare is only one dollar, with an extra charge for beds
+and meals. For an additional dollar, two persons may secure a state room
+to themselves.
+
+As night drew on, and the deck began to be cleared, I observed a
+well-dressed black man and woman sitting apart, and supposing they could
+obtain no berths on account of their color, I went and spoke to them. I
+told them I and several others on board were abolitionists. The man then
+informed us they were escaping from slavery, and had left their homes
+little more than two days before. They appeared very intelligent, though
+they could neither read nor write, and described to us how they had
+effected their escape. They had obtained leave to go to a wedding, from
+which they were not expected to return till the evening of the day
+following. Having procured forged certificates of freedom, for which
+they paid twenty-five dollars, each, they came forward with expedition
+by railway and steam boat. They had heard of emancipation in the British
+West Indies, and the efforts of the abolitionists in the States, but
+they were unacquainted with the existence of vigilance committees, to
+facilitate the escape of runaway slaves. We assisted them to proceed to
+the house of a relative of one of our party, out of the track of the
+pursuer, should they be followed. There is little doubt that they have
+safely reached Canada, for I was told at Albany, public opinion had
+become so strong in favor of self-emancipation, that if a runaway were
+seized in the city, it is probable he would be rescued by the people.
+
+I would also point attention to the fact, which is brought to light by
+this relation, that the slave-holders have not only to contend with the
+honest and open-handed means which the abolitionists most righteously
+employ,[A] to facilitate the escape of slaves, but with the mercenary
+acts of members of their own community, who live by the manufacture and
+sale of forged free papers.
+
+[Footnote A: See Deut. xxiii, 15, 16.]
+
+During my stay in Albany, I waited upon William H. Seward, the Governor,
+and on Luther Bradish, the Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York.
+It will, I trust, be considered no breach of confidence, if I state that
+I found their sentiments on the true principles of liberty, worthy of
+the enlightened legislators and first magistrates of a free republic.
+They concur in the general sentiment that public opinion in this
+metropolitan State is making rapid progress in favor of full and
+impartial justice to the people of color, a movement to which their own
+example in the high stations which they adorn has given a powerful
+impulse.
+
+I attended part of the sittings of the Senate and Assembly, and
+conversed with a number of members of both houses. The public business
+was transacted with at least as much order and decorum as in the Lords
+and Commons of Great Britain. I left Albany the same evening, and had
+the satisfaction of hearing, a few days afterwards, that the repeal of
+"the nine months law" had passed both houses, and was ratified by the
+Governor; and that in the Assembly upwards of fifty members had voted
+for it, although it was thought not ten would have done so two years
+since. By this change of the law any slave brought by his master within
+the limits of the State, even with his own consent, is not obliged to
+return to slavery.
+
+I proceeded by way of New York to Hartford in Connecticut, in order to
+be present at an anti-slavery meeting of the State Society, to which I
+had been invited. On my arrival, on the afternoon of the 19th, I found
+the meeting assembled, and in the chair my friend J.T. Norton, a member
+of the Connecticut legislature, a munificent and uncompromising friend
+to the anti-slavery cause, and one of the delegates to the London
+Convention. A black minister of religion addressed the meeting in an
+able and interesting manner. Soon after the close of his speech, a
+circumstance, quite unexpected to me, introduced a discussion on the
+right of women to vote and publicly act, conjointly with men. The
+chairman decided that the motion in favor of it was negatived, but the
+minority required the names on both sides to be taken down; this
+consumed much time, and disturbed the harmony of the meeting. I attended
+in the evening a committee of the legislature, which was sitting at the
+court house, to hear the speeches of persons who were allowed to address
+the committee in support of a petition that the word "white" should be
+expunged from the constitution of Connecticut. This change would of
+course give equal rights to the colored class. When I entered, the same
+colored minister I had heard in the afternoon, was addressing the
+committee. He was listened to with great attention, not only by the
+members, but by near two hundred of the inhabitants, who were present.
+He was followed on the same side, by a white gentleman in a very strong
+and uncompromising speech. The next day I paid my respects to William W.
+Ellsworth, the Governor of the State, and to one of the judges of the
+court; and afterwards attended the adjourned meeting of the Anti-Slavery
+Society. The vexed question of "women's rights" was again brought
+forward in another shape; the names on both sides again called for, with
+the same result as before. My belief was fully confirmed, that those who
+differ so widely in sentiment, have no alternative but to meet and act
+in distinct organizations.
+
+The Amistad captives arrived at Hartford on the afternoon of the same
+day, and were to address a meeting in the evening. An anti-slavery
+bazaar or fair which I visited this day, furnished ample testimony of
+the zeal of the female friends of the oppressed slave in this district.
+I returned the same evening to New Haven, and subsequently received a
+copy of two resolutions, approving the proceedings of the general
+Anti-Slavery Convention, in which it is stated by the Connecticut
+anti-slavery committee, "they have abundant evidence that the cause of
+the slave has been essentially promoted thereby;" also recommending
+"that a convention of men from all parts of the world, friendly to the
+cause of immediate emancipation, be again called in London, in the
+summer of 1842."
+
+On the 21st, I proceeded to the residence of Judge Jay, where I was very
+kindly received by his wife and family, the Judge himself being from
+home. On his return the next day, I had much interesting conversation
+with him on the prospects of our cause. He is convinced that it is
+making steady progress, notwithstanding the schism in the anti-slavery
+ranks. He said also, that of the runaway slaves who called at his house,
+some have told him that their condition had improved of late years;
+others saw no change in their treatment; not one has complained that
+they suffered more than formerly, in consequence of the discussions at
+the North about abolition. With regard to the free blacks, he fears that
+the persecution of them by the slave-holders has increased; though at
+the North the prejudice against them has unquestionably, in his opinion,
+been much mitigated by the efforts of the abolitionists. It is an
+interesting fact, and one that ought to encourage the humble and retired
+laborer in the cause of truth and righteousness, that this able and
+distinguished advocate of the claims of the oppressed slaves and people
+of color, was converted to his present views by Elizabeth Heyrick's
+pamphlet, "Immediate, not Gradual, Abolition of West India Slavery." Let
+me for a moment pause to render a tribute of justice to the memory of
+that devoted woman. Few will deny that the long and heart-sickening
+interval that occurred between the abolition of the slave-trade of Great
+Britain, and the emancipation of her slaves, was owing to the false, but
+universal notion, that the slaves must be gradually prepared for
+freedom: a notion that we now confess is as contrary to reason and
+Christian principle as it is opposed to the past experience of our
+colonies. Yet a generation passed away while the abolitionists of Great
+Britain were trying to make ropes of sand--to give practical effect to
+an impracticable theory; pursuing a delusion, which this honored woman
+was the first to detect; and that less by force and subtlety of
+argument, than by the statement of self-evident truths, and by the
+enforcement of the simple and grand principle that Christianity admits
+of no compromise with sin. This was an easy lesson, yet it was one which
+our senators and statesmen, our distinguished philanthropists, and our
+whole anti-slavery host were slow to learn. The pamphlet produced little
+immediate effect, but to cause its writer to be regarded as an amiable
+enthusiast and visionary. It now remains a monument of the
+indestructible nature, and the irresistible power of truth, even when
+wielded by feeble and despised hands.
+
+Judge Jay read to me part of a very interesting and important
+manuscript, which he had prepared on the preservation of international
+peace. He suggests that any two nations, entering into an alliance,
+should embody in their treaty a clause mutually binding them to refer
+any dispute or difficulty that may arise, to the arbitration of one or
+more friendly powers. As he has concluded to publish his pamphlet, I
+trust it will shortly be in the hands of the friends of peace in this
+country, as well as in America. This idea is beautifully simple, and of
+easy application. Through the kindness of the author, I have been
+furnished with a long and important extract from his manuscript, which I
+am permitted to lay before the British public by anticipation, in the
+Appendix to the present work.[A] On returning from his hospitable
+mansion, he obligingly sent his carriage with me to Sing Sing, but the
+steamboat had started earlier than we expected, and I hired a carriage
+and a pair of horses, with the driver, who was also the proprietor, to
+convey me the remainder of the way to New York. The distance for which I
+engaged it, was thirty-six miles, for the moderate sum of five dollars.
+On the road, the man pointed out the place where Major Andre was taken,
+whose tragical end excites sympathy even to this day, in the breast of
+the Americans. On entering the city, we passed a man in livery, and my
+driver remarked, "There, that is English; I would not wear _that_ for a
+hundred dollars a day." Long may the American, who lives by his daily
+labor, preserve this feeling of honorable independence.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix F.]
+
+During my stay at New York this time, I was the guest of my friend
+William Shotwell, Jr., at whose hospitable dwelling, I afterwards took
+up my abode, whenever I lodged in the city. From the 24th to the 28th, I
+was chiefly occupied in attending the sittings of the Friends' Yearly
+Meeting of this State; and, during the intervals, in seeing many Friends
+in private company. I was much encouraged to find among them, a
+considerable number thoroughly imbued with anti-slavery sentiments;
+especially, from the western parts of the State. The subject of slavery
+was introduced, in the Yearly Meeting, by reading the Epistle from the
+Society in England, which is elsewhere quoted.[A] This was followed on
+the part of many, by expressions of deep feeling; and the question was
+referred to a committee, for practical consideration. In consequence of
+the report of this committee, at a subsequent sitting, five hundred
+copies of the English address were directed to be printed, and
+circulated among Friends, within the compass of the Yearly Meeting; and
+the whole subject was referred to its "meeting for sufferings," with an
+earnest recommendation, that they should embrace every right opening for
+furthering the great object. The clerk of the Yearly Meeting expressed
+his firm conviction, that the work was on the wheel, and that nothing
+would be permitted to stop its progress, until, either in mercy or in
+judgment, the bonds of every slave should be broken. He spoke in a very
+powerful manner. In most of the epistles sent out from this Yearly
+Meeting, as well as from that of Philadelphia, the subject of slavery
+was introduced, and commended to the earnest consideration of the body,
+here and elsewhere. Previous to the assembling of the Yearly Meeting, I
+had placed in the hands of one of its members, the following letter:
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix A.]
+
+
+    My Dear Friend,--Wilt thou have the kindness to ask the Friends
+    with whom it rests to grant such a request, to permit the use of
+    the meeting house at a convenient time, either during the Yearly
+    Meeting, or before those who attend from the country leave the
+    city, for the purpose of affording my friend John Candler an
+    opportunity of giving Friends some outline of emancipation in
+    Jamaica. I should like at the same time to give a little
+    information on the state of the anti-slavery question in other
+    parts of the world. John Candler, it is I believe generally
+    known, visited Jamaica with the full sanction of the "meeting
+    for sufferings," in London. My visit to this country had no
+    particular reference to the members of our Society, but my
+    friends in England kindly furnished me with the enclosed
+    documents.
+
+    Affectionately,
+
+    JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    _New York, 5th Month 17th_, 1841.
+
+
+This request was kindly complied with. The large meeting house was
+granted for the evening of the 27th. The clerks of the men's and women's
+meetings gave public notice of it in their respective assemblies. The
+former, the venerable and worthy Richard Mott, encouraged Friends to be
+present, and said, as a thinking and reasoning people, they need fear no
+harm from a calm consideration of the subject. The attendance was large,
+including, I believe, most of those Friends who were from the country.
+The following brief notice of it in the American and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Reporter, will explain the character of the meeting.
+
+
+    "On Thursday evening of last week, the members of the Society of
+    Friends (Orthodox,) assembled in this city at their Annual
+    Meeting, met at their meeting house in Orchard street, to listen
+    to the statements of John Candler, of England, lately returned
+    from a visit to the West India Islands, as to the results of
+    emancipation in those Islands, and also of our esteemed friend,
+    Joseph Sturge, in reference to the general subject of
+    emancipation throughout the world.
+
+    "The meeting was largely attended. The successful and happy
+    results of the immediate emancipation of the slaves of the
+    colonies, as detailed by John Candler, were calculated to
+    strengthen the conviction that to do justice is always
+    expedient. Joseph Sturge gave a history of the progress of the
+    anti-slavery cause in Great Britain from the time of the old
+    abolition society, of which Thomas Clarkson was a member, and of
+    which he is sole survivor. He also glanced at the state of the
+    cause in other quarters of the globe--at the efforts for East
+    India emancipation, and at late movements in France, Brazil and
+    Spain, in favor of emancipation; concluding with a most
+    affecting appeal to the members of his religious society to omit
+    no right opportunity for pleading for the slave, and for
+    hastening the day of his deliverance.
+
+    "We take pleasure in recording such evidences that the good old
+    testimony of the Society of Friends, on this subject, is still
+    maintained among them. The Friends of the past generation set a
+    noble example to other Christian sects, by emancipating their
+    slaves, from a sense of religious duty; and it seems to us, that
+    those of the present day have great responsibilities resting
+    upon them; and that it especially becomes them to see to it that
+    their light is not hidden in this hour of darkness and
+    prejudice, on the subject of human rights. The slaveholder and
+    his victim both look to them;--the one with deprecating gesture,
+    and words of flattery--the other in beseeching and half
+    reproachful earnestness. We cannot doubt that the agonizing
+    appeal of the latter is listened to by all who truly feel the
+    weight of their religious testimonies resting upon them; and we
+    trust there will be found among them, an increasing zeal to
+    secure to these unhappy victims of avarice and the lust of
+    power, that liberty which George Fox, two centuries in advance
+    of his contemporaries, declared to be 'the right of all men.'"
+
+
+When the assembly broke up, the clerk of the Yearly Meeting, who sat by
+us, expressed to me his entire satisfaction with the proceedings, as did
+others present. One influential member of the Society, however, who met
+me the next day in the street, stated very decidedly his disapprobation
+of the tenor of certain parts of my address; but I found that he
+condemned me on hearsay evidence, not having attended the meeting
+himself. On the 29th, I was favored with a call from Lieutenant Governor
+Cunningham, of St. Kitts, on his way to England, who gave a very
+favorable account of the continued good conduct of the emancipated
+slaves in that Island. It is surely an eminent token of the divine
+blessing on a national act of justice and mercy, that evidence of this
+kind should have been so abundantly and uniformly supplied from every
+colony where slavery has been abolished. A fine black man was brought to
+me about this time, who showed me papers by which it appeared he had
+lately given one thousand five hundred dollars for his freedom. He had
+since been driven from the State in which he lived, by the operation of
+a law, enacted to prevent the continued residence of free people of
+color, and has thus been banished from a wife and family, who are still
+slaves. He has agreed with their owner, that if he can pay two thousand
+five hundred dollars, in six years, his wife and six children shall be
+free, and he was then trying to get employment in New York, in the hope
+of being able to raise this large sum within the specified time.
+
+On the 29th, I proceeded to Burlington; while I was there five or six
+Friends drew up and presented me with a resolution, expressive of their
+readiness and desire to join with other members of their religious
+society in active efforts for the abolition of slavery.
+
+On the 30th, I paid a second visit to my venerable friend John Cox. The
+next morning his grandson kindly accompanied me to Mount Holly, to see
+the humble dwelling of the late John Woolman. I afterwards received from
+John Cox a letter, from which I quote the following extract relating to
+this remarkable man, whose character confers interest even on the most
+trivial incidents of his life which can now be remembered:
+
+
+    "Since our separation on the morning of the 31st ultimo, when my
+    grandson accompanied thee to Mount Holly, I have been there, it
+    having been previously reported that the ancient, humble dome,
+    which passed under thy inspection as the residence of John
+    Woolman, he never inhabited, though that he built the house (as
+    Solomon built the temple,) is admitted. With a view to remove
+    this erroneous impression, I sought and obtained an interview
+    with the only man now living in the town, who was contemporary
+    with John Woolman, (now eighty years of age,) and in habits of
+    occasional intercourse with him. He informed me that John
+    Woolman's daughter (an only child,) and her husband resided in
+    the house when her father embarked for London, which was in the
+    year 1772, as recorded in his journal. The fact of residence is
+    corroborated by the circumstance of the search for and
+    destruction of caterpillars in the apple orchard, which I think,
+    was related to thee.
+
+    "The sage historian of by-gone days, whom I met at Mount Holly,
+    spake of his being at John Woolman's little farm, in the season
+    of harvest, when it was customary, and so remains to the present
+    time, for farmers to slay a young calf or a lamb; the common
+    mode is by bleeding in the jugular vein; but with a view to
+    mitigate the sufferings of the animal in that mode, he had
+    prepared, and kept by him for that express purpose, a large
+    block of wood with a smooth surface, and after confining the
+    limbs of the animal, it was laid gently thereon, and the head
+    severed from the body at one stroke."
+
+
+While in this neighborhood, I made a call on Nathan Dunn, the proprietor
+of the "Chinese collection." He resided many years at Canton, and since
+his return has built himself a mansion in the Chinese style. His museum
+of Chinese curiosities is by far the most extensive and valuable which
+has ever been seen out of that country, and forms one of the most
+attractive and instructive exhibitions in Philadelphia; one whose
+character and arrangement are quite _unique_, and which has some
+pretensions to the title of "China in miniature." It occupies the whole
+of the lower saloon of that splendid building recently erected at the
+corner of Ninth and George streets, by the Philadelphia Museum Company.
+The visitor's notice is first attracted by a series of groups of
+figures, representing Chinese of nearly every grade in society, engaged
+in the actual business of life. The figures, in their appropriate
+costume, are modeled in a peculiarly fine clay, by Chinese artists, with
+exquisite skill and effect. All are accurate likenesses of originals,
+most of whom are now living. The following enumeration of one of the
+cases, expanded in the subsequent description, which I quote from the
+catalogue, will give an idea of the manner in which Chinese life and
+manners are illustrated:
+
+
+    "CASE VIII.--_No_. 21. _Chinese Gentleman_.--22. _Beggar asking
+    alms_.--23. _Servant preparing breakfast_.--24.
+    _Purchaser_.--25. _Purchaser examining a piece of black silk.
+    The proprietor behind the counter making calculations on his
+    counting board_.--_Clerk entering goods_.--_Circular table, with
+    breakfast furniture_.
+
+    "This has been arranged so as to afford an exact idea of a
+    Chinese retail establishment. Two purchasers have been placed by
+    the counter: one of whom is scrutinizing a piece of black silk
+    that lies before him. The owner, behind the counter, is
+    carelessly bending forward, and intent on casting an account on
+    the 'calculating dish,' while his clerk is busy making entries
+    in the book, in doing which he shows us the Chinese mode of
+    holding a pen, or rather brush, which is perpendicularly between
+    the thumb and all the fingers. A servant is preparing breakfast.
+    A circular eight-legged table, very similar to those used by our
+    great grandfathers, is spread in the centre of the shop. Among
+    its furniture, the ivory chopsticks are the most novel. On the
+    visitor's right hand sits a gentleman, with a pipe, apparently a
+    chance comer, 'just dropped in' about meal time; on the left, a
+    blind beggar stands, beating two bamboo sticks against each
+    other, an operation with which he continues to annoy all whom he
+    visits, till he is relieved by some trifling gratuity, usually a
+    single _cash_. A gilt image of Fo is inserted in the front part
+    of the counter, and a small covered tub, filled with tea, with a
+    few cups near by, standing on the counter, from which customers
+    are always invited to help themselves.
+
+    "The merchants and shop-keepers of Canton are prompt, active,
+    obliging, and able. They can do an immense business in a short
+    time, and without noise, bustle, or disorder. Their goods are
+    arranged in the most perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of
+    its place. These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising
+    of the Western nations, and place them in prominent contrast
+    with the rest of the Asiatics. It is confidently asserted by
+    those who have had the best opportunities of judging, that as
+    business men, they are in advance of Spanish, Italian, and
+    Portuguese merchants.
+
+    "There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the scrolls hung
+    up in the interior of some of the shops, which serve at the same
+    time to mark the thrifty habits of the traders. A few specimens
+    are subjoined:--'Gossipping and long sitting injure business.'
+    'Former customers have inspired caution--no credit given.' 'A
+    small stream always flowing.' 'Genuine goods; prices true.'
+    'Trade circling like a wheel,' et cet."
+
+
+In addition to the above models, the collection includes an almost
+innumerable variety of specimens of the fine arts and manufactures,
+comprising almost every article of use and luxury--furniture, modern and
+antique porcelain, models houses, pagodas, boats, junks, and bridges;
+pieces of silk, linen, cotton, grass-cloth, and other fabrics
+manufactured in China for home consumption; books and drawings, costume,
+idols, and appendages of worship; weapons, musical instruments, signs,
+mottoes, and entablatures, and numerous paintings, which last, it is
+justly observed, "will satisfy every candid mind that great injustice
+has been done to the Chinese artists, in the notion hitherto entertained
+respecting their want of skill. They paint insects, birds, fishes,
+fruits, flowers, with great correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy
+and variety of their colors cannot be surpassed. They group with
+considerable taste and effect, and their perspective--a department of
+the art in which they have been thought totally deficient--is often very
+good."
+
+Many of the paintings represent actual scenes and occurrences; and thus,
+like the models before mentioned, bring living China before the mind's
+eye. The following is a good example.
+
+
+    "910. _View of the interior of the Consoo House, with the court
+    in session, for the final decision of the charge of piracy
+    committed by the crew of a Chinese junk on a French captain and
+    sailors, at a short distance from Macao_.
+
+    "The French ship, Navigatre, put in to Cochin China in distress.
+    Having disposed of her to the government, the captain, with his
+    crew, took passage for Macao in a Chinese junk belonging to the
+    province of Fokien. Part of their valuables consisted of about
+    100,000 dollars in specie. Four Chinese passengers bound for
+    Macao, and one for Fokien, were also on board. This last
+    apprised the Frenchmen in the best manner he could, that the
+    crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take their
+    lives and seize their treasure. He urged that an armed watch
+    should be kept. On reaching the Ladrone Islands, the poor Macao
+    passengers left the junk. Here the Frenchmen believed themselves
+    out of danger, and exhausted by sickness and long watching,
+    yielded to a fatal repose. They were all massacred but one, a
+    youth of about nineteen years of age, who escaped by leaping
+    into the sea, after receiving several wounds. A fishing boat
+    picked him up and landed him at Macao, where information was
+    given to the officers of government, and the crew of the junk,
+    with their ill-gotten gains, were seized, on their arrival at
+    the port of destination in Fokien.
+
+    "Having been found guilty by the court, in their own district,
+    they were sent down to Canton, by order of the Emperor, to the
+    Unchat-see, (criminal judge) to be confronted with the young
+    French sailor. This trial is represented in the painting. The
+    prisoners were taken out of their cages, as is seen in the
+    foreground. The Frenchman recognized seventeen out of the
+    twenty-four; but when the passenger, who had been his friend,
+    was brought in, the two eagerly embraced each other, which scene
+    is also portrayed in the painting. An explanation of this
+    extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the man forthwith
+    set at liberty. A purse was made up for him by the Chinese and
+    foreigners, and he was soon on his way homeward. The seventeen
+    _were_ decapitated, in a few days, in the presence of the
+    foreigners; the captain, was to be put to a 'lingering death,'
+    the punishment of traitors, and the stolen treasures were
+    restored."
+
+
+I do not quote the above for the sake of the anecdote, though the
+relation is authentic, but as, affording a striking illustration of the
+advanced civilization of the Chinese. It shows that the supremacy of the
+law is universal, and its administration efficient. The criminals, in
+this instance, are promptly seized, tried, and condemned on strong
+evidence; but, before they are executed, reference is made to the
+distant metropolis, Pekin. Here it is observed, that the most important
+witness was not 'confronted with the prisoners,' and they are forthwith
+directed to be conveyed to Canton, to be examined in his presence.
+Seventeen are recognized by him and are executed. The rest escape. Now
+this is just what might have taken place under the best ordered
+governments of Europe. The humane maxims of British jurisprudence, if
+not acknowledged in theory, may be here witnessed in practical
+operation, and the single circumstance of referring capital convictions
+to the Emperor, in his distant metropolis, for confirmation, before they
+are carried into effect, shows a respect for human life, even in the
+persons of criminals, which is one of the surest tokens of a high state
+of civilization. Such is the criminal jurisprudence of China, in
+practice; in theory, its just praise has been awarded, some years ago,
+by an able writer in the Edinburgh Review. He says:--
+
+
+    "The most remarkable thing in this code, is its great
+    reasonableness, clearness, and consistency; the businesslike
+    brevity and directness of the various provisions, and the
+    plainness and moderation of the language in which they are
+    expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct series of
+    enactments, savoring throughout of practical judgment and
+    European good sense. When we turn from the ravings of the
+    Zendavesta, or the Puranas, to the tone of sense and of business
+    of this Chinese collection, we seem to be passing from darkness
+    to light--from the drivellings of dotage to the exercise of an
+    improved understanding; and, redundant and minute as these laws
+    are in many particulars, we scarcely know any European code that
+    is at once so copious and so consistent, or that is nearly so
+    free from intricacy, bigotry and fiction."
+
+
+In addition to what have been noticed, the Chinese exhibition includes a
+copious and very interesting collection of specimens of the natural
+history of China.
+
+I trust the extended notice I have given to the subject, will at least
+prove that this is not an ordinary exhibition, but a representation of a
+distant country and remarkable people, in which amusement is most
+skilfully and philosophically made subservient to practical instruction.
+A beneficent Creator has implanted within us a thirst for information
+about other scenes and people. To be totally devoid of this feeling
+would argue, perhaps, not merely intellectual but moral deficiency. Such
+being the case, the founder of the "Chinese collection" deserves to be
+regarded as a public benefactor, for, by spending a few hours in his
+museum, with the aid of the descriptive catalogue, one may learn more of
+the Chinese than by the laborious perusal of all the works upon them
+that have ever been written.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: While the above was passing through the press, I have
+learned that this interesting Collection has arrived for exhibition in
+this country.]
+
+I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing my deep regret that the
+British public should appear to view with indifference, or complacency,
+the cruel and unjust war which our Government is now waging against this
+highly cultivated and unoffending people, at the instigation of a
+handful of men, who have acquired wealth and importance in the vigorous
+pursuit of an immoral and unlawful traffic, by means the most criminal
+and detestable. I have attempted, since my return from the United
+States, to give some expression to my sentiments, in a letter which has
+been widely circulated, and which will be found reprinted in the
+Appendix.[A] I trust none under whose notice this subject may come will
+endeavor to evade their share of responsibility. If the present war with
+China were the sole consideration, perhaps no course would be left to
+the Christian citizen, but to record his protest and mourn in silence;
+but the conclusion of the war _per se_ would not terminate the
+difficulty, for trade and mutual intercourse between the two countries,
+_on the basis of a reciprocation of interests_, can never be restored
+till the EAST INDIA COMPANY'S OPIUM TRADE, a traffic, like the slave
+trade, hateful in the sight of God and man, is suppressed; or at least,
+until British connection with it is severed; If asked who are the guilty
+persons, I would say, in the first instance, the East India Company;
+secondly, the opium smugglers; thirdly, the British government, and
+lastly, the British people, who, by silent acquiescence, make the whole
+guilt, and the whole responsibility their own.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix G.]
+
+The author of the most popular modern work on China, who long
+superintended the interests of the British merchants at Canton, and
+whose work, to a considerable extent, reflects their views, after
+stating the increasing discouragements imposed by the authorities on
+foreign commerce, the effect for the most part of opium smuggling, and
+other lawless proceedings, observes:--"These (discouragements) are their
+(the British merchants) real subjects of complaint in China; and
+whenever the accumulation of wrong shall have proved, by exact
+calculation, that it is more profitable, according to merely commercial
+principles, to remonstrate than submit, these will form a righteous and
+equitable ground of quarrel!!"[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Davis's China and the Chinese, (Murray's Family Library,)
+vol. i. p. 195.]
+
+The remonstrance here alluded to is WAR, as is apparent from the context
+of the passage, as well as from the fact, that by the author's own
+showing no other kind of remonstrance remained to be tried. The true
+"casus belli" is set forth by anticipation in this passage without
+disguise, and by one who knew well, and has clearly described the causes
+that were operating to produce a rupture. The opium merchants have
+discovered that now, in the fulness of time, it is _profitable_ to go to
+war with China, and forthwith the vast power of Great Britain, obedient
+to their influence, is put in motion to sustain their unrighteous
+quarrel, to the unspeakable degradation of the character of this
+professedly Christian nation. The morality of the war on our side, is
+the morality of the highwayman; that morality by which the strong in all
+ages have preyed upon the weak. And though a handful of unprincipled men
+find their account in it, before the people of Great Britain have paid
+the expenses of the war, and the losses from derangement and
+interruption of commerce, it will cost millions more than all the profit
+that has ever accrued to them from the opium trade. From what motive
+then, do we uphold a traffic, which is the curse of China, the curse of
+India, and a calamity to Great Britain? Such a war may be fruitful in
+trophies of military glory, if such can be gained by the slaughter of
+the most pacific people in the world; but to expect that it will promote
+the reputation, the prosperity, or the happiness of this country, would
+be to look for national wickedness to draw down the Divine blessing. The
+descriptive catalogue of the "Ten thousand Chinese things," concludes
+with sentiments on this subject which do equal honor to the head and
+heart of the writer.
+
+
+    "Alas for missionary efforts, so long as the grasping avarice of
+    the countries, whence the missionaries go, sets at nought every
+    Christian obligation before the very eyes of the people whom it
+    is sought to convert! Most devoutly do we long for the
+    auspicious day, when the pure religion, that distilled from the
+    heart, and was embodied in the life of Jesus, shall shed its
+    sacred influence on every human being; but, in our inmost soul
+    we believe it will not come, till the principles of religion
+    shall take a firmer hold on the affections of those who profess
+    to receive it, and rear a righteous embankment around their
+    sordid and stormy passions. When the missionary shall find an
+    auxiliary in the stainless life of every compatriot who visits
+    the scene of his labors, for purposes of pleasure or of
+    gain,--when he can point not only to the pure maxims and sublime
+    doctrines proclaimed by the Founder of his faith, but to the
+    clustering graces that adorn its professors,--then indeed will
+    the day dawn, and the day star of the millennium arise upon the
+    world."
+
+
+During my short stay in Philadelphia on this occasion, I visited several
+of its prisons, philanthropic institutions, et cet. These are
+pre-eminently the glory of this beautiful city; yet as they have been
+often described, I shall pass them by in silence, with the exception of
+two, the Refuge, and the Penitentiary; which I briefly notice because I
+may offer a few general remarks in another place, on the important
+subject of prison discipline. The Refuge is an asylum for juvenile
+delinquents, founded on the just and benevolent principle that offences
+against society, committed by very young persons, should be disciplined
+by training and education, rather than by punishment. In this
+establishment there are from eighty to ninety boys, and from forty to
+fifty girls, of ages varying from eight to twenty-one years. The former
+are employed in various light handicraft trades, and the latter in
+domestic services, and both spend a portion of their time in school.
+They remain from six months to four years. From the statements of the
+superintendent and matron, it appeared that about three-fourths of the
+male, and four-fifths of the female inmates become respectable members
+of society, and the remainder are chiefly such as are fifteen or sixteen
+years of age when first admitted into the Refuge, an age at which
+character may be considered as in a great measure formed. The labor of
+the children pays about one-fifth of the expense of the establishment,
+the rest being defrayed by the legislature.
+
+The prejudice of color intrudes even here, no children of that class
+being admitted into the Refuge. Colored delinquency is left to ripen
+into crime, with little interference from public or private
+philanthropy. As might have been expected, colored are more numerous
+than white criminals, in proportion to relative population; and this is
+appealed to as a proof of their naturally vicious and inferior
+character; when in fact the government and society at large are
+chargeable with their degradation.
+
+The Penitentiary contained, at the time of my visit, about three hundred
+and forty male, and thirty-five female prisoners. In this celebrated
+prison, hard labor is combined with solitary confinement, an arrangement
+which is technically known as the "separate system." Silence and
+seclusion are so strictly enforced as to be almost absolute and
+uninterrupted; even the minister who addresses the prisoners on the
+Sabbath is known to them only by his voice. A marked feature of this
+institution is security without the aid of any deadly weapon, none being
+allowed in the possession of the attendants, or indeed upon the
+premises. As compared with the "silent system," exhibited in the not
+less famed prisons of the State of New York, this is much less
+economical, as the mode of employing the prisoners, in their solitary
+cells, greatly lessens the power of a profitable application of their
+labor. If prisoners exceed their allotted task, one-half of their
+surplus earnings is given to them on being set at liberty. My visit was
+too cursory to enable me to give a decisive opinion on the "separate
+system," but I confess my impression is, that the punishment is one of
+tremendous and indiscriminating severity, and I find it difficult to
+believe that either the safety of society, or the welfare of the
+prisoner, can require the infliction of so much suffering. Criminals are
+sometimes condemned for very long periods, or for life; and in these
+cases, I was informed, occasionally manifested great recklessness and
+carelessness of their existence. I am also not quite convinced that the
+reformation of prisoners is effected to the extent sometimes inferred
+from the small number of recommittals. A statistical conclusion cannot
+be drawn from this datum, unsupported by other proofs.
+
+On the 2d of the 6th Month, (June,) I proceeded to Wilmington, Delaware,
+with my friend John G. Whittier. Here we met a company of warm-hearted
+and intelligent abolitionists, with whom we discussed the prospects of
+the cause. It was calculated that if compensation were conceded, to
+which many would on principle object, a tax of less than one dollar per
+acre would buy up all the slaves in the State for emancipation. It was
+admitted by all, that the abolition of slavery would advance the price
+of land in a far greater ratio; probably ten or twenty dollars per acre.
+
+We went forward the same evening to Baltimore, accompanied by one of our
+Wilmington acquaintance, and in the railway carriage was a member of the
+Society of Friends from North Carolina, who, though a colonizationist,
+appeared to be a man of candor. He gave it as his opinion that the
+majority of the free people of that State are in favor of the abolition
+of slavery. We also had the company, a part of the way, of Samuel E.
+Sewall, Counsellor at Law, in Boston, an early and tried abolitionist,
+and a faithful friend and legal adviser of the free people of color.
+
+The next morning, we left Baltimore for Washington, two hours' ride by
+railway. The railroads of this country being often extremely narrow, the
+trains frequently pass almost close to the piers of the bridges and
+viaducts, a circumstance which explains the following printed notice in
+the carriages: "Passengers are cautioned not to put their arms, head, or
+legs out of the window."
+
+In passing from a free to a slave State, the most casual observer is
+struck with the contrast. The signs of industry and prosperity on the
+broad face of the country are universally in favor of the former, and
+that to a degree which none but an eye witness can conceive. This fact
+has been often noticed, and has been affirmed by slaveholders
+themselves, in the most emphatic terms. In cities the difference is not
+less remarkable, and was forcibly brought to our notice in the hotel at
+which we took up our residence on arriving at Washington, and which,
+though the first in the city, and the temporary residence of many
+members of Congress, was greatly deficient in the cleanliness, comfort,
+and order, which prevail in the well-furnished and well-conducted
+establishments of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, &c. At this house, I
+understood, some of the servants were free, and others slaves.
+
+We were now in the District of Columbia, the seat of this powerful
+Federal Government, and in the city of Washington, the metropolis of the
+United States. Here are concentrated as it were into one focus, the
+associations of the past, connected with the great struggle for
+independence, and the memory of those names and events which already
+belong to history. Whatever may be our political principles, or the
+opinions of those who like myself consider all resort to arms as
+forbidden under the Christian dispensation, it is impossible to recall
+without emotion, transactions which have exerted and will continue to
+exert, so marked an influence on the destinies of mankind. This city was
+not the scene of those events, but it was erected to be a perpetual
+monument of them, and in the limited district of ten miles square, in
+which it stands, the Government which was then called into existence
+reigns sole and supreme. If a stranger were to inquire here for the
+monuments of the fathers of the Revolution, the American would proudly
+point to the Capitol, with the national Congress in full session, and to
+the levee of the President, crowded by free citizens, and
+representatives of foreign nations. The United States were thirteen
+dependent colonies, they are now twenty-six sovereign States, rich and
+populous, covering the face of this vast continent, and compacted into
+one powerful confederacy. But notwithstanding the glowing emotions which
+seem naturally called forth by the locality, there is many an American
+who bitterly feels that the District of Columbia is the shame, rather
+than the glory of his country. Here is proclaimed to the whole world by
+the united voice of the American people, "We hold these truths to be
+self-evident--that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by
+their Creator with certain inalienable rights--that among these are
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" and here also by a
+majority of the same people expressing their deliberate will, through
+their representatives, this declaration is trampled under foot, and
+turned into derision.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "Large establishments have grown up upon the national
+domain, provided with prisons for the safe keeping of negroes till a
+full cargo is procured; and should, at any time, the factory prisons be
+insufficient, the public ones, erected by Congress, are at the service
+of the dealers, and the United States Marshal becomes the agent of the
+slave trade."--_Judge Jay's View of the action of the Federal Government
+in behalf of Slavery_, _page_ 93. "But the climax of infamy is still
+untold. This trade in blood,--this buying, imprisoning, and exporting of
+boys and girls eight years old,--this tearing asunder of husbands and
+wives, parents and children,--is all legalized, in virtue of authority
+delegated by Congress!! The 249th page of the laws of the city of
+Washington is polluted by the following enactment, bearing date 28th
+July, 1838:--'For a _license_ to trade or traffic in slaves for profit,
+four hundred dollars.'"--_Ibid_, _page_ 98.]
+
+The District of Columbia is the chief seat of the American slave trade;
+commercial enterprize has no other object! Washington is one of the best
+supplied and most frequented slave marts in the world. The adjoining and
+once fertile and beautiful States of Virginia and Maryland, are now
+blasted with sterility, and ever-encroaching desolation. The curse of
+the first murderer rests upon the planters, and the ground will no
+longer yield to them her strength. The impoverished proprietors find now
+their chief source of revenue in what one of themselves expressly
+termed, their "crop of human flesh." Hence the slave-holding region is
+now divided into the "slave-breeding," and "slave-consuming" States.
+From its locality, and, from its importance as the centre of public
+affairs, the District of Columbia has become the focus of this dreadful
+traffic, which almost vies with the African slave trade itself in extent
+and cruelty, besides possessing aggravations peculiarly its own.[A] Its
+victims are marched to the south in chained coffles, overland, in the
+face of day, and by vessels coastwise. Those who protest against these
+abominations are the abolitionists; a body whose opinions are so
+unpopular that no term of reproach is deemed vile enough for their
+desert; yet if these should hold their peace, the very stones would
+surely cry out. The state of things in this District has one peculiar
+feature; being under the supreme local government of Congress, it
+presents almost the only tangible point for the political efforts of
+those hostile to slavery. Against slavery in any but their own States,
+the abolitionists have neither the power nor the wish to exert that
+constitutional interference which they rightfully employ in the States
+of which they are citizens; but with respect to the District of
+Columbia, they are, in common with the whole republic, responsible for
+the exercise of political influence for the abolition of slavery within
+its limits. Hence this is the grand point of attack. They have
+experienced a succession of repulses, but their eventual success is
+certain; the political influence of the slave-holding interest, which is
+now paramount, and which controls and dictates the entire policy of the
+general Government will be destroyed. Then will the abolition of
+American slavery be speedily consummated.
+
+[Footnote A: "Human flesh is now the great staple of Virginia, In the
+legislature of this State, in 1833, Thomas Jefferson Randolph declared
+that Virginia had been converted into 'one grand menagerie, where men
+are reared for the market, like oxen for the shambles.' This same
+gentleman thus compared the foreign with the domestic traffic: 'The
+trader (African) receives the slave, a stranger in aspect, language and
+manner, from the merchant who brought him from the interior. But _here_,
+sir, individuals whom the master has known from infancy,--whom he has
+seen sporting in the innocent gambols of childhood,--who have been
+accustomed to look to him for protection,--he tears from the mother's
+arms, exiles into a foreign country, among a strange people, subject to
+cruel task-masters. In my opinion, it is much worse.'--Mr. Gholson, of
+Virginia, in his speech in the legislature of that State, January 18,
+1831, says: 'The master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her
+nursed and attended during the period of her gestation, and raises the
+helpless and infant offspring. The value of the property justifies the
+expense; and I do not hesitate to say, that in its increase consists
+much of our wealth.'--Professor Dew, now President of the College of
+William and Mary, Virginia, in his review of the debate in the Virginia
+legislature, 1831-3, speaking of the revenue arising from the trade,
+says: 'A full equivalent being thus left in the place of the slave, this
+emigration becomes an advantage to the State, and does not check the
+black population as much as at first view we might imagine; because it
+furnishes every inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to
+_encourage breeding_, and to cause the greatest number possible to be
+raised. Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State, for other
+States.'--Mr. C.F. Mercer asserted, in the Virginia Convention of 1829,
+'The tables of the natural growth of the slave population demonstrate;
+when compared with the increase of its numbers in the commonwealth for
+twenty years past, that an annual revenue of not less than a million and
+a half of dollars is derived from the exportation of a part of this
+population.'"--_Judge Jay's View_, _pages_ 88, 89.]
+
+Very soon after our arrival, we proceeded to the House of
+Representatives, then sitting, and were favored, by introductions from a
+member, with seats behind the Speaker's chair. The subject before the
+House was, of course, peculiarly interesting to me, being the proposed
+re-enactment of the "gag;" a rule of the House, by which petitions for
+the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, are laid upon the
+table, without being read or referred, and thus are virtually rejected.
+One of the speakers, William Slade, of Vermont, who was opposed to the
+"gag," told the pro-slavery members that they were greatly mistaken in
+supposing that such a measure would suppress the anti-slavery feeling of
+the country. They might, for a time, block up the Potomac, but it would
+only be to direct its waters into a new channel; in the same way as the
+rejection of anti-slavery petitions had resulted in the formation of a
+third abolition political party, which was now regularly organized and
+in the field. Having previously heard much of the virulence of the
+pro-slavery members, I was particularly impressed with the silence and
+attention with which they listened to this speech, and with the feeling
+which seemed evidently to prevail, that the subject could no longer be
+met with contempt and ridicule. One of the liberal members told me
+afterwards, that they felt themselves in a different atmosphere to what
+they did two years ago, both in the House and in the city, when touching
+upon this subject. Before the debate closed, the House divided on the
+question, whether ex-president Adams, the veteran defender of the
+constitutional right of petition, and who had brought forward this
+motion for the repeal of the "gag," was entitled to the right of reply.
+This was decided in his favor, and the House adjourned till the
+beginning of the following week.
+
+In the afternoon, I proceeded, by a steam packet, with one of my
+friends, to Alexandria, about six miles distant, on the other side of
+the Potomac. A merchant, to whom I had an introduction, kindly
+accompanied us to a slave-trading establishment there, which is
+considered the principal one in the District. The proprietor was absent;
+but the person in charge, a stout, middle-aged man, with a good-natured
+countenance, that little indicated his employment, readily consented to
+show us over the establishment. On passing behind the house, we looked
+through a grated iron door, into a square court or yard, with very high
+walls, in which were about fifty slaves. Some of the younger ones were
+dancing to a fiddle, an affecting proof, in their situation, of the
+degradation caused by slavery. There were others, who seemed a prey to
+silent dejection. Among these was a woman, who had run away from her
+master twelve years ago, and had married and lived ever since as a free
+person. She was at last discovered, taken and sold, along with her
+child, and would shortly be shipped to New Orleans, unless her husband
+could raise the means of her redemption, which we understood he was
+endeavoring to do. If he failed, they are lost to him for ever. Another
+melancholy looking woman was here with her nine children, the whole
+family having been sold away from their husband and father, to this
+slave-dealer, for two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. This
+unfeeling separation is but the beginning of their sorrows. They will,
+in all probability, be re-sold at New Orleans, scattered and divided,
+until not perhaps two of them are left together. The most able-bodied
+negro I saw, cost the slave-dealer six hundred and eighty-five dollars.
+
+Our guide told us that they sometimes sent from this house from fifteen
+hundred to two thousand slaves to the South in a year, and that they
+occasionally had three hundred to four hundred at once in their
+possession. That the trade was not now so brisk, but that prices were
+rising. The return and profits of this traffic appear to be entirely
+regulated by the fluctuations in the value of the cotton. Women are
+worth one-third less than men. But one instance of complete escape ever
+occurred from these premises, though some of the slaves were
+occasionally trusted out in the fields. He showed us the substantial
+clothing, shoes, &c., with which the slaves were supplied when sent to
+the South; a practice, I fear, enforced more by the cupidity of the
+buyers, than the humanity of the seller. Our informant stated, in answer
+to inquiries, that by the general testimony of the slaves purchased,
+they were treated better by the planters than was the case ten years
+ago. He also admitted the evils of the system, and said, with apparent
+sincerity, he wished it was put an end to.
+
+We went afterwards to the city jail, to see a youth whose case I had
+heard of in Delaware, who had come to Alexandria on board a vessel, and
+had here been seized and imprisoned on suspicion of being a slave, not
+having any document to prove his freedom. He had now been incarcerated
+for near twelve months, and though admitted by the jailer and every one
+else to be free, he was about to be sold in a few days into slavery for
+a term, in order to pay the jail-fees, amounting to eighty dollars. In
+the evening on returning to Washington, we paid a visit by appointment
+to John Quincy Adams, ex-president of the United States; who though
+considerably more than seventy years of age, is yet one of the most
+assiduous and energetic members of the House of Representatives, and one
+of the most influential public men of the day. To this must be added the
+far higher praise that his distinguished powers are employed in the
+service of humanity, truth, and justice. How rare is it to witness such
+a union of intellectual and moral greatness! Posterity will do justice
+to his fame, when slavery shall exist only in the records of the past,
+and when it shall be related with wonder, that this venerable man,
+standing almost alone in his defence of the right of petition, received
+daily anonymous letters threatening him with assassination. He received
+us very kindly, and in the course of conversation expressed how much
+importance he attached to the late repeal of the "nine months law," in
+the State of New York, as a favorable indication of the current of
+public feeling. He did not appear sanguinely to anticipate that he
+should be in a majority on his pending motion for the repeal of the
+"gag."
+
+One of the principal objects of my visit to Washington was to present an
+Address to the President, from the Committee of the British and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society. In the course of my inquiries of various official
+persons, members of Congress, et cet., I found that to obtain an
+audience for the express purpose would be very difficult, as no member
+of Congress appeared willing to undertake the unpopular service of
+introducing the bearer of such a document. I was not disposed to apply
+to the British Ambassador, who on some occasions had shown a want of
+sympathy with the anti-slavery cause. I found, however, that it was not
+contrary to etiquette, in this country, for a private individual to
+address a note to the President, to which, in ordinary courtesy,
+according to the custom of the place, he has a right to expect a reply.
+I would remark, however, that nothing is more easy than to gain access
+to the President; but I felt that to avail myself of those facilities,
+to place in his hands a document which he might object to receive, would
+be uncandid. I therefore addressed a note to him, stating that I was the
+bearer of a memorial from the Committee of the British and Foreign
+Anti-slavery Society, signed by Thomas Clarkson, addressed to the
+President of the United States, in which I said, "It may, perhaps, be
+right to state, that the memorial refers to slavery and the slave-trade
+in the United States, and that it was written before the death of
+General Harrison was known in Europe." I then asked permission to
+present it.
+
+To this I received no reply. We were afterwards introduced to the
+President, by a member of Congress, who evinced an anxiety that I should
+make no reference to the memorial; and the President, on his part, made
+no allusion to it, or to my letter to himself. After this interview, we
+proceeded to the Senate, but it had risen just as we entered. I had a
+short conversation with Henry Clay, who alluded to Joseph John Gurney's
+work on the West Indies, which I need scarcely add, is written in a
+series of letters to this statesman. He said that the recent short crop
+of sugar in Jamaica was a proof that the author had been misled in the
+favorable information he had collected, and also that this deficiency in
+the crop was a proof not only of the idleness, but of the immorality of
+the negroes. He accused my companion, John G. Whittier, of deserting
+him, after having been his warm friend; and on J.W.'s giving his reasons
+for so doing, he complained that the abolitionists improperly interfered
+with the affairs of the South, though he made an exception in favor of
+the Society of Friends. He inquired if J.G. Whittier was a "Friend" in
+regular standing, evidently intimating a doubt on that point, on account
+of his being so decided an abolitionist. The praise of such men is the
+strongest testimony that could be adduced to the declension of the
+Society of Friends in anti-slavery zeal. To a great extent I fear their
+sentiments on this subject have been held traditionally; and that in
+many cases, they have not only done nothing themselves, but by example
+and precept have condemned the activity of others; I trust, however, a
+brighter day in regard to their labors is approaching. I feel
+disinclined to take leave of Henry Clay, without some animadversions
+which, on the public character of a public man, I may offer without any
+breach of propriety. In early life, that is in some part of the last
+century, he supported measures tending to the "eradication of slavery"
+in Kentucky, and at various periods since, he has indulged in cheap
+declamation against slavery, though he is not known to have committed
+himself by a solitary act of manumission. On the contrary, having
+commenced life with a single slave, he has industriously increased the
+number to upwards of seventy. As a statesman, his conduct on this
+question has been consistently pro-slavery. He indefatigably negotiated
+for the recovery of fugitive slaves from Canada, when Secretary of
+State, though without success. In the Senate he successfully carried
+through the admission of Missouri into the Union, as a slave State. He
+has resisted a late promising movement in Kentucky in favor of
+emancipation; and lastly, in one of his most elaborate speeches, made
+just before the late presidential election, the proceedings of the
+abolitionists were reviewed and condemned, and he utterly renounced all
+sympathy with their object. By way of apology for his early
+indiscretion, he observes, "but if I had been then, or were _now_, a
+citizen of any of the planting States--the southern or southwestern
+States--I should have opposed, and would continue to oppose, any scheme
+whatever of emancipation, gradual or immediate."
+
+In this extract, and throughout the whole speech, slavery is treated as
+a pecuniary question, and the grand argument against abolition, is the
+loss of property that would ensue. Joseph John Gurney, who appears to
+have been favorably impressed by Henry Clay's professions of liberality,
+his courteous bearing, and consummate address, manifested a laudable
+anxiety that so influential a statesman should be better informed on the
+point on which he seemed so much in the dark; he therefore addressed to
+him his excellent "Letters on the West Indies," of which the great
+argument is, that emancipation has been followed by great prosperity to
+the planters, and attended with abundant blessings, temporal and
+spiritual, to the other classes, and that the same course would
+necessarily be followed by the same results in the United States. He has
+accumulated proof upon proof of his conclusions supplied by personal and
+extensive investigation in the British Colonies. But Henry Clay shews no
+sign of conviction. Yet though he made to us the absurd remark, already
+quoted, on Joseph John Gurney's work, I have too high an opinion of his
+understanding to think him the victim of his own sophistry. He is a
+lawyer and a statesman. He is accustomed to weigh evidence, and to
+discriminate facts. I have little doubt that all my valued friend would
+have taught him, he knew already. He could not be ignorant of the
+contrast presented by his own State of Kentucky, and the adjoining State
+of Ohio, and that the difference is solely owing to slavery. If J.J.
+Gurney could have shewn that abolition would soon be the high road to
+the President's chair, it is not improbable that he would have made an
+illustrious convert to anti-slavery principles. Henry Clay's celebrated
+speech before alluded to, was delivered in the character of a candidate
+for the Presidency just before the last election--it was prepared with
+great care, and rehearsed beforehand to a select number of his political
+friends. The whig party being the strongest, and he being the foremost
+man of that party, he might be looked upon as President-elect, if he
+could but conciliate the south, by wiping off the cloud of abolitionism
+that faintly obscured his reputation. He succeeded to his heart's desire
+in his immediate object, but eventually, by this very speech, completely
+destroyed his sole chance of success, and was ultimately withdrawn from
+the contest. Thus does ambition overleap itself.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: As a practical commentary on Henry Clay's professions of a
+regard for the cause of human liberty, I append the following
+advertisement, which, about two years ago, was circulated in Ohio:
+
+    "THREE HUNDRED DOLLAR'S REWARD.
+
+    "_Run away_ from James Kendall, in Bourbon County, Ky., to whom
+    he was hired the present year, on Saturday night last, the 14th
+    instant, a negro man, named Somerset, about twenty-six years of
+    age, five feet, seven or eight inches high, of a dark copper
+    color, having a deep scar on his right cheek, occasioned by a
+    burn, stout made, countenance bold and determined, and voice
+    coarse. His clothing it is thought unnecessary to describe, as
+    he may have already changed it.
+
+    "ALSO,
+
+    "From E. Muir, of the same county, on the same night, (and
+    supposed to have gone in company,) a negro man, named Bob, about
+    twenty-nine years old, near six feet high, weighing about 180 or
+    90 pounds, of a dark copper color, of a pleasant countenance,
+    uncommonly smooth face, and a remarkable small hand for a negro
+    of his size. He spells and reads a little. His clothing was a
+    greenish jean coat and black cloth pantaloons.
+
+    "We will give the above reward for the delivery of said negroes
+    to the undersigned, or their confinement in jail, so that we get
+    them; or 150 dollars for either of them, if taken out of the
+    State, or 100 dollars for them, or 50 dollars for either, if
+    taken out of the county, and in the State.
+
+    "HENRY CLAY, Senior,
+
+    "E. MUIR.
+
+    "_Bourbon Co. Ky., Sept_. 17, 1839."
+
+]
+
+On leaving the Senate House, we drove to a slave-dealer's establishment,
+near at hand, and within sight of the _Capitol_. I have given some
+particulars of this visit elsewhere, which I need not repeat. I cast my
+eye on some portraits and caricatures of abolitionists, British and
+American, among whom Daniel O'Connell figured in association with Arthur
+Tappan, and the ex-president Adams. The young man in charge of the
+establishment began to explain them, for our amusement; on which, one of
+my companions pointed to me, and informed him I was an English
+abolitionist. He looked uneasy at our presence, and evidently desirous
+we should not prolong our stay. He told us there were five or six other
+dealers in the city who had no buildings of their own, and who kept
+their slaves here, or at the public city jail, at thirty-four cents per
+diem, the difference in comfort being wholly on the side of the private
+establishments.
+
+We subsequently visited the city jail, to which reference is made in the
+letter below, and were able to confirm this statement from our own
+observation.
+
+We left for Baltimore this afternoon. Although I had not succeeded in
+presenting the address before-mentioned to the President, I little
+regretted the failure, being convinced that it would not be less
+generally read by the public on that account, and in this I have not
+been disappointed. I proceeded at once, the next morning, to
+Philadelphia; and here I concluded to print and publish the following
+letter, which, was sent, through the post, to the President, and to each
+member of the Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+
+    "_To the Abolitionists of the United States_.
+
+    "I was commissioned by the committee of the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society, to present a memorial from them to your
+    President, and proceeded to Washington, a few days ago,
+    accompanied by John G. Whittier, of Massachusetts, and a friend
+    from the State of Delaware.
+
+    "It was my first visit to the seat of legislation of your great
+    republic. On our arrival we went to the House of
+    Representatives, then in session. A member from Maryland was
+    speaking on our entrance, who was the author of a resolution,
+    which had been carried in a former Congress, excluding nearly
+    three millions of your countrymen, on whom every species of
+    wrong and outrage is committed with impunity, from all right of
+    petition, either by them selves or their friends. He was
+    advocating the re-enactment of this very resolution for the
+    present Congress, and stated that he had a letter from your
+    President approving the measure. Although I believe I do not
+    speak too strongly when I say an attempt to enforce such a
+    resolution by any crowned head in the civilized world, would be
+    inevitably followed by a revolution, yet it seemed evident that
+    no small portion of your _present_ members were in favor of it.
+    It was with no ordinary emotion that I saw the venerable
+    ex-president Adams at his post, nobly contending against this
+    violation of the rights of his countrymen, and I could not but
+    regret that, with one or two exceptions, be appeared to find
+    little support from his younger colleagues of the free States.
+
+    "The same day we visited one of the well-known slave-trading
+    establishments at Alexandria. On passing to it we were shewn the
+    costly mansion of its late proprietor, who has lately retired on
+    a large property acquired by the sale of native born Americans.
+    In an open enclosure, with high walls which it is impossible to
+    scale, with a strong iron-barred door, and in which we were told
+    that there were sometimes from three to four hundred persons
+    crowded, we saw about fifty slaves. Amongst the number thus
+    incarcerated was a woman with nine children, who had been
+    cruelly separated from their husband and father, and would
+    probably be shortly sent to New Orleans, where they would never
+    be likely to see him again, and where the mother may be for ever
+    severed from every one of her children, and each of them sold to
+    a separate master. From thence we went to the Alexandria city
+    jail, where we saw a young man who was admitted to be free even
+    by the jailer himself. He had been seized and committed in the
+    hope that he might prove a slave, and that the party detaining
+    him would receive a reward. He had been kept there nearly twelve
+    months because he could not pay the jail fees, and instead of
+    obtaining any redress for false imprisonment, was about to be
+    sold into slavery for a term to reimburse these fees.
+
+    "The next morning I was desirous of handing to the President the
+    memorial, of which the following is a copy:
+
+
+        "'_Address to the President of the United States, from
+        the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+        Society_.
+
+        "'SIR,--As the head of a great Confederacy of States,
+        justly valuing their free constitution and political
+        organization, and tenacious of their rights and their
+        character, the Committee of the British and Foreign
+        Anti-slavery Society, through their esteemed coadjutor
+        and representative, Joseph Sturge, would respectfully
+        approach you in behalf of millions of their fellow-men,
+        held in bondage in the United States. Those millions are
+        denied, not only the immunities enjoyed by the citizens
+        of your great republic generally, and of the equal
+        privileges and the impartial protection of the civil
+        law, but are deprived of their personal rights, so that
+        they cease to be regarded and treated, under your
+        otherwise noble institutions, as MEN, except in the
+        commission of crime, when the utmost rigor of your penal
+        statutes is invoked and enforced against them; but are
+        reduced to the degraded condition of "chattels personal
+        in the hands of their owners and possessors, to _all
+        intents, constructions, and purposes, whatsoever_."
+
+        "'This is the language and the law of slavery; and under
+        this law, guarded with jealousy by their political
+        institutions, the slaveholders of the South rest their
+        claims to property in man But, sir, there are claims
+        anterior to all human laws, and superior to all
+        political institutions, which are immutable in their
+        nature,--claims which are the birthright of every human
+        being, of every clime, and of every color,--claims which
+        God has conferred, and which man cannot destroy without
+        sacrilege, or infringe without sin. Personal liberty is
+        among these, the greatest and best, for it is the root
+        of all other rights, the conservative principle of human
+        associations, the spring of public virtues, and
+        essential to national strength and greatness.
+
+        "'The monstrous and wicked assumption of power by man,
+        over his fellow man, which slavery implies, is alike
+        abhorrent to the moral sense of mankind; to the
+        immutable principles of justice; to the righteous laws
+        of God; and to the benevolent principles of the gospel.
+        It is, therefore, indignantly repudiated by all the
+        fundamental laws of all truly enlightened and civilized
+        communities, and by none more emphatically than by that
+        over which, Sir, it is your honor to preside.
+
+        "'The great doctrine, that God hath "created all men
+        equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights,
+        and that amongst these are life, liberty, and the
+        pursuit of happiness," is affirmed in your Declaration
+        of Independence, and justified in the theory of your
+        constitutional laws. But there is a stain upon your
+        glory; slavery, in its most abject and revolting form,
+        pollutes your soil; the wailings of slaves mingle with
+        your songs of liberty; and the clank of their chains is
+        heard, in horrid discord with the chorus of your
+        triumphs.
+
+        "'The records of your States are not less distinguished
+        by their wise provisions for securing the order and
+        maintaining the institutions of your country, than by
+        their ingenious devices for riveting the chains, and
+        perpetuating the degradation of your colored brethren;
+        their education is branded as a crime against the
+        State--their freedom is dreaded as a blasting
+        pestilence--the bare suggestion of their emancipation is
+        proscribed as treason to the cause of American
+        independence.
+
+        "'These things are uttered in sorrow; for the committee
+        deeply deplore the flagrant inconsistency, so glaringly
+        displayed between the lofty principles embodied in the
+        great charter of your liberties, and the evil practices
+        which have been permitted to grow up under it, to mar
+        its beauty and impair its strength. But it is not on
+        these grounds alone, or chiefly, that they deplore the
+        existence of slavery in the United States. Manifold as
+        are the evils which flow from it--dehumanizing as are
+        its tendencies--fearful as its reaction confessedly is
+        on its supporters,--the reproach of its existence does
+        not terminate on the institutions which gave it birth:
+        the sublime principles and benign spirit of Christianity
+        are dishonored by it. In the light of Divine Truth it
+        stands revealed, in all its hideous deformity, a crime
+        against God,--a daring usurpation of the prerogative and
+        authority of the Most High! It is as a violation of His
+        righteous laws, an outrage on His glorious attributes, a
+        renunciation of the claims of His blessed gospel, that
+        they especially deplore the countenance and support it
+        receives among you; and, in the spirit of Christian love
+        and fraternal solicitude, would counsel its immediate
+        and complete overthrow, as a solemn and imperative duty,
+        the performance of which no sordid reasons should be
+        permitted to retard--no political considerations
+        prevent. Slavery is a sin against God, and ought,
+        therefore, to be abolished.
+
+        "'The utter extinction of slavery, and its sister
+        abomination, the internal slave-trade of the United
+        States, second only in horror and extent to the African,
+        and in some of its features even more revolting, can
+        only be argued, by the philanthropy of this country, on
+        the abstract principles of moral and religious duty; and
+        to those principles the people of your great republic
+        are pledged on the side of freedom beyond every nation
+        in the world!
+
+        "'The negro, by nature our equal, made like ourselves in
+        the image of his Creator, gifted by the same
+        intelligence, impelled by the same passions and
+        affections, and redeemed by the same Savior, is reduced
+        by cupidity and oppression below the level of the brute,
+        spoiled of his humanity, plundered of his rights, and
+        often hurried to a premature grave, the miserable victim
+        of avarice and heedless tyranny! Men have presumptuously
+        dared to wrest from their fellows the most precious of
+        their rights--to intercept as far as they may the bounty
+        and grace of the Almighty--to close the door to their
+        intellectual progress--to shut every avenue to their
+        moral and religious improvement, to stand between them
+        and their Maker! It is against this crime the committee
+        protest as men and as Christians, and earnestly but
+        respectfully call upon you, Sir, to use the influence
+        with which you are invested, to bring it to a peaceful
+        and speedy close; and, may you in closing your public
+        career, in the latest hours of your existence on earth,
+        be consoled with the reflection that you have not
+        despised the afflictions of the afflicted, but that
+        faithful to the trust of your high stewardship, you have
+        been "just, ruling in the fear of the Lord," that you
+        have executed judgment for the oppressed, and have aided
+        in the deliverance of your country from its greatest
+        crime, and its chiefest reproach.
+
+        "'On behalf of the Committee,
+
+        "'THOMAS CLARKSON.
+
+        "'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the
+        Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade throughout the
+        world.
+
+        "'27, _New Broad Street, London, March 5th_, 1841.'
+
+
+    "I thought it most candid to address a letter to the President
+    informing him of the character of the foregoing memorial, rather
+    than take advantage of a merely formal introduction to present
+    it, without a previous explanation. To this letter no reply was
+    received, and no allusion was made to it by the President at a
+    subsequent introduction, which we had to him. It may be proper
+    to mention in this connection, that memorials of a similar
+    character, bearing upon slavery and the slave-trade, signed by
+    the venerable Clarkson, have been presented to different Heads
+    of Governments, in other parts of the world, and have been
+    uniformly received with marked respect.
+
+    "Previous to our departure, we visited a private slave-trading
+    establishment in the city, and looked in upon a group of human
+    beings herded together like cattle for the market, within an
+    enclosure of high brick walls surrounding the jail. The young
+    man in attendance, informed us that there were five or six other
+    regular slave-dealers in the city, who, having no jails of their
+    own, either placed their slaves at this establishment, or in the
+    public CITY PRISON. The former was generally preferred, on
+    account of its superior accommodations in respect to food and
+    lodging. On my making some remarks to the young man on the
+    nature of his occupation, he significantly, and as I think, very
+    justly replied, that he knew of no reasons for condemning
+    slave-traders, which did not equally apply to slave-holders. You
+    will bear in mind that this was said within view of the Capitol,
+    where slave-holders control your national legislation, and
+    within a few minutes' walk of that mansion where a slave-holder
+    sits in the presidential chair, placed there by your votes; and
+    it is certainly no marvel, that, with such high examples in his
+    favor, the humble slave-dealer of the District should feel
+    himself in honorable company, and really regard his occupation
+    as one of respectability and public utility.
+
+    "From thence we proceeded to the city prison, an old and
+    loathsome building, where we examined two ranges of small stone
+    cells, in which were a large number of colored prisoners. We
+    noticed five or six in a single cell, barely large enough for a
+    solitary tenant, under a heat as intense as that of the tropics.
+    The keeper stated that in rainy seasons the prison was
+    uncomfortably wet. The place had to us a painful interest, from
+    the fact that here Dr. Crandall, a citizen of the free States,
+    was confined until his health was completely broken down, and
+    was finally released only to find a grave, for the crime of
+    having circulated a pamphlet on emancipation, written by one of
+    the friends who accompanied me.[A] On inquiry of the keeper, he
+    informed us that slaves were admitted into his cells, and kept
+    for their owners at the rate of thirty-four cents per day, and
+    that transfers of them from one master to another sometimes took
+    place during their confinement; thus corroborating the testimony
+    of the keeper of the private jail before mentioned, that this
+    city prison, the property of the people of the United States,
+    and for the rebuilding of which, a large sum of your money has
+    been appropriated, is made use of by the dealers in human beings
+    as a place of deposit and market; and thus you, in common with
+    your fellow citizens, are made indirect participators in a
+    traffic equal in atrocity to that foreign trade, the suppression
+    of which, to use the words of your President in his late
+    message, 'is required by the public honor, and the promptings of
+    humanity.'
+
+    [Footnote A: On being released from prison, Dr. Crandall went to
+    Kingston, Jamaica, to recruit his health. A gentleman of that
+    city, W. Wemyss Anderson, found him in his lodgings, solitary
+    and friendless, and rapidly sinking under his disease. He took
+    him, though a perfect stranger, into his own house; and the last
+    days of Dr. Crandall were soothed by the kind sympathy and
+    attentions of a Christian family. It was also manifest, that he
+    enjoyed the sunshine of inward peace, and the rich consolations
+    of the gospel. His kind host, whom I count it a privilege to
+    call my friend, obeyed, in this instance, the apostolic
+    injunction, and experienced the consequent reward, "Be not
+    forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have
+    entertained angels unawares."]
+
+    "As one who has devoted much of his humble labors to the cause
+    you wish to promote, I perhaps shall be excused for thus stating
+    these facts to you, as they all passed before my personal
+    observation in the course of a few hours. I shall deem it right
+    to publish them in Europe, where I am about shortly to return.
+    Recollect, they all occurred and exist within the District of
+    Columbia, and that those who elect the legislators who uphold
+    the slave system, are justly responsible for it in the sight of
+    God and man. Is it not all the natural consequence of your
+    electing slave-holders and their abettors to the highest offices
+    of your State and nation? Some of your most intelligent citizens
+    have given it as their opinion that fully two-thirds of the
+    whole population of the United States are in favor of the
+    abolition of slavery; and my own observation, since I landed on
+    these shores, not only confirms this opinion, but has convinced
+    me that there is a very rapid accession to their numbers daily
+    taking place; and yet we have the extraordinary fact exhibited
+    to the world, that about two hundred and fifty thousand
+    slave-holders--a large proportion of whom, bankrupt in fortune
+    and reputation, have involved many of the North in their
+    disgrace and ruin--hold in mental bondage the whole population
+    of this great republic, who permit themselves to be involved in
+    the common disgrace of presenting a spectacle of national
+    inconsistency altogether without a parallel. I confess that,
+    although an admirer of many of the institutions of your country,
+    and deeply lamenting the evils of my own government, I find it
+    difficult to reply to those who are opposed to any extension of
+    the political rights of Englishmen, when they point to America
+    and say, that where all have a control over the legislation but
+    those who are guilty of a dark skin, slavery and the slave-trade
+    remain not only unmitigated, but continue to extend; and that
+    while there is an onward movement in favor of its extinction,
+    not only in England and France, but even in Cuba and Brazil,
+    American legislators cling to this enormous evil, without
+    attempting to relax or mitigate its horrors. Allow me,
+    therefore, to appeal to you by every motive which attaches you
+    to your country, seriously to consider how far you are
+    accountable for this state of things, by want of a faithful
+    discharge of those duties for which every member of a republican
+    government is so deeply responsible; and may I not express the
+    hope that, on all future occasions, you will take care to
+    promote the election of none as your representatives who will
+    not _practically_ act upon the principle that in every clime,
+    and of every color, 'all men are equal?'
+
+    "Your sincere friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_Philadelphia, 6th Month 7th_, 1842."
+
+
+This letter was extensively reprinted, not only in the anti-slavery but
+in pro-slavery newspapers, both in the North and South. In the numerous
+angry comments upon it, no attempt that has come to my knowledge was
+made to deny any one of my statements. One of the papers intimates that
+the vote by which the house soon after refused to adopt a specific and
+exclusive rule against abolition petitions, was brought about by "the
+sinister influence of Mr. Sturge." I need not add how happy I should
+have been to have possessed the influence with which this writer has so
+liberally invested me, and that I should have regarded it as a talent to
+be employed and improved to the very utmost.
+
+I spent from the 5th to the 11th of the Sixth Month, (June) in
+Philadelphia and the vicinity, during which time, I made numerous calls,
+and met several large parties in private.
+
+During this stay, in company with John G. Whittier, I paid a visit to my
+excellent friend, Abraham L. Pennock, at his residence in Haverford,
+Delaware county, about ten miles from the city. He is an influential
+member of the Society of Friends, and until recently he has been a
+resident in the city. He has, for many years, been an uncompromising
+abolitionist, and an active member and officer of anti-slavery
+societies; yet he appears to enjoy the respect and confidence not only
+of his anti-slavery associates, but of the Society of Friends, and the
+community generally. I found him a warm advocate, in practice as well as
+theory, of entire abstinence from the products of slave labor, as well
+as of independent political action on the part of abolitionists. He
+expressed much regret that he was unable to attend the General
+Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, and gave his cordial approbation to
+its proceedings.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix H.]
+
+We reluctantly bade farewell to our kind friend and his interesting
+family, all the members of which appear to share his zeal and untiring
+devotion to the cause of the oppressed, and returned to our lodgings in
+the city. Even now I look back to this visit as among the most grateful
+recollections of my sojourn in the United States.
+
+I may mention, in this connection, that A.L. Pennock, as well as others
+with whom I conversed on the subject, spoke with much regret of the want
+of faithfulness on the part of members of the Society of Friends, in
+maintaining their testimony against slavery, while exercising their
+civil rights as citizens and electors. From all I could learn, I have
+been led to fear that "Friends" in the United States, with few
+exceptions, are in the practice of voting for public officers, without
+reference to their sentiments on the important subject of slavery. At
+the late Presidential election it is very evident that the great body of
+"Friends" who took any part in it, voted for John Tyler, the
+slaveholder.
+
+Among the active friends of emancipation, who occupy a high station in
+our society, I can scarcely omit mentioning Enoch Lewis, of Chester
+county, Pennsylvania, whose talents and literary acquirements, devoted
+as they are, to the maintenance and promulgation of the principles and
+Christian testimonies of our religious society, deservedly command a
+high degree of respect.
+
+Among the members of the society which have separated from "Friends" in
+Philadelphia and elsewhere, I met with many warm and steady friends of
+emancipation, some of whom have proved their sincerity by great
+sacrifices. Amongst these I cannot omit mentioning James and Lucretia
+Mott, James Wood, Dr. Isaac Parish, and Thomas Earle, of this city.
+
+I republished in Philadelphia, with the permission of the author, in two
+separate pamphlets, for distribution amongst those to whom it was
+addressed, "A Letter to the Clergy of various Denominations, and to the
+Slave-holding Planters in the Southern parts of the United States of
+America, by Thomas Clarkson." This remarkable production was written
+after its venerable author had attained his eightieth year, and has been
+pronounced by a very competent judge the most vigorous production of his
+pen. As its circulation had but just commenced when I left the United
+States, I could not judge of the effect produced by this energetic
+appeal from one whose name must command respect, even from the
+slave-holders; but I have since been informed it has been read with
+interest and attention.
+
+I had several conferences with "Friends" who were interested in the
+cause, to discuss the best mode of engaging the members of the Society
+to unite their efforts on behalf of the oppressed and suffering slaves;
+and though no immediate steps were resolved on, yet I found so much good
+feeling in many of them, that I cannot but entertain a hope, that fruit
+will hereafter appear. I had spent much of my time and labor in
+Philadelphia, particularly among that numerous and influential body with
+whom I am united in a common bond of religious belief, and I trust of
+Christian affection. Of the kindness and hospitality I experienced I
+shall ever retain a grateful recollection; yet I finally took my leave
+of this city, under feelings of sorrow and depression that so many of
+the very class of Christian professors who once took the lead in efforts
+for the abolition of slavery, efforts evidently attended with the favor
+and sanction of the Most High, should now be discouraging, and holding
+back their members from taking part in so righteous a cause. Among the
+warmest friends of the slave, sound both in feeling and sentiment, are a
+few venerable individuals who are now standing on the brink of the
+grave, and whose places, among the present generation, I could not
+conceal from myself, there were but few fully prepared to occupy. I had
+found in many Friends much passive anti-slavery feeling, and was to some
+extent cheered by the discovery. May a due sense of their responsibility
+rest upon every follower of Christ, to remember them that are in bonds,
+and under affliction, not only with a passive, but with an active and
+self-denying sympathy, a sympathy that makes common cause with its
+object.
+
+Apart from the fact, that Philadelphia is one of the most beautiful
+cities in the world, to a member of the Society of Friends it must ever
+be an object of peculiar interest. Here William Penn made his great
+experiment of a Christian government. Here, to the annual assemblies of
+Friends, came Warner Mifflin, and John Woolman, and James Pemberton, and
+George Dillwyn, and other worthies of the past, who have now gone from
+works to rewards. A few miles distant, in Frankford, is still to be seen
+the residence of the excellent Thomas Chalkley. Here Benezet
+exemplified, in the simplicity, humility, and untiring benevolence of
+his daily life, the lessons inculcated in his writings. And here, at
+this day, are a larger number of members of our religious society than
+can be found congregated elsewhere, within an equal space of territory.
+They are, in general, in easy circumstances, many of them wealthy, and
+occupying a high rank in the community.
+
+Who can recur, without a lively feeling of interest, to the hopes and
+prayers of the benevolent founder of the city, as expressed in affecting
+terms in his farewell letter, written as he was about taking his final
+departure for England.
+
+
+    "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this province,
+    named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what service,
+    and what travail has there been to bring thee forth, and
+    preserve thee from such as would defile thee! Oh, that thou
+    mayest be kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee! that
+    faithful to the God of Mercies, in a life of righteousness, thou
+    mayest be preserved to the end!"
+
+
+On the 11th, with John G. Whittier, I left for New York, and the next
+day we proceeded by steam packet to Newport, on Rhode Island, to attend
+the New England yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, which was to
+be held the next week. We arrived about seven o'clock in the morning. I
+found the change of climate particularly refreshing and agreeable.
+During the last fortnight, the range of the thermometer had frequently
+reached 94 degrees or 96 degrees in the shade: a tropical heat, without
+those alleviations which render the heat of the tropics not only
+tolerable, but sometimes delightful. In Rhode Island, the climate, while
+we were there, was almost as temperate as an English summer.
+
+Some parts of the New England States are much resorted to by southern
+families of wealth; and their annual migrations have the effect of
+materially adding to the vast amount of complicated pro-slavery
+interests which exist in the free States, as well as of diffusing
+pro-slavery opinions and feelings throughout the entire community. We
+may hope this current will soon set in the opposite direction. The
+season was too early for the arrival of these visitors, and the hotels
+were generally filled with "Friends," collected from near and distant
+places, to attend the yearly meeting. There were upwards of a hundred
+boarding at the same house with ourselves. Soon after our arrival I
+addressed a letter, making the same application for the use of the
+meeting house for my friend, John Candler, who was also here, and
+myself, which had been complied with at New York, forwarding at the same
+time my credentials. My request, however, in this instance was not
+granted. Yet there was plainly a willingness on the part of many to
+receive information, and we caused it to be known that we should be at
+home at our hotel, on the evening of the sixteenth. About two hundred
+friends assembled, and appeared interested in a brief outline of the
+state and prospects of the cause in Europe which I endeavored to give
+them.
+
+The subject of slavery was brought before the yearly meeting by a
+proposition from one of its subordinate, or "quarterly meetings," to
+encourage more action, on the part of the society, for its abolition. A
+proposal was immediately made, and assented to without discussion, that
+the consideration of it should be referred to a committee. On the
+reading of the address on slavery from the London yearly meeting, it
+was, in like manner, immediately proposed and agreed to, that it should
+be referred to the same committee. At a subsequent sitting, this
+committee reported, that they should recommend the whole subject to be
+left under the care of their "Meeting for Sufferings," which was
+adopted. With the exception of reading the documents, and going through
+the necessary forms of business, these proceedings passed almost in
+silence; yet, in the several epistles drawn up to be forwarded to the
+other yearly meetings, allusion was made to the deep exercise of Friends
+at this meeting, on the subject of slavery, and their strong desire and
+wish to encourage others to embrace every right opening for promoting
+its abolition; with a plain intimation, however, in their epistle to
+Great Britain, of their disapproval of Friends uniting with any of the
+anti-slavery associations of the day. These passages in the epistles
+passed without remark or objection. The Meeting for Sufferings, of Rhode
+Island, has thus virtually undertaken to do, or at least to originate,
+all that is to be done, during the present year, by Friends of New
+England, to help the helpless, and to relieve the oppressed slaves.
+Sincerely do I desire, that it may not incur the responsibility of
+neglecting so solemn a charge. I subsequently met, on board the steamer
+in which we left Newport, many members of this body; with one of whom I
+had some conversation, in the presence of other Friends, to whom I felt
+it right to state, that the declarations of sympathy for the slaves, in
+the epistles which had been sent out, were stronger, in my judgment,
+than was justified by any thing which had been expressed, or had been
+manifested, in the Yearly Meeting. This conviction I yet retain. I
+afterwards obtained some authentic extracts from the laws of Rhode
+Island, affecting the people of color, and under which slavery is very
+distinctly recognized and sanctioned, even in this _free_ State. I felt
+it my duty to forward a copy of these to the "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+accompanied by the following letter:--
+
+
+    "_To the Meeting for Sufferings of New England_
+
+    _Yearly Meeting of Friends._
+
+    "On passing through Providence, from the Yearly Meeting at Rhode
+    Island, a solicitor of that place kindly furnished me with the
+    annexed extracts from the laws of the State of Rhode Island. I
+    thought it best to send a copy to you, as it is probable some
+    members of your meeting may not be aware of their precise
+    nature; and it is a source of regret to me, and I know it will
+    be so to my friends in England, to know that in the State in
+    which your Yearly Meeting is held, slavery is fully legalized,
+    if the slaves are the property of persons not actually citizens
+    of that place;--the most odious distinctions of color also
+    remain on the statute book, including one (Section 10, No. 2,)
+    which is a disgrace to any civilized community. I may add, that
+    two very respectable solicitors in Providence expressed their
+    decided opinion, that if Friends heartily promoted the repeal of
+    these obnoxious laws, which throw all the moral influence of the
+    State on the side of slavery, it might easily be accomplished. I
+    cannot but hope the subject will receive your prompt attention.
+
+    "Truly your friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+
+To soften the impression which I fear the preceding detail will give, I
+may remark, that I am convinced, from extensive private communication
+with Friends in New England, that there is yet among them much genuine
+anti-slavery feeling, especially where the deadening commercial
+intercourse with the South does not operate; and though, at present,
+with some bright individual exceptions, this is a talent for the most
+part hidden or unemployed, I trust that many faithful laborers in this
+great cause will yet be found among them.
+
+During our stay in Rhode Island, we twice visited Dr. Channing, at his
+summer residence, a few miles from Newport. The delicacy which ought
+ever to protect unreserved social intercourse, forbids me to enrich my
+narrative with any detail of his enlightened and comprehensive
+sentiments; yet I cannot but add, that, widely differing from him as I
+do, on many important points, I was both deeply interested and
+instructed by his modest candor and sincerity, and by the spirit of
+charity with which he appeared habitually to regard those of opposite
+opinions. Our conversation embraced various topics. I may be allowed to
+mention, that he highly approved of Judge Jay's suggestion for the
+promotion of permanent international peace. He also made a practical
+suggestion on the anti-slavery movement, which I trust will be acted
+on--That petitions should be sent to Congress, praying that the free
+States should be relieved from all direct or indirect support of
+slavery. As the South has loudly complained of Northern interference,
+this will be taking the planters on their own ground.
+
+Sixth Month, (June) 19th.--We went on to New Bedford, where, the next
+day, we called on a number of persons friendly to abolition, and met a
+large party of them the same evening, at the house of a Friend. A public
+meeting for worship was appointed during our stay, at the request of a
+minister of the Society of Friends from Indiana, which we attended. I
+had the pleasure of witnessing the colored part of the audience, placed
+on a level, and sitting promiscuously with the white, the only
+opportunity I had of making such an observation in the United States;
+as, on ordinary occasions, the colored people rarely attend Friends'
+meetings. One of the waiters at our hotel told me he had escaped from
+slavery some years before. The idea of running away had been first
+suggested to his mind, by reflecting on his hard lot, being over-worked,
+and kept without a sufficiency of food, and cruelly beaten, while his
+owner was living in luxury and idleness, on the fruits of his labor. He
+had been flogged for merely speaking to one of his master's visitors, in
+reply to a question, because it was suspected he had divulged matter
+that his master did not wish the stranger to know.
+
+On the 21st, we arrived at Boston, and stopped at the Marlborough hotel.
+One of the first things noticed by a visitor to the States is the number
+and extent of the hotels, almost all of which are on the principle of
+the English boarding houses. Besides the number of casual visitors in a
+population which travels from place to place, perhaps more than any
+other in the world, the hotels are the permanent homes of a numerous and
+important class of unmarried men, engaged in business, and often indeed
+of young married persons, who choose to avoid expense and the cares of
+housekeeping. At many, if not most of the hotels, cleanliness,
+regularity, and order, pervade all the arrangements, and as much comfort
+is to be found as is compatible with throng and publicity. Still the
+domestic charm of private life is wanting, and its absence renders the
+system of constant residence most uncongenial to English habits and
+feelings. An unsocial reserve lies on the surface of English character,
+and the love of privacy, or at least of a retirement which can be closed
+and expanded at will, is an extensive and deep-seated feeling. Yet the
+Anglo-American, even of the purest descent, has early lost the latter
+characteristic, while he often retains the first unimpaired. What law
+governs the hereditary transmission of such traits? Several first rate
+hotels in New England are strictly on the temperance plan, and among
+them is the Marlborough, in Boston, the second in extent of business in
+this important city, and which makes up from one hundred to two hundred
+beds. No intoxicating liquor of any kind can be had in the house.
+Printed notices are also hung up in the bed rooms, that it is the
+established rule to take in no fresh company and to receive no accounts
+on the first day of the week, and the cooking and other preparations are
+as much as possible performed before hand, that the servants may enjoy
+the day of rest, and partake of the moral and Spiritual benefit of a
+weekly pause from the whirl and turmoil of secular engagements.
+
+I had scarcely ventured to hope that I should ever witness a large hotel
+like this, conducted on such principles; but having now seen it, it adds
+additional strength to my conviction, that in proportion as Christianity
+is carried out in common life, in the same proportion is the lost
+happiness of man recovered. Too many in the present day, who are not
+behind-hand in profession, keep their principles more for show than use.
+They acknowledge the purity of them, and have some faint perception of
+their moral beauty, but secretly believe, and sometimes, openly avow
+them to be impracticable in the present state of the world. They who
+exhibit proof of the contrary, are benefactors to their fellow men; and
+among these, justly deserves to be classed Nathaniel Rogers, the
+proprietor of the Marlborough Hotel, in Boston.
+
+We called upon several of our anti-slavery friends on the day of our
+arrival, and in the evening, took tea with a number of those who approve
+of the proceedings of the London Convention, and who concur in the
+principles of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The subjects
+discussed were the time and place of a future convention of the friends
+of the slave of different nations. London was unanimously approved as
+the place, and the preponderance of sentiment was in favor of 1842 as
+the time.
+
+On the 22d we went on to Lynn. Here are a very considerable number of
+the Society of Friends, who are desirous of taking part in active
+anti-slavery exertion, when they can do so without compromise of
+principle. It is greatly to be regretted that in this vicinity, a few
+individuals, formerly members of our religious society, have embraced,
+in connection with their abolition views, the doctrines of
+non-resistance, or non-government, in church and state, and thus greatly
+added to the difficulties in the way of efficient action on the part of
+consistent members; but whatever may be the errors and indiscretions of
+these individuals, they furnish no valid excuse for the apathy and
+inaction on the part of "Friends," nor lessen, in the slightest degree,
+their responsibility for the firm and faithful maintenance of our
+Christian testimony against oppression. We proceeded, the same evening,
+to Amesbury, where the family of my friend and companion John G.
+Whittier reside, in whose hospitable and tranquil retreat we remained
+till the 25th. Here I found myself in a manufacturing district, and paid
+a visit to a large woollen mill, and was much pleased with the
+cleanliness and order displayed, and with the evident comfort and
+prosperity of the working people, who are chiefly young women, none of
+whom are admitted under sixteen years of age. Any person given to
+intoxication would be instantly discharged. All the manufactories in
+this place are joint-stock companies, and the mills are worked by water
+power, of which there is an abundant supply.
+
+I had agreed, on my return to Boston, to meet my abolition friends at a
+tea party, and found an entertainment provided from the Marlborough
+Hotel, in a large room adjoining one of the chapels, on a scale of great
+profusion, a little to my disappointment, as I had anticipated one of a
+social rather than of a public character, though I could not but feel
+the kindness which it was intended to manifest. Charles Stewart Renshaw,
+from Jamaica, was opportunely present, and his information on the state
+of that Island added much interest to the evening, the proceedings of
+which, I hope, gave pretty general satisfaction. In condescension to my
+wish, my valued friend, Nathaniel Colver, suggested to the company to
+dispense with the usual form of public prayer, and substitute an
+interval of silence, after the reading of a portion of scripture, which
+was kindly complied with.
+
+Before leaving Boston, I had a long interview with William Lloyd
+Garrison. His view of "women's rights" is so far a matter of conscience
+with him, as to be made an indispensable term of union; yet though
+widely differing on this, and other important points, we parted, I
+trust, as we met, on personally friendly terms; and certainly on my part
+with a desire to promote a spirit of forbearance, and with a deeper and
+stronger conviction that the friends of the bleeding and oppressed
+slave, should not spend their strength in unprofitable contention upon
+points in regard to which both parties claim to act conscientiously,
+while the common cause requires their undivided energies.
+
+On the 28th I left Boston for the beautiful town of Worcester, about
+forty miles distant, on the principal line of railway to New York, where
+I had the pleasure of visiting, at his own residence, my friend, Cyrus
+P. Grosvenor, one of the delegates to the Anti-Slavery Convention last
+year. There are here a considerable number of sincere abolitionists, of
+whom we met a small company in the evening, in a room used as the
+Friends' meeting house. I gave them a brief account of the state of the
+anti-slavery cause in other parts of the world. In company with John M.
+Earle, editor of one of the Worcester papers, with whom I had formed a
+previous acquaintance at the Yearly Meeting, I also called on the
+Governor of the State of Massachusetts, who resides in this place. We
+had some friendly conversation, but he seemed cautious on the subject of
+abolition. The temperance cause in Worcester has made so much progress
+that at the three largest and best hotels, which make up nearly one
+hundred beds each, no intoxicating liquor of any kind is sold. A people
+thus willing to carry out their convictions, to the sacrifice of
+prejudice, appetite, and apparent self-interest, cannot long remain a
+nation of slave-holders. In common with the rest of New England, this
+town is remarkable for the number, size, and beauty of its places of
+worship. I calculated, with the aid of a well-informed inhabitant, that
+if the entire population were to go to a place of worship, at the same
+hour, in the same day, there would be ample accommodation, and room to
+spare. Yet here there is no compulsory tax to build churches, and
+maintain ministers. By the efficacy of the voluntary principle alone is
+this state of things produced.
+
+My dear friend, John G. Whittier returned home from Worcester on account
+of increased indisposition, while I proceeded alone to New York. The
+journey from Boston to the latter city is a remarkably pleasant one.
+Leaving Boston at four in the afternoon, we proceed on one of the best
+railways in the States, at the rate of upwards of twenty miles an hour,
+through a very beautiful and generally well cultivated country, to the
+city of Norwich, in the State of Connecticut, where the train arrives
+about eight in the evening, and the passengers immediately embark on a
+handsome steamer, for New York, enjoying, as long as daylight lasts, the
+fine scenery on the banks of the Thames. The night I went was moonlight;
+and, after long enjoying the coolness of the evening on deck, the
+company retired to their berths, and arrived at New York at the
+seasonable hour of six the following morning.
+
+I remained in New York until the 7th of the Seventh Month (July). My
+friends, William Shotwell and wife, had left the city during the hot
+months, but very kindly placed their town house at my service, and I
+found the retirement thus at my command both refreshing and very
+serviceable, in enabling me to bring up arrears of writing. During this
+interval, I spent one very pleasant day with Theodore and Angelina
+Grimke Weld, and their sister, Sarah Grimke, who reside on a small farm,
+a few miles from Newark. To the great majority of my readers these names
+need no introduction; yet, for the benefit of the few, I will briefly
+allude to their past history. When the American Anti-Slavery Society was
+formed, in 1833, Theodore D. Weld was at the Lane Seminary, near
+Cincinnati, Ohio. He was unable to attend on that occasion, but wrote a
+letter, declaring his entire sympathy with its object. Soon after,
+through the influence and exertions of himself and Henry B. Stanton, a
+large majority of the students at Lane Seminary, comprising several
+slave-holders and sons of slave-holders, became members of an
+Anti-Slavery Society. The Faculty opposed the formation of this society,
+and finally expelled its members from the seminary. For two or three
+years after, Theodore Weld was engaged in anti-slavery effort,
+principally in the States of Ohio and New York. His voice failed at
+last, and for several years he was unable to address a public assembly.
+Angelina Grimke Weld, and her sister, Sarah Grimke, were natives of
+South Carolina, the daughters of a distinguished Judge of that State;
+for several years they resided in Philadelphia. Having long felt a deep
+interest in the condition of the slaves, in the year 1837 they, in
+accordance with what they believed to be a sense of religious duty,
+visited New York and New England, to plead the cause of those, with
+whose sorrows, degradation, and cruel sufferings, they had been familiar
+in their native State. They are evidently women of superior endowments,
+kind-hearted and energetic, and still retain something of the warmth and
+fervor of character peculiar to the South.
+
+Few, even of the well informed abolitionists of England, have an
+adequate idea of the extent, variety, and excellence of the anti-slavery
+literature of the United States, or of the amount of intellectual power
+which has been willingly consecrated to this service. Of the cause
+itself, with all its exigencies, we may adopt, in a yet more limited
+sense, the sentiment of the Christian poet, on the transient nature of
+all sublunary things,
+
+  "These, therefore, are occasional, and pass."
+
+
+The time approaches when the shackles of the slave will fall off--when
+his suffering and despairing cry will be no more heard. Slavery itself
+is a temporary exigency; but its removal has called, and will yet call
+forth, works bearing the impress of intellectual supremacy, which will
+be embodied in the permanent literature of the age, and will contribute
+to raise the character, and to extend the reputation, of that
+literature. The names of Channing, Jay, Child, Green, and Pierpont, are
+already their own passport to fame. Other names might be mentioned; but,
+one instance excepted, selection might be invidious. That exception is
+Theodore D. Weld, whose palm of superiority few would be disposed to
+contest. His principal works are, "The Bible against Slavery;" "Power of
+Congress over Slavery in the District of Columbia;" and "Slavery as it
+is."
+
+All his writings are marked by varied excellence; yet their chief
+characteristic is an irresistible and overwhelming power of argument.
+Although brief and compressed in style, he exhausts his subject; and his
+two principal works, though on warmly controverted topics, have never
+been replied to. He would be a bold antagonist who should enter the
+lists against him: he would be a yet bolder ally who should attempt to
+go over the same ground, or to do better what has been done so well.
+
+One of the most voluminous and popular writers that ever lived, observed
+to a friend, "that he was more proud of his compositions for manure,
+than of any other compositions with which he had any concern." My
+friend, has the same love of rural occupations, and has found severe
+manual labor essential for the recovery of health, broken by labor of
+another kind. I found him at work on his farm, driving his own wagon and
+oxen, with a load of rails. When he had disposed of his freight, we
+mounted the wagon, and drove to his home. Two or three of his
+fellow-students at the Lane Seminary arrived about the same time, and we
+spent the day in agreeable, and, I trust, profitable intercourse. In the
+household arrangements of this distinguished family, Dr. Graham's
+dietetic system is rigidly adopted, which excludes meat, butter, coffee,
+tea, and all intoxicating beverages. I can assure all who may be
+interested to know, that this Roman simplicity of living does not forbid
+enjoyment, when the guest can share with it the affluence of such minds
+as daily meet at their table. The "Graham system," as it is called,
+numbers many adherents in America, who are decided in its praise.
+
+My friends, Theodore D. and Angelina Weld, and Sarah Grimke, sympathize,
+to a considerable extent, with the views on "women's rights," held by
+one section of abolitionists; yet they deeply regret that this, or any
+other extraneous doctrine, should have been made an apple of discord;
+and, since the rise of these unhappy divisions, they have held aloof
+from both the anti-slavery organizations, though, as among the most able
+and successful laborers in the field, they may justly be accounted
+allies by each party. Difference of opinion on these points did not, for
+a moment, interrupt the pleasure of our intercourse; and I could not but
+wish, that those, of whatever party, who are accustomed to judge harshly
+of all who cannot pronounce their "shibboleth," might be instructed by
+the candid, charitable, and peace-loving deportment of Theodore D. Weld.
+
+During my visit to New York, I became acquainted with many who were
+deeply interested in the abolition cause, not a few of whom were members
+of my own religious society. Among these, I may particularly mention my
+venerable friends, Richard Mott and Samuel Parsons. I paid a second
+visit to the residence of the latter at Flushing, but regret to say, I
+found him too unwell to enjoy company.[A] His sons are anxiously
+desirous of furthering the abolition cause on every suitable occasion.
+One evening I spent with a respectable minister, who is a man of color,
+and who assured me that most of the intelligent persons of his class in
+New York approve of the course pursued by the late Convention in London,
+and the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. I saw
+at his house a man who had purchased his freedom for twelve hundred
+dollars, intending to remain in the same State, but, as in a precisely
+similar case already noticed, he afterwards found he had no alternative
+but to emigrate, leaving his still enslaved family behind him, or to be
+again sold into slavery himself, under the laws enacted to drive out
+free people of color. He was trying to raise the large sum of fourteen
+hundred dollars, to purchase his wife and four children.
+
+[Footnote A: This illness terminated fatally. One of his intimate
+friends in this country, has favored me with the following communication
+respecting him. "Samuel Parsons had been from early life, a warm friend
+to the African race; his love of peace rendered him at the first
+accessible to prejudice against the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+through the misrepresentations respecting its violent and rash measures;
+which misrepresentations it was much more easy to believe than to
+investigate. Yet his interest for the negro and colored population of
+the United States continued, and he extended acts of protection and
+kindness towards them, whenever opportunity for it was afforded. In the
+Eleventh Month, last year, I find the following paragraph in one of his
+letters to us, viz. 'Though sensible that I am drawing towards the close
+of time, I cannot avoid taking a deep interest in the moral reformation,
+relative to slavery and intemperance, which is progressing in the earth;
+my son Robert and I look at these publications as they appear, with deep
+solicitude. The proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention of the world,
+and its movements, are of great moment to the whole civilized world. The
+anti-slavery cause, has not, I fear, advanced much the last year; the
+separation in the National Society, and the truckling to the South of
+the politicians of both sides, during the late Presidential election,
+has for a time marred the work; but the anti-slavery banner of a third
+party is still displayed, and it will probably continue to nominate till
+it seriously influences the elections. In the mean time, the individual
+States, one after another, are freeing the colored people from part of
+their civil disabilities. A hard battle is to be fought, but mighty is
+truth, and must prevail.'"]
+
+"The fourth of July," the anniversary of the independence of the United
+States, fell this year on the first day of the week, and was therefore
+celebrated the day following. It is still marked by extravagant
+demonstrations of joy, and often disgraced by scenes of intemperance and
+demoralization. The better part of the community wisely counteract the
+evil, to a great extent, by holding, on the same day, temperance
+meetings, school examinations, opening their places of worship, et cet.
+I accompanied my friend Lewis Tappan to attend an anti-slavery meeting
+at Newark, in which Theodore Weld was expected to take a part for the
+first time after an interval of five years' discontinuance of public
+speaking. Several years before, he had been carried away by the stream
+in crossing a river, and had very narrowly escaped drowning. This
+accident caused an affection of the throat, and eventually disqualified
+him for public labor except with the pen, to which, though deemed a
+great loss at the time by his fellow-laborers in the anti-slavery cause,
+we probably owe the invaluable works before referred to. It was on the
+same anniversary, five years ago, that he had spoken last, a
+circumstance to which he made a touching allusion: he spoke very
+impressively for more than half an hour without serious inconvenience,
+and I hope it may please Providence to restore his ability to plead, as
+he was wont to do with great power, for the cause of the oppressed.
+
+In the afternoon there was a public examination of the scholars
+belonging to the place of worship in which the preceding meeting was
+held, and in connection with this a little incident occurred, which may
+serve to illustrate the state of public feeling. Newark, from its
+extensive trade with the south, is much under pro-slavery influence. But
+the congregation of this chapel are generally anti-slavery, and have
+several colored children in their school. One of these, a little black
+girl, was qualified to take part in the public examination; but this, in
+the estimation of some of the parents of white scholars, and several
+even of the trustees, could not be borne. Others, on the contrary,
+resolved to battle with the prejudice of caste, and to call for her, if
+she were not brought forward; and, finally, I suppose, by way of
+compromise, she was brought on the platform to recite alone, after the
+little scholars who could rejoice in the aristocratic complexion had
+performed their parts, without suffering the indignity of a public
+association with a colored child. Even this was, however, considered a
+victory by the anti-prejudice party.
+
+I left on the seventh for Niagara, being desirous to see the celebrated
+Falls, and to visit some friends living in the western part of this
+State, as well as to find relief from the oppressive and tropical heat.
+I hoped also to fall in with my friends and fellow laborers, J. and M.
+Candler, who had gone with a party in the same direction. I need not
+describe a route so often traversed by Europeans. One of its agreeable
+incidents was an accidental meeting with John Curtis, of Ohio, on his
+way, on a free trade mission, to Great Britain, from motives which I
+believe to be disinterested and philanthropic. His labors, which are
+principally intended to show the evils of our taxes upon food, will not
+be in vain; though he will find many in England, as I found in America,
+who have no ear for truth when it opposes their prejudices or imaginary
+self-interest. He gave me a most cheering account of the march of
+abolition in Ohio, and said he had lately attended a meeting held at the
+invitation of the abolitionists, on the 5th of July, at which there were
+three thousand persons, who had come to the place of meeting in nine
+hundred vehicles of different kinds. He said he had never witnessed a
+more enthusiastic meeting. Another gentleman and his wife made
+themselves known to me, in the railway carriage, as warm abolitionists,
+and spoke favorably of the prospects of the cause in this part of the
+State of New York. The gentleman said he had lately had a discussion
+with a deacon of a church he attended, who defended the admission of
+slave-holders to the communion. On being asked, however, whether he
+would admit sheep-stealers, he acknowledged this was not so great a
+crime as man-stealing, and pleaded no further in favor of
+church-fellowship with slave-holders.
+
+The journey from New York to the Falls of Niagara, a distance of 480
+miles, is performed in about forty-eight hours, and when the railway
+communication is further completed, and the speed raised to the standard
+of the best English lines, it will probably be accomplished in less than
+thirty hours. The railway passed for many miles through the original
+forest, in which I observed very lofty trees, but none of an
+extraordinary girth. In many places the ground was crowded with fallen
+trees, in every stage of decay. I found my friends at the Eagle Hotel,
+at Niagara, where I remained till the twelfth, enjoying with them the
+views and scenery of "the Falls," a spectacle of nature in her grandest
+aspect, which mocks the limited capacity of man to conceive or to
+describe.
+
+On the eleventh, being the first day of the week, we held a meeting for
+worship, at our hotel, and were joined by an Irish lady and her three
+daughters, who had been living here some months. This lady told me she
+was present when M'Leod was arrested in this hotel. From all I have been
+able to learn, there are a number of reckless men on both sides the
+border line, who are anxious to foment war for the sake of plunder; but
+the great bulk of the American people, I am persuaded, are for peace,
+and especially for peace with England, a feeling which time is
+strengthening.
+
+On the twelfth, our whole party left for Buffalo, by railway, getting a
+transient view of Lake Ontario before entering the city. Here we parted
+company, they proceeding to Toronto, by steam packet, and I to Syracuse
+by coach. The American vehicle of this name, carries nine inside
+passengers on three cross seats. It is hung on leather springs, so as to
+be fitted to maintain the shocks of a _corduroy_ road. Wishing to see
+the country, I mounted the box, by the side of the coachman, but at
+times had some difficulty in retaining my seat. The value of land in
+this part of the country, when cleared and in cultivation, I understood
+to be from thirty to fifty dollars per acre. A large breadth of wheat is
+grown, of which the yield is generally good; but this year there will
+be, in many cases, a short crop, from the extreme drought in the two
+preceding months. I went forward from Syracuse to Rochester by railway,
+and thence, with the exception of twelve miles by coach, by the same
+conveyance to Auburn, where we arrived at two o'clock in the morning.
+One of my fellow-passengers had been a soldier in the so-called
+"patriot" army, which enlisted against Santa Anna, in the revolt of
+Texas. He stated, that some planters were emigrating from Mississippi,
+with as many as two hundred "hands," (slaves,) and plainly said, it was
+intended to plant the Anglo-Saxon flag on the walls of Mexico. If half
+what he asserted was true, the worst apprehensions of the abolitionists
+are too likely to be realized by the Texian revolution, and the
+establishment of a new slave-holding power on the vast territory claimed
+by that piratical band of robbers, and forming the South-western
+frontier of the United States.
+
+At Auburn I paid a visit to the celebrated State Prison, and though,
+from want of time to call upon a gentleman in the city for whom I had a
+letter, I was unprovided with an introduction, I was politely admitted
+by the superintendent, who refused to receive the fee customarily paid
+by visitors, when he found, from the entry of my name and address, I was
+an Englishman. I passed through the different workshops, in which nearly
+all handicraft trades are carried on, and very superior work is
+frequently executed by the prisoners. Besides other less complicated
+machines, one complete locomotive engine has been constructed within
+these walls. As the system of discipline adopted here is the same as at
+Sing Sing, also in this State, I defer for the present, any remarks upon
+its character and success.
+
+I left Auburn, in a hired carriage, for Skaneateles, to pay a visit to
+my friend, James Cannings Fuller. He has a rich farm of 156 acres, with
+a good house upon it, about a quarter of a mile west of the large and
+flourishing village of Skaneateles, which overlooks a beautiful lake of
+the same name, sixteen miles in length, and in some places two miles
+wide. James C. Fuller left England about seven years ago, and has
+carried his abolition principles with him to his adopted country. He
+told me that there had been a great change for the better in the public
+mind since his residence in this neighborhood. Abolitionism was once so
+unpopular, that he has been mobbed four times in his own otherwise quiet
+village. On one occasion he was engaged in a public discussion on
+slavery, and a mob so much disturbed the meeting, by the throwing of
+shot, and yells the most discordant the human voice could make, that his
+opponent moved an adjournment, and afterwards accompanied him on his way
+to his own house, with many other persons, as a body-guard. They were
+followed by a large number of other persons, who attempted to throw him
+down, and were very free in the use of missiles and mud; the mob were so
+vociferous, that their shoutings were heard two and a half miles
+distant, many persons leaving their houses to endeavor to ascertain the
+cause of such an uproar. On James C. Fuller's entering his house, the
+mob surrounded his parlor windows, and these would, most probably, have
+been smashed in pieces, and the building defaced, had not one of the
+assailants been seized with a fit, and in that state conveyed into James
+C. Fuller's parlor, where he lay insensible for three quarters of an
+hour. This sudden seizure diverted the attention of the mob from my
+friend and his property to their own companion.
+
+James C. Fuller informed me that mobs in America are generally, if not
+always, instigated by "persons of property and standing;" and the most
+blameable, in his case, were not those who yelled, et cet., et cet., but
+others who prompted the outrage. Happily this state of things is now
+altered: as much order and decorum, with fixed attention, is now
+witnessed at an abolition lecture as at any other lecture; and a colored
+man can now collect a larger meeting in Skaneateles than a white man,
+and the behavior of the audience is attentive, kind, and respectful. My
+friend, John Candler, who was here a fortnight before me, collected a
+large assembly to hear his account of the effects of emancipation in our
+West India Islands, and many expressed themselves much gratified with
+his narrative.
+
+Being anxious to proceed to Peterboro', to visit Gerrit Smith, I
+accepted James C. Fuller's kind offer to take me in his carriage. The
+distance is nearly fifty miles, and the roads were, in some parts, very
+rough; but they intersect a fine country. Much wheat is grown in many
+places, and here the crop appeared generally good.
+
+Having started rather late in the afternoon, we were benighted before we
+reached Manlius Square, where we lodged. Though my kind friend would not
+permit me to pay my share of the bill, yet, to gratify my curiosity, he
+communicated the particulars of the charge, as follows: Half a bushel of
+oats for the horses, 25 cents; supper for two persons, 25 cents; two
+beds, 25 cents; hay and stable-room for the two horses, 25 cents; total,
+one dollar, or about 4s. 2d. sterling.
+
+We arrived at Peterboro' early the following morning, where I remained
+till the sixteenth, at the house of Gerrit Smith. He was once a zealous
+supporter of the Colonization Society, but when convinced of the evil
+character and tendency of that scheme, he withdrew from it, and became a
+warm and able advocate of the immediate abolition of slavery. He is one
+of the few Americans who have inherited large property from their
+parents, and he has contributed to this cause with princely munificence.
+Gerrit Smith and Arthur Tappan have, each on one or more occasions given
+single donations of ten thousand dollars (upwards of two thousand pounds
+sterling) to promote anti-slavery objects. His wife, Ann Carroll Smith,
+who is a native of Maryland, and his daughter, an only child, share in
+my valued friend's ardent sympathy for the sufferings of the slave.
+During my stay, he received a letter from Samuel Worthington, of
+Mississippi, who held in slavery Harriet Russell. Harriet was formerly
+the slave of Ann Carroll Smith, having been given to her when they were
+both children. Ann C. Smith was but twelve years old when, with her
+father's family, she removed from Maryland to New York. Harriet was left
+in Maryland. Shortly after Ann C. Smith's marriage, and when she was
+about eighteen years of age, her brother, James Fitzhugh, of Maryland,
+wrote to ask her to give Harriet to him, stating that she was, or was
+about to be, married to his slave, Samuel Russell. She consented: and
+her brother soon after emigrated to Kentucky, taking Samuel and Harriet
+with him. After this Samuel and Harriet were repeatedly sold.
+
+Some years ago, Gerrit and Ann C. Smith having become deeply impressed
+with the great sin of slavery, were anxious to learn what had become of
+Harriet. But they did not succeed in ascertaining her residence, until
+the letter received during my visit informed them of it, and which also
+stated that Harriet and her husband were living, and that they had
+several children. The price put upon the family was four thousand
+dollars.
+
+James C. Fuller having kindly offered to go into Kentucky, where Samuel
+Worthington then resided, to negotiate with him for the purchase of the
+family, G. Smith gladly accepted the offer of one so well qualified for
+this undertaking. James C. Fuller succeeded in purchasing the family for
+three thousand five hundred dollars, exclusive of his travelling
+expenses, and those of the slave family, which amounted to about two
+hundred and eighty dollars. He has published a very interesting account
+of his journey, in a letter addressed to myself, from which some
+extracts are given in the Appendix.[A] Eighteen months ago, G. and A.C.
+Smith united with other children of her father, the late Col. Fitzhugh,
+in purchasing, at the cost of four thousand dollars, the liberty of ten
+slaves, who, or their parents, were among the slaves of Colonel Fitzhugh
+when he left Maryland. I have recently learned that they are negotiating
+the purchase of the liberty of other slaves, who formerly belonged to
+Colonel Fitzhugh. It is nearly seven years since Gerrit Smith and his
+family adopted the practice of total abstinence from all slave produce,
+thus additionally manifesting the sincerity of those convictions which
+have induced him to contribute so largely of his wealth both to the
+anti-slavery funds, and for the liberation of all slaves with which his
+family property had the most remote connection.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix I.]
+
+Here, I had some expectation of again meeting my friend, James G.
+Birney, who was gone on a journey to Ohio, and is well known to English
+abolitionists, by his able assistance at the great Anti-Slavery
+Convention, as one of its vice-presidents, and by his subsequent labors,
+which are thus acknowledged, on his return to America, by the Committee
+of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:--
+
+
+    "That this committee are deeply sensible of the services
+    rendered to the anti-slavery cause by their esteemed friend and
+    coadjutor, James Gillespie Birney, Esq., whilst in this country,
+    in a course of laborious efforts, in which his accurate and
+    extensive information, his wise and judicious counsels, and his
+    power of calm and convincing statement, have become eminently
+    conspicuous.
+
+    "The committee also take the present occasion to record their
+    sense of his zealous and disinterested labors in defence of the
+    rights of outraged humanity in his own country, during a period
+    of great excitement and opposition: and of the proof he has
+    given of his sincerity, in having twice manumitted the slaves
+    that had come into his possession; a noble example, which they
+    trust others will not be slow to follow."
+
+
+Whilst J.G. Birney was in this country, in addition to his arduous
+labors, in addressing large assemblies in many of the cities of the
+United Kingdom, he prepared and published his excellent work, "The
+American Churches the Bulwark of American Slavery," which is eminently
+deserving of the attentive perusal of all Christian readers. The
+estimation in which James G. Birney is held by American abolitionists,
+is marked by his having been twice unanimously selected by the "Liberty
+Party," as a candidate for the Presidential chair.
+
+I found G. Smith as much interested in the subject of temperance, as in
+that of slavery. No person in the whole of the township in which he
+lives is licensed to sell drams. For an innkeeper to sell a glass of
+spirits, or even of strong beer, is illegal, and exposes him to a heavy
+fine.
+
+The next morning I left early for Utica, where I had the pleasure of
+again meeting the friends I had parted from at Buffalo, with whom I paid
+a visit to the Oneida Institute, about two miles from Utica. This
+college was the first in the United States to throw open its doors to
+students, irrespective of color. It was also one of the earliest
+institutions to combine manual labor with instruction. The principle is
+adopted partly from a motive of economy, but principally because
+intellectual vigor is believed to depend on bodily health, and that
+these can be best secured and preserved by exercise and labor,
+especially out of door and agricultural employments. The labor of the
+students defrays a considerable part of the expense of their support,
+but as the severe pressure of the times has limited the means of many
+liberal benefactors of Oneida, the establishment, which usually
+comprises one hundred young men, is now limited to about one-third of
+the number. Several of these are colored. The Oberlin Institute in Ohio
+is on a much larger scale than this, and is on an equally liberal
+footing with regard to color. I much regretted being unable, from want
+of time, to comply with the urgent request of my friend, Wm. Dawes and
+others, to visit this important and interesting establishment. The
+number of students at Oberlin last year was five hundred and sixty,
+including those in the department for females.
+
+I was much pleased to have the opportunity of becoming further
+acquainted with the President of Oneida, Beriah Green, and with his
+friend, Wm. Goodell, who resides in the neighborhood. Their names will
+be reverenced by the abolitionists of America as long as the memory of
+anti-slavery efforts shall survive. Before we left, we had an
+opportunity of meeting the students together, who appeared much
+interested with my friend John Candler's details of the results of
+emancipation in Jamaica. I was disappointed in not finding at home Alvan
+Stewart, one of the ablest and most zealous friends of the Anti-Slavery
+cause; but Beriah Green kindly accompanied me to call upon several of
+their abolition friends in the city.
+
+My limited time prevented my paying a visit to Henry B. Stanton, who was
+residing not far from Utica, and whose acquaintance I had the pleasure
+of making in England. He also will be remembered for his able assistance
+at the Convention, and by his eloquent addresses at public meetings in
+this country. The following record of his services is made by the
+Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:--
+
+
+    "That this Committee, in taking leave of their friend and
+    fellow-laborer in the cause of universal emancipation, Henry
+    Brewster Stanton, Esq., record their high estimate of the
+    valuable services rendered by him to that cause, whilst in Great
+    Britain, by his eloquent and powerful advocacy; and, in
+    tendering him their thanks, they express their sincere desire
+    for his success in the great work to which he has devoted
+    himself."
+
+
+The name of Henry B. Stanton previously occurs in conjunction with that
+of Theodore D. Weld, as having left Lane Seminary with many other
+students, rather than be silent on the abolition question: becoming from
+that time a strenuous and powerful anti-slavery advocate.
+
+I proceeded in the evening to Albany, and thence to New York the next
+morning; where I remained from the 17th to the 26th instant, and, during
+this time, I put in circulation the following address:--
+
+
+    "_To the Members of the Religious Society of Friends in the
+    United States of America_.
+
+    "Dear Friends,--Having for many years believed it my duty to
+    devote a considerable portion of my time and attention to the
+    promotion of the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade, I
+    have acted in cordial co-operation with the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society since its formation. The principles of that
+    Society may be briefly explained by the following extract from
+    its constitution: 'That so long as slavery exists, there is no
+    reasonable prospect of the annihilation of the slave-trade, and
+    of extinguishing the sale and barter of human beings: that the
+    extinction of slavery and the slave-trade will be attained most
+    effectually by the employment of those means which are of a
+    moral, religious, and pacific character: and that no measures be
+    resorted to by this society in the prosecution of their objects,
+    but such as are in entire accordance with these principles.'
+
+    "My visit to this country had reference, in a great measure, to
+    the objects for which this society was established; but,
+    although I left my native land with the general approbation and
+    full unity of my friends, they concurred with me in opinion,
+    that any _official_ document, beyond a certificate from 'my
+    monthly meeting,' expressive of sympathy with my engagement,
+    might rather obstruct than promote the end I had in view. I was
+    desirous of a personal interchange of sentiment with many of the
+    abolitionists in this land, upon matters having an important
+    bearing upon our future exertions. The warm attachment which I
+    have ever felt to the religious society with which I am
+    connected, and the ready co-operation of its members with their
+    Christian neighbors in promoting this cause in Great Britain,
+    inclined me to embrace every suitable opportunity to communicate
+    with Friends in this country. And I have been encouraged, not
+    only by the great personal kindness I have received from them
+    generally, but also by the lively interest expressed by most, on
+    the subject of emancipation, wherever I have introduced it.
+
+    "A further acquaintance with Friends in the compass of the three
+    or four 'Yearly Meetings,' in which my lot has been cast, and my
+    inquiries respecting the state of the other Yearly Meetings, has
+    convinced me that a large number of their most consistent
+    members, including many aged and universally respected Friends,
+    are desirous of embracing every right opening, both individually
+    and collectively, for the promotion of the abolition cause. And
+    while they are fully aware that there are reasons growing out of
+    the existing state of things, which render great circumspection
+    necessary, they can see no good ground for believing that the
+    manner in which Friends of this country, of a former generation,
+    labored for the liberation of the slave, was not under the
+    guidance of the Spirit of truth.
+
+    "This is now the course pursued by Friends generally in England.
+    That there may be no misapprehension as to the conduct of
+    Friends, with regard to this subject, in Great Britain, I may
+    mention, that I am the bearer of a document expressive of unity
+    with my visit, signed by William Allen, Josiah Forster, William
+    Forster, George Stacey, Samuel Fox, George W. Alexander, and
+    Robert Forster, who declare themselves fellow members with
+    myself of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee. This
+    committee is composed of persons of various religious
+    denominations, amongst whom it will be seen are many of the
+    prominent members of our meeting for sufferings. Upon the list
+    of delegates to the late Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, are
+    the names of nearly one hundred well known Friends, including
+    those of four who are, or have been clerks of the yearly
+    meeting; and the present clerk of that meeting, my esteemed
+    friend, George Stacey, took an active part, and rendered
+    essential service in the Convention. The meeting house in
+    Gracechurch Street was freely granted by Friends in London, who
+    have charge of it, for the use of the Convention, and the
+    concluding sittings of that body were held in it.
+
+    "In fact, Friends generally in England think it their duty to
+    render every aid in their power to the anti-slavery cause,
+    whether in their collective capacity, or individually uniting
+    with their fellow-citizens, when they can do so without any
+    compromise of our religious principles and testimonies. I speak
+    more explicitly on this point, because I have ascertained with
+    much concern, that there is an influential portion of the
+    Society, including, I have no doubt, some sincere abolitionists,
+    who have been so fearful that the testimonies of the Society
+    might suffer by any union with others, that they have not only
+    avoided such a co-operation themselves, but have dissuaded those
+    of their brethren, who have believed it incumbent upon them to
+    act otherwise; and in one 'Yearly Meeting,' at least, I have too
+    much reason to fear they have tacitly, if not actively
+    sanctioned the omission of the names of Friends on meeting
+    appointments,--however consistent in their conduct, and
+    concerned for the welfare of the society--simply because they
+    have felt it their duty to act with persons of other
+    denominations in promoting the abolition of slavery; thus, in
+    appearance at least, throwing the whole weight and influence of
+    the society, in its collective capacity, against a movement,
+    which, although doubtless partaking of the imperfections
+    attendant upon all human instrumentality, has already aroused
+    the whole country to a sense of the wrongs of the slave, and
+    secured to the nominally free colored citizens, in many of the
+    States, rights of which they have been so long and so unjustly
+    deprived.
+
+    "Though I can hardly expect that any thing from one entertaining
+    my view of the subject, can have much weight with those Friends,
+    who, with a full understanding of the heavy responsibility they
+    were assuming, have discountenanced anti-slavery exertions, and
+    the use of our meeting houses, even by consistent members, for
+    the purpose of giving information on the subject:[A] yet, as it
+    has occasioned me no small degree of anxiety, both in reference
+    to the anti-slavery cause, and the Society of Friends itself, I
+    believe I cannot return to my native land with peace of mind,
+    without earnestly and affectionately pressing upon such Friends,
+    the great importance of a careful examination of the ground
+    which they have taken. Our unwearied adversary is sometimes
+    permitted to lead us into the most fearful errors, when he
+    assumes the appearance of an angel of light. And is there not
+    great danger, in encouraging the young and inexperienced to
+    suppose that the maintenance of any of our testimonies may be
+    neglected, except when we feel a Divine intimation to uphold
+    them, and may it not open the door to great laxity in our
+    practice? While I fully believe that the true disciple of Christ
+    will be favored with the immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit
+    whenever it is needful to direct his steps; it appears to me
+    especially important, that, in matters of self-sacrifice and
+    conflicting with our worldly interest or reputation, we should
+    guard against being deluded into a neglect of duty, by waiting
+    for this direct Divine intimation, where the path of duty is
+    obvious and clearly understood, and when testimonies are
+    concerned, which we have long considered it our duty, on all
+    occasions, to support. If, under such a view of the subject, we
+    do believe it our duty to cease to act ourselves, and discourage
+    our brethren from laboring in the cause of the slave; a close
+    self-examination surely is needful, in order to ascertain if we
+    are consistently carrying out the same principle in our daily
+    walk in life--in our mercantile transactions--our investments of
+    property--in our connection with public institutions,--and with
+    political parties.
+
+    [Footnote A: "It is right to state, that I was much encouraged
+    by the lively expression of sympathy in the anti-slavery cause
+    in the Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and New York: that at the
+    former place Friends opened a room at the meeting house for my
+    friend John Candler to give some information on the subject, and
+    at New York the large meeting house was not only readily granted
+    to him and me for the same purpose, but the clerks of the Yearly
+    Meeting kindly gave notice and invited Friends to attend."]
+
+    "It should be borne in perpetual recollection, that we are in no
+    small danger of shrinking from a faithful maintenance of those
+    testimonies which are unpopular with the world, as well as of
+    not seeing our own neglect of duty, while censuring the zeal or
+    supposed indiscretion of others. Besides, if this good cause be
+    really endangered by popular excitement, and the indiscretion of
+    its imprudent advocates, the obligation of consistent Friends to
+    be found at their posts, faithfully maintaining the testimony of
+    truth on its behalf, is greatly increased; and it is under such
+    circumstances that I think I have seen the peculiar advantage
+    and protection to our young friends in England, of having their
+    elder brethren with them, aiding them by their sympathy, as well
+    as by their advice and counsel. I am persuaded that those who
+    are called to occupy the foremost ranks in society cannot be too
+    careful not to impose a burden upon tender consciences, by
+    discouraging, either directly or indirectly, a course of conduct
+    which is sanctioned by the precepts and examples of our Divine
+    Master, lest they alienate from us some of His disciples, and
+    thereby greatly injure the society they are so laudably anxious
+    to 'keep unspotted from the world.'
+
+    "We are told, on the highest authority, that 'by their fruits'
+    we are to judge of the laborers in the Christian vineyard; and,
+    while I am fully aware of the greater difficulties in the way of
+    emancipation _here_, as compared with Great Britain, I have been
+    almost irresistibly led to contrast the difference in the
+    results of the course pursued by Friends in the two countries.
+    In America, during the last twenty-five years, it is evident
+    that slavery and the slave-trade have greatly increased; and
+    even where the members of our society are the most numerous and
+    influential, the prejudice against color is as strong as in any
+    part of the world,[A] and Friends themselves, in many places,
+    are by no means free from this prejudice. In Great Britain,
+    Friends, by society action, and by uniting with their
+    fellow-countrymen, not only contributed, under Providence, in no
+    small degree, to the passage of the act of 1834, for the
+    abolition of slavery in the British West Indies; but, when it
+    was found that the system of apprenticeship which this act
+    introduced, was made an instrument of cruel oppression to the
+    slaves, a renewal of similar labors for about twelve months,
+    resulted in the _complete_ emancipation of our colored brethren
+    in those colonies.
+
+    [Footnote A: "I should, I believe, do wrong to conceal the
+    sorrow which I have felt that the scheme of African
+    colonization, the great support of which, at the present time,
+    appears to be hostility to anti-slavery efforts and an
+    unchristian prejudice against color, still has the sympathy and
+    the active aid of some members of our society."]
+
+    "In closing this letter, I wish to address a few words to that
+    numerous and valuable class of Friends, previously alluded to,
+    with whom I deeply sympathize, who are only deterred from more
+    active exertion by their reluctance to give dissatisfaction to
+    those whom they respect. The sorrow which I feel, under the
+    consideration that, in parting with many of you, we never
+    probably shall meet again in mutability, is softened by the
+    persuasion, that the difficulties by which you are surrounded
+    are lessening, and that some who are now opposing you, will, ere
+    long, join you in efforts, which shall remove from the minds,
+    both of abolitionists and slave-holders, the belief so generally
+    entertained, that the Society of Friends in this country are not
+    earnestly engaged for the _total and immediate_ abolition of
+    slavery. No one regrets more than myself that any friends to the
+    cause of abolition should connect other topics with it, which,
+    however suitable to be discussed on their own merits, must
+    necessarily interfere with this simple and momentous object. You
+    are aware of some of the circumstances which may have led to the
+    state of feeling, with many in our society, which we so much
+    deplore. And it is my fervent desire that none of you, in any
+    steps you may consider it your duty to take, may afford just
+    cause of uneasiness, by any compromise of Christian principle,
+    any improper harshness of language, or by the introduction of
+    any subject not strictly belonging to the anti-slavery cause.
+    Your situation is one of peculiar difficulty and delicacy. Both
+    from a regard to your own religious society and the suffering
+    slave, you have need to exercise great watchfulness, and to
+    cultivate feelings of brotherly love and that 'charity which
+    suffereth long, and is kind.' The beautiful example of John
+    Woolman, in this respect, is worthy of your imitation. His
+    labors were, for years, far less encouraged by the leading
+    influences of society than your own at the present time; yet we
+    find, in reading his invaluable journal, no traces of bitterness
+    or uncharitable feeling.
+
+    "Finally, dear friends of all classes,--In thus freely
+    addressing you, I have written, not only with a strong
+    attachment to our religious society, but, I trust, under a
+    feeling of a degree of that love, which is not confined to
+    geographical boundaries, or affected by color or by clime. The
+    prayer of my heart is, that each of you may be willing to be
+    made instrumental, in the Divine Hand, in faithfully maintaining
+    our Christian testimony against slavery; bearing in mind, that
+    the labors of your ancestors have greatly increased your
+    responsibility, by separating you from those influences which so
+    deaden the feelings and harden the heart against the claims of
+    our brethren in bonds. May these considerations, viewed in
+    connection with the difficulties which obstruct the progress of
+    emancipation in this land, stimulate you to increased exertion;
+    and when you are summoned to the bar of that final tribunal,
+    towards which we are all hastening, may you have the
+    inexpressible consolation of reflecting, that you have performed
+    all you could towards 'undoing the heavy burden and letting the
+    oppressed go free.'
+
+    "I am, very sincerely,
+
+    "Your friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+    "New York, Seventh Month 17th, 1841."
+
+
+The above letter so fully embodies my view of the state of the Society
+in reference to the anti-slavery cause, that I shall think it needless,
+after a few general observations, again recur to this subject. I feel
+bound to acknowledge that this public mode of making my sentiments known
+was disapproved by some Friends; yet of all the objections that were
+made to the proceeding, none tended to impugn the accuracy of my
+representation of the existing state of things. This is approved by
+some, and deplored by others, but my statement has not been denied by
+any. In consequence of a remonstrance made to me on special grounds in
+the kindest and most Christian manner by two beloved friends, I felt
+called upon to subject my motives and conduct, in issuing such an
+address, to deliberate reconsideration; and the result was, that I not
+only felt myself clear of just censure, but that in no other way could I
+have discharged my duty according to my own interpretation of its
+dictates. Of other objectors, I may add, that simply to enumerate their
+reasons, stated to me in private conference, would be the severest
+public animadversion that could be made, either on the individuals
+themselves, or on the Society whose views they professed to represent.
+
+In the present state of this great controversy, the abolitionists may
+justly say, "he that is not with us, is against us," while the
+pro-slavery party can witness, "he that is not against us, is on our
+side." Hence the praise bestowed on the neutrality of the Society of
+Friends by the great slave-holding senator, Henry Clay. Hence also the
+suspicious compliments of the late President Van Buren, the first act of
+whose administration was a pledge to refuse his signature to any bill
+for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. I fear it is
+undeniable that in the last eight years the collective influence of the
+Society has been thrown into the pro-slavery scale, and this
+notwithstanding the existence of much diffused and passive sympathy and
+right feeling on behalf of the slave, in the breasts of probably a large
+majority of individual members. The abolitionists of the United States
+have been treated by too many influential Friends, as well as by the
+leading professors of other denominations, as a party whose contact is
+contamination; yet to a bystander it is plainly obvious that the true
+grounds of offence are not always those ostensibly alleged, but the
+activity, zeal, and success with which they have cleared themselves of
+participation in other men's sins, and by which they have condemned the
+passive acquiescence of a society making a high profession of
+anti-slavery principles. I do not intend to defend all the proceedings
+of the anti-slavery societies. That they have sometimes erred in
+judgment and action,--that they have had unworthy men among their
+members, I have little doubt. But, the same objections might have been
+raised to the old anti-slavery societies, in which the leading Friends
+of the United States took an active part with their neighbors of other
+denominations, and, with far greater force against the Colonization
+Society, which is patronized, even to this day, both by individual
+members and by at least one Meeting of Sufferings.[A] The causes that
+have produced the state of things I have attempted to describe, derive
+their origin, I believe, from one source--inaction. After the Society of
+Friends had purified itself from slave-holding, it gradually subsided
+into a state of rest, and finally lapsed into lethargy and indifference
+on this question. In the world we live in, evil is the quick and
+spontaneous growth, while good is the forced and difficult culture. Good
+principles can only be preserved bright, pure, and efficient, by
+watchful care and constant use; if laid aside, they rust and perish.
+These are the necessary effects of the fall of man by disobedience from
+that state of happiness and holiness in which he was formed by a
+beneficent Creator. In a state of inaction, Friends have been exposed to
+the influences of a corrupt public sentiment; they have, to a
+considerable extent, imbibed the prejudice against color, while some of
+them have been caught by the gilded bait of southern commerce.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix K.]
+
+In a former part of this work I have briefly alluded to that memorable
+reformation, which, in the latter part of the preceding century, purged
+the Society of Friends from the heinous sins of slave trading and
+holding slaves. This reformation in Great Britain, with perhaps a few
+individual exceptions, consisted merely in the adoption of new
+convictions, and the abandonment of lax opinions; but, on the American
+continent, it was sealed by the willing sacrifice of an immense amount
+of property. One can scarcely avoid looking back with regret to times
+when convictions of duty had such power, when Christian principle was
+carried out, whatever the cost. Then, indeed, was exhibited, by the
+American Friends, the fruit of a world-overcoming faith. It must be
+confessed that the present position of their descendants presents an
+unpleasing contrast; yet I trust, that from all I have written, the
+conclusion will be drawn, that I look forward to the future with hope;
+though it is a hope chastened with fear. Next to a fervent desire that
+slavery may be speedily abolished, it is one of the warmest wishes of my
+heart, that the "Society of Friends" in America, may be among the
+chiefly honored agents in accomplishing, in the wisdom and power of
+Jesus Christ, so great a work, thereby contributing to the fulfilment of
+the angelic prophecy of "Glory to God, and good will to man."
+
+I subsequently visited, in company with a colored gentleman, one of the
+principal colored schools in New York, in which there were upwards of
+three hundred children present. All the departments appeared to be
+conducted, under colored teachers, with great order and efficiency, and
+the attainments of the higher classes were very considerable. On the
+whole, this school would bear comparison with any similar school for
+white children which I ever visited.
+
+Having received from Great Britain the minutes of a special meeting of
+the Anti-Slavery Society, called to consider the time of holding a
+second General Convention, I met some of the friends of the cause in New
+York, together with John G. Whittier and Elizur Wright, of Boston, to
+obtain an interchange of their sentiments on the same subject. After
+considerable discussion, they unanimously concluded to leave the
+decision as to the time of holding a future Convention to the London
+Committee--the question of time being the summer of 1842 or 1843.
+
+The numerous persons on whom I called, before leaving New York,
+concurred uniformly in the belief that public opinion was steadily, and
+somewhat rapidly advancing, in favor of emancipation, and that the
+prejudice against color was lessening.
+
+The unanimity I found in the opinion that public feeling in favor of
+peace was continually strengthening, was very encouraging. All whom I
+consulted, approved of the suggestion of Judge Jay, already mentioned,
+though I had no suitable opportunity of obtaining the collective
+sentiments of the friends of peace in New York upon it.
+
+The Secretary of the Vigilance Committee, an association existing in
+several of the Northern cities, formed to aid runaway slaves in escaping
+to a place of safety, as well as to protect the free colored people from
+kidnappers, informed me that the number of slaves who applied for
+assistance was constantly on the increase. He said that, only a few days
+before, a man, who was a preacher of the gospel, who was escaping to
+Canada, called upon him; and on being asked why he was fleeing from
+slavery, he exposed his naked back, lacerated with a recent flogging,
+and said that he had received that punishment for going to his place of
+worship.
+
+On the evening of the 24th I went up the river Hudson to Sing Sing, in
+company with Lewis Tappan. Our object was to spend the next day, which
+was the first day of the week, in this celebrated state prison. We
+lodged at a quiet hotel, on an eminence above the village; and next
+morning, about eight o'clock, we went to the prison, where we were very
+kindly received by the superintendent, J.G. Seymour, and by the
+chaplain. Soon afterwards, we had the opportunity of seeing all the male
+prisoners, about seven hundred and fifty, in the chapel, when they were
+addressed by a minister of the Presbyterian persuasion, whom we had met
+on board the steamer, and whom Lewis Tappan had invited to be there. We
+were informed that about one-third of the prisoners were colored: these
+did not sit separate, but were intermixed with the rest. In general,
+however, the striking language of De Beaumont, a late French traveller
+in the United States, will be found true. "The prejudice against color
+haunts its victim wherever he goes,--in the hospitals where humanity
+suffers,--in the churches where it kneels to God,--_in the prisons where
+it expiates its offences_,--in the grave-yards where it sleeps the last
+sleep."
+
+From hence we proceeded to the female department, where about eighty
+were assembled, some of whom seemed much affected by an address from my
+friend, Lewis Tappan. He told them he saw at least one present who had
+been a scholar in his colored Sabbath School at New York. The white
+women were placed in the front seats, and the colored behind them. We
+next went to the Sabbath School for the male prisoners, held in the
+chapel, where the attendance is general, though perfectly voluntary.
+Twenty-five of the best educated and most orderly prisoners are allowed
+to teach classes: the other teachers were officers of the prison, and
+other persons attracted hither by benevolent motives; and I was told the
+teachers selected among the convicts had not once been detected in the
+abuse of this privilege, by entering into conversation on other topics.
+On the breaking up of the school, Lewis Tappan addressed them, and I
+added a few words. We were kindly invited to dine with the matron. She
+mentioned one instance of complete reformation in a female, which was to
+be attributed she believed, under the Divine blessing, to the ministry
+of Joseph J. Gurney, who visited Sing Sing, in the course of his
+religious labors in the United States.
+
+After dinner we were permitted to visit the male prisoners at their
+cells, list shoes being provided for us that we might walk along the
+galleries without noise. Those who wished to do so, were suffered to
+speak to us through their grated doors, in a low voice. A number
+embraced this opportunity; of the sincere repentance and reformation of
+some of whom, I could scarcely doubt. One prisoner, a man of color,
+appeared to enjoy a state of perfect happiness, under a sense of being
+at peace with his Maker. Another manifested such a feeling of his
+spiritual blessings, and especially of that change of heart he had been
+favored to experience, as scarcely to have a desire for his liberation,
+though his health was visibly sinking under the confinement, and there
+appeared little other prospect but that of his dying in the prison, as
+he had been condemned for ten years, of which three yet remained.
+Several were Englishmen, who were mostly under feigned names, keeping
+their real names secret, from a natural unwillingness to disgrace their
+families. Some of these were men of education, and communicated to me in
+confidence their family names. One referred to gentlemen standing
+deservedly high in the estimation of the British public, as well knowing
+him. Two or three of this class wept much, when speaking of their
+situation, and of the offences that had brought them there.
+
+I gathered from the prisoners themselves that a great change had been
+introduced, both in the affairs and in the management of the prison,
+within the last eighteen months, by the present excellent superintendent
+and chaplain and their coadjutors, and with the happiest effects. The
+former system was one of brutal severity; now, without any relaxation of
+discipline, needless severity is discarded, and the floggings have been
+reduced nine-tenths, the great object being the reformation of the
+prisoners. One of these, speaking of the superintendent and chaplain,
+said: "there was not a prisoner in the jail, but rejoiced to hear the
+sound of their feet."
+
+J.G. Seymour mentioned one of the English prisoners to me, whose heart
+had been softened, and his reformation commenced, through the kindness
+of his prosecutor, who had spent both time and money in endeavoring to
+procure his release. This statement was fully confirmed in an
+interesting conversation I had with the individual himself, who was
+subsequently permitted, as well as another Englishman, to send letters
+by me to their relations in this country.
+
+An extract from the correspondence of one of my unfortunate
+fellow-countrymen, which I am permitted to make, will afford an
+interesting view of the internal administration of the Sing Sing prison,
+by one of its inmates. After alluding to the absolute monotony of prison
+life, he gives one day as a specimen of every day. "Monday morning, the
+large prison bell rings at five o'clock, when we all rise; half an hour
+after, we all go out to work, to our respective shops, till breakfast,
+the keepers all the time seated upon a high seat, overlooking--seeing
+that everything is ordered and going on in a proper manner: no talking
+allowed upon any occasion, or under any pretence whatever. When the
+breakfast-bell rings, we all go in to breakfast, each one to a separate
+room, (which are all numbered, one thousand in all;) every man's
+breakfast is ready for him in his room,--one pint of coffee, with plenty
+of meat, potatoes, and rye bread. After one hour, the prison opens
+again, and we work in a similar manner till twelve--dinner hour--when we
+go in again. Dinner is set ready as before,--an ample quantity of meat,
+potatoes, and bread, with a cup of water, (the best beverage in the
+world--would to God I had never drank any thing else, and I should not
+have been here;) one hour allowed for dinner, when we go out and work
+again till six o'clock, when we come in and are locked up for the night,
+with a large bowl of mush, (hasty pudding with molasses,) the finest
+food in the world, made from Indian meal. Thus passes each day of the
+week. Sundays we rise at the same hour; each man has a clean shirt given
+him in his room, then goes to the kitchen, brings his breakfast in with
+him, the same as before, and is locked up till eight, when Divine
+service is performed by a most worthy and able chaplain. After service,
+through the pious and benevolent efforts of Mr. Seymour, we have an
+excellent Sabbath School. Bible classes, where from three to four
+hundred attend, about half to learn to read, and the others to receive
+instruction in the way to attain everlasting life, under the immediate
+inspection of Mr. Seymour; and I am happy to say, that the greatest
+attention is paid by scholars of both classes: many, very many, know how
+to appreciate the value of these privileges, and benefit by them
+accordingly. Mr. Seymour has obtained a large library for us, and one of
+the prisoners is librarian. At eleven o'clock we are locked up for the
+day, with an extra allowance of food and water sufficient. The librarian
+and an assistant are left open, to distribute the books; that is to go
+to each man's cell, get the book he had the previous Sunday, and give
+him another in exchange, generally supplying them with a small tract, of
+which we mostly have a great plenty."
+
+A large proportion of the prisoners work in a stone quarry without the
+walls; and the most painful sight I saw at Sing Sing were the sentinels
+placed on prominent points commanding the prison, with loaded muskets
+and fixed bayonets, who have orders at once to shoot a convict who may
+attempt to escape, if he does not obey the order to return. I was told,
+however, an occurrence of the kind had not happened for years.
+
+A number of the female domestics in different families in the village of
+Sing Sing, have been prisoners, and are now reformed and generally
+conducting themselves to the entire satisfaction of their employers.
+
+There are few subjects more interesting to a civilized and Christian
+community, than that of prison discipline. It will scarcely, at the
+present day, be denied that the only motives on which, in such a
+government, criminal law can be administered, are the public safety, and
+the reformation of the criminal himself. Vengeance has not been
+delegated to man under the Christian dispensation. It is too evident,
+nevertheless, that the principle of retaliatory punishment, irrespective
+of any considerations of public safety, or the benefit of the offender,
+pervades our criminal jurisprudence, both in theory and practice, and
+just so far as this is the case, is the last great object defeated, for
+his feelings are deadened, and his heart hardened by it. The most
+depraved wretch has that within him which testifies that his fellow worm
+has no right to inflict pain upon him solely as a _punishment_, and his
+heart rebels against what he feels to be oppression. On the more
+enlightened, the effect is equally unfavorable, for he contrasts the
+practice of his persecutors with their profession, and is perhaps
+conducted thereby to infidelity and despair. One of the prisoners at
+Sing Sing, while contrasting the former with the present management,
+said, "We used to hear the gospel preached to us on the Sabbath, but see
+its doctrines trampled upon in all the conduct pursued towards us the
+whole week besides." How different the result where the law of love
+reigns! At Sing Sing there are numerous recent instances where
+conviction on the minds of the prisoners that the authorities of the
+prison have no other object than their temporal and spiritual benefit,
+has softened their hearts, and thereby disposed them to the reception of
+that consoling faith in a crucified Saviour, which is the only
+foundation of true amendment of life. How important is it that all the
+offices in a prison should be filled by persons of true piety; and where
+can such be more usefully employed?
+
+In a former part of this work, I have expressed a somewhat unfavorable
+opinion on "the separate system," adopted in the Philadelphia
+Penitentiary. One of my objections to this system is this, that to
+deprive man so entirely of human society, is to do violence to the
+strongest instinct of his nature, and thereby to inflict suffering far
+more severe than corporeal pain or privation. If the severity of this
+system does not obviously tend to carry out the legitimate objects of
+prison discipline, it cannot be defended. The small number of
+recommittals is no proof of the efficacy of this system; since, in a
+country like the United States, a liberated felon may very easily choose
+another locality for his sphere of action. In favor of the "separate
+system," it is occasionally pleaded that the prisoner is under a veil of
+secresy; and that when he goes forth, neither the censorious public, nor
+his fellow-prisoners, can point him out; and thus, his character being
+comparatively unblemished, he can, with less difficulty, procure
+employment. It is obvious that this would induce, in many cases, a
+degree of dishonest concealment from an employer, and encourage
+dissimulation. It would be much better that the prisoner should depend
+for a situation on the good character which the superintendent would
+give him if reformed; and I was glad to find at Sing Sing guarded
+situations had been procured, in numerous instances, for the liberated
+prisoners, and that their employers, with very little exception,
+represented them to be most valuable servants. I could hear of no case,
+in either of the prisons I visited, of any permanent injury to the
+health of a prisoner from the entire disuse of intoxicating drinks,
+however intemperate their previous habits might have been. The same
+remark is true with regard to tobacco. I will only add, that it is
+notorious that the prison discipline of Great Britain, notwithstanding
+all its recent improvements, is yet lamentably deficient; and that
+though the United States justly claim precedence of us in this respect,
+they have, by no means reached perfection. The greatest deficiency of
+all, however, in each nation, is that of institutions like the
+Philadelphia Refuge, co-extensive with the wants of the community, for
+the reformation of juvenile delinquency; thus suppressing crime in its
+small beginnings. So long as this want is unsupplied, and the juvenile
+offender is contaminated by contact with the hardened criminal, the
+statesmen and those who control the legislatures of both countries,
+dishonor their profession of Christianity.
+
+On the 26th, I accompanied my friends, J. and M. Candler, to the steamer
+which was to convey them on board the "Roscius" packet, to sail for
+Liverpool this afternoon. I afterwards called upon Charles Collins, who,
+for many years past, has dealt exclusively in articles of free labor
+produce, and for which he said he had found the demand to increase of
+late. I am more and more convinced that this branch of the abolition
+question has not received the attention it deserves from the friends of
+the cause. Before leaving New York, I ought not to omit to record a
+visit that was on a previous occasion paid us at our hotel, by William
+Cullen Bryant, whose name on this side of the water is associated with
+some of the most beautiful productions of American literature. He is the
+editor of the _New York Evening Post_, a leading democratic paper, and,
+to his credit be it said, he has always advocated the rights of the
+abolitionists. He has a thin, pale, thought-worn countenance, and his
+manner is quiet and unassuming. I also formed an agreeable acquaintance
+with Lydia Maria Child, known in both hemispheres as one of the most
+pleasing of American writers. She is editor of the _National
+Anti-Slavery Standard_.  Her services in the cause of the slave have
+been of great value, and have been given at the risk of destroying her
+interests and popularity as an author.
+
+I finally quitted this city, in the steamer, for Boston, on the 24th,
+accompanied by John G. Whittier.
+
+I remained in Boston till the first of the Eighth Month, (August) when I
+embarked on board the "Caledonia" steamer for England.--During the
+interval, I made a number of calls upon the abolitionists in Boston;
+and, among others, saw Henry and Maria Chapman and Wendell Phillips; the
+former of whom had just returned from a visit to Hayti, and the latter
+from Europe. I had several interviews with Martha V. and Lucy M. Ball,
+secretaries of the Boston Female Emancipation Society, who have long
+been faithful and laborious abolitionists. I also met, as at New York, a
+number of the friends of the cause, again to consider the best time for
+calling a second general Convention, to whom I read the London minutes
+on that subject. A resolution was unanimously passed, of the same tenor
+as those of New York, lately noticed. While in this city, I had not only
+the pleasure of renewing my intimacy with my friend, Nathaniel Colver,
+who is known to many of the English abolitionists as their valuable and
+cordial coadjutor at the great Convention in London, but of becoming
+acquainted with many zealous and able friends of the slave. One of these
+was Amos A. Phelps, one of those who signed the original declaration
+issued by the American Anti-Slavery Society, on its foundation at
+Philadelphia, in 1833.
+
+We also went to Salem, and met a number of "Friends" who were
+abolitionists, and who appeared desirous to embrace every suitable
+opportunity of promoting the cause.
+
+Salem is a city of about fourteen thousand inhabitants, and I was told
+that the number of its population who went and returned to and from
+Boston, a distance of fourteen miles, weekly, was about five hundred--a
+striking proof of the locomotive energy of the Americans. Their
+gratification, in this respect, has been much facilitated of late by the
+rapid extension of railways. These, with few exceptions, are by no means
+so completely constructed as in England; but, owing to the cheapness of
+land, timber, et cet., and by making the lines generally single, and, on
+the average, the speed of travelling being about one-fourth less than is
+common in England, they answer the purpose of rapid transit, while the
+outlay is about as many dollars per mile as it is sovereigns with us. On
+this railway, and some others in New England, the lines are double, and
+the construction and speed are nearly equal to ours.
+
+I was informed, the proportion of severe accidents is not larger than in
+Great Britain. The carriages are generally built to hold sixty or
+seventy persons, who are seated two by two, one behind another, on
+double rows of seats, ranged across the carriage, with room to walk
+between, along the centre. The carriage in which we returned from Salem
+had twenty-two seats on each side, to contain two each, or, in the
+whole, eighty-eight passengers. Yet the weight of this machine would be
+little more than that of an English first-class carriage, to hold
+eighteen persons, and it cost probably less. Their carriages are well
+ventilated in summer, and warmed by a stove in winter. Locomotive
+engines approach Boston near enough to prevent the use of horses; but,
+on arriving at the distance of a mile or two from New York,
+Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the carriages and passengers are drawn in
+by horses. One carriage is often specially reserved for the ladies on
+the principal lines, into which gentlemen do not usually intrude, unless
+they have ladies under their care. It is common, however, for the latter
+to take their seats in any of the carriages. There is no distinction of
+price, and none of accommodation, except that an inferior and more
+exposed carriage, at the same fare, is purposely provided for persons of
+color; but this disgraceful relic of past times cannot survive long. The
+principal disadvantage that I observed on the American, as compared with
+the English railways, was the delay on meeting other trains, and on
+stopping for them at places where they could pass, and also the sparks
+from the wood, used for fuel instead of coke. On one occasion, my coat
+was set on fire in this way, though I was seated in a covered carriage.
+Very efficient locomotive engines are made in the United States. I
+visited a celebrated manufactory at Philadelphia, which has sent ten to
+England, for the use of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. At the
+time of my visit, they had many orders unexecuted from several European
+governments. As far as my inquiries went, the cost of making them is,
+upon the whole, about the same as in England.
+
+Having been, for several years, a director on the Birmingham and London
+Railway, I felt some interest in these inquiries, and came to the
+conclusion, that there are several arrangements of economy, and some of
+convenience, in the construction and working of railways, which the
+English might borrow with advantage from the United States.
+
+On the 29th instant, the secretary of the Peace Society convened a
+meeting of the members of that society, and of other influential
+gentlemen, including Alden Bradford, late secretary of the State of
+Massachusetts; Robert Rantoul, an eloquent and prominent member of the
+legislature, and S.E. Coues, of New Hampshire,[A] to take into
+consideration the best means of securing permanent international peace.
+A very harmonious and satisfactory discussion took place, and the
+following statement of the proceedings was subsequently handed to me by
+the gentleman who officiated as secretary to the meeting:
+
+[Footnote A: Since elected President of the American Peace Society.]
+
+
+    "A meeting of the friends of peace was held in the city of
+    Boston, on the evening of the 29th day of July, 1841.
+
+    "The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting Mr. Joseph
+    Sturge, from England, and there were present most of the active
+    members of the American Peace Society.
+
+    "Amasa Walker, Esq., was chosen chairman; and J.P. Blanchard,
+    secretary.
+
+    "Mr. Sturge addressed the meeting, and suggested the expediency
+    of calling, at some future time, a Convention of the friends of
+    peace, of different nations, to deliberate upon the best method
+    of adjusting international disputes; and, offered, for the
+    consideration of the meeting, a plan proposed by Judge Jay, in
+    which all the friends of peace could unite.
+
+    "The meeting was then addressed by several gentlemen, who
+    cordially approved the plan proposed, and, subsequently, the
+    following resolutions were unanimously adopted.
+
+    "Resolved,--That this meeting receives with great pleasure the
+    suggestion of our friend Joseph Sturge, of England, of a general
+    conference of the friends of peace, at the earliest practical
+    opportunity, at London, to consult on the measures which are
+    best adapted to promote universal peace among the nations of the
+    earth; and they respectfully refer the subject to the executive
+    committee of the American Peace Society, for their decision, on
+    correspondence and consultation with the friends of the cause in
+    this and other countries.
+
+    "Resolved,--That the suggestion by Judge Jay, of the insertion
+    of a clause in all conventional treaties between nations,
+    mutually binding the parties to submit all international
+    disputes, during the continuance of such treaties, to the
+    arbitration of some one or more friendly powers, presents a
+    definite and practicable object of effort, worthy of the serious
+    attention of the friends of peace. And this meeting recommends
+    to the friends of the cause, in different countries, to petition
+    their respective Governments in favor of the measure."
+
+
+On the 30th, in company with John G. Whittier and C. Stewart Renshaw, I
+went over to Lowell, the chief seat of the woollen and cotton
+manufacture in America. Less than twenty years ago, there were not more
+than forty or fifty houses on the site of this flourishing city, which
+now contains upwards of twenty thousand inhabitants. Its numerous mills
+are all worked by water power, and belong to incorporated joint-stock
+companies. We were obligingly shown over two of the largest woollen and
+cotton factories, where every stage of the manufacture was in process,
+from the cotton, or sheep's wool, to the finished fabric. We also
+visited works, where the printing of cottons is executed in a superior
+style, besides a new process for dyeing cotton in the thread, invented
+by an Englishman, now in the establishment. The following abstract of
+the manufacturing statistics of Lowell, on the first of January, 1841,
+will show the great importance to which this new branch of industry has
+attained with such unprecedented rapidity.
+
+Ten joint-stock companies, with a capital of ten millions of dollars,
+having thirty-two woollen and cotton factories, besides print works, et
+cet., with one hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-eight spindles, and five thousand five hundred and eighty-eight
+looms, employing two thousand one hundred and seventy-two males, and six
+thousand nine hundred and twenty females, who made, in 1840, sixty-five
+millions eight hundred and two thousand four hundred yards of cotton and
+woollen cloths, in which were consumed twenty-one millions four hundred
+and twenty-four thousand pounds of cotton alone.
+
+The average amount earned by the male hands employed, exclusive of their
+board, is four dollars and eighty cents, or about twenty shillings
+sterling per week, and of the females two dollars, or about eight
+shillings and sixpence per week.
+
+But the most striking and gratifying feature of Lowell, is the high
+moral and intellectual condition of its working population. In looking
+over the books of the mills we visited, where the operatives entered
+their names, I observed very few that were not written by themselves;
+certainly not five per cent. of the whole number were signed with a
+mark, and many of these were evidently Irish. It was impossible to go
+through the mills, and notice the respectable appearance and becoming
+and modest deportment of the "factory girls," without forming a very
+favorable estimate of their character and position in society. But it
+would be difficult indeed for a passing observer to rate them so high as
+they are proved to be by the statistics of the place. The female
+operatives are generally boarded in houses built and owned by the
+"corporation" for whom they work, and which are placed under the
+superintendence of matrons of exemplary character, and skilled in
+housewifery, who pay a low rent for the houses, and provide all
+necessaries for their inmates, over whom they exercise a general
+oversight, receiving about one dollar and one-third from each per week.
+Each of these houses accommodates from thirty to fifty young women, and
+there is a wholesome rivalry among the mistresses which shall make their
+inmates most comfortable. We visited one of the hoarding houses, and
+were highly pleased with its arrangement. A considerable number of the
+factory girls are farmers' daughters, and come hither from Vermont, New
+Hampshire, and other distant States, to work for two, three, or four
+years, when they return to their native hills, dowered with a little
+capital of their own earnings. The factory operatives at Lowell form a
+community that commands the respect of the neighborhood, and of all
+under whose observation they come. No female of an immoral character
+could remain a week in any of the mills. The superintendent of the Boott
+Corporation informed me, that, during the five and a half years of his
+superintendence of that factory, employing about nine hundred and fifty
+young women, he had known of but one case of an illegitimate birth--and
+the mother was an Irish "immigrant." Any male or female employed, who
+was known to be in a state of inebriety, would be at once dismissed.
+
+At the suggestion of the benevolent and intelligent superintendent of
+the Boott Company, we waited to see the people turn out to dinner, at
+half-past twelve o'clock. We stood in a position where many hundreds
+passed under our review, whose dress, and quiet and orderly demeanor
+would have done credit to any congregation breaking up from their place
+of worship. One of the gentlemen with me, who is from a slave State,
+where all labor is considered degrading, remarked, with emotion, "What
+would I give if, (naming a near relative in the slave States,) could
+witness this only for a quarter of an hour!" We dined with one of our
+abolition friends at Lowell, who informed us that many hundreds of the
+factory girls were members of the Anti-Slavery Society; and that,
+although activity in this cause has been pretty much suspended by the
+division in the ranks of its friends, yet there is no diminution of good
+feeling on the subject. The following extracts, from a pamphlet
+published by a respectable citizen of Lowell, will further illustrate
+the moral statistics of the place, which, I believe, can be paralleled
+by no other manufacturing town in the world. The work is dated July,
+1839:--
+
+
+    "There are now in the city fourteen regularly organized
+    religious societies, besides one or two others quite recently
+    established. Ten of these societies constitute a Sabbath School
+    Union. Their third annual report was made on the fourth of the
+    present month, and it has been published within a few days. I
+    derive from it the following facts. The number of scholars
+    connected with the ten schools at the time of making the report,
+    was four thousand nine hundred and thirty-six, and the number of
+    teachers was four hundred and thirty-three, making an aggregate
+    of five thousand three hundred and sixty-nine. The number who
+    joined the schools during the year, was three thousand seven
+    hundred and seventy, the number who left was three thousand one
+    hundred and twenty-nine. About three-fourths of the scholars are
+    females. A large proportion of the latter are over fifteen years
+    of age, and consist of girls employed in the mills. More than
+    five hundred of these scholars have, during the last year,
+    become personally interested in practical piety, and more than
+    six hundred have joined themselves to the several churches. Now
+    let it be borne in mind, that there are four or five Sunday
+    Schools in the city, some of which are large and flourishing,
+    not included in this statement. Let it be borne in mind, too,
+    that a great proportion of these scholars are the factory girls,
+    and furthermore, that these most gratifying results just given,
+    have nothing in them extraordinary--they are only the common,
+    ordinary results of several of the past years. There has been no
+    unusual excitement; no noise, no commotion. Silently, quietly,
+    unobtrusively, from Sabbath to Sabbath, in these little
+    nurseries of truth, duty and religion, has the good seed been
+    sowing and springing up--watered by the dews, and warmed by the
+    smiles of heaven--to everlasting life....
+
+    "I shall now proceed to enumerate some of the influences which
+    have been most powerful in bringing about these results. Among
+    these are the example and watchful care and oversight of the
+    boarding house keepers, the superintendents, and the
+    overseers.... But a power vastly more active, all pervading and
+    efficient, than any and all of these, is to be found in the
+    jealous and sleepless watchfulness, over each other, of the
+    girls themselves.... The strongest guardianship of their own
+    character, as a class, is in their own hands, and they will not
+    suffer either overseer or superintendent to be indifferent to
+    this character with impunity.
+
+    "The relationship which is here established between the Sunday
+    school scholar and her teacher--between the member of the church
+    and her pastor--the attachments which spring up between them,
+    are rendered close and strong by the very circumstances in which
+    these girls are placed. These relationships and these
+    attachments take the place of the domestic ties and the home
+    affections, and they have something of the strength and fervency
+    of these."
+
+
+The next extract shows their prosperity in a pecuniary point.
+
+
+    "The average wages, clear of board, amount to about two dollars
+    a week. Many an aged father or mother, in the country, is made
+    happy and comfortable, by the self-sacrificing contributions
+    from the affectionate and dutiful daughter here. Many an old
+    homestead has been cleared of its incumbrances, and thus saved
+    to the family by these liberal and honest earnings. To the many
+    and most gratifying and cheering facts, which, in the course of
+    this examination I have had occasion to state, I here add a few
+    others relating to the matter now under discussion, furnished me
+    by Mr. Carney, the treasurer of the Lowell Institution for
+    Savings. The whole number of depositors in this institution, on
+    the 23d July, was nineteen hundred and seventy-six; the whole
+    number of deposits was three hundred and five thousand seven
+    hundred and ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, (about
+    £60,000.) Of these depositors, nine hundred and seventy-eight
+    are factory girls, and the amount of their funds now in the
+    bank, is estimated by Mr. Carney, in round numbers, at one
+    hundred thousand dollars, (about £20,000.) It is a common thing
+    for one of these girls to have five hundred dollars (about £100
+    sterling) in deposit, and the only reason why she does not
+    exceed this sum is the fact, that the institution pays no
+    interest on any larger sum than this. After reaching this
+    amount, she invests her remaining funds elsewhere."
+
+
+In confirmation of this description of the state of the Lowell
+population, I have obtained, through the kindness of a friend in
+Massachusetts, the following parallel statistics to a recent date:--
+
+
+    "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.--By the report of the school committee for the
+    year ending on the 5th of Fourth Month (April) 1841, it appears
+    that the whole number of pupils in the schools, who attended
+    during the whole or part of the year, was 5,830. The whole
+    amount expended by the city for these schools, during the year,
+    was 18,106 dollars, 51 cents.
+
+    "SABBATH SCHOOLS.--The number of scholars and teachers in the
+    Sabbath Schools, connected with the various religious societies
+    in Lowell, during the year ending on the 5th of Seventh Month
+    (July) 1841, was 5,493.
+
+    "SAVINGS BANK.--The Lowell Institution for Savings, in its
+    report of Fifth Month (May), 1840, acknowledges 328,395 dollars,
+    55 cents, deposits, from 2,137 persons; together with 16,093
+    dollars, 29 cents, nett amount received for interest on loans
+    and dividends in stocks, less expense and dividends paid--making
+    in all, 344,488 dollars, 84 cents; nett amount of interest,
+    24,714 dollars, 61 cents. Within the year, 120,175 dollars, 69
+    cents, had been deposited, and 70,384 dollars, 24 cents, drawn
+    out.
+
+    "PAUPERS.--The whole expense of the city for the support of the
+    poor, during the year ending on the 31st of Twelfth Month
+    (December) 1840, was 2,698 dollars, 61 cents."
+
+
+As a proof, slight yet significant, of the spread of intellectual
+cultivation, I ought not to omit a notice of the "Lowell Offering," a
+little monthly magazine, of original articles, written exclusively by
+the factory girls. The editor of the _Boston Christian Examiner_
+commends this little periodical to those who consider the factory system
+to be degrading and demoralizing; and expresses a doubt "whether a
+committee of young ladies, selected from the most refined and best
+educated families in any of our towns and cities, could make a fairer
+appearance in type than these hard-working factory girls."
+
+The city of Lowell has been distinguished by British tourists as the
+Manchester of the United States; but, in view of the facts above
+related, an American has declared it to be "_not_ the Manchester of the
+United States."
+
+Besides the general prosperity of the operatives, the shareholders in
+the different corporations divide from eight to fifteen per cent, per
+annum on their capital.
+
+The inquiry naturally suggests itself, why the state of things in the
+manufacturing districts of Great Britain should be so widely different
+from this? Some may satisfy themselves by recollecting that England is
+an old and America a young country; though, to my mind, this affords no
+reasonable explanation of the contrast--since, from the possession of
+surplus capital, complete machinery, and facility of communication, et
+cet., the advantages for _commerce and manufactures_, under a system of
+perfectly unrestricted exchange, must preponderate greatly in favor of
+the former. But whatever the solution of the difficulty, it is quite
+evident that the statesman who would elevate the moral standard of our
+working population, must begin by removing the physical depression and
+destitution in which a large proportion of them, without any fault of
+their own, are compelled to drag out a weary and almost hopeless
+existence. To some peculiarly constituted minds, "over-production" is
+the explanation of the present appalling distresses of this country; and
+what they are pleased to consider a healthy state of things, is to be
+restored by a diminution of production;--yet nothing is more certain,
+than that the largest amount of production which has ever been reached,
+is not more than adequate to supply our increasing population with the
+necessaries of life, on even a very limited scale of comfort. A
+diminished production implies the starving down of the population to
+such a diminished number as may obtain leave to toil, and leave to
+subsist, from legislators, who, either in ignorance or selfishness, set
+aside nature's laws, and disregard the plainly legible ordinances of
+Divine Providence. If we reflect on the part which commerce is made to
+perform in the moral government of the world, on the one hand as the
+bond of peace between powerful nations, by creating a perpetual
+interchange of temporal benefits; and, on the other, as the channel for
+the diffusion of blessings of an intellectual and spiritual kind; we are
+conducted irresistibly to the conclusion, that any arbitrary
+interruption of its free course must draw down its own punishment.
+
+Though the laws of nature may not permit the limited soil of this
+country to grow food enough for its teeming population, yet while Great
+Britain possesses mineral wealth, abundant capital, and the largest
+amount of skilled industry of any nation in the world, the tributary
+supplies of other countries would not only satisfy our present wants,
+but would, I firmly believe, with an unfettered commerce, raise our
+working population, the most numerous, and by far the most important
+part of the community, to the same level of prosperity as the same class
+in the United States. Then would there be more hope for the success of
+efforts to elevate the standard of moral and intellectual cultivation
+among them, for as an improvable material they are no way inferior to
+any population upon earth. John Curtis of Ohio, a free trade missionary
+to this country, has published a pamphlet full of important statistical
+facts, illustrating the suicidal policy of Great Britain, from which I
+venture to take the following extracts:
+
+
+    "England already obtains luxuries in superabundance; but these
+    can never supply the wants of her artizans--they demand
+    substantial bread and meat, and a market where their labor can
+    procure these necessaries. Tropical climates are not adapted to
+    supply their wants. For this reason trade either with the East
+    or West Indies cannot give effectual relief: it may furnish
+    luxuries, but England is overstocked with them already. The food
+    of tropical climates, with the exception of rice, is not
+    calculated for export. The people of England, if they are to
+    import food, need the production of a climate similar to their
+    own. In this respect America is well adapted to supply them.
+
+    "All parts of the United States between thirty-seven and
+    forty-four degrees of north latitude will produce wheat. But
+    that part of the country best adapted to furnish an abundant
+    supply is, beyond all question, the northern part of the
+    Mississippi valley, and the contiguous country south of the
+    great lakes. It has been styled _par excellence_ the
+    wheat-growing region of America. Within its limits lie the six
+    north-western States of the American Union, Ohio, Indiana,
+    Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, and Wiskonsan (including as States the
+    two territories of Iowa and Wiskonsan, about to be admitted into
+    the Union.) These States, exclusive of two hundred thousand
+    square miles, the title to which is yet mostly in the Indian
+    tribes, cover an area of two hundred and thirty-six thousand and
+    eleven square miles. The country is, generally, an undulating
+    prairie, interspersed with groves of trees, and unbroken by hill
+    or mountain. The soil commonly rests upon a strata of limestone,
+    is fertile beyond description, and abundantly watered by the
+    finest springs and streams. Its climate is clear and salubrious,
+    and the country as well calculated as any other on the globe to
+    minister to the support and happiness of civilized man. As
+    already explained, for an inland country, it possesses
+    unequalled facilities for foreign intercourse and commerce, by
+    means of its great lakes and rivers. The most distant parts of
+    it are now reached in twenty days from Liverpool. The energies
+    of the American people have been chiefly expended, during the
+    last few years, in opening and taking possession of this region,
+    which they consider destined to become the future seat of
+    American wealth and greatness.
+
+    "Wheat once formed a leading article in the exports of the
+    United States. The trade of that country with Great Britain was
+    then double the present amount in proportion to the number of
+    the population. Had the trade of the two countries continued
+    free, it would have increased with the increase of population
+    and capital. The legitimate exchange trade has decreased between
+    England and America for thirty years. What part has the
+    restrictive system had in producing this result? A few facts may
+    enable us not only to answer this question, but to anticipate
+    the consequences of a continuance of the same policy. From the
+    time of the revolutionary war in America until 1812, the trade
+    between the two countries regularly increased with the increase
+    of the population. The average annual consumption of foreign
+    merchandise in the United States for each inhabitant was,
+
+    From 1790 to 1800,  39s. 4d.
+      "  1800 to 1810,  41s. 8d.
+
+
+    "In 1812 came the second American war, and in 1815 the British
+    corn law, which was promptly followed by the high American
+    tariff of 1816. For ten years prior to 1830, the annual average
+    consumption of merchandize had fallen to 22s. 6d., while the
+    population of the States was nearly double, and their capital
+    treble that of the ten years preceding 1810. Soon after 1830
+    followed the modification of the American tariff, and the
+    importations based on the great transatlantic loans of that
+    period. But, notwithstanding the stimulation and extravagance of
+    the time, the average annual consumption amounted to only 31s.
+    per head of foreign produce during the ten years prior to 1840.
+    Abating the importation based on the loans of the last few
+    years, and the trade of England with the United States has not
+    increased in amount for the last thirty years, while the
+    population of England has increased from eighteen to
+    twenty-seven millions, and that of the States from seven to
+    seventeen millions.
+
+    "Let the reader observe this, that in the Eastern States, in
+    that of Massachusetts, for instance, in which State Boston is
+    situated, the people bring a large part of their food from the
+    Western States, where they obtain it in exchange for their
+    manufactures. If free trade were allowed, is it possible for any
+    man to give a reason why the manufacturer and laborer of
+    Manchester would not be able to do as well as the manufacturer
+    and laborer of Boston now does, abating the difference of
+    transporting goods and grain across the Atlantic? At least, the
+    consequence would be an extension of trade, and employment equal
+    to the amount of food which would, in such case, be brought from
+    America; and the limit to this quantity will be found only when
+    the wants of Englishmen are supplied, and their ability to pay
+    exhausted. The ability of America to supply any required
+    quantity of food has already been shown. There lie the broad
+    lands, ready for cultivation as soon as there shall be a demand
+    for the produce. And if seventeen millions of people, sent
+    chiefly from England, or descended from those who have been
+    sent, are not sufficient to raise the requisite quantity of
+    provisions demanded of them by those who remain in the parent
+    country, then let more be sent, for the land lies equally open
+    to the people of all nations.
+
+    "Then, as to the ability of Englishmen to pay for all they want,
+    let us ask, what those who produce the food, or those who bring
+    it, can want in exchange that England cannot furnish? Gold, it
+    is said.[A] But for what do they want gold but to purchase other
+    supplies than food? and as they would then have the means to
+    pay, England would be the very country which, of all others,
+    could supply them to advantage. Whatever was wanted which her
+    own artizans do not produce themselves, they could still supply.
+    Englishmen would not at all be confined to a direct sale or
+    exchange of their goods with the wheat grower, but can give him
+    the merchandize of India and China, and the fruits of the
+    tropics, for which English manufactures would pay. If the idle
+    mills and idle laborers of England could at once be set at work
+    to produce food for the people, new activity would be imparted
+    to trade in every part of the world--from India to the frozen
+    regions of Greenland and Labrador. But, on the other hand, how
+    is it possible for England to extend her foreign trade while the
+    present restrictions continue? Even with such a country as
+    India, reduced under British sway, it cannot be done except by
+    diminishing the commerce with other countries to the same
+    extent. England cannot, in her present condition, greatly
+    increase her consumption of such merchandize as India can
+    furnish, or dispose of such merchandize abroad, to any great
+    extent, for the reasons already given.
+
+    [Footnote A: "Englishmen, reasoning from a restricted course of
+    trade, are constantly prone to the belief that the purchase of
+    foreign corn, from some unexplained necessity, must take away
+    their gold. Americans, from the same cause, reason in the same
+    manner respecting the purchase of foreign goods. Under the
+    action of the restrictive system, there may be some truth in the
+    reasonings of each party, but they certainly form a beautiful
+    running commentary upon each other."]
+
+    "As to any proposed gain by the Colonial trade, it is the very
+    thing rejected by the restrictions on the trade with the United
+    States. What are these States but the greatest colonies ever
+    planted by Great Britain? and their independence does not at all
+    prevent England from deriving all the advantage from them ever
+    to be derived from colonies. The only good which England can
+    derive from her extensive colonization is not to be gained by
+    swaying a barren sceptre over distant colonies, but by spreading
+    abroad her race, her language, her civilization, and thus
+    enlarging the sphere of her commerce. Under a free system of
+    intercourse England would not derive less benefit, at present,
+    from the United States than if they had remained a part of the
+    British dominions, for if trade were free, they would not trade
+    the less because of their independence, or furnish less food, or
+    at higher prices. England, however, seems determined to
+    sacrifice all the advantages which naturally accrue to her from
+    having colonized the finest part of the New World, and to refuse
+    the abundance and relief thus providentially prepared by her own
+    offspring."
+
+    The great importance of these extracts is the best apology for
+    their length--but there is yet another branch of the subject. A
+    country whose population is beyond its means of supply from its
+    own soil, has no resources but that of her manufactures and
+    foreign trade; if these be dried up, her people must emigrate or
+    starve. But the United States has an alternative;--her first and
+    best resource,--and the most profitable application of her
+    industry is in her broad and fertile lands, the superabundant
+    produce of which would not only feed, but, by exchange, clothe
+    her population, and supply them with all the comforts of
+    civilized life. She cannot avail herself of this to its full
+    extent without our aid. But, if we refuse to trade on equal
+    terms, her wants will not, therefore, go unsupplied. She can
+    manufacture for herself--her resources for manufactures and
+    commerce are, at least, equal to our own, with the exception of
+    capital and population, which the lapse of a few more years will
+    supply.
+
+    "The present may justly be considered a crisis in the commercial
+    policy of America. If it be decided that foreign markets are to
+    continue closed against American corn--if England, which is the
+    principal corn market of the world, refuse to exchange the
+    produce of her mills and workshops for that of the fields of the
+    Americans, they have no other alternative than to erect mills
+    and workshops from which to supply themselves. The effect of
+    such a course would prove decisive on the trade with England,
+    and go far to complete the ruin so effectually begun by the
+    British corn law and corresponding restrictions. If forced from
+    employment on the land, which an abundant and fertile soil has
+    naturally made their most profitable one, it will be found that
+    the Americans lack neither the talent, the energy, nor the
+    means, at once to extend their present manufactures to the full
+    supply of their own wants. They have water-power, coal, and
+    iron, in greater natural abundance and perfection than any other
+    part of the world."[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "The United States are computed to contain not less
+    than eighty thousand square miles of coal, or sixteen times as
+    much as Europe. One of these coal fields extends nine hundred
+    miles in length. The State of Pennsylvania has ten thousand
+    square miles of coal and iron. Great Britain and Ireland have
+    two thousand. All the north-western States of America contain
+    large quantities of coal. The coal strata of the States
+    generally lie above the level of the streams, and the coal is
+    taken from the hill sides. The beds of coal and iron are to a
+    great extent contiguous."]
+
+
+This is not mere theory. The developement is actually begun:
+
+
+    "A few years since, the country smiths, and the matrons with
+    their daughters at the household wheel and loom, were the
+    principal manufacturers of America. Now the cotton mills alone
+    are computed at one thousand, and the capital invested in
+    manufacturing machinery at £23,500,000. The estimated value of
+    some of the principal articles of manufacture is as follows:
+
+    Woollens,        £15,750,000
+    Cotton,           11,250,000
+    Leather,           9,000,000
+    Hats and Caps,     3,575,000
+    Linen,             1,350,000
+    Paper,             1,350,000
+    Glass,             1,125,000
+    Iron and Steel,   11,250,000
+
+
+    "Some idea of the rapidity with which the American manufactures
+    are now capable of being extended, may be formed from the past
+    progress of the cotton manufacture. The consumption of raw
+    cotton was,
+
+    In 1833,  196,000 bales.
+       1835,  236,700   "
+       1837,  246,000   "
+       1839,  276,000   "
+
+
+    "The United States already supply two-thirds of their own
+    consumption of cottons. At the above rate of increase--of nearly
+    fifty per cent, in five years--America will much more than
+    supply its own market in five years to come. Never has the
+    manufacturing interest of the United States been in as
+    prosperous and sound a condition as at present. They need no
+    high tariff to protect them against British competition. _The
+    English corn law is their best protection_."
+
+
+It is the restrictive policy of Great Britain that has called into
+existence Lowell and the manufacturing cities of the United States,
+producing an immense amount of articles which were once the sole
+products of British industry and skill. If the same policy is continued,
+the prosperity of the United States will be impeded, but that of England
+will be destroyed.
+
+The following is an extract from the memorial of Joshua Leavitt to
+Congress, on the wheat interests of the North Western States:
+
+
+    "Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no
+    foreign market for these products, the fine country under
+    contemplation is not, therefore, to be despaired of. Let the
+    necessity once become apparent, and there will be but one mind
+    among the people of the North-west. The same patriotism which
+    carried our fathers through the self-denying non-importation
+    agreements of the revolution, will produce a fixed determination
+    to build up a home market, at every sacrifice. And it can be
+    done. What has been done already in the way of manufactures,
+    shows that it can be done. The recent application of the
+    hot-blast with anthracite coal to the making of iron, and the
+    discovery of a mine of natural steel, would be auxiliaries of
+    immense value. We could draw to our factories the best workmen
+    of Europe, attracted less by the temptation of wages, than by
+    the desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance of their
+    children. But it would take a long time to build up a
+    manufacturing interest adequate to supply the wants of the
+    Northwest, or to consume the produce of these wide fields; and
+    the burden of taxation for internal improvements, uncompleted
+    and unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear: and all
+    the population that is concentrated upon manufactures, is so
+    much kept back from the occupation of that noble domain; and the
+    national treasury would feel the effects of the curtailment of
+    imports and the cessation of land sales; and the amount of
+    misery which the loss of the American market would occasion to
+    the starving operatives and factory children on the other side
+    of the Atlantic, is worthy to be taken into the account, by
+    every statesman who has not forgotten that he is a man."
+
+
+If we refuse the Americans as customers, we compel them to become our
+rivals; and, after supplying their own wants, they will compete with us
+for the trade of the world, on more than equal terms. Our statesmen may
+yet employ America to build up the prosperity of our country whilst
+increasing her own, or they may suffer its rapidly developing and
+gigantic resources to work out our ruin: the alternative is before them
+and before the country--but decision must be prompt, for there is no
+pause in the march of events. However unwise the policy, we cannot be
+surprised that the American and Continental manufacturer are each
+applying to his government to follow our example, and protect home trade
+by fiscal regulations.
+
+This question of trade with America has also most important anti-slavery
+bearings--and here, again, I find my own views anticipated by the able
+writer already quoted:
+
+
+    "The present policy of restricting the traffic with America so
+    closely to cotton, gives a deceitful appearance to the stated
+    imports and exports. From these statements there should, in
+    fairness, be deducted the value of all the raw cotton which is
+    returned to America; and, in fact, if the true exchange trade
+    would be seen, all should be deducted that is exported from
+    England. That portion of cotton goods which is of English
+    origin, that is, their value above the raw material out of which
+    they were made, is, in fact, the only real part of English
+    export. Before exclusive importance was bestowed on cotton, the
+    exchange with America was in a large proportion of articles not
+    to be returned. It would be so again if trade were free."
+
+
+Again:
+
+
+    "To one effect which would be produced in America by the repeal
+    of the corn and provision laws, no party or class in England can
+    profess indifference, and that is, _its effect on slavery in the
+    United States_. At the present time, England gives a premium to
+    American slavery by admitting, at low duties, the cotton of the
+    slave-holder, which is his staple production, and refusing corn,
+    which is mostly the produce of free labor. The slave-holding
+    States, to the productions of which Great Britain confines her
+    American trade, are less populous and less wealthy than the
+    free; yet of their produce England received in 1839, according
+    to the American estimates, £11,600,000, while of that of the
+    free States she received less than £500,000."
+
+    "It should be remembered that the labor of the slave States, is
+    almost wholly expended in agriculture, under the stimulus of a
+    good market, while a large part of that of the free States is
+    otherwise employed, for the want of such market. The effective
+    laborers of the free States are double the number of those in
+    the slave States; and were an opportunity given them, they would
+    export in as great a proportion. Thus England, by her laws,
+    fosters an odious institution abroad, which, in words, she
+    loudly condemns, and spends millions to rid the world of; whilst
+    she rejects more honorable, profitable, and wealthy customers,
+    the fruits of whose free and active industry are in effect made
+    contraband in England by law.
+
+    "Not only would England escape this inconsistency and reproach,
+    by repealing the corn law, but she would strike a most effectual
+    blow at the existence of slavery in the United States. Cotton,
+    at present, from being made by the corn law the principal
+    exchangeable article in the American trade, assumes an undue and
+    unnatural importance in American commerce, legislation, and home
+    industry. The slave-owner drives his slaves in its production,
+    and purchases supplies of the northern freeman, whose interests
+    are thus identified with those of the cotton grower, and the
+    slave-holding interest becomes predominant in the country. From
+    their habits, the people of the slave-holding States are
+    constantly contracting more debts in the free States than they
+    have the means of paying; so that, under the present system of
+    intercourse, the slaveholders exercise over the free population
+    of the north, the same control which an insolvent debtor
+    frequently has over his creditor, by threatening to break and
+    ruin him, if not allowed his own way. A repeal of the corn laws
+    would release the free States from their present commercial and
+    consequent political vassalage to the southern slave-holders,
+    and thereby take from American slavery, the great citadel of its
+    strength, and insure its overthrow by the influences which would
+    arise to assail it from all quarters.
+
+    "But as free trade, in destroying the odious monopoly of the
+    haughty slave-holder, would benefit and not injure him, so would
+    its effects be found universally. It would give peace and plenty
+    to England and the world,--it would enlarge and secure trade,
+    bind the spreading branches of the Anglo-saxon race by natural
+    affinity to England as their acknowledged head, and promote the
+    liberty and civilization of the human family at large."
+
+
+In view of the whole spirit of this discussion of one of the most
+important questions bearing upon human interests, I would simply add,
+that a wise Providence has bound the duty and the interest, both of
+individual and social man, firmly together, but for the trial of his
+virtue the bands are concealed.
+
+On the 31st, I took my luggage on board the steam packet "Caledonia,"
+for Liverpool, via Halifax, which was to sail the day following,
+although it was the first day of the week. The proprietors of the
+packets are bound in a heavy fine to sail on the appointed days, whether
+those fall on the first day of the week or not. By this arrangement the
+religious feelings of the people of Boston are offended, which is the
+more inexcusable, on the part of the British Government, as it does not
+suffer its own mails to depart, either from London or Halifax, on that
+day. Some gentlemen, who were interested in the subject, placed in my
+hands a memorial addressed to the Lords of the Admiralty in Great
+Britain, praying for such an alteration of the arrangements as would
+prevent this periodical violation of the first day of the week. A
+gentleman, who was active in getting it signed, assured me it was
+received with universal favor. The signatures, obtained on very short
+notice, are those of the most influential men in their respective
+stations in the city of Boston, and include the names of the mayor of
+the city, an ex-lieutenant governor of the State of Massachusetts, one
+bishop, upwards of forty ministers of religion, of different
+denominations, nine gentleman, upwards of one hundred and twenty
+merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance companies, the post-master
+of Boston, five physicians, seven members of the legal profession, and
+two editors of newspapers. After my arrival in this country, I presented
+this document, through the Secretary of the Admiralty, to the
+authorities to whom it is addressed, but regret to state that the
+request was not complied with. The memorial, and the reply of the Lords
+of the Admiralty are given in the Appendix[A]
+
+[Footnote A: .See Appendix L.]
+
+On leaving the shores of the United States, I left the following letter
+for publication:--
+
+
+    "_To the Friends of Immediate Emancipation in the United
+    States_.
+
+    "Having visited your country as an humble fellow-laborer in the
+    great cause in which you are engaged, and which, through trials
+    and difficulties a stranger can scarcely appreciate, you have so
+    zealously maintained, I have had a pleasing and satisfactory
+    interview with many of you, with reference to future exertions,
+    in cooperation with those of other lands, who unite with you in
+    regarding slave-holding and slave-trading as a heinous sin in
+    the sight of God, which should be immediately abolished. It is
+    the especial privilege of those who are laboring in such a
+    cause, to feel that 'every country is their country, and every
+    man their brother,' and to live above the atmosphere of
+    sectional jealousy and national hostility; and hence I feel an
+    assurance, that you will receive with kindness a few lines from
+    me on the eve of my departure to my native land.
+
+    "You concur generally in opinion, that in endeavoring to obtain
+    the great object we have in view, it is very important that the
+    friends of the cause should be united, not only in principle,
+    but, as far as may be, in the character of the measures which
+    they pursue; and I have been much encouraged in finding that you
+    have generally adopted the sentiment so rapidly spreading on the
+    other side of the Atlantic,--'That there is no reasonable hope
+    of abolishing the slave-trade, but, by the abolition of slavery,
+    and that no measures should be pursued for its attainment, but
+    those which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character.'
+    The progress of emancipation in Europe has been, beyond a doubt,
+    greatly retarded by leaving slavery and the slave-holder
+    unmarked by public reprobation, and concentrating all the
+    energies of philanthropy upon a fruitless effort to abolish the
+    slave-trade. And in this country the Colonization scheme, with
+    its delusive promise of good to Africa, and its vague
+    anticipations of putting an end to the slave-trade by armed
+    colonies on the coast of that ill-fated continent, has been the
+    means of obstructing emancipation at home, of unprofitably
+    absorbing the energies and blinding the judgment of many sincere
+    friends of the slave, and of strengthening the unchristian
+    prejudice against color. The abolitionists of Europe, with few
+    exceptions, have seen the error of their former course of
+    action, and are now striking directly at the root, instead of
+    lopping the branches of slavery; and if further evidence of the
+    evil tendency and character of colonization is needed in the
+    United States, the recent proceeding of a meeting of the
+    Maryland Society at Baltimore, must convince all who are
+    friendly to the true interests of the people of color, that it
+    is a scheme deserving only the support of the enemies of
+    freedom.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "The following resolution was passed at the meeting
+    of the Maryland Society above alluded to:--'That while it is
+    most earnestly hoped that the free colored people of Maryland
+    may see that their best and most permanent interests will be
+    consulted by their emigration from this State; and while this
+    Convention would deprecate any departure from the principle
+    which makes colonization dependent upon the voluntary action of
+    the free colored people themselves--yet, if, regardless of what
+    has been done to provide them with an asylum, they continue to
+    persist in remaining in Maryland, in the hope of enjoying here
+    an equality of social and political rights, they ought to be
+    solemnly warned, that, in the opinion of this Convention, a day
+    must arrive when circumstances that cannot be controlled, and
+    which are now maturing, will deprive them of choice, and leave
+    them no alternative but removal,'"]
+
+    "The rapid progress of public opinion, as to the iniquity of
+    slavery, and the entire safety, as well as advantage, of its
+    immediate abolition--the attention which has been awakened to it
+    in all parts of the civilized world--the movements in France,
+    Spain, Brazil, and Denmark, and other countries with
+    slave-holding dependencies, all indicating that the days of
+    slavery are numbered, should serve to encourage and stimulate us
+    to increased exertions; and while it is a cause of profound
+    regret, that any thing should have disturbed the harmony and
+    unity of the real friends of emancipation in this country--the
+    hardest battle field of our moral warfare--I am not without
+    hope, that, in future, those who,--from a conscientious
+    difference of opinion, not as to the object, but the precise
+    mode of obtaining it,--cannot act in one united band, will
+    laudably emulate each other in the promotion of our common
+    cause, and in Christian forbearance upon points of disagreement;
+    and that, where they cannot praise, they will be careful not to
+    censure those, who, by a different road, are earnestly pursuing
+    the same end. Without entering into the controversies which have
+    divided our friends on this side the water, I believe it would
+    be nothing more than a simple act of justice for me to state, on
+    my return to Europe, my conviction that a large portion of the
+    abolitionists of the United States, who approve of the
+    proceedings of the late General Anti-Slavery Convention, and are
+    desirous of acting in unity with the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society, from the general identity of their
+    practice, as well as principles, with those of the British and
+    Foreign Society, are entitled to the sympathies, and deserving
+    of the confidence and co-operation of the abolitionists of Great
+    Britain. It has been my pleasure to meet, in a kindly
+    interchange of opinion, many valuable and devoted friends of
+    emancipation; who, while dissenting from the class
+    above-mentioned in some respects, are nevertheless disposed to
+    cultivate feelings of charity and good will towards all who are
+    sincerely laboring for the slaves. And in this connection I may
+    state, that neither on behalf of myself, or of my esteemed
+    coadjutors in Great Britain, am I disposed to recriminate upon
+    another class of abolitionists, who, on some points, have so far
+    differed from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee,
+    and the great majority of the Convention above mentioned, as to
+    sustain their representatives in refusing to act with that
+    Convention, and in protesting against its proceedings; and who
+    have seen fit to censure the committee in their public meetings
+    and newspapers in this country, as 'arbitrary and despotic,' and
+    their conduct as 'unworthy of men claiming the character of
+    abolitionists.'
+
+    "As a corresponding member of the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Committee, and intimately acquainted with its
+    proceedings, I am persuaded that its members have acted wisely,
+    and consulted the best interest of the cause in which they were
+    engaged, in generally leaving unnoticed any censures that have
+    been cast upon them while in the prosecution of their labors.
+    Yet, before leaving this country, I deem it right to bear my
+    testimony to the great anxiety of that committee faithfully to
+    discharge the duties committed to their trust; and to state that
+    it has never been my privilege to be united to any body more
+    desirous of keeping simply to the one great object of their
+    association--the total and immediate abolition of slavery and
+    the slave-trade. I am persuaded that all candid minds, making
+    due allowance for the imperfection pertaining to human
+    associations, will feel their confidence in the future integrity
+    of that committee increased in proportion as they closely
+    investigate their past acts; and that, even when the wisdom of
+    their course may have been questioned, they will accord to them
+    a scrupulous honesty of purpose.
+
+    "The first public suggestion of a General Anti-Slavery
+    Convention, like the one held last year in London, originated, I
+    believe, on this side of the Atlantic, although the Committee of
+    the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society took upon
+    themselves the heavy responsibility of convening it. At its
+    close, they invited an expression of the opinion of the
+    delegates, as to the desirableness of again summoning such an
+    assembly. The expression was generally in the affirmative; and,
+    after discussion, a resolution was passed, leaving it to the
+    Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, after
+    consulting with the friends of the cause in other parts of the
+    world, to decide this important question, as well as the time
+    and place of its meeting, should another Convention be resolved
+    upon.
+
+    "Since I have been in the United States, I have found those
+    abolitionists who approved the principles and proceedings of the
+    late Convention so generally in favor of another, and of London
+    as its place of meeting, that the only question seemed to be
+    whether it should be held in 1842 or 1843. This expression of
+    opinion is, I know, so generally in accordance with the views of
+    the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and of many
+    other prominent abolitionists in Europe, that I have little
+    doubt they will feel encouraged to act upon it, probably at the
+    latter period. There is abundant and increasing evidence of the
+    powerfully beneficial influence of the late Convention upon
+    almost every part of the world where slavery is still tolerated;
+    and we are encouraged to hope that the one in anticipation will
+    be still more efficient for the promotion of universal liberty.
+
+    "Painful as has been to me the spectacle of many of the leading
+    influences of the ecclesiastical bodies in this country, either
+    placed in direct hostility to, or acting as a drag upon, the
+    wheel of the anti-slavery enterprise--and of the manifest
+    preponderance of a slave-holding influence in the councils of
+    the State--I am not one of those who despair of a healthful
+    renovation of public sentiment which shall purify Church as well
+    as State from this abomination. There are decided indications
+    that all efforts of councils and synods to unite 'pure religion
+    and undefiled,' with a slave-trading and slave-holding
+    counterfeit of Christianity, must ere long utterly fail. And it
+    is to me a matter of joy, as it must be to every friend of
+    impartial liberty and free institutions, that the citizens of
+    this republic are more and more feeling that the plague-spot of
+    slavery, as with the increased facilities of communication its
+    horrors and deformity become more apparent in the eyes of the
+    world, is fixing a deep disgrace upon the character of their
+    country, and paralyzing the beneficial influence which might
+    otherwise flow from it as an example of a well-regulated free
+    government. May each American citizen who is desirous of washing
+    away this disgrace, to whatever division of the anti-slavery
+    host he may attach himself, ever bear in mind that the cause is
+    of too tremendous and pressing a nature to admit of his wasting
+    his time in censuring and impeding the progress of those who may
+    array themselves under a somewhat different standard from his
+    own; and that any energies thus wasted, which belong to the one
+    great object, so far as human instrumentality is concerned, is
+    not only deferring the day of freedom to two and a half millions
+    of his countrymen, but inasmuch as the fall of American slavery
+    must be the death-blow to the horrid system, wherever it exists,
+    the result of the struggle here involves the slavery or freedom
+    of millions in other parts of the world, as well as the
+    continuance or suppression of that slave-trade, to the foreign
+    branch of which alone more than _one thousand victims are daily
+    sacrificed_; and in reference to which it has justly been said,
+    'that all that has been borne to Africa of the boasted
+    improvements of civilized life, is a masterly skill in the
+    contrivance, and an unhesitating daring in the commission of
+    crimes, which the mind of the savage was too simple to devise,
+    and his heart too gentle to execute.' There are no doubtful
+    indications that it is the will of Him, who has the hearts of
+    all at His disposal, that, either in judgment or in mercy, this
+    dreadful system shall ere long cease. It is not for us to say
+    why, in His inscrutable wisdom, He has thus far permitted one
+    portion of His creatures so cruelly to oppress another; or by
+    what instrumentality He will at length redress the wrongs of the
+    poor, and the oppression of the needy; but should the worst
+    fears of one of your most distinguished citizens, who in view of
+    this subject, acknowledged that he 'trembled for his country,
+    when he remembered that God was just,' be finally realized, may
+    each one of you feel that no exertions on his part have been
+    wanting to avert the Divine displeasure, and preserve your land
+    from those calamities which, in all ages, have rebuked the
+    crimes of nations.
+
+    "Your sincere friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "Boston, Seventh Month 31st, 1841."
+
+
+My dear friend John G. Whittier, whose pleasant company and invaluable
+aid I had enjoyed, as much as his health would permit, during my stay in
+the United States, kindly accompanied me on board. Had he been less
+closely identified with the transactions of which the present volume is
+a record, I should have felt it due to his station among the earliest
+and most distinguished advocates of the anti-slavery cause in America,
+to attempt some delineation, however imperfect, of that rare and
+consecrated union of consistent Christian character, fine talents, and
+sound and impartial judgment, which give him so much weight in the
+councils of his fellow-laborers. We set sail about noon on the 1st of
+the Eighth month, (August,) and arrived off Liverpool about eleven
+o'clock, P.M. on the 13th, which interval included ten hours delay at
+Halifax. We had about ninety passengers from Halifax to Liverpool, and
+with the exception of a severe gale on the 10th, almost amounting to a
+hurricane, we had a very favorable voyage. The time from Halifax to
+within sight of the light house off the south coast of Ireland was
+announced to be only nine days and thirteen minutes.
+
+One of my fellow passengers had recently been traveling in the southern
+States, and showed me a letter given to him as a curiosity at the post
+office at Charleston, South Carolina, which was addressed by a slave to
+her husband, but from insufficient direction had never reached its
+destination. It was to convey the tidings that she was about to be sold
+to the South, and begging him, in simple and affecting terms, to come
+and see her, as they would never meet again. Another of the passengers,
+who had also been a fellow voyager with my friend Joseph John Gurney,
+had recently travelled in Texas. He was strongly impressed with the
+evils likely to result from the proposed recognition of that government
+by Great Britain. In consequence of the promising aspect of these
+negotiations between General Hamilton and Lord Palmerston in favor of
+Texas, the paper money issued by that piratical government, and which
+had not been previously negotiable for more than one tenth of its
+nominal value, rapidly rose. The Texas republic, in his opinion, could
+not secure a permanence without British recognition.
+
+Many planters, with their slaves, have emigrated thither to escape their
+creditors from the border States, and the republic has been lavish of
+grants of land to men of capital and influence, to induce them to settle
+within its limits. My informant considered the state of society to be as
+bad as it well could be, and continue to exist. The white inhabitants
+are living not only in fear of hostile Indians, but in fear of each
+other.
+
+From a late letter of a friend in America, I make the following extract
+relative to the present condition of Texas.
+
+
+    "To give thee some adequate idea of the importance of that
+    beautiful republic of Texas, which Lord Palmerston and the late
+    Whig government of England took under their especial protection,
+    I will just refer to the statistics of the late election of its
+    President. The successful candidate, General Houston, a man
+    notorious for his open contempt for all the decencies of
+    civilized society,--brutal, brawling, profane, and
+    licentious,--received somewhat rising five thousand votes: his
+    competitor, Judge Burnet, between two and three thousand,--a
+    vote smaller by thousands than that of our little county of
+    Essex, in Massachusetts. Late accounts from Texas inform us that
+    gangs of organized desperadoes, under the names of moderators
+    and regulators, are traversing its territory, perpetrating the
+    most brutal outrages. In one instance they seized a respectable
+    citizen who dared to express his dissatisfaction with their
+    proceedings, hurried him into the forest, and deliberately dug
+    his grave before his eyes, _intending to bury him alive_! The
+    miserable victim, horrified by the prospect of such a fate,
+    broke away from his tormentors, and attempted to escape, but was
+    shot down and instantly killed! Such a congregation as Texas
+    presents was never, I suspect, known, save in that city into
+    which the Macedonian monarch gathered and garnered, in one
+    scoundrel community, the vagabond rascality of his kingdom.
+
+    "Thou would'st be amused to read an article, which has made its
+    appearance in the _Houston Telegraph_--a Texian paper--in which
+    the editor says, 'that while we deeply commiserate the situation
+    of our sister republic, in regard to the political scourge of
+    abolitionism, it is pleasing to reflect that our country enjoys
+    a _complete immunity from its effects_. Indeed we may with
+    safety declare, that throughout the whole extent of our country,
+    not a single abolitionist can be found.' He goes on to say that
+    this induces many of the southern planters to emigrate to Texas,
+    who, he remarks, '_will necessarily look to Texas, as the
+    Hebrews did to the promised land, for a refuge and home_.' It
+    will thus be seen that Texas is the promised land of the
+    patriarchal slave-holders of the southern States. When hunted
+    from every other quarter of the globe by the inexorable spirit
+    of abolition, when even Cuba and Brazil cease to afford them an
+    asylum--when slave-holding shall be every where else as odious
+    and detestable as midnight larceny, or highway robbery,--Texas
+    alone, uninfected and secure, is to open its gates of refuge to
+    the persecuted Calhouns and McDuffies, and their northern allies
+    in church and state--the San Marino of slavery, dissevered from
+    the world's fanaticism--isolated and apart, like the floating
+    air-island of Dean Swift."
+
+
+The following extract from a recent New York paper gives an equally
+deplorable representation of the society in Texas.
+
+
+    "The pestilent influence of the recent horrible murders on the
+    Arkansas, and other United States' rivers, has caused the
+    practice of lynching to break forth with renewed fury in Texas,
+    where it had apparently slept for the previous year. And we find
+    recorded in the Texas papers nearly a dozen of these murders
+    that have occurred, and undoubtedly there have been more than as
+    many more. In Shelby county two citizens have been shot down,
+    and several houses burned by a party of outlaws. In Red River
+    two men have been hanged as horse-thieves, without judge or
+    jury. In Washington county one man has been shot down, under the
+    pretence that he was a murderer. In Austin county two men were
+    killed, and two hostile parties were in arms for several days,
+    taking the law into their own hands. In Jefferson county two men
+    have been killed, and the house of one of them burnt to the
+    ground by a party of self-styled 'regulators.' And all this in
+    the space of a year."
+
+
+Several of my fellow-passengers were from Cuba, and some of them
+slave-holders by their own admission. With one or two of those who could
+speak English, I had much conversation on the abolition of slavery. They
+concurred with apparent sincerity in the desire that the slave trade
+might be effectually suppressed. They seemed to consider that this trade
+was promoted by the mother country as one means of preventing the colony
+from aspiring to independence. They admitted the abstract injustice of
+slavery, and one remarked, that a difference of the color of the skin
+was a misfortune, not a crime. They were not, however, disposed to
+entertain a thought of emancipation, without being fully compensated for
+their slaves.
+
+I had again the pleasure of observing on this voyage, the benefits of
+the change of system with regard to the supply of wines and spirits,
+each passenger paying for what he consumes, instead of his fare
+including the privilege of drinking _ad libitum_. One of the stewards
+told me the quantity consumed was little more than one-tenth as much as
+under the former system.
+
+I cannot conclude my narrative more gratefully to my own feelings than
+by a tribute to the upright and conscientious officer who commanded the
+vessel. On the first day of the week, the only one we spent at sea, the
+passengers, and as many of the servants as could conveniently attend,
+assembled morning and evening in the saloon, for the purpose of
+religious worship. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence, one of the passengers,
+officiating as a minister of the English Establishment; and every
+evening a similar opportunity was offered in the fore cabin to all who
+were inclined to be present. The captain firmly resisted the
+introduction of cards on the first day of the week, and in his whole
+conduct manifested an anxiety not only for the temporal comfort and
+safety, but for the spiritual interests of those under his care. Would
+that all captains of vessels, invested as they are with such authority
+and influence over the passengers and crews, were like-minded with my
+friend Captain McKellar.
+
+I disembarked at Liverpool early in the morning on the 14th of Eighth
+month, (August,) 1841.
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+The reader who has accompanied me thus far, will not need to be informed
+that I have designedly omitted many of those remarks on scenery,
+manners, and institutions, which were naturally suggested to my own mind
+by a retrospect of my sojourn in the United States. On various subjects
+of great interest and importance, it would be difficult for me to add
+anything new or valuable to the information contained in other and well
+known works; while on those points to which my attention was chiefly
+directed, I have endeavored, as far as practicable, to incorporate the
+results of my inquiries in the preceding narrative. There remain,
+however, a few observations, for which, having found no appropriate
+place, I would bespeak attention in a concluding chapter.
+
+In the Northern States, education, in the common acceptation of the
+term, may be considered as universal; in illustration of which it may be
+mentioned, that on the occasion of the late census, not a single
+American adult in the State of Connecticut, was returned as unable to
+read or write. Funds for education are raised by municipal taxation in
+each town or district, to such an amount as the male adults may decide.
+Their public schools are universally admitted to be well conducted and
+efficient, and combine every requisite for affording a sound, practical,
+elementary education to the children of the less affluent portion of the
+community. I need scarcely add that in a republican government, this
+important advantage being conceded, the road to wealth and distinction,
+or to eminence of whatever kind, is thrown open to all of every class
+without partiality--the colored alone excepted.
+
+The following extract from a letter received since my return from a
+respected member of the Society of Friends, residing in Worcester,
+Massachusetts, will give a lively idea of the general diffusion and
+practical character of education in the New England States.
+
+"The public schools of the place, like those throughout the State, are
+supported by a tax, levied on the people by themselves, in their primary
+assemblies or town meetings, and they are of so excellent a character as
+to have driven other schools almost entirely out from among us. They are
+so numerous as to accommodate amply all the children, of suitable age to
+attend. They are graduated from the infant school, where the A B C is
+taught, up to the high school for the languages and mathematics, where
+boys are fitted for the University, and advanced so far, if they choose,
+as to enter the University one or two years ahead. These schools are
+attended by the children of the whole population promiscuously; and, in
+the same class we find the children of the governor and ex-governor of
+the State, and those of their day-laborers, and of parents who are so
+poor that their children are provided with books and stationery from the
+school fund. Under this system, we have no children who do not acquire
+sufficient school learning to qualify them for transacting all the
+business which is necessary in the ordinary pursuits of life. A child
+growing up without school learning would be an anomaly with us. All
+standing thus on a level, as to advantages, talent is developed,
+wherever it happens to be; and neither wealth nor ancestral honors give
+any advantage in the even-handed contest which may here be waged for
+distinction. It is thus that we find, almost uniformly, that our first
+men, either in government or the professions, are the sons of
+comparatively poor and obscure persons. In places where the wealthier
+portion of the community have placed their children in select schools,
+they are found much less likely to excel, than when placed in contact
+and collision with the mass, where they are compelled to come in
+competition with those whose physical condition prepares them for mental
+labor, and whose situation in society holds forth every inducement to
+their exertions. To this system, which is co-eval with the foundation of
+the State, I attribute, in a great degree, that wonderful energy of
+character which distinguishes the people of New England, and which has
+filled the world with the evidences of their enterprise."
+
+The preceding statements refer to New England, the oldest portion of the
+free States. The more recently settled Northern and Western States are
+necessarily less advanced, yet their educational statistics would
+probably bear comparison with any country in the world, except the most
+favored portion of their own. In the slave States the aspect of things
+affords a striking contrast. Not only is the slave population, with but
+few exceptions, in a condition of heathen barbarism, a condition which
+it is the express object of those laws of the slave States, forbidding,
+under the heaviest penalties, the instruction of the slaves, to
+perpetuate; but the want of common elementary education among large
+numbers of the privileged class is notorious. Compare Virginia with
+Massachusetts,--"The American Almanac for the year 1841, states, (page
+210) there are supposed to be hardly fewer than 30,000 adult white
+persons in Virginia who cannot read and write!" An able writer gives the
+following facts.
+
+"No one of the slave States has probably so much general education as
+Virginia. It is the oldest of them--has furnished one half of the
+Presidents of the United States--has expended more upon her University
+than any State in the Union has done during the same time upon its
+colleges--sent to Europe nearly twenty years since for her most learned
+professors; and in fine, has far surpassed every other slave State in
+her efforts to disseminate education among her citizens; and yet, the
+Governor of Virginia in his message to the legislature, (Jan. 7, 1839)
+says, that of four thousand six hundred and fourteen adult males in that
+State, who applied to the county clerks for marriage licences in the
+year 1837, one thousand and forty seven were unable to write their
+names." The governor adds, "these statements, it will be remembered are
+confined to one sex: the education of females, it is to be feared, is in
+a condition of _much greater neglect_."--The editor of the Virginia
+Times published at Wheeling, in his paper of January 23d, 1839,
+says,--"We have every reason to suppose that one fourth of the people of
+the State cannot write their names, and they have not of course any
+other species of education."[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "American Slavery as it is," page 187.]
+
+The destitution of the means of moral and religious improvement is in
+like manner very great. A recent number of the "Monthly Extracts from
+the correspondence of the American Bible Society," contains the
+following extract from the 28th annual report of the Virginia Bible
+Society: "The sub-sheriff of one of our Western Counties stated the
+following fact to your agent. A jury was to be empannelled in a remote
+settlement of this country--he happened to have left his home without a
+Bible--there was no Bible in the house where the jury was to sit, and
+the sheriff travelled fourteen miles calling at every house, before he
+found a Bible. Pious surveyors stated to your agent that they had
+traversed every settlement in a remote section of one or two of our
+south western counties, that they had frequently inquired among the
+settlers for a Bible, but had never seen or heard of one in a region,
+say sixty miles by fifty."
+
+There are few things more striking in the free States than the number
+and commodiousness of the places of worship. In the New England States,
+however general the attendance might be, none would be excluded for want
+of room. The other means or accompaniments of religious instruction are
+in the same abundance. How is it possible to evade the conclusion that
+Christianity flourishes most, when it is unencumbered and uncorrupted by
+state patronage? What favored portion of the United Kingdom could
+compare its religious statistics with New England?
+
+Religion and morality, viewed on the broad scale, are cause and
+effect--a remark which is fully borne out in the Northern States, and in
+no instance more remarkably exemplified than in the spread of
+temperance. A few years ago the consumption of ardent spirits, and other
+intoxicating drinks, was as general as in England, and the effects even
+more conspicuous and debasing. It is now very rare, in the free States,
+to see a drunken person, even in the most populous cities. At the large
+hotels, as far as my observation extended, it is the exception, not the
+rule, to take any spirituous or fermented beverage at or after dinner;
+and no case of inebriety came under my notice in any of these
+establishments. I have already remarked, that some of the first hotels
+in the principal cities are established on the strictest temperance
+principles. I believe, in private hospitality, intoxicating drinks are,
+in like manner, very much discarded. At the tables of members of the
+Society of Friends, it is very rare to see either wine or malt liquor
+introduced; while, as already noticed, the selling, using, or giving
+ardent spirits is so great an offence as to be made the subject of
+church discipline. This is, by no means, one of the "peculiarities" of
+"Friends," as I believe it may be generally stated that the same
+practices, in most other Christian communities, would be considered as
+quite incompatible with a profession of religion.
+
+The effects of this great reformation are not confined to the United
+States, although the change hitherto has been much more gradual in my
+native country; not so, however, in Ireland, now, by a happy reverse, a
+scene of light and promise, amidst surrounding gloom and depression. Of
+the American facts I have to record, connected with the temperance
+movement, the most grateful is the striking contrast that is exhibited
+in the Irish emigrants. By the divine blessing on Theobald Mathew's
+benevolent labors, they have generally forsaken their besetting sin of
+drunkenness in their native land, and if compelled to seek the means of
+subsistence in another country, they now at least do not carry with them
+habits that tend irresistibly to destitution and degradation. The Irish
+movement is likewise re-acting most beneficially on the native Irish,
+who have long been settled in America, and who are joining the total
+abstinence societies in great number, though hitherto the most
+intemperate part of the community.
+
+In short, whether I consider the religious, the benevolent, or the
+literary institutions of the Northern States--whether I contemplate the
+beauty of their cities, or the general aspect of their fine country, in
+which nature every where is seen rendering her rich and free tribute to
+industry and skill--or whether I regard the general comfort and
+prosperity of the laboring population,--my admiration is strongly
+excited, and, to do justice to my feelings, must be strongly expressed.
+Probably there is no country where the means of temporal happiness are
+so generally diffused, notwithstanding the constant flow of emigrants
+from the old world; and, I believe there is no country where the means
+of religious and moral improvement are so abundantly provided--where
+facilities of education are more within the reach of all--or where there
+is less of extreme poverty and destitution.
+
+As morals have an intimate connection with politics, I do not think it
+out of place here to record my conviction, that the great principle of
+popular control, which is carried out almost to its full extent in the
+free states, is not only beautiful in theory, but that it is found to
+work well in practice. It is true that disgraceful scenes of mob
+violence and lynch-law have occurred; but perhaps not more frequently
+than popular outbreaks in Great Britain; while, generally, the supremacy
+of law and order have been restored, without troops, or special
+commissions, or capital punishments. It is also true, that these
+occurrences are, for the most part, directly traceable, not to the
+celebrated declaration of the equal and inalienable right of all men to
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is the fundamental
+principle of the constitution; but to the flagrant violation of that
+principle in the persons of the colored population, of whom those in
+most of the free states are actually or virtually deprived of political
+rights; and the rest, constituting a majority of the population in some
+of the Southern States, are held in abject slavery. The corruptions and
+disorders that obscure the bright example of the American people, and
+detract from the estimation in which their institutions and policy would
+otherwise be held, generally spring from this source. So long as slavery
+and distinction of color exist, America will always be pointed at with
+the finger of scorn, for her flagrant violation of all truth and
+consistency. But let us not forget that this odious institution is the
+disgraceful legacy of a monarchy--that it is no necessary effect of
+republican institutions, but the reverse. Our quarrel, therefore, is not
+with the declaration of rights, but that this celebrated declaration
+should be regarded, in the instance of one class in the community, as a
+mere rhetorical flourish, and should thus be deprived of its legitimate
+practical effect.
+
+The great feature of the political arrangements of the free States is,
+the absence of the aristocratic element. A pure despotism in the hands
+of one man has seldom been seen, except in the instances of those
+renowned military chiefs, whom a retributive Providence has at intervals
+employed as the scourge of guilty nations. An aristocracy under various
+forms and names, has usually been the governing power, and as the too
+frequent result, laws have been made and administered for the benefit of
+the few, and not for the many. Yet the United States of North America
+exhibit, however, notwithstanding their political theory to the
+contrary, an aristocracy of the worst kind, _an aristocracy of color_;
+in the free States of the many against the few, in affirming these to be
+a degraded race, as long as African blood runs in their veins; and in
+the slave States, for a no better reason, reducing them even when they
+are the majority; to the condition of brute beasts, to be held and sold
+as goods and chattels. And this leads me to observe that the writer who
+mistakes the general government of the confederacy, with its limited
+scope and powers, for the chief source of laws and administration in the
+separate States will unavoidably present a confused and distorted
+representation of existing facts. Each State constitutes within itself a
+distinct republic, virtually independent of the general government, so
+long as its legislation does not conflict with the specific articles of
+the constitutional compact; all the rights and powers of sovereignty,
+not specifically delegated to the Government in that instrument, being
+retained by the States. Hence nothing can present a wider contrast than
+the slavery-blackened code of South Carolina, and the statutes of
+Massachusetts, characterized by republican simplicity and equality.
+
+The preceding observations in favor of the democratic institutions of
+the northern States, are therefore to be understood as of local
+application; and I would explicitly admit that a well-ordered and a
+well-working government on such principles must in a great measure
+depend upon the amount of virtue and intelligence in the community: but
+while a government which is based upon the principles of impartial
+justice requires a virtuous people properly to administer it, it has, I
+believe, within itself one of the most powerful elements for the
+formation of such a community.
+
+On the subject of peace my inquiries elicited an almost uniformly
+favorable response. If we except those who would encourage the war
+spirit, from hopes of sharing in the plunder, or those to whom it would
+open up the path to distinction and emolument, there are comparatively
+few who do not desire the maintenance of peace. In the religious part of
+the community, there is a rapidly spreading conviction of the
+unchristian character of war, in every shape; and the President, in his
+late message to Congress, in stating that "the time ought to be regarded
+as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed as the only
+proper arbiter of national differences", has expressed the sentiments of
+the great bulk of the intelligent citizens of the United States. I
+believe also that the majority would be found willing to assent to any
+reasonable and practical measure that should preclude the probability of
+an appeal to arms, or of keeping up what are absurdly called "peace
+establishments" of standing armies and appointed fleets for the
+protection of national safety or honor. The late excitements on the
+Boundary and McLeod questions were confined to comparatively few of the
+population, and the report of them was magnified by distance.
+
+But a far stronger guaranty for the permanence of international peace
+than any treaties, will be found in the interchange of mutual benefits
+by commerce. For this reason he who is successful in promoting a free
+and unchecked commerce, is the benefactor, not of his own country alone,
+but of the world at large. There are few countries where in practice
+free trade is more fully carried out than in the United States, but in
+theory the true doctrine of this subject is only in part adopted by her
+statesmen and leading minds. They are willing to trade on equal terms,
+but will meet prohibition with prohibition. Here undoubtedly they
+mistake their real interests, but though such a policy will not advance
+the prosperity of America, it will inflict tremendous and lasting injury
+on Great Britain. Whatever the event, _we_ cannot complain. The terms
+offered by the United States, though not wise, on an enlarged view of
+her own interests, are yet _reciprocal_, and therefore fair between
+nation and nation. If, however, I possessed any influence with the
+enlightened citizens of North America, I should be in no common degree
+anxious to exert it against those false views of trade and commerce
+which distort alike the maxims and the policy of her rulers. Their
+manufactures flourish, not in consequence of protection, but in defiance
+of it. With such an extended coast, and such facilities of internal
+communication, prohibition is impossible. The manufactures of England
+are excluded, not by the revenue laws of the States, but by the corn
+laws of Great Britain, which forbid the British manufacturer to take in
+exchange the only article of value his American customer has to spare; a
+prohibition which, unhappily for the people of this country, our
+government has power to enforce. The prohibitory system is, to a great
+extent, impracticable in the United States; and just so far as it should
+be found practicable, it would prove injurious, by creating fictitious
+and dependent interests, which, in the course of time, would become
+insupportably burdensome to the commonwealth, and eventually would have
+to be relinquished at the cost of a fearful amount of individual
+distress and national suffering. Legitimate commerce is that department
+of the national welfare, in which it is the business of statesmanship to
+do nothing but remove the impediments of its own creating in past times.
+In all other respects, commercial legislation is a nuisance; and if
+under some circumstances trade is found to flourish concurrently with
+such interference, the fact is due either to the restrictions and
+regulations being practically inoperative, or more frequently, to the
+high profits arising from unexhausted resources, in the absence of
+competition, enabling commerce to advance in spite of impediments; in
+the same way as cultivation by slave labor, notwithstanding its
+expensiveness and inordinate waste, enables the first planter on a
+virgin soil, and with an open market for his produce, to roll in his
+carriage, though beggary is to be the fate of the second or third
+generation of his descendants.
+
+In giving the preceding representation of the religious, the moral, and
+the intellectual elevation of the population of the Northern States of
+the Union, I have indicated the source we must look to for the abolition
+of slavery, to which it is now time to turn our attention, for no
+American question can be discussed, into which this important subject
+does not largely enter.
+
+Light and darkness, truth and falsehood, are not more in opposition than
+Christianity and slavery. If the religion that is professed in the free
+States be not wholly a dead letter,--if the moral and intellectual light
+which they appear to enjoy be indeed light, and not darkness,--then the
+abolition of slavery is certain, and cannot be long delayed. In order to
+make this apparent, as well as to vindicate my own proceedings in the
+United States, it is incumbent on me to show, that the great contest,
+for the abolition of American slavery, is to be decided in the _free_
+States, by the power of public opinion. I have distinctly admitted, that
+the confederated republics have each their independent sovereignty.
+Neither the free States, nor the general Government, can perhaps
+constitutionally abolish slavery in any one of the existing slave
+States. Yet there are certain objects clearly within the limits of the
+constitutional power of the general Government, such as the suppression
+of the internal slave-trade, and the abolition of slavery in the
+district of Columbia, for which it is undeniably lawful and
+constitutional for every American citizen to strive; and the attainment
+of which would suffice to cripple, and ultimately destroy slavery in
+every part of the Union. The slave-holding power is so sensible of this,
+that all its united strength is employed to retain that control over the
+general Government, which it has exercised from the date of the
+independence, and never more despotically than at the present time.
+Amidst the difficulties which beset, and the dangers which threatened
+the country, at the period of the formation of the constitution, the
+southern States dictated such a compromise as they thought fit; and,
+with the great principles of liberty paraded on the face of the
+declaration of independence, came into the Union on the express
+understanding that those principles should be perpetually violated in
+their favor. Of the details of this compromise, by far the most
+important, and one which has mainly contributed to consolidate the
+political supremacy of the south, is the investiture of the slave
+masters with political rights, in proportion to the amount of their
+slave property. Every five slaves confer three votes on their owner;
+though, in other points of view, a slave is a mere chattel--an article
+of property and merchandize,--yet, in this instance, and in _criminal
+proceedings against him_, his _personality_ is recognized, for the
+express object of adding to the weight of his chains, and increasing the
+power of his oppressor.
+
+The North, in voting away the rights and freedom of the laboring
+population of the South, surrendered its own liberty. The haughty
+slave-holding masters of the great confederacy have from the beginning
+chosen the Presidents, and the high officers of state, and have
+controlled the policy of the Government, from a question of peace or
+war, to the establishment of a tariff or a bank. In the executive
+department they have dictated all appointments, from a letter-carrier to
+an ambassador; an amusing illustration of which I find in my recent
+correspondence. A late member of the Massachusetts legislature, writes
+on the Eighth Month (August) 26, 1841:
+
+
+    "One instance of the all-pervading _espionage_ of the slave
+    power I may mention. The newly appointed postmaster of
+    Philadelphia employed, among his numerous clerks and
+    letter-carriers, Joshua Coffin, who, some three years ago, aided
+    in restoring to liberty a free colored citizen of New York, who
+    had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. The appointment of the
+    postmaster not being confirmed, he wrote to his friends in
+    Congress to inquire the reason, and was told that the delay was
+    occasioned by the fact that he had employed Coffin as one of his
+    letter-carriers! Coffin was immediately dismissed, and the
+    senate in a few days confirmed the appointment! Is not this a
+    pitiful business?"
+
+
+If the reader, who wishes further information, will consult William
+Jay's work, entitled "A View of the Action of the Federal Government in
+behalf of Slavery," he will find ample historical proof that the
+internal and external administration of the Union--legislative,
+executive, and diplomatic--has been employed, without any deviation from
+consistency, to subserve the interests of the slave-holding States. Yet
+these States are, in population, numerically weaker than those of the
+North, and inferior, to a far greater degree, in wealth, intelligence,
+and the other elements of political power. They are strong only in the
+compactness of their union, while the citizens of the free States are
+divided in interest and opinion. Here, then, is presented a distinct and
+legitimate object for those of the abolitionists who regard their
+political rights as a trust for the benefit of the oppressed and
+helpless, to combine the scattered and divided power of the North into a
+united phalanx, which shall wrest the administration of the Federal
+Union from the slave-holding interest, and shall purify the general
+Government from the contamination of slavery, by reversing its general
+policy on that subject, and by the adoption of the specific measures
+before mentioned; while, in the States in which they respectively
+reside, the abolitionists feel it to be their duty to exert themselves,
+to wipe away from the statute book every vestige of that barbarism which
+makes political, civil, or religious rights depend upon the color of the
+skin.
+
+Yet more important is it, however, to bring the moral force of the North
+to bear against slavery, by reforming the prevailing public sentiment of
+the religious, moral, and intelligent portion of the community. Here
+again, one of the most sagacious leaders of the pro-slavery party, J.C.
+Calhoun, has descried the danger from afar, and has publicly proclaimed
+it in the senate of the United States, by vehemently deprecating the
+anti-slavery proceedings, not as intended to provoke the slaves to a
+servile war, but as a crusade against the _character_ of the
+slave-holders.
+
+Although the different States are distinct governments, their
+geographical boundaries are mere lines upon the map; their inhabitants
+speak the same language, and enjoy a communion of citizenship all over
+the Union. The North Eastern States have by far the greater part of the
+whole commerce of the Union, and are the medium through which the
+planter exchanges his cotton for provisions and clothing for his slaves,
+implements for his agriculture, and his own family supplies. These
+commercial ties create a direct and extensive pro-slavery interest in
+the North. Again, the planter is yet more dependent on the North for
+education for his children, and for the gratification of his own
+intellectual wants, as the slave-holding region has few colleges, and
+those of secondary reputation; while I believe it has no periodical of
+higher pretension than the political newspapers. The pro-slavery
+re-action in this way, on the seminaries of the North, and on the
+literature of the United States, is most sensibly felt.
+
+Another powerful cause that contributes to leaven the entire population
+into one mind on the subject of slavery, is the double migration that
+annually takes place of people of the Southern States to the North, in
+summer, and of the inhabitants of the free States to the South in
+winter. Hence follow family alliances, the interchange of hospitalities,
+and a fusion of sentiments, so that the slavery interest spreads its
+countless ramifications through every corner of the free north.
+
+Another cause, and perhaps the most powerful of all, is the community of
+religious fellowship in leading denominations. The Episcopalians, the
+Methodists, the Baptists, and the Presbyterians of two schools, are
+severally but one body, all over the Union, and as a matter of course,
+all are tainted with slavery, and for consistency's sake, make common
+cause against abolition. The pamphlet of James G. Birney, entitled "The
+American Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery,"[A] offers the
+amplest proof that the Methodist Episcopal, the Baptist, the
+Presbyterian, and the Anglican Episcopal Churches are committed, both in
+the persons of their eminent ministers, and by resolutions passed in a
+church capacity, to the monstrous assertion that slavery, so far from
+being a moral evil, which it is the duty of the church to seek to
+remove, is a Christian institution resting on a scriptural basis; this
+assertion is repeated in the numerous quotations of the pamphlet, in a
+variety and force of expression that show the utterers were resolved not
+to leave their meaning in the smallest doubt. Indeed, it might be
+supposed, from the perusal of this pamphlet, that the suppression of
+abolitionism, if not the maintenance of slavery, was one of the first
+duties of the Christian churches in America.
+
+[Footnote A: Published by Ward & Co., Paternoster-row, London.]
+
+The following extracts are offered in illustration:--
+
+
+    THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--"Resolved, That it is the sense
+    of the Georgia Annual Conference, that slavery, as it exists in
+    the United States, _is not a moral evil_."
+
+    "The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late President of the (Methodist)
+    Wesleyan University in Connecticut--'The New Testament enjoins
+    obedience upon the slave as an obligation _due_ to a present
+    _rightful_ authority.'"
+
+    "Rev. E.D. Simms, Professor in Randolph Macon College, a
+    Methodist Institution--'Thus we see, that the slavery which
+    exists in America, _was founded in right_.'"
+
+    "The Rev. William Winans, of Mississippi, in the General
+    Conference, in 1836--'Yes, sir, Presbyterians, Baptists,
+    Methodists, should be slaveholders,--yes, he repeated it
+    boldly--there should be members, and _deacons_, and ELDERS and
+    BISHOPS, too, who were slave-holders.'"
+
+    "The Rev. J.H. Thornwell, at a public meeting, held in South
+    Carolina, supported the following resolution--'That slavery, as
+    it exists in the South, is no evil, and is consistent with the
+    principles of revealed religion; and that all opposition to it
+    arises from a misguided and fiendish fanaticism, which we are
+    bound to resist in the very threshold.'"
+
+    "Rev. Mr. Crowder, of Virginia, at the Annual Conference in
+    Baltimore, 1840--'In its _moral_ aspect, slavery was not only
+    countenanced, permitted, and regulated by the Bible, but it was
+    positively _instituted_ by GOD HIMSELF--he had, in so many
+    words, ENJOINED IT.'"
+
+
+THE BAPTIST CHURCH--"Memorial of the Charleston Baptist Association, to
+the Legislature of South Carolina:
+
+
+    "'_The right of masters to dispose of the time of their slaves
+    has been distinctly recognized by the Creator of all things_,
+    who is surely at liberty to vest the right of property over any
+    object in whomsoever he pleases.'"
+
+    "Rev. R. Furman, D.D., of South Carolina--'The right of holding
+    slaves is clearly established in the Holy Scriptures, both by
+    precept and example.'"
+
+    "The late Rev. Lucius Bolles, D.D., of Massachusetts, Cor. Sec.
+    Am. Bap. Board for Foreign Missions, (1834.)--'There is a
+    pleasing degree of union among the multiplying thousands of
+    Baptists throughout the land.... Our Southern brethren are
+    generally, both ministers and people, slave-holders.'"
+
+
+PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.--"Resolution of Charleston Union Presbytery--'That,
+in the opinion of this Presbytery, the holding of slaves, so far from
+being a SIN in the sight of God, is no where condemned in his holy
+word.'"
+
+"Rev. Thomas S. Witherspoon, of Alabama, writing to the Editor of the
+_Emancipator_, says--'I draw my warrant from the Scriptures of the Old
+and New Testament, to hold the slave in bondage. The principle of
+holding the heathen in bondage is recognized by God.... When the tardy
+process of the law is too long in redressing our grievances, we of the
+South have adopted the summary remedy of Judge Lynch--and really, I
+think it one of the most wholesome and salutary remedies for the malady
+of Northern fanaticism, that can be applied.'"
+
+"Rev. Robert N. Anderson, of Virginia--'Now _dear Christian brethren_, I
+humbly express it as my earnest wish, that you _quit yourselves like
+men_. If there be any stray goat of a minister among you, tainted with
+the bloodhound principles of abolitionism, let him be ferreted out,
+silenced, excommunicated, and left to the _public to dispose of him in
+other respects_.'"
+
+THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--"John Jay, himself an
+Episcopalian--'She has not merely remained a mute and careless spectator
+of this great conflict of truth and justice with hypocrisy and cruelty,
+but her very _priests and deacons may be seen ministering at the altar
+of slavery_, offering their talents and influence at its unholy shrine,
+and openly repeating the awful blasphemy, _that the precepts of our
+Savior sanction the system of American slavery_.'"
+
+In page 25 is the following:--
+
+
+    "The Rev. James Smylie, A.M., of the Amite Presbytery,
+    Mississippi, in a pamphlet, published by him a short time ago,
+    _in favor_ of American slavery, says:--'If slavery be a sin, and
+    advertising and apprehending slaves, with a view to restore them
+    to their masters, is a direct violation of the Divine law; and
+    if _the buying, selling, or holding a slave, for the sake of
+    gain_, is a heinous sin and scandal; then, verily,
+    _three-fourths of all the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists_,
+    and _Presbyterians_, in _eleven States of the Union_, are of the
+    devil. They 'hold,' if they do not buy and sell slaves, and,
+    _with few exceptions_, they hesitate not to 'apprehend and
+    restore' runaway slaves, when in their power.'"
+
+
+Yet, in the face of evidence so overwhelming as this, showing how the
+whole moral atmosphere of the Northern States is tainted with
+pro-slavery corruption, the abolitionists are frequently taunted with
+the question, what has the North to do with slavery? It is, however, a
+part of their vocation to bear contempt and reproach. They know they are
+at the right end of the lever, though at some apparent distance from the
+object to be moved. _Their mission is to correct public opinion in the
+free States_. Let us suppose, for a moment, this object attained--the
+whole slave-holding portion of the churches cut off, as a diseased and
+corrupt excrescence; the national literature purified, and the entire
+community pervaded by sound Christian feeling--a feeling which should
+abhor all participation, in word or deed, with the guilt of slavery; and
+how could the South maintain, for a single day, the perpetual warfare,
+which would be thus waged against her from without, and seconded by
+alarmed consciences in her own citadel?
+
+The rise of the present abolition movement dates from the year 1832,
+when a few persons met at Philadelphia, and adopted and signed a
+declaration of their sentiments. He, however, who would trace
+anti-slavery sentiments to their source, must go back to the first era
+of Christianity, and to the authoritative promulgation of the Divine law
+of love by the lips of the Savior of mankind himself. In the darkest
+times, since that period, the true doctrine of the unlawfulness of
+slavery has never been wholly lost, being in fact a part of the
+imperishable substance of vital Christianity.
+
+From 1832 until the division referred to in an early portion of this
+work, the anti-slavery societies multiplied with extraordinary rapidity.
+The following account of the present state of the cause is furnished by
+my friend, John G. Whittier.
+
+
+    "He who, at the present time, judges of the progress of the
+    anti-slavery cause in the United States, by statistics of the
+    formation of new societies, or the activity and efficiency of
+    the old, will obtain no adequate idea of the truth. The
+    unfortunate divisions among the American abolitionists, and, the
+    difficulty of uniting, for any continuous effort, those who
+    differ widely as to the proper means to be used, and measures to
+    be pursued, have, in a great measure, changed the direction and
+    manifestation of anti-slavery feeling and action. Thus, while
+    public opinion, in all the free States, is manifestly
+    approximating to abolition, and new converts to its principles
+    are daily avowing themselves, it is exceedingly rare to hear of
+    the formation of a new anti-slavery society, and there are few
+    accessions to those which are already in existence. Yet the
+    fresh recipients of the truths of anti-slavery doctrine find
+    abundant work for their hands to do, even without the pale of
+    organized societies, in purifying the churches with which they
+    are connected, and in counteracting the pro-slavery politics of
+    the country.
+
+    "The two great political parties in the United States, radically
+    disagreeing in almost all other points, are of one heart and
+    mind, in opposing emancipation; not, I suppose, from any real
+    affinity to, or love for the 'peculiar institution,' but for the
+    purpose of securing the votes of the slave-holders, who, more
+    consistent than the Northern abolitionists, refuse to support
+    any man for office, who is not willing to do homage to slavery.
+    The competition between these two parties for Southern favor is
+    one of the most painful and disgusting spectacles which presents
+    itself to the view of a stranger in the United States. To every
+    well wisher of America it must be a matter of interest and
+    satisfaction to know, that there is a growing determination in
+    the free States to meet the combination of slave-holders in
+    behalf of slavery, by one of freemen in behalf of liberty; and
+    thus compel the party politicians, on the ground of expediency,
+    if not of principle, to break from the thraldom of the slave
+    power, and array themselves on the side of freedom.
+
+    "It is an undoubted fact, that, at the present time, the various
+    denominations of professing Christians in the United States are
+    more deeply agitated by this question than at any former period.
+    The publication of such books as Weld's 'Slavery as it is,' has
+    unveiled the monstrous features of slavery to the Christian
+    public in the Northern States. The blasphemous attempts of
+    Southern professors and ministers, to defend their abominable
+    practices upon Christian grounds, have powerfully re-acted
+    against them at the North; and church after church, especially
+    in New England, is taking the high stand of the late General
+    Convention in London, in withholding its fellowship from
+    slave-holders, and closing its pulpit against their preachers.
+
+    "Recent movements in the slave States themselves encourage the
+    friends of freedom. In Kentucky, at the late election for state
+    officers, one of the candidates, Cassius M. Clay, nephew of
+    Henry Clay, avowed his opposition to pro-slavery principles in
+    the strongest terms, and staked his election upon this avowal.
+    He was warmly supported, and his opponent only succeeded by a
+    small majority. Tennessee, in her mountain region, has many
+    decided, uncompromising abolitionists, whose encouraging letters
+    and statements have been published within the last year, in the
+    Northern anti-slavery papers. The excellent work of Joseph John
+    Gurney, on the West Indies, and Dr. Channing's late pamphlet,
+    entitled "Emancipation," have been very widely circulated in
+    many of the slave States; and, so far as can be ascertained,
+    have been read with interest by the planters. The movements of
+    English and French abolitionists have attracted general
+    attention, and, in the Southern States, have awakened no small
+    degree of solicitude.
+
+    "That baleful American peculiarity, prejudice against color, is
+    evidently diminishing, under the influence of anti-slavery
+    principles and practice; and the laws which have oppressed the
+    free colored citizen are rapidly yielding to the persevering
+    action of the abolitionists. Dr. Channing has not over-stated
+    the fact, that the provision in the Federal Constitution,
+    relative to the reclaiming of fugitive slaves, has been silently
+    but effectually repealed by the force of public opinion, and the
+    interposition of jury trial, in many of the free States. In
+    Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, and New York, with the exception
+    of its slavery-ridden commercial emporium, the recovery of a
+    slave by legalized kidnappers is entirely out of the question.
+    In any one of these States, it would, to use the language of a
+    New York mechanic, be exceedingly difficult to prove, to the
+    satisfaction of a jury of honest freemen, that a man had been
+    born 'contrary to the Declaration of Independence.' The
+    frontiers of slavery are every where very much exposed, and all
+    along the line of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, and
+    Missouri, the tide of self-emancipated men and women is pouring
+    in upon the free States. I cannot give a better idea of the
+    extent of this peculiar emigration, than by copying extracts
+    from the _Centreville Times_, a paper published in Maryland:--
+
+
+        "'_Free Negroes and Slaves_.--When it is too late, the
+        people of Maryland will begin to look for the means of
+        protection in their slave property. We still say slave
+        property; although, notwithstanding slaves are
+        recognized as property by the constitution, without
+        which recognition this confederation never would have
+        been formed: yet such has been the effect of fanaticism
+        and emancipation, of the intermeddling machinations of
+        abolitionists, and the mischievous agency of free
+        negroes--that _the very owners of this species of
+        property seem to begin to doubt whether slaves are
+        property or not_; and so much has its value become
+        impaired, in the possession of those who reside
+        contiguous to the non-slaveholding States, that the
+        question has been raised, whether they are, in fact,
+        worth keeping. Either discipline must be so much
+        relaxed, as that the labor of the slave will scarcely
+        pay for his support; or, if forced to labor no more than
+        is even necessary to health and contentment, they
+        abscond, and passing over the lines into a
+        non-slaveholding State, are there concealed and
+        protected. The number and the success of elopements
+        leave no doubt of the establishment of a regular chain
+        of posts, accessary to, and of systematic plans,
+        deliberately organized, for their seduction and
+        concealment. In these escapes, the free negroes are, for
+        the most part, undoubtedly instrumental, as they are to
+        most of the robberies committed by slaves. While at
+        Easton, two weeks since, the slaves of two gentlemen
+        made their escape, being each, if not recovered, a loss
+        of one thousand dollars; and the firm persuasion was,
+        that, in both cases, the runaways were furnished with
+        passes by a free negro barber. Even if apprehended,
+        these gentlemen will have been put to an expense of not
+        less than three hundred dollars, and this without the
+        slightest pretext of ill usage or unkindness.
+
+        "'The usual process is, when the owner is supposed to
+        have despaired of his recovery, for some abolition or
+        free negro lawyer to open a correspondence with the
+        owner, representing the runaway to be in Canada, or
+        otherwise beyond apprehension--coolly adding, with a
+        highwayman's impudence, "take that or nothing;" and the
+        owner has to put up with a total loss, or compromise for
+        a third of the value of his property--the result in
+        either case, proving an incentive to others to be off in
+        like manner"'
+
+
+               *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+        "'There is not an interest that is not impaired, by the
+        proximity of the free States, and the protection there
+        afforded to slaves, and by the presence and
+        intercommunion of the free with the slave negro. Even
+        the value of land is diminished by it. Maryland suffers
+        the disadvantages, without the advantages of a slave
+        State. The disadvantage consists in the reputation, (the
+        odium, north of the Delaware,) of being a slave State.
+        _The capitalists of the North refuse, on that account,
+        to invest in Maryland lands, though they could buy land
+        in Maryland for twenty dollars an acre, which is
+        intrinsically worth more than theirs, which they could
+        sell for an hundred._ Our condition is, in fact, that of
+        neither the one or the other; and, unless something can
+        be done to counteract the progress of fanaticism on this
+        subject, and that abuse of strength and heedless
+        injustice which always follows irresponsible power,
+        _slavery in Maryland must cease, either by sale, while
+        that right remains to the slave-holder, or ere long, by
+        forced emancipation_.
+
+        "'Virginia--once proud and independent Virginia, already
+        half captive to the North--will soon take her place as
+        the frontier slave State;--Maryland, with her Southern
+        principles, eaten out by Northern men, will then assume
+        to her the relation that Pennsylvania now bears to
+        Maryland;--nay, it is but too obvious that, as things
+        are now working, in process of time, and that not
+        slowly, _slavery must cease to exist in all the
+        provision-growing States_,--its northernmost line will
+        be the line of the sugar, the rice, and the cotton
+        culture,--the climate alone affording to the
+        slave-holder that shelter which justice could not offer
+        from the rapacity of his pursuers. Will the Southern
+        still accept the shadow without the substance of equal
+        and confederate powers? Be his relation, then, what it
+        may--independent, confederate, or colonial--for one, we
+        say, let it be defined. To the misery of the slave, let
+        him not add the meanness of the dupe. Let him remember,
+        that time and corruption have often achieved what would
+        have defied the power of the sword;--in a word, let the
+        slave-holder think, while yet, if yet, he has power to
+        act.'"
+
+
+
+I have now concluded an imperfect attempt to delineate the present state
+of the anti-slavery cause, on the North American continent, with
+incidental notices of the past history of the efforts of its friends. In
+regard to the future, my hopes are built on the continuance of these
+efforts, and on the concurrent aid afforded by the march of events, both
+in the United States and in the world at large, under the manifestly
+over-ruling power of that gracious Being, who sometimes employs human
+instrumentality to accomplish His purposes of mercy; but who works also
+Himself, by His immutable laws, and by the dispensations of His
+providence.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+APPENDIX A. P. 30.
+
+
+ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+
+
+    "From our Yearly Meeting held in London, by adjournment from the
+    20th of the 5th Month to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1840.
+
+    "_To the Yearly Meetings of Friends on the Continent of North
+    America_.
+
+    "DEAR FRIENDS,--We think it a favor to us, and we accept it as
+    an evidence that our Lord is mindful of us, that from one time
+    to another, when thus assembled for mutual edification, and the
+    renewing of our spiritual strength, we are in any small measure
+    brought afresh to the enjoyment of that love which flows from
+    God to man, through Jesus Christ our Savior; and under its
+    blessed influence quickened to exercise of mind, not only for
+    the health and prosperity of all those professing the same faith
+    with ourselves, but for the coming of the kingdom of God upon
+    earth, and the universal prevalence of righteousness and truth
+    among men. This love has often brought us in Christian
+    compassion and tenderness of spirit, deeply to feel for that
+    portion of the great family of man subjected to the degradation
+    and cruelty of slavery.
+
+    "We do not cease to rejoice with reverent thanksgiving to
+    Almighty God, for the termination of this system of iniquity in
+    the British Colonies. It was an act of justice on the part of
+    our Legislature, and it has removed an enormous load of guilt
+    from our beloved country; but in our rejoicing, we cannot, nor
+    would we wish, to forget the hundreds of thousands of our
+    brethren and sisters on the continent of America, and elsewhere,
+    still detained in this abject condition, and liable to all the
+    misery and oppression which it entails upon its victims.
+
+    "We have a strong conviction of the guilt and sinfulness of
+    slavery, and its pernicious effects upon both the oppressed and
+    the oppressor. That man should claim a right of property in the
+    person of his fellow--that man should buy and sell his
+    brother--that civil governments in their legislative enactments,
+    should so far forget that 'God who giveth to all, life, and
+    breath, and all things, and hath made of one blood all nations
+    of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth,' as to treat
+    those who differ from them in the color of their skin, or any
+    other external peculiarity, as beasts that perish, as chattels
+    and articles of merchandise,--is in such direct violation of the
+    whole moral law, and of the righteousness of the New Testament,
+    and that in a day in which the principles of civil and religious
+    liberty are so fully acknowledged in many of the nations of
+    Christendom, may well excite both indignation and sorrow. And we
+    cannot but regard it as such proof of hardness of heart, and
+    perverted understanding, that we think it can be attributed to
+    nothing short of the deceivableness of Satan working upon the
+    fallen nature of man.
+
+    "It was, dear friends, in the gradual unfolding of that light in
+    which the things that are reproved are made manifest, that your
+    forefathers and ours, were brought to see the criminality of
+    slavery. Thus enlightened, they could find no peace with God,
+    until they had put away this evil of their doings from before
+    his eyes--until by a conscientious discharge of their individual
+    religious duty, they had restored those whom they held in
+    bondage, to the full enjoyment of unqualified freedom. Under the
+    influence of Divine wisdom, and by this faithfulness on the part
+    of upright Friends, our religious society were brought to a
+    united and settled judgment as a body, that personal slavery,
+    both in its origin and its results, was so great an evil, that
+    it could be tolerated by no mitigation of its hardship; and they
+    felt the demands of equity to be so urgent upon them, that they
+    were concerned to enjoin it upon Friends every where, by a ready
+    compliance with such reasonable duty, to cease to do evil, by
+    immediately releasing those they held as slaves. Their own hands
+    being cleansed from this pollution, they felt it to be laid upon
+    them, plainly and faithfully, to labor with their countrymen to
+    bring them to a full understanding of the requiring of the
+    Divine law, and to press it upon them to act up to its
+    commandments. In the love of God, they were bold, both in your
+    country and in ours, to plead the cause of the oppressed with
+    those in power. We believe, and we would wish to speak of it
+    with modesty and humility, that their faithfulness, in
+    connection with the exertions of humane and devoted men of other
+    Christian communities, were instrumental to bring about the
+    abolition of the slave trade, as well as the extinction of
+    slavery.
+
+    "We are reverently impressed with a sense of the prerogatives of
+    the Great Head of the Church, to dispose of his servants, and to
+    employ their time, and every talent which he has intrusted them,
+    in such a way and manner as may consist with the purposes of his
+    wisdom and love. It is the concern of this Meeting, that all our
+    dear friends may carefully seek each to know his Lord's will,
+    and to ascertain his individual path of duty; at the same time
+    we desire to encourage one another to simple obedience to that
+    which in the true light may be made manifest to them; and each
+    to an unflinching and uncompromising avowal of his allegiance to
+    his Lord in all things.
+
+    "We observe with satisfaction and comfort, in the epistles from
+    your Yearly Meetings, which have been read in this Meeting, that
+    there is a very general acknowledgment of concern on this
+    important subject. It has often been a prominent feature in the
+    brotherly correspondence which subsists between us. The
+    expression of your encouragement in times past, has been helpful
+    to us, and in the trials and difficulties you have had to
+    endure, our hearts have been brought into fellow feeling with
+    you. In this work of justice and love, we have long labored
+    together. It has helped to strengthen the bond of our union; and
+    in the fresh sense of this Christian fellowship, as it is now
+    renewed amongst us, we offer you, beloved friends, the warm
+    expression of our sympathy, and our strong desire for your help
+    and encouragement. So far removed as we are from the scene of
+    slavery, we are aware that we can but imperfectly appreciate
+    either the sufferings of the slave, or the trials of those who
+    live in the midst of such oppression; nor do we believe that we
+    can fully appreciate either the labors of faithful Friends in
+    your land, or the obstacles and discouragements which have been
+    thrown in their way.
+
+    "The brief review we have taken of the history of our Society,
+    in reference to this deeply interesting subject, and the feeling
+    which prevails with us, under a sense of the enormity of the
+    evil, urges us, and we desire that it may have the same effect
+    upon you, still to persevere; and in every way that may be
+    pointed out to us of the Lord, that we may continue to expose
+    the evil of this unjust interference with the natural and social
+    rights of man. Time is short, the day is spending fast with
+    every one of us, and we had need to use diligence in the work of
+    our day. We know the high authority under which we are commanded
+    to 'love our neighbor as ourselves.' It is our desire on our own
+    account, and in this exercise of mind we believe, dear friends,
+    that you are one with us, that in our efforts to discharge the
+    duties laid upon us, we may watch against a hopeless and
+    distrustful spirit in times of discouragement. And O that in his
+    great mercy and love towards his poor afflicted and helpless
+    children, it might please Him to hasten the coming of that day,
+    even to this generation of the enslaved in your land, in which
+    every yoke shall be broken and the oppressed go free.
+
+    "If, in this righteous cause, we move in the leading of our
+    Lord, we may humbly trust that he, with whom there is no respect
+    of persons, who careth for the sparrows and feedeth the ravens,
+    will grant to his dependent ones the help and support of his
+    Holy Spirit, and enable them, in the face of every opposition,
+    to do that which is made known to them as his will.
+
+    "With the enlarged views entertained by Friends of the mercy and
+    love of our heavenly Father towards his children of every nation
+    and tongue all the world over, we desire to press it upon you
+    still to labor for the removal of all those unjust laws and
+    limitations of right and privilege consequent upon the
+    unwarrantable distinction of color--a distinction which has
+    brought so much suffering upon those settled in different parts
+    of the Union, and which we think must conduce to the
+    strengthening of the prejudices of former years, and to retard
+    the work of emancipation.
+
+    "It is affecting to us to think with what astonishing rapidity
+    slavery is extending itself upon the Continent of North America,
+    and how from year to year the slave population is increasing
+    among you. Our spirits are oppressed with a sense of the
+    magnitude of the evil; we tremble at the awful consequence
+    which, in the justice and wisdom of Almighty God, may ensue to
+    those who persist in the upholding of it. We commend the whole
+    subject to your most serious attention, and desiring that divine
+    wisdom may be near to help in your deliberations upon it,
+
+    "We bid you, affectionately, farewell.
+
+    "Signed in and on behalf of the Meeting, by
+
+
+    "GEORGE STACEY,
+
+
+    "_Clerk to the Meeting this year_."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B. P. 30.
+
+
+EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO SLAVES.
+
+
+The following extract from Clarkson's "Memoirs of the Public and Private
+Life of William Penn," will show how the society of Friends, at a very
+early period, became unwarily entangled with the practice of slave
+holding; and also that the unchristian nature of it was immediately
+perceived by the more spiritual minded among them. It will serve also to
+prove that the testimony of Friends against slavery is no novelty, but
+is coeval with its rise as a distinct religious body. The measures
+proposed by William Penn on this subject, are an honorable testimony to
+the comprehensive benevolence of that truly great and magnanimous
+legislator, yet they fell short of the exigencies of the case, and of
+what Christian people required; consequently what good they directly
+effected was local and temporary. Viewed as the germ of subsequent
+anti-slavery enterprises of the last century, in Europe and America,
+their interest and importance cannot be too highly estimated.
+
+
+    "I must observe, that soon after the colony (Pennsylvania) had
+    been planted, that is, in the year 1682, when William Penn was
+    first resident in it, some few Africans had been imported, but
+    that more had followed. At this time the traffic in slaves was
+    not branded with infamy, as at the present day. It was
+    considered, on the other hand, as favorable to both parties: to
+    the American planters, because they had but few laborers, in
+    comparison with the extent of their lands; and to the poor
+    Africans themselves, because they were looked upon as persons
+    redeemed out of superstition, idolatry, and heathenism. But
+    though the purchase and sale of them had been admitted with less
+    caution upon this principle, there were not wanting among the
+    Quakers of Pennsylvania those who, soon after the introduction
+    of them there, began to question the moral licitness of the
+    traffic. Accordingly, at the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania,
+    held in 1688, it had been resolved, on the suggestion of
+    emigrants from Crisheim, who had adopted the principles of
+    William Penn, that the buying, selling, and holding men in
+    slavery, was inconsistent with the tenets of the Christian
+    religion. In 1696, a similar resolution had been passed at the
+    Yearly Meeting of the same religious society for the same
+    province. In consequence, then, of these noble resolutions, the
+    Quakers had begun to treat their slaves in a different manner
+    from that of other people. They had begun to consider them as
+    children of the same great Parent, to whom fraternal offices
+    were due; and hence, in 1698, there were instances where they
+    had admitted them into their meeting houses to worship in common
+    with themselves.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "I cannot help copying into a note an anecdote from
+    Thomas Story's Journal for this year (1698). 'On the 13th,' says
+    he, 'we had a pretty large meeting, where several were tendered,
+    among whom were some negroes. And here I shall observe, that
+    Thomas Simons having several negroes, one of them, as also
+    several belonging to Henry White, had of late come to meetings,
+    and having a sense of truth, several others thereway were
+    likewise convinced, and like to do well. And the morning that we
+    came from Thomas Simons's, my companion speaking some words of
+    truth to his negro woman, she was tendered; and as I passed on
+    horseback by the place where she stood weeping, I gave her my
+    hand, and then she was much more broken: and finding the day of
+    the Lord's tender visitation and mercy upon her, I spake
+    encouragingly to her, and was glad to find the poor blacks so
+    near the truth and reachable.' She stood there, looking after us
+    and weeping, as long as we could see her. I had inquired of one
+    of the black men how long they had come to meetings, and he said
+    'they had always been kept in ignorance, and disregarded as
+    persons who were not to expect any thing from the Lord, till
+    Jonathan Taylor, who had been there the year before, discoursing
+    with them, had informed them that the grace of God, through
+    Christ, was given also to them; and that they ought to believe
+    in and be led and taught by it, and so might come to be good
+    Friends, and saved as well as others. And on the next occasion,
+    which was when William Ellis and Aaron Atkinson were there, they
+    went to meetings, and several of them were convinced.' Thus one
+    planteth and another watereth, but God giveth the increase."]
+
+    "William Penn was highly gratified by the consideration of what
+    has been done on this important subject. From the very first
+    introduction of enslaved Africans into this province, he had
+    been solicitous about their temporal and eternal welfare. He had
+    always considered them as persons of the like nature with
+    himself; as having the same desire of pleasure and the same
+    aversion from pain; as children of the same Father, and heirs of
+    the same promises. Knowing how naturally the human heart became
+    corrupted and hardened by the use of power, he was fearful lest,
+    in time, these friendless strangers should become an oppressed
+    people. Accordingly, as his predecessor, George Fox, when he
+    first visited the British West Indies, exhorted all those who
+    attended his meetings for worship there, to consider their
+    slaves as branches of their own families, for whose spiritual
+    instruction they would one day or other be required to give an
+    account, so William Penn had, on his first arrival in America,
+    inculcated the same notion. It lay, therefore, now upon his mind
+    to endeavor to bring into practice what had appeared to him to
+    be right in principle. One of them was to try to incorporate the
+    treatment of slaves, as a matter of Christian duty, into _the
+    discipline of his own religious society_; and the other, to
+    secure it among others in the colony of a different religious
+    description, _by a legislative act_. Both of these were
+    necessary. The former, however, he resolved to attempt first.
+    The Society itself had already afforded him a precedent, by its
+    resolutions in 1688 and in 1696, as before mentioned, and had
+    thereby done something material in the progress of the work. It
+    was only to get a minute passed upon their books to the intended
+    effect. Accordingly, at the very first Monthly Meeting of the
+    Society, which took place in Philadelphia in the present year,
+    he proposed the subject. He laid before them the concern which
+    had been so long upon his mind, relative to these unfortunate
+    people; he pressed upon them the duty of allowing them as
+    frequently as possible to attend their Meetings for worship, and
+    the benefit that would accrue to both, by the instruction of
+    them in the principles of the Christian religion. The result
+    was, that a Meeting was appointed more particularly for the
+    negroes, once every month; so that besides the common
+    opportunities they had of collecting religious knowledge, by
+    frequenting the places of worship, there was one day in the
+    month, in which, as far as the influence of the Monthly Meeting
+    extended, they could neither be temporally nor spiritually
+    overlooked. At this Meeting also, he proposed means, which were
+    acceded to, for a more frequent intercourse between Friends and
+    the Indians; he (William Penn,) taking upon himself the charge
+    of procuring interpreters, as well as of forwarding the means
+    proposed."--Vol. II. pp. 218-222.
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C. P. 34.
+
+
+REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE YEARLY MEETING OF FRIENDS, HELD IN
+PHILADELPHIA, APPOINTED FOR THE GRADUAL CIVILIZATION, &C., OF THE INDIAN
+NATIVES, PRESENTED TO THE MEETING, FOURTH MONTH 21ST, 1841, AND DIRECTED
+TO BE PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE MEMBERS.
+
+
+
+    "TO THE YEARLY MEETING.
+
+    "The Committee charged with promoting the Gradual Improvement
+    and Civilization of the Indian Natives, report:--
+
+    "That although they have given attention to this interesting
+    concern, there are but few subjects in their operations, since
+    the last report, which require notice. The Indians have been in
+    a very unsettled condition during the past year, in consequence
+    of the embarrassment and distress produced by the ratification
+    of the treaty, and their uncertainty as to the best course to be
+    pursued by them in their trying and perplexing circumstances.
+    They still cling to the hope that they shall be able to ward off
+    the calamity which threatens them, either through the favorable
+    disposition of the new Administration and Senate, to give their
+    case a re-hearing, or by an Appeal to the Supreme Court of the
+    United States. Small as the hope afforded by these sources may
+    appear to a disinterested observer, they are buoyed up by it,
+    and seem as unwilling as ever, to look toward relinquishing
+    their present homes.
+
+    "In a communication addressed to the committee, dated
+    Tunesassah, Fifth Month 24th, 1840, signed by ten chiefs, they
+    say, 'Although, the information of the ratification of the
+    treaty is distressing to us, yet it is a satisfaction to hear
+    from you, and to learn that you still remember us in our
+    troubles, and are disposed to advise and assist us. The
+    intelligence of the confirmation of the treaty caused many of
+    our women to shed tears of sorrow. We are sensible that we stand
+    in need of the advice of our friends. Our minds are unaltered on
+    the subject of emigration.' Another dated Cold Spring, Twelfth
+    Month 8th, 1840, holds this language: 'Brothers, we continue to
+    feel relative to the treaty as we have ever felt. We cannot
+    regard it as an act of our nation, or hold it to be binding on
+    us. We still consider, that in justice, the land is at this time
+    as much our own as ever it was. We have done nothing to forfeit
+    our right to it; and have come to a conclusion to remain upon it
+    as long as we can enjoy it in peace.' 'We trust in the Great
+    Spirit: to Him we submit our cause.'
+
+    "A letter from the Senecas, residing at Tonawanda, was addressed
+    to the Committee, from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+
+        "'By the help of the Great Spirit we have met in open
+        council this 23d day of the Fifth Month, 1840, for the
+        purpose of deliberating on the right course for us to
+        pursue under the late act of the government of the
+        United States relating to our lands. Brothers, we are in
+        trouble; we have been told that the President has
+        ratified a treaty, by which these lands are sold from
+        our possession. We look to you and solicit your advice
+        and your sympathy under the accumulating difficulties
+        that now surround us. We feel more than ever, our need
+        of the help of the great and good Spirit, to guide us
+        aright. May his council ever preserve and direct us all
+        in true wisdom.
+
+        "'It is known to you, brothers, that at different times
+        our people have been induced to cede, by stipulated
+        treaties, to the government of the United States,
+        various tracts of our territory, until it is so reduced
+        that it barely affords us a home. We had hoped by these
+        liberal concessions to secure the quiet and unmolested
+        possession of this small residue, but we have abundant
+        reason to fear that we have been mistaken. The agent and
+        surveyor of a company of land speculators, known as the
+        Ogden Company, have been on here to lay out our land
+        into lots, to be sold from us to the whites. We have
+        protested against it, and have forbidden their
+        proceeding.
+
+        "'Brothers, what we want, is that you should intercede
+        with the United States government on our behalf. We do
+        not want to leave our lands. We are willing that the
+        emigrating party should sell out their rights, but we
+        are not willing that they should sell ours.
+
+        "'Brothers, we want the President of the United States
+        to know that we are for peace; that we only ask the
+        possession of our just rights. We have kept in good
+        faith all our agreements with the government. In our
+        innocence of any violation we ask its protection. In our
+        weakness we look to it for justice and mercy. We desire
+        to live upon our lands in peace and harmony. We love
+        Tonawanda. It is the residue left us of the land of our
+        forefathers. We have no wish to leave it. Here are our
+        cultivated fields, our houses, our wives and children,
+        and our firesides--and here we wish to lay our bones in
+        peace.
+
+        "'Brothers, in conclusion, we desire to express our
+        sincere thanks to you for your friendly assistance in
+        times past, and at the same time earnestly solicit your
+        further attention and advice. Brothers, may the Great
+        Spirit befriend you all--farewell.'
+
+
+    "Desirous of rendering such aid as might be in our power, a
+    correspondence has been held with some members of Congress, on
+    the subject of the treaty, and other matters connected with it;
+    and recently, two of our number visited Washington, and were
+    assured by the present Secretary of War, under whose immediate
+    charge the Indian affairs are placed, that it was his
+    determination, and that of the other officers of the government,
+    to give to the treaty, and the circumstances attending its
+    procurement, a thorough examination; and to adopt such a course
+    respecting it, as justice and humanity to the Indians would
+    dictate.
+
+    "The friends who have for several years resided at Tunesassah
+    still continue to occupy the farm, and have charge of the saw
+    and grist mills and other improvements. The farm, during the
+    past year, has yielded about thirty-five tons of hay, two
+    hundred bushels of potatoes, one hundred bushels of oats, and
+    one hundred bushels of apples. Notwithstanding the unsettlement
+    produced by the treaty during the past season, the Indians have
+    raised an adequate supply of provisions to keep them comfortably
+    during the year; and they manifest an increased desire to avoid
+    the use of ardent spirits, and to have their children educated.
+    In their letter of the Twelfth Month last, the chiefs say, 'We
+    are more engaged to have our children educated than we have
+    heretofore been. There are at this time three schools in
+    operation on this reservation, for the instruction of our
+    youth.'
+
+    "Our friend, Joseph Batty, in a letter dated 28th of Second
+    Month last, says, 'The Indians have held several temperance
+    councils this winter. The chiefs--with the exception of two, who
+    were not present--have all signed a pledge to abstain from the
+    use of all intoxicating liquors, and appear engaged to bring
+    about a reform among their people; but the influence of the
+    whites among them is prejudicial to their improvement in this
+    and other respects.'
+
+    "By direction of the Committee,
+
+    "THOMAS WISTAR, _Clerk_.
+
+    "_Philadelphia, 4th Month 15th, 1841_."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D. P. 44.
+
+
+ELISHA TYSON.
+
+
+The following particulars of this memorable person are chiefly taken
+from a work, now very scarce, entitled "The Life of Elisha Tyson, the
+Philanthropist, by a Citizen of Baltimore."
+
+
+    "The eldest known ancestor of Mr. Tyson was a German Quaker,
+    converted to the faith of Fox by the preaching of William Penn.
+    Persecuted by the government of his native country for his
+    religion, he gathered up his all and followed Penn to England;
+    with whom, and at whose request, he afterwards embarked for
+    America, and was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania. He
+    established himself within what are now called the environs of
+    Philadelphia, married the daughter of an English settler, and
+    became the happy father of sons and daughters. From these, many
+    descendants have been derived.
+
+    "Elisha Tyson was one of the great grandsons in direct descent
+    of the German Quaker, and was born on the spot which he had
+    chosen for his residence. The religion and virtues of this
+    ancestor were instilled into the minds of his children and
+    children's children, to the third and fourth generation--not by
+    transmission of blood, but by the force of a guarded and a
+    Christian education. In the subject of this memoir, they blazed
+    forth with superior lustre. From his infancy he was conspicuous
+    in his neighborhood for that benevolence of heart and
+    intrepidity of soul, which so highly distinguished him in after
+    life."
+
+
+In his early manhood he removed to Baltimore, in the slave State of
+Maryland. Here, from his first residence, he took an active part in
+various benevolent and public spirited enterprises, although he had to
+struggle with early difficulties, having no resources for his support
+but honesty, industry, and perseverance. The cause of the oppressed
+slaves very soon engaged his attention, and his unwearied exertions in
+their behalf ceased not till the close of a long and energetic life. In
+the following quotation, describing the American slave trade, although
+the past tense is employed by his biographer, yet if Louisiana be
+substituted for Georgia, the whole representation is true of the present
+time. That dreadful traffic has increased many fold since the date here
+alluded to, at which E. Tyson's career of benevolence commenced.
+
+"Even the most creditable merchants felt no compunction in speculating
+in the flesh and blood of their own species. These articles of
+merchandize were as common as wheat and tobacco, and ranked with these
+as a staple of Maryland. This state of things was naturally productive
+of scenes of cruelty. Georgia was then the great receptacle of that
+portion of these unfortunate beings, who were exported beyond the limits
+of their native soil; and the worst name given to Tartarus itself could
+not be more appalling to their imaginations than the name of that sister
+State. And when we consider the dreadful consequences suffered by the
+victims of this traffic; a separation like that of death between the
+nearest and dearest relatives; a banishment for ever from the land of
+their nativity and the scenes of their youth; the painful inflictions by
+the hands of slave drivers, to whom cruelty was rendered delightful by
+its frequent exercise; with many other sufferings too numerous to
+mention, we cannot wonder at this horror on the part of these
+unfortunate beings, and that it should cause them to use all the means
+in their power to avoid so terrible a destiny. The slave-trader, aware
+of all this, and fearful lest his victims might seek safety by flight,
+became increasingly careful of his property. With these men, and upon
+such subjects, care is cruelty; and thus the apparent necessity of the
+case came in aid of the favorite disposition of their minds. They
+charged their victims with being the authors of that cruelty, which had
+its true origin in their own remorseless hearts. Their plea for
+additional rigor, being plausibly urged, was favorably received by a
+community darkened by prejudice. Few regarded with pity, and most with
+stoical indifference, this barbarous correction for crimes anticipated,
+and rigorous penance for offences existing only in the diabolical
+fancies of their tormentors. The truth is, it was the love these poor
+wretches bore their wives, children, and native soil, for which they
+were punished. They were commonly bound two and two by chains, riveted
+to iron collars fastened around their necks, more and more closely, as
+their drivers had more and more reason to suspect a desire to escape. If
+they were conveyed in wagons, as they sometimes were, additional chains
+were so fixed, as to connect the right ancle of one with the left ancle
+of another, so that they were fastened foot to foot, and neck to neck.
+If a disposition to complain, or to grieve, was manifested by any of
+them, the mouths of such were instantly stopped with a gag. If,
+notwithstanding this, the overflowings of sorrow found a passage through
+other channels, they were checked by the 'scourge inexorable;'--the
+cruel monsters thus endeavoring to lessen the appearance of pain, by
+increasing its reality. These were scenes of ordinary occurrence; troops
+of these poor slaves were continually seen fettered as before described,
+marching two and two, with commanders before and behind, swords by their
+sides, and pistols in their belts--the triumphant victors over unarmed
+women and children. The sufferings of their victims, were, if possible,
+increased, when they were compelled to stop for the night. They were
+crowded in cellars, and loaded with an additional number of fetters. On
+those routes usually taken by them to the South, stated taverns were
+selected as their resting places for the night. In these, dungeons under
+ground were specially contrived for their reception. Iron staples, with
+rings in them, were fixed at proper places in the walls; to these,
+chains were welded; and to these chains the fetters of the prisoners
+were locked, as the means of certain safety. It was usual every day for
+these slave-drivers to keep a strict record of the imagined offences of
+their slaves; which, if not to their satisfaction expiated by suffering
+during the day, remained upon the register until its close; when, in the
+midst of midnight dungeon horrors, goaded with a weight of fetters, in
+addition to those which had galled them during their weary march, these
+reputed sins were atoned by their blood, which was made to trickle down
+'the scourge with triple thongs.'"
+
+Such was the evil with which Elisha Tyson, when "young, solitary, and
+friendless," undertook to grapple; the means he chiefly employed, were
+such as tended to purify and enlighten public opinion.
+
+
+    "He had two principal modes of operating upon the public mind;
+    by conversation in public and private places, and by the press.
+    Through the means of the first, he worked upon the feelings and
+    sentiments of the higher and more influential classes; by means
+    of the latter, he influenced in a great degree, the mass of the
+    community. In private conversation, his arguments were so
+    cogent, his appeals so energetic, and his manner so sincere and
+    disinterested, that few could avoid conviction. It is true,
+    indeed, as it regards the press, that he did not publish very
+    much of his own composing; but he procured the publication of a
+    vast deal of his own dictating. By his arguments and entreaties,
+    he aroused the zeal of many individuals, each of whom enlisted
+    himself as a kind of voluntary amanuensis, who wrote and
+    published his dictations. Many important essays have in this way
+    been communicated to the public."
+
+
+But he undertook also, services requiring a yet sterner resolution, and
+more heroic perseverance, services which demanded that he himself should
+be in bondage neither to riches, honor, nor reputation, since his
+exertions endangered all his personal interests in such a community as
+that by which he was surrounded.
+
+
+    "Of those held in servitude, two classes of beings felt in a
+    peculiar manner the kindness and sympathy of Mr. Tyson--those
+    entitled to their freedom, and illegally held in slavery--and
+    those, who, though not illegally kept in bondage, yet were
+    treated with inhumanity by their masters.
+
+    "Where he had reason to believe that a person claimed as a slave
+    was entitled to his freedom, he would, in the first place, in
+    order to avoid litigation, lay before the reputed owner, the
+    grounds of his belief. If these were disregarded, he then
+    proceeded to employ counsel, by whom a petition for freedom was
+    filed in the proper court, and the case prosecuted to a final
+    determination. What excited most astonishment in these trials,
+    was the extraordinary success which attended him. Very few were
+    the cases in which he was defeated; and his failure even in
+    these, was more generally owing to the want of testimony, than
+    to the want of justice on his side. To enumerate his successes,
+    would be as impossible, on account of their vast number, as it
+    would be tedious on account of their similarity to each other.
+    Whole families were often liberated by a single verdict, the
+    fate of one relative deciding the fate of many. And often
+    ancestors, after passing a long life in illegal slavery, sprung
+    at last, like the chrysalis in autumn, into new existence,
+    beneath the genial rays of the sun of liberty, which shed at the
+    same time its benign influence upon their children, and
+    children's children.
+
+    "The titles of the individuals, thus liberated, to their
+    freedom, were variously derived. Sometimes from deeds of
+    manumission, long suppressed, and at last brought to light, by
+    the searching scrutiny of Tyson--sometimes from the genealogy of
+    the petitioner, traced by him to some Indian or white maternal
+    ancestor--sometimes from the right to freedom, claimed by birth,
+    but attempted to be destroyed by the rapacity of some vile
+    kidnapper, and sometimes from the violation of those of our laws
+    which manumitted slaves imported from foreign parts.
+
+    "The labors of Mr. Tyson, were not confined to a single
+    district--they extended over the whole of Maryland. There is not
+    a county in it, which has not felt his influence, or a court of
+    justice, whose records do not bear proud testimonials of his
+    triumphs over tyranny. Throwing out of calculation the many
+    liberations indirectly resulting from his efforts, we speak more
+    than barely within bounds, when we say, that he has been the
+    means, under Providence, of rescuing at least two thousand human
+    beings from the galling yoke of a slavery, which, but for him,
+    would have been perpetual.
+
+    "And here let me join my readers in expressions of wonder and
+    astonishment at this extraordinary display of human benevolence,
+    in the person of a single individual--unsupported by power,
+    wealth, or title, beneath the frowns of society, and against a
+    torrent of prejudice."
+
+
+In the year 1789 an "Abolition Society," (see antecedent pages 23 and
+24,) was formed in Baltimore, of which Elisha Tyson was a member until
+its dissolution, seven years afterwards.
+
+
+    "From that time, Mr. Tyson supported alone the cause of
+    emancipation in Maryland. Alone, I mean, as the sole director
+    and prime mover of the machinery by which that cause was
+    maintained. Assisted, he was, no doubt, from time to time; but
+    that assistance was procured through his influence, or rendered
+    effectual under his inspection and advice.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "One of the most active assistants was his brother
+    Jesse, much younger than Elisha. He followed him to this State a
+    few years after the arrival of the latter, was an active member
+    of the Abolition Society, and continued, to the day of his
+    death, to co-operate with Elisha."]
+
+    "The slave traffic gave rise to an evil still greater--I mean
+    the crime of _kidnapping_. If the horrors arising from the first
+    were so great as I have described them, how shall I depict those
+    of the other! Slaves only were the victims of the slave trade.
+    In passing from hand to hand, they merely exchanged one
+    condition of slavery for another. And though on such occasions
+    they fell from a less degree of misery into a greater, they
+    could not number among their privations any thing so bitter as
+    the loss of liberty. It was this that made the difference
+    between them and the victims of the kidnapper; not that they
+    laid their hands exclusively upon the freeman, for sometimes
+    their rapacity seized upon a slave. But this was very seldom,
+    for the vigilance of slave owners was always alive to detect,
+    and their vengeance to punish such daring felony. In almost all
+    cases of man stealing, the stolen beings were of those who had
+    tasted the sweets of liberty. To the kidnapper, who made these
+    his prey, there were great facilities for escaping with
+    impunity; not only because, in the depth and darkness of a
+    dungeon, his limbs loaded with fetters, and utterance choked
+    with a gag, his suffering could not be made visible or audible,
+    but also because the deadness of sensibility on this subject,
+    which still pervaded the public, though in a less degree than
+    formerly, seemed to have unnerved every eye and palsied every
+    ear. Sights of misery passed darkly before the one and sounds of
+    wo fell lifeless on the other.
+
+    "On one occasion Mr. Tyson received intelligence that three
+    colored persons, supposed to have been kidnapped, had been seen
+    under suspicious circumstances, late in the evening, with a
+    notorious slave-trader, in a carriage, which was then moving
+    rapidly towards a quarter of the precincts of Baltimore in which
+    there was a den of man-hunters. It was late in the day when he
+    received the information, which was immediately communicated to
+    the proper authorities. As the testimony offered to these was
+    not, in their opinion, sufficiently strong to induce them to act
+    instantaneously, Mr. Tyson was obliged to seek for aid in other
+    quarters. He accordingly requested certain individuals, who had
+    sometimes lent him their assistance, to accompany him to the
+    scene of suspicion, in order to obtain, if possible, additional
+    proof. One after another made excuse, (some telling him that the
+    evidence was too weak to justify any effort, and others saying
+    that it would be better to postpone the business for the next
+    morning,) until Mr. Tyson saw himself without the hope of
+    foreign assistance. But he did not yield or despair--one hope
+    yet remained, and that rested on himself. Alone he determined to
+    search out the den of thieves, to see and judge for himself. If
+    there was no foundation for his suspicions, to dismiss them; if
+    they were true, to call in the aid of the civil power, for the
+    punishment of guilt and the rescue of innocence.
+
+    "So much time had been spent in receiving the excuses of his
+    friends, that it was late at night when he set out, on foot and
+    without a single weapon of defence. In the midst of silence and
+    darkness, he marched along until he arrived at the place of
+    destination. It was situated in the very skirts of the city--a
+    public tavern in appearance, but almost exclusively appropriated
+    to a band of slave-traders. Here they conveyed their prey,
+    whether stolen or purchased; here they held their midnight
+    orgies, and revelled in the midst of misery. The keeper of this
+    place was himself one of the party, and therefore not very
+    scrupulous about the sort of victims his companions chose to
+    place beneath his care. Mr. Tyson ascended the door-sill, and,
+    for a moment, listened, if perchance he might hear the sounds of
+    wo. Suddenly a loud laugh broke upon his ears, which was soon
+    lost in a chorus of laughter. Indignant at the sound, he reached
+    forth his hand and rapped with his whole might. No answer was
+    received. He rapped again--all was silence. He then applied
+    himself to the fastening of the door, and finding it unlocked,
+    opened it and entered. Suddenly four men made their appearance.
+    They had been carousing around a table which stood in the centre
+    of a room, and when a little alarmed by the rapping at the door,
+    they had gone in different directions to seize their weapons.
+    Mr. Tyson immediately recognised in the countenance of one of
+    these, who appeared to be their leader, the slave-trader whose
+    conduct had given rise to the suspicions that had brought him
+    thither. Nor was it many moments before the person and character
+    of Mr. Tyson became known.
+
+    "'I understand,' said he, 'that there are persons confined in
+    this place entitled to their freedom?'
+
+    "'You have been wrongly informed,' said the leader of the
+    quartette; 'and, besides, what business is it of yours?'
+
+    "'Whether I am wrongly informed,' said Mr. Tyson, calmly, 'can
+    be soon made to appear; and I hold it my business, as it is the
+    business of every good man in the community, to see that all
+    doubts of this kind are settled!'
+
+    "'You shall advance no further,' rejoined the leader, swearing a
+    tremendous oath, and putting himself in a menacing attitude.
+
+    "With the rapidity of lightning, and with a strength that seemed
+    to have been lent him for the occasion, Mr. Tyson broke through
+    the arms of his opponent. As he had been repeatedly at this
+    house on similar errands, he knew the course he should steer,
+    and made directly for the door of the dungeon. There he met
+    another of the band, with a candle in one hand, and in the
+    other, a pistol, which, having cocked, he presented full against
+    the breast of Mr. Tyson, swearing that he would shoot him if he
+    advanced a step further.
+
+    "'Shoot if thee dare,' said Mr. Tyson, in a voice of thunder,
+    'but thee dare not, coward as thou art, for well does thee know,
+    that the gallows would be thy portion.'
+
+    "Whether it was the voice and countenance of Mr. Tyson, or the
+    terror of the word gallows, that affected the miscreant, his arm
+    suddenly fell, and he stood as if struck dumb with amazement.
+    Mr. Tyson taking advantage of the moment, in the twinkling of an
+    eye, snatched the candle from the hand of the kidnapper, entered
+    the dungeon door, which was providentially unlocked, and
+    descended into the vault below.
+
+    "There he beheld a dismal sight; six poor creatures chained to
+    each other by links connected with the prison wall! The
+    prisoners shrunk within themselves at the sight of a man, and
+    one of them uttered a shriek of terror, mistaking the character
+    of their visitor. He told them that he was their friend; and his
+    name was Elisha Tyson. That name was enough for them, for their
+    whole race had been long taught to utter it. He inquired, 'if
+    any of them were entitled to their freedom?' 'Yes,' said one,
+    'these two boys say that they and their, mother here are free,
+    but she can't speak to you, for she is gagged.' Mr. Tyson
+    approached this woman, and found that she was really deprived of
+    her utterance. He instantly cut away the band that held in the
+    gag, and thus gave speech to the dumb. She told her tale; 'she
+    was manumitted by a gentleman on the eastern shore of Maryland;
+    her sons were born after her emancipation, and of course free.
+    She referred to persons and papers. She had come over the
+    Chesapeake in a packet, for the purpose of getting employment;
+    and was, with her children, decoyed away immediately on her
+    arrival, by a person who brought her to that house. Mr. Tyson
+    told her to be of good comfort, for he would immediately provide
+    the means of her rescue. He then left the dungeon and ascended
+    the stair way, when he reached the scene of his preceding
+    contest; he, looked around, but saw no one save the keeper of
+    the tavern. Fearing that the others had escaped, or were about
+    to escape, he hastened out of the house, and proceeded with
+    rapid strides in pursuit of a constable. He soon found one and
+    entreated his assistance. But the officer refused, unless Mr.
+    Tyson would give him a bond of indemnity against all loss which
+    he might suffer by his interference. Mr. Tyson complied without
+    hesitation. The officer, after summoning assistance, proceeded
+    with Mr. Tyson to the scene of cruelty. There meeting with the
+    tavern keeper, they compelled him to unlock the fetters of the
+    three individuals claiming their freedom. They then searched the
+    house for the supposed kidnappers, and found two of them; in,
+    bed, whom, together with the women, and children, they conveyed
+    that night to the jail of Baltimore county, to await the
+    decision of a court of justice. The final consequence was, the
+    mother and children were adjudged free. One of the two
+    slave-traders, taken as afore-mentioned in custody, was found
+    guilty of having kidnapped them, and was sentenced to the
+    Maryland penitentiary, for a term of years.
+
+    "On another occasion, Mr. Tyson having received satisfactory
+    evidence that a colored person, on board a vessel about to sail
+    for New Orleans, in Louisiana, was entitled to his freedom,
+    hastened to his assistance. On reaching the wharf, where the
+    vessel had lain, he learned that she had cleared out the day
+    before, and was then lying at anchor, a mile down the river. He
+    immediately procured two officers of the peace, with whom he
+    proceeded in a batteau, with a full determination to board the
+    suspected ship.
+
+    "When he arrived alongside, he hailed the captain and asked him
+    'whether such a person, (naming him,) having on board negroes
+    destined for the New Orleans market, was not among the number of
+    passengers.' Before the captain had time to reply, the passenger
+    alluded to, who had overheard the question, stepped to the side
+    of the vessel, and recognising Mr. Tyson, asked what business
+    _he_ had with him. 'I understand,' said Mr. Tyson, 'that a
+    colored person,' describing him, 'now in thy possession, is
+    entitled to his freedom.' 'He is my slave,' said the trader; 'I
+    have purchased him by a fair title, and no man shall interfere
+    between him and me.'
+
+    "'If these documents speak the truth,' said Mr. Tyson, holding
+    certain papers in his hand, 'however fairly you have purchased
+    him he is not your slave.' He then proceeded to read the
+    documents. At the same time a light breeze springing up, the
+    captain ordered all hands to hoist sail and be off. Mr. Tyson
+    seeing that there was not a minute to be lost, requested the
+    constables to go on board with him for the purpose of rescuing
+    the free man who had been deprived of his rights. The trader
+    immediately drew a dagger from his belt, (for this sort of men
+    went always armed,) and swore that 'the first man that dared set
+    his foot upon the deck of that ship was a dead man.' 'Then I
+    will be that man,' said Mr. Tyson, with a firm voice and
+    intrepid countenance, and sprang upon the deck. The trader
+    stepped back aghast. The officers followed, and descended the
+    hold of the ship. There they soon saw the object of their
+    search. Without any resistance being made on the part of a
+    single person on board, they led their rescued prisoner along
+    and safely lodged him in the boat below. Then Mr. Tyson,
+    addressing the trader, said, 'If you have any lawful claim to
+    this man, come along and try your title; if you cannot come,
+    name your agent, and I will see that justice is done to all
+    parties.' The trader, who seemed dumb with confusion, made no
+    answer; and Mr. Tyson requested his boatmen to row off. Ere they
+    had proceeded half their distance from the ship, her sails were
+    spread and she began to ride down the stream. Had Mr. Tyson's
+    visit been delayed half an hour longer, his benevolent exertions
+    would have been in vain.
+
+    "No one appearing to dispute the right of the colored man to
+    freedom, his freedom papers were given him and he was set at
+    liberty.
+
+    "The whole life of Mr. Tyson was diversified by acts such as we
+    have just described. Those I have given to the reader may be
+    considered as specimens merely, a few examples out of a vast
+    many, which, if they were all repeated, would satiate by their
+    number and tire by their uniformity.
+
+    "The joy manifested by the poor creatures whom he thus rescued
+    from misery, on their deliverance, may be imagined, but cannot
+    well be described. Sometimes it broke forth in loud and wild
+    demonstrations; sometimes it was deep and inexpressible, or
+    expressed only by mingled tears of gratitude and ecstacy,
+    rolling silently but profusely down their wo-worn cheeks.
+
+    "Mr. Tyson, it is remarkable, would always turn his eyes from
+    these manifestations. He would listen to no declarations of
+    thanks. When these were strongly pressed upon him, he would
+    usually exclaim, 'Well, that will do now; that is enough for
+    this time.' And once when one of these creatures, fearful that
+    Mr. Tyson would not consider him sufficiently grateful, cried
+    out, 'Indeed, master, I am very thankful, I would die to serve
+    you,' Mr. Tyson exclaimed, 'Why, man, I have only done my duty;
+    I don't want thy thanks;' and turned abruptly away.
+
+    "Equalled only by the delight of the rescued victims, was the
+    chagrin and vexation of the slave-traders, when they saw their
+    prey torn from their grasp. They cursed the law; they cursed its
+    ministers; but above all, they invoked imprecations upon the
+    head of Tyson.
+
+    "They swore that they would murder him, that they would fire his
+    dwelling over his head, that they would do a thousand things,
+    all full of vengeance. None of these threats were ever put into
+    execution; for though a plot was once laid to take away his
+    life, fear dispersed the actors long before the day of
+    performance. Thus does it always happen that the wickedest of
+    men are also the meanest, and therefore the most dastardly. And
+    thus did the cowardice of Mr. Tyson's enemies shield him from
+    the effects of their enmity. Nor did he profit less by that
+    individual fear of him which these slave-traders were made to
+    feel. They feared him because they deprecated his hostility. In
+    order, if possible, to lessen this hostility, they frequently
+    became informers on others engaged in the same traffic. This
+    they were further inclined to do, in consequence of the jealousy
+    that subsisted between them--a jealousy very natural to
+    competitors in the same line of business. It was always a time
+    of exultation with them when one of their number found his way
+    into the penitentiary.
+
+    "It sometimes happened that Mr. Tyson extracted from the mouths
+    of these monsters, evidence which afterwards went to criminate
+    those who had uttered it. It was usual with him when he could
+    not obtain testimony against a suspected person, to send for
+    such person and interrogate him. No one refused his
+    summons--fear forbade the refusal; and after they had come, the
+    very fear which brought them there sacrificed them to injured
+    humanity. Sometimes those who came voluntarily for the purpose
+    of criminating others, involved themselves in toils of their own
+    weaving; where they were no sooner seen, by the penetrating eye
+    of Tyson, than he reached forth his hands and secured his
+    astonished prisoner, before he had a suspicion of his danger.
+
+    "Mr. Tyson's knowledge of the sort of people with whom he had
+    principally to deal was perfect. His quickness of perception and
+    self-command were also remarkable. These qualifications gave him
+    an extraordinary power in the examinations just alluded to.
+
+    "One evening the servant announced a stranger at the door, who
+    wished to see Mr. Tyson privately. Mr. Tyson requested that he
+    might be asked into the room where we were then sitting, and if
+    further privacy were necessary he should have it.
+
+    "When the door opened and the stranger appeared, he was no other
+    than the slave-trader we have just alluded to.
+
+    "'Your humble servant,' said the man, casting off his hat and
+    bowing profoundly; 'I hope you are well, sir; I have a few words
+    for your private ear.'
+
+    "'Every one present may be safely trusted,' said Mr. Tyson; 'but
+    sit down.'
+
+    "The man seated himself. 'Well,' said Mr. Tyson, 'what is there
+    new in thy way of business; I suppose it continues as usual to
+    be a good business?'
+
+    "'Ah! sir,' said the man, 'I believe it to be a bad business in
+    more ways than one. I am resolved to quit it.'
+
+    "'Not while thee can get two hundred dollars profit per man,'
+    said Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Notwithstanding that,' said the trader, 'it's a bad business;
+    it's a hard business; I must quit it, and that very soon.'
+
+    "'Hast thou heard of the old saying,' said Mr. Tyson, 'Hell is
+    paved with good intentions? I fear,' said he, 'when thee goes
+    there thee will find thine among the number.'
+
+    "'I know,' said the trader, 'you think me very bad; but when you
+    hear what I have to communicate, perhaps your opinion will alter
+    a little.'
+
+    "'I wish it may; but,' said Mr. Tyson, 'thy progress down hill
+    has been so rapid, and thou hast got so far, that thee will find
+    it rather hard to turn about and ascend.'
+
+    "These doubtings, attended with a shrewd, suspicious, yet
+    satirical look, had the effect intended; for the man became
+    doubly anxious to do what he had come to do, and what he thought
+    would be esteemed a great favor by Mr. Tyson. Accordingly, after
+    a word or two of preface, he stated that he 'had reason to
+    believe that ----', naming a certain trader, 'had kidnapped two
+    free blacks.'
+
+    "'Thee is certainly mistaken,' said Mr. Tyson, affecting great
+    surprise; 'it is hardly possible that so worthy a man could have
+    been guilty of so great a crime.'
+
+    "This apparent doubt on the part of Mr. Tyson, made the man more
+    anxious to bring out all his testimony.
+
+    "'But who told thee this piece of news?' said Mr. Tyson. There
+    was a breach at once into the man's order and arrangement and he
+    hesitated for a reply. 'Mr. ----, Mr. ----, Mr. ----, what do ye
+    call him, spoke to me about it.' 'Who?' said Mr. Tyson. 'Mr.
+    ----,' said the man; mentioning the name of a veteran dealer in
+    human flesh.
+
+    "'Is he engaged in the traffic now?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Yes, sir; very deep in it.'
+
+    "'By himself, or in partnership?' asked Mr. Tyson carelessly.
+
+    "'Why, I believe he is in partnership with some body.'
+
+    "'Is he not in partnership,' said Mr. Tyson, 'with ----?' naming
+    the person whom the man was anxious to inculpate.
+
+    "'I believe he was, but I don't know that he is now.'
+
+    "'Thee don't know of their having dissolved?' asked Mr. Tyson at
+    the same time, as if thoughtlessly lighting his pipe.
+
+    "'No, I do not. But as I was going to say,' said the trader--
+
+    "'Ah, true,' said Mr. Tyson, 'we must not forget. Thee was
+    talking about a case of kidnapping; well?'
+
+    "'Last night,' said the trader, 'a hack drove up to the tavern
+    where I lodge. The hackman inquired the way to ----'s tavern,
+    which is the place of rendezvous for ---- and his gang;' naming
+    the person whose guilt _seemed_ to be the principal object of
+    inquiry. 'I looked into the carriage, and saw two boys.'
+
+    "'Did thee speak to them?'
+
+    "'No, they were gagged, and that made me think they were
+    kidnapped.'
+
+    "'Was any body with them?'
+
+    "'Nobody but the driver, and he was black.'
+
+    "'Did thee direct him as he requested?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'And they arrived accordingly?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'Did thee follow them?'
+
+    "'No sir, not immediately--but I went this morning, and inquired
+    whether a hack with two boys and a black driver, had not arrived
+    late last night, and they said there had.'
+
+    "'What o'clock last night was it when thee saw the carriage?'
+
+    "'About ten, sir.'
+
+    "'Was the hack close, or were the curtains down?'
+
+    "'The curtains were down, and that increased my suspicion.'
+
+    "Mr. Tyson had now heard enough to convince him that if there
+    was any kidnapping in this case, the trader who stood before him
+    had a much nearer connection with it than that of a mere
+    spectator.
+
+    "He had said in the first place that he obtained his knowledge
+    from a trader who had been partner with the party implicated. He
+    then stated that he derived it from seeing the kidnapped persons
+    in a hack. And though it was ten o'clock at night, (at a time,
+    too, as Mr. Tyson knew, when there was no moon,) yet he could
+    not only see that these two persons were in the hack, but that
+    they were gagged. He could not have done this by the light of a
+    candle or the moon, because 'the hack was tight, and the
+    curtains were down.'
+
+    "Fearing lest the suspicions of the trader might be excited as
+    to the sentiments of Mr. Tyson towards him, an end was put to
+    the part of the dialogue which related to the kidnapping, by
+    saying, 'Well, I am much obliged to thee for thy information;
+    we'll see this ----, and settle the matter with him;' and then
+    turned the tide of conversation into a different direction.
+
+    "The same day Mr. Tyson sent for the person who was first
+    mentioned as the person communicating the knowledge of the
+    transaction, and asked him as to the fact of such communication.
+    It was positively denied. He had 'not seen the informer for six
+    weeks, except the last evening, when he brought a hack load of
+    negroes to the tavern where he and his partner were lodgers.'
+
+    "'Were two boys among the number?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'Were they gagged?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "The moment this man left his house, Mr. Tyson went in search of
+    bailiffs and civil process. With these he proceeded to the place
+    where the two boys were confined, and had them and all three of
+    the traders taken into custody.
+
+    "It turned out afterwards, in the further prosecution of this
+    investigation, (by what testimony we do not distinctly
+    recollect,) that the informer who first came to Mr. Tyson had
+    himself kidnapped the two boys. He sold them to the person upon
+    whom he had endeavored, in the manner we have detailed, to affix
+    the whole crime; who, refusing afterward to pay their price, and
+    yet determined to retain them, exasperated the seller to such a
+    degree that he resolved to sacrifice him; in attempting which he
+    sacrificed himself, for he was afterward convicted and sentenced
+    to the penitentiary.
+
+    "During the progress of any investigation originated by Mr.
+    Tyson in behalf of individual freedom, his anxiety about the
+    final issue, though concealed from the world, burned with
+    intensity. His days were restless, his nights were sleepless,
+    and himself, except when in company, which he avoided at those
+    times, lost in the abstractions of hope or of despondency.
+
+    "When he succeeded, his joy was strong, but invisible or
+    inaudible, save to the Father of all mercies. To him he never
+    failed 'to pour out his soul' in pious thanksgivings for that he
+    made him a humble instrument in the restoration of a fellow
+    being to light and liberty.
+
+    "When he failed, which was seldom, after he had seriously
+    undertaken a case, his sorrow was equally great, and as
+    inscrutable to human observation, excepting that of the
+    unfortunate objects of his care, who saw him mingling tears of
+    sympathy with theirs of suffering.
+
+    "Though Mr. Tyson seldom failed in those cases which he had
+    commenced in legal form, yet very many persons were turned
+    hopelessly away whose cases were too groundless for
+    adjudication; and often those who knew they had no cause for
+    hope,--condemned to be torn from their connections and sold, as
+    if to death, never to be heard of more,--would call merely to
+    obtain his sympathies, as if the universe had no other friend
+    for them.
+
+    "A man who lived with his master, in Anne Arundel county, came
+    late one evening to Mr. Tyson, and begged that he would listen
+    to his case. His master had promised him his freedom, provided
+    he would raise and pay him the sum of five hundred dollars in
+    six years; and he had earned half of the money, which he had
+    given his master. The six years were not expired, yet he was
+    about to be sold to Georgia. Mr. Tyson asked if 'there was any
+    receipt for the money.' 'No.' 'Was there any witness who could
+    prove its payment?' 'Nobody but his master's wife.' 'Then,' said
+    Mr. Tyson, 'the law is against thee, and thou must submit. I can
+    do nothing for thee.' Never, said Mr. Tyson, when relating this
+    story, shall I forget the desperate resolution which showed
+    itself in the countenance and manner of this man when he said,
+    with clenched fist, his eyes raised to Heaven, his whole frame
+    bursting with the purpose of his soul, while a smile of triumph
+    played around his lips, 'I will die before the Georgia man shall
+    have me.' And then suddenly melting into a flood of tears, he
+    said, 'I cannot live away from my wife and children.' After this
+    poor fellow had left me, said Mr. Tyson, I said to a person
+    present, 'That is no common man; he will do what he has
+    resolved.'
+
+    "A short time afterwards, the remains of a colored person who
+    had been drowned in the basin at Baltimore were discovered. The
+    fact coming to the knowledge of Mr. Tyson, he went to see the
+    body, and recognized in its features and from its dress, the
+    remains of the unfortunate man who, a short time before, had
+    breathed the dreadful resolution in his presence."
+
+
+Such are a few of the memorials which this friend of the human race has
+left behind him. He was not less persevering, and scarcely less
+successful in his endeavors to obtain the mitigation of the slave laws
+in Maryland. Some of the most repulsive of these were repealed or
+altered, particularly those restricting manumissions. Thus the condition
+and the prospects of the whole body of slaves was improved, in addition
+to _more than two thousand_ delivered by his immediate instrumentality
+from illegal bondage. Hundreds of free and happy families have cause at
+this day to bless the memory of "Father Tyson."
+
+He also deeply interested himself on behalf of the Indian tribes; and
+once in company with another individual, as a deputation from the
+Society of Friends in Baltimore, undertook a dangerous journey to visit
+several tribes 1000 miles distant, to the north-west of the Ohio. The
+main object of the mission was to induce the Indians to refrain from the
+use of ardent spirits--of whose destructive effects the chiefs were
+themselves fully sensible. The following affecting address was made to
+an assembly of "Friends" in Baltimore, by Little Turtle, a chief famous
+for courage, sagacity and eloquence:
+
+
+    "Brothers and Friends:--When our forefathers first met on this
+    great Island, your red brethren were very numerous! But since
+    the introduction among us of what you call spirituous liquors,
+    and what we think may justly be called poison, our numbers are
+    greatly diminished. It has destroyed a great part of your red
+    brethren.
+
+    "My Brothers and Friends:--We plainly perceive, that you see the
+    very evil which destroyed your red brethren; it is not an evil
+    of our own making; we have not placed it among ourselves; it is
+    an evil placed among us by the white people; we look to them to
+    remove it out of our country. We tell them, 'Brethren, bring us
+    useful things; bring goods that will clothe us, our women and
+    our children; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our
+    reason, that destroys our health, and destroys our lives.' But
+    all we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives
+    relief to your red brethren.
+
+    "My Brother and Friends:--I rejoice to find that you agree in
+    opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if possible, of
+    service to us, in removing this great evil out of our country;
+    an evil which has had so much room in it; and has destroyed so
+    many of our lives, that it causes our young men to say, 'we had
+    better be at war with the white people.' This liquor, which they
+    introduce into our country, is more to be feared than the gun
+    and the tomahawk. There are more of us dead, since the treaty of
+    Greenville, than we lost by the six years war before. It is all
+    owing to the introduction of this liquor amongst us.
+
+    "Brothers:--When our young men have been out hunting, and are
+    returning home, loaded with skins and furs, on their way if it
+    happens that they come along where some of this whiskey is
+    deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take a
+    little drink; some of them will say 'no, I do not want it;' they
+    go on till they come to another house, where they find more of
+    the same kind of drink; it is there offered again; they refuse;
+    and again the third time. But finally, the fourth or fifth time,
+    one accepts of it and takes a drink; and getting one, he wants
+    another; and then a third, and a fourth, till his senses have
+    left him. After his reason comes back to him again, when he gets
+    up and finds where he is, he asks for his peltry. The answer is,
+    'You have drank them,' 'Where is my gun?' 'It is gone?' 'Where
+    is my blanket?' 'It is gone.' 'Where is my shirt?' 'You have
+    sold it for whiskey!!' Now, Brothers, figure to yourselves, the
+    condition of this man. He has a family at home; a wife and
+    children, who stand in need of the profits of his hunting. What
+    must be their wants, when he himself is even without a shirt?"
+
+
+The journey of Elisha Tyson and his companion, James Gillingham,
+occurred a few years subsequent to the interview at which the preceding
+speech was made. They met a council of the Indians at Fort Wayne, whom
+Elisha Tyson addressed to the following effect:
+
+
+    "He painted in glowing colors the dreadful effects of
+    intemperance--both upon civilized and savage life--told them
+    that they must resolve to abstain entirely from it. If they
+    admitted it at all among them, it would soon conquer them, and
+    reduce them to a condition worse than that of the brute
+    creation. That not until they abandoned altogether the use of
+    ardent spirits would they be fit subjects for civilization. If
+    they were ready to do this he would then unfold to them the
+    blessings of civilization--the superiority of such a condition
+    over the one in which they then subsisted. He traced their
+    history from the earliest period to the present time--shewed
+    them how, as the white population had expanded itself, they had
+    retreated into the western wilderness--that if they did not
+    remain, but continued to retreat, in a few years they would have
+    no territory upon this continent. In order, therefore, to their
+    permanent establishment, he recommended to them the practice of
+    agriculture, as a substitute for hunting. He advised them to
+    mark out their lands, and ask advice of the agents established
+    by the Society of Friends among them, with respect to their
+    cultivation. They stood ready, not only with their advice, but
+    with their assistance; they were furnished for their use with
+    all the necessary implements of husbandry, with beasts of the
+    plough also, and beasts of burden.
+
+    "They had come a great distance, endured much privation and
+    fatigue in order to see them, and must endure a great deal more
+    before they could again behold their wives and their children.
+    But they could bear it all with patience, nay with joy, if they
+    could only have the satisfaction of seeing them adopt the
+    disinterested advice which he had thus given them."
+
+
+The following is one of the speeches made in reply, by White Loon, an
+influential chief:
+
+
+    "Brothers:--Ever since your great father Onas, (William Penn,)
+    came upon this great island, the Quakers have been the friends
+    of red men. They have proved themselves worthy of being the
+    descendants of their great father. And now, when all the whites
+    have forgotten that they owe any thing to us, the Quakers of
+    Baltimore, though so far distant from us, have remembered the
+    distressed condition of their red brethren, and interceded with
+    the Great Spirit in our behalf.
+
+    "Brothers:--You have travelled very far to see us--you have
+    climbed over mountains--you have swam over deep and rapid
+    torrents--you have endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue, in
+    order that you might have an opportunity of seeing your red
+    brethren. For this, so long as life exists within us, we shall
+    be very grateful.
+
+    "Brothers:--That wide region of country over which you have
+    passed, was once filled with red men. Then was there a plenty of
+    deer and buffalo, and all kinds of game. But the white people
+    came from beyond the great water; they landed in multitudes on
+    our shores; they cut down our forests; they drove our warriors
+    before them, and frightened the wild herds, so that they sought
+    security in the deep shades of the west.
+
+    "Brothers:--These white men were not your grandfathers; for, as
+    I said before, the sons of Onas were always the friends of red
+    men.
+
+    "Brothers:--The whites are still advancing upon us. They have
+    reached our territory, and have built their wigwams within our
+    very hunting grounds. Our game is vanishing away.
+
+    "Brothers:--Formerly our hunters pursued the wild deer, and the
+    buffalo, and the bear; and when they killed them they ate their
+    flesh for food, and used their skins as covering for themselves,
+    their old men, their women, and their children. But now, they
+    kill them that they may have plenty of skins and furs to sell to
+    the white men. The consequence of this is, the game is destroyed
+    wantonly, and faster than our necessities require.
+
+    "Brothers:--We would not mind all this, provided these skins and
+    furs were exchanged for useful articles--for implements of
+    husbandry, or clothes for our old men, our women, and our
+    children. But they are too often bartered away for whiskey, that
+    vile poison, which has sunk even Wapakee into the dust.
+
+    "Brothers:--We shall soon be under the necessity either of
+    leaving our hunting grounds or of converting them into pastures
+    and fields of corn. Under the kind assistance of our brothers,
+    the Quakers, we have already proceeded a great way. You have
+    witnessed, as you have passed among us, the good effects of the
+    kindness of our brothers. We are disposed to go on as we have
+    begun, until our habits and manners, as well as the face of our
+    country, shall be changed and look like those of the white
+    people.
+
+    "Brothers:--Accept from us this belt of wampum and pipe of
+    peace. And may the Great Sasteretsy, who conducted you here in
+    safety, still go with you and restore you in peace and happiness
+    to the arms of your women and children."
+
+
+After this, with ceremonies such as those already described, but, if
+possible, accompanied with more solemnity, the chiefs dissolved the
+council.
+
+It is a melancholy reflection, that soon such memorials as these will be
+the only remains of that noble but unfortunate race who once peopled the
+continent of North America. _War_ has slain its thousands, but _alcohol_
+its tens of thousands; and the fortitude which could bear without
+shrinking the most cruel inflictions of torture, has proved powerless to
+resist the seductions of strong drink. It is to be feared a heavy
+retribution awaits the white man, the pitiless author of their
+extermination.
+
+The biographer of E. Tyson has taken great pains to represent him as a
+friend to the Colonization Society, but in this respect I am informed,
+by one who well knew him, he has done him great injustice. It is
+confessed, indeed, that for a long period E. Tyson viewed this scheme
+with great jealousy. "When we saw," remarks this writer, "domestic
+tyrants, and men who had actually, in the southern slave-trade,
+speculated in the flesh and blood of their fellow creatures, united with
+their betters in a society, the professed object of which was the
+peopling of a continent with freemen by the depopulation of a continent
+of slaves, he argued, as he had a right to argue, mischief to the
+cause." No evidence is adduced to show that this same distrust of the
+Colonization Society was ever removed, beyond the fact that, having been
+the means of liberating eleven native Africans from a slave-ship, he
+cooperated with Gen. Harper, an influential colonizationist, in
+restoring them to their native country, which bordered upon the colony
+of Liberia. This was the last public act of his life.
+
+
+    "The great concern in which he had spent his life was the
+    constant topic of his conversation; and he continued with his
+    latest breath to enforce the claims of the unhappy sons of
+    slavery upon the humanity of their brethren. It was natural that
+    he should feel a strong anxiety about the fate of those who,
+    through his exertions, had been restored to their friends in
+    Africa. He was on the alert to hear intelligence of their
+    fate--his spirit seemed to follow them across the mighty waters.
+    On one occasion he was heard to say, 'If I could only hear of
+    their safe arrival I should die content;' and on another, that
+    he 'had prayed to the Father of Mercies that he would be pleased
+    to spare his life until he could receive the pleasing
+    intelligence.' His prayer was heard. The news reached his ears
+    amid the last lingerings of life. He shed tears of joy on the
+    occasion; and when he had sufficiently yielded to the first
+    burst of feeling, exclaimed, like one satiated with earthly
+    happiness, 'Now I am ready to die; my work is done.' His
+    expressions were prophetic; for in the short space of
+    forty-eight hours, on the 16th of February, 1824, at the age of
+    75 years, he breathed his soul into the hands of God Almighty."
+
+
+The following are some notices of his personal appearance and mental
+characteristics:
+
+
+    "The person of Mr. Tyson was about six feet in height, though
+    the habit of leaning forward as he walked, gave a less
+    appearance to his stature. The rest of his frame was suited to
+    his height.
+
+    "The features of his countenance were strong. His forehead was
+    high; his nose large, and of the Roman order; his eyes were dark
+    and piercing; his lips so singularly expressive, that even in
+    their stillest mood they would almost seem to be uttering the
+    purposes of his mind. Indeed his whole face was indicative, to a
+    striking degree, of the passions and feelings of his soul.
+
+    "The mind of Mr. Tyson was strong, rather than brilliant. With
+    scarcely any imagination, he possessed a judgment almost
+    infallible in its decisions; great powers of reason, which were
+    more conspicuous for the certainty of its conclusions than
+    remarkable for displaying the train of inferences by which it
+    arrived at them. He possessed wonderful acuteness of
+    understanding, quickness of perception, and readiness of reply.
+
+    "For these qualities he was indebted more to nature than to art.
+    He was not educated for the exalted station of a philanthropist,
+    but for the business of the world; and yet he seemed fitted
+    exactly for the part he acted. He possessed not the refinements
+    of education; he had not learned to soar into the regions of
+    fancy, his destiny was upon the earth; and he knew no flight but
+    that which bears the soul to heaven."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E. P. 68.
+
+
+
+THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES."
+
+
+The following statements are drawn from a "History of the Amistad
+Captives, &c., by John W. Barber, member of the Connecticut Historical
+Society;" from the authentic reports of the proceedings in the courts of
+law, and from a letter of my friend, Lewis Tappan, to the public papers.
+
+"During the month of August, 1839, the public attention was somewhat
+excited by several reports stating that a vessel of suspicious and
+piratical character had been seen near the coast of the United States,
+in the vicinity of New York. This vessel was represented as a 'long,
+low, black schooner,' and manned by blacks. The United States steamer
+Fulton and several revenue cutters were despatched after her, and notice
+was given to the collectors at various sea ports."
+
+This suspicious looking schooner proved to be the "Amistad," which was
+eventually captured off Culloden Point, by Lieut. Gedney, of the U.S.
+brig "Washington." At this time, however, the Africans, who were in
+possession of the vessel, were in communication with the shore, and
+peaceably trafficking with the inhabitants for a supply of water for
+their intended voyage to their own country. They had spontaneously
+submitted to the command of one of their number, Cinque, a man of
+extraordinary natural capacity. When they were taken, he was separated
+from his companions and conveyed on board the brig.
+
+"Cinque having been put on board of the 'Washington,' displayed much
+uneasiness, and seemed so very anxious to get on board the schooner that
+his keepers allowed him to return. Once more on the deck of the
+'Amistad,' the blacks clustered around him, laughing, screaming, and
+making other extravagant demonstrations of joy. When the noise had
+subsided, he made an address, which raised their excitement to such a
+pitch, that the officer in command had Cinque led away by force. He was
+returned to the 'Washington,' and was manacled to prevent his leaping
+overboard. On Wednesday, he signified by motions that if they would take
+him on board the schooner again, he would show them a handkerchief full
+of doubloons. He was accordingly sent on board. His fetters were taken
+off, and he once more went below, where he was received by the Africans
+in a still more wild and enthusiastic manner than he was the day
+previous. Instead of finding the doubloons, he again made an address to
+the blacks, by which they were very much excited. Dangerous consequences
+were apprehended. Cinque was seized, taken from the hold, and again
+fettered. While making his speech, his eye was often turned to the
+sailors in charge: the blacks yelled, leapt about, and seemed to be
+animated with the same spirit and determination of their leader. Cinque,
+when taken back to the 'Washington,' evinced little or no emotion, but
+kept his eye steadily fixed on the schooner."
+
+An event so extraordinary and unprecedented as the capture of the
+"Amistad," excited the most lively interest among all classes. The
+Africans, forty-four in number, were brought to New Haven and secured in
+the county jail. A number of gentlemen formed themselves into a
+committee to watch over their interests, and immediately there was begun
+a long and complicated series of judicial proceedings, to determine how
+they should be disposed of. Ruiz and Montez, the two white men, late the
+prisoners, but claiming to be the owners of the Africans, caused them to
+be indicted for piracy and murder. This was almost immediately disposed
+of, on the ground that the charges, if true, were not cognizable in the
+American courts, the alleged offences having been perpetrated on board a
+Spanish vessel. The Africans therefore were in no immediate danger of
+capital punishment. Ruiz and Montez on their part seem to have met with
+sympathy and kindness, and to testify their gratitude caused the
+following to be inserted in the New York papers:
+
+
+    "A CARD.
+
+    "NEW LONDON, AUGUST 29, 1839.
+
+    "The subscribers, Don Jose Ruiz, and Don Pedro Montez, in
+    gratitude for their most unhoped for and providential rescue
+    from the hands of a ruthless gang of African bucaneers and an
+    awful death, would take this means of expressing, in some slight
+    degree, their thankfulness and obligation to Lieut. Com. T.R.
+    Gedney, and the officers and crew of the U.S. surveying brig
+    Washington, for their decision in seizing the Amistad, and their
+    unremitting kindness and hospitality in providing for their
+    comfort on board their vessel, as well as the means they have
+    taken for the protection of their property.
+
+    "We also must express our indebtedness to that nation whose flag
+    they so worthily bear, with an assurance that this act will be
+    duly appreciated by our most gracious sovereign, her Majesty the
+    Queen of Spain.
+
+    DON JOSE, RUIZ,
+
+    DON PEDRO MONTEZ."
+
+
+Ruiz and Montez are thus described by a correspondent of the New London
+Gazette, who visited the Amistad immediately after its capture:
+
+
+    "Jose Ruiz, is a very gentlemanly and intelligent young man, and
+    speaks English fluently. He was the owner of most of the slaves
+    and cargo, which he was conveying to his estate on the Island of
+    Cuba. The other, Pedro Montez, is about fifty years of age, and
+    is the owner of three of the slaves. He was formerly a ship
+    master, and has navigated the vessel since her seizure by the
+    blacks. Both of them, as may be naturally supposed, are most
+    unfeignedly thankful for their deliverance. Pedro is the most
+    striking instance of complacency and unalloyed delight we have
+    ever witnessed, and it is not strange, since only yesterday his
+    sentence was pronounced by the chief of the bucaneers, and his
+    death song chanted by the grim crew, who gathered with uplifted
+    sabres around his devoted head, which, as well as his arms, bear
+    the scars of several wounds inflicted at the time of the murder
+    of the ill-fated captain and crew. He sat smoking his Havana on
+    the deck, and to judge from the martyr-like serenity of his
+    countenance, his emotions are such as rarely stir the heart of
+    man. When Mr. Porter, the prize master, assured him of his
+    safety, he threw his arms around his neck, while gushing tears
+    coursing down his furrowed cheek, bespoke the overflowing
+    transport of his soul. Every now and then he clasped his hands,
+    and with uplifted eyes, gave thanks to 'the Holy Virgin' who had
+    led him out of his troubles."
+
+
+It will be necessary to contrast the deeds of these "gentlemanly and
+intelligent" _Christians_ with that of the "ruthless gang of African
+bucaneers," from whose grasp they were so providentially rescued. In
+giving the subsequent detail, I would not be understood as compromising
+for a single instant my belief in the inviolability of human life,
+though it must I think be confessed that in the instance related below,
+the heathen and barbarous negroes contrast very favorably with the
+civilized and Christian Spaniards.
+
+
+    "The following communication from Mr. Day, of New Haven, gives a
+    summary account of the African captives, as stated by
+    themselves, from the time they left Africa, till the time they
+    obtained possession of the Amistad:
+
+    "NEW HAVEN, OCT. 8, 1839.
+
+    [To the Editor of the Journal of Commerce.]
+
+    "Gentlemen--The following short and plain narrative of one or
+    two of the African captives, in whose history and prospects such
+    anxious interest is felt, has been taken at the earliest
+    opportunity possible, consistently with more important
+    examinations. It may be stated in general terms, as the result
+    of the investigations thus far made, that the Africans all
+    testify that they left Africa about six months since; were
+    landed under cover of the night at a small village or hamlet
+    near Havana, and after ten or twelve days were taken through
+    Havana by night by the man who had bought them, named Pipi, who
+    has since been satisfactorily proved to be Ruiz; were cruelly
+    treated on the passage, being beaten and flogged, and in some
+    instances having vinegar and gunpowder rubbed into their wounds;
+    and that they suffered intensely from hunger and thirst. The
+    perfect coincidence in the testimony of the prisoners, examined
+    as they have been separately, is felt by all who are acquainted
+    with the minutes of the examination, to carry with it
+    overwhelming evidence of the truth of their story.
+
+    Yours respectfully,
+
+    "GEORGE E. DAY."
+
+    "MONDAY, OCT. 7.
+
+    "This afternoon, almost the first time in which the two
+    interpreters, Covey and Pratt, have not been engaged with
+    special reference to the trial to take place in November, one of
+    the captives named Grabeau, was requested to give a narrative of
+    himself since leaving Africa, for publication in the papers. The
+    interpreters, who are considerably exhausted by the examinations
+    which have already taken place, only gave the substance of what
+    he said, without going into details, and it was not thought
+    advisable to press the matter. Grabeau first gave an account of
+    the passage from Africa to Havana. On board the vessel there was
+    a large number of men, but the women and children were far the
+    most numerous. They were fastened together in couples by the
+    wrists and legs, and kept in that situation day and night. Here
+    Grabeau and another of the Africans named Kimbo, lay down upon
+    the floor, to show the painful position in which they were
+    obliged to sleep. By day it was no better. The space between
+    decks was so small,--according to their account not exceeding
+    four feet,--that they were obliged, if they attempted to stand,
+    to keep a crouching posture. The decks fore and aft were crowded
+    to overflowing. They suffered (Grabeau said) terribly. They had
+    rice enough to eat, but had very little to drink. If they left
+    any of the rice that was given to them uneaten, either from
+    sickness or any other cause, they were whipped. It was a common
+    thing for them to be forced to eat so much as to vomit. Many of
+    the men, women, and children died on the passage.
+
+    "They were landed by night at a small village near Havana. Soon
+    several white men came to buy them, and among them was the one
+    claiming to be their master, whom they call Pipi, said to be a
+    Spanish nick-name for Jose. Pipi, or Ruiz, selected such as he
+    liked, and made them stand in a row. He then felt each of them
+    in every part of the body; made them open their mouths to see if
+    their teeth were sound, and carried the examinations to a degree
+    of minuteness of which only a slave dealer would be guilty.
+
+    "When they were separated from their companions who had come
+    with them from Africa, there was weeping among the women and
+    children, but Grabeau did not weep, 'because he is a man.'
+    Kimbo, who sat by, said that he also shed no tears--but he
+    thought of his home in Africa, and of friends left there whom he
+    should never see again.
+
+    "The men bought by Ruiz were taken on foot through Havana in the
+    night, and put on board a vessel. During the night they were
+    kept in irons, placed about the hands, feet and neck. They were
+    treated during the day in a somewhat milder manner, though all
+    the irons were never taken off at once. Their allowance of food
+    was very scant, and of water still more so. They were very
+    hungry, and suffered much in the hot days and nights from
+    thirst. In addition to this there was much whipping, and the
+    cook told them that when they reached land they would all be
+    eaten. This 'made their hearts burn.' To avoid being eaten, and
+    to escape the bad treatment they experienced, they rose upon the
+    crew with the design of returning to Africa.
+
+    "Such is the substance of Grabeau's story, confirmed by Kimbo,
+    who was present most of the time. He says he likes the people of
+    this country, because, to use his own expression, 'they are good
+    people--they believe in God, and there is no slavery here.'
+
+    "The story of Grabeau was then read and interpreted to Cinque,
+    while a number of the other Africans were standing about, and
+    confirmed by all of them in every particular. When the part
+    relating to the crowded state of the vessel from Africa to
+    Havana was read, Cinque added that there was scarcely room
+    enough to sit or lie down. Another showed the marks of the irons
+    on his wrists, which must at the time have been terribly
+    lacerated. On their separation at Havana, Cinque remarked that
+    almost all of them were in tears, and himself among the rest,
+    'because they had come from the same country, and were now to be
+    parted for ever.' To the question, how it was possible for the
+    Africans when chained in the manner he described, to rise upon
+    the crew, he replied that the chain which connected the iron
+    collars about their necks was fastened at the end by a padlock,
+    and that this was first broken, and afterwards the other irons.
+    Their object, he said, in the affray, was to make themselves
+    free. He then requested it to be added to the above, that 'if he
+    tells a lie, God sees him by day and by night.'"
+
+
+The interpreters alluded to in the preceding extract were two Africans
+belonging to the crew of the British brig of war Buzzard, which
+providentially arrived at New York, from a cruise on the coast of
+Africa. They were found to speak the same language as the prisoners, and
+with the consent of Captain Fitzgerald, their services were immediately
+secured by the indefatigable committee for the African captives. By
+their aid much information was elicited respecting the native country
+and previous history of these negroes, with many incidental particulars
+of great interest, some of which will appear in the following account.
+The criminal proceedings against the Mendians being quashed, there
+remained the claim of Ruiz and Montez to have the negroes returned to
+them as their property. To sustain this claim they produced the license,
+signed by the proper authorities at Havana, permitting the removal of
+these negroes from that port to Principe, in the same island. This
+document is signed by General Espelata, Captain-General of Cuba, and
+countersigned by Martinez, one of the most extensive slave-traders in
+the known world. This pass or license described the negroes as
+_ladinos_, a term used to designate Africans who have been long settled
+in Cuba. It was proved, however, that they were _Bozal_ negroes, that
+is, such as had been very lately introduced, and the testimony on both
+sides, on this point, established a fact that is but too notorious, that
+the slave trade to Cuba is openly carried on with the connivance, and
+even with the corrupt participation of the authorities. One of the
+witnesses, D. Francis Bacon, gives the following account of the slave
+trade:--
+
+
+    "Mr. Bacon stated that he left the coast of Africa on the 13th
+    of July, 1839. He knew a place called Dumbokoro [Lomboko] by the
+    Spaniards: it was an island in the river or lagoon of Gallinas.
+    There is a large slave factory or depot at this place, which is
+    said to belong to the house of Martinez in Havana; there are
+    also different establishments on different islands. Mr. Bacon
+    stated that he had seen American, Russian, Spanish, and
+    Portuguese vessels at Gallinas. The American flag was a complete
+    shelter; no man-of-war daring to capture an American vessel. The
+    slave trade on that part of the coast is the universal business
+    of the country, and by far the most profitable, and all engaged
+    in it who could raise the means. Extensive wars take place in
+    Africa, for obtaining slaves from the vanquished. Different
+    towns and villages make war upon each other for this purpose.
+    Some are sold on account of their crimes, others for debts. The
+    slaves are all brought on to the coast by other blacks, and sold
+    at the slave factories, as no white man dare penetrate into the
+    interior. Some of the blacks who have been educated at Sierra
+    Leone, have been principal dealers in the slave trade."
+
+
+The decision of the District Court of Connecticut on this question of
+property, was to the effect that since their original introduction into
+Cuba was plainly illegal, they were free by the law of Spain, and of
+course could not be the property of Spanish subjects.
+
+The subsequent proceedings were undertaken on behalf of the United
+States' Government. "The District Attorney, Mr. Holabird, filed his
+claim under Lieut. Gedney's libel, on two distinct grounds; one that
+these Africans had been claimed by the Government of Spain, and ought to
+be retained till the pleasure of the Executive might be known, as to
+that demand; and the other, that they should be held subject to the
+disposition of the President, to be re-transported to Africa, under the
+act of 1819." The Court finally decreed that the Africans should be
+delivered to the President of the United States, to be transported to
+Africa, there to be delivered to an agent appointed to receive and
+conduct them home. Against this decision, though it is what he had asked
+for, Holabird appealed on behalf of the United States' Government, and
+through a protracted series of law proceedings, it was finally carried
+before the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest tribunal in
+the nation. The counsel employed on both sides, in the different stages,
+were of the highest reputation; and finally the venerable John Quincy
+Adams, after an absence from the Courts of nearly forty years, during
+which interval he had filled the highest offices of state, at home and
+abroad, in the service of his country, did not think it beneath him to
+defend the Mendians before the Supreme Court, against the _conspiracies_
+of Forsyth, the Secretary of State, and the Spanish Ambassador. In his
+first communication to the latter, Forsyth says:
+
+
+    "All the proceedings in the matter, on the part of both the
+    executive and judicial branches of the government, have had
+    their foundation in the assumption that Montez and Ruiz alone
+    were the parties aggrieved; and that their claim to the
+    surrender of the property was founded in fact and in justice."
+
+
+The Spanish minister and his successor, complained bitterly, in the
+course of a long correspondence, of the delay in giving up the Africans,
+on the ground, as emphatically stated in one of their letters to the
+Department of State, that "the public vengeance had not been satisfied;
+for be it recollected that the legation of Spain does not demand the
+delivery of slaves, but of assassins." In a previous communication it
+was intimated that "the infliction of capital punishment in this case
+(in the United States,) would not be attended with the salutary effects
+had in view by the law, when it resorts to this painful and terrible
+alternative, namely, to prevent the commission of similar offences."
+Notwithstanding these dreadful intimations of the fate awaiting the
+Africans in Cuba, the American Government deliberately adopted the
+design of delivering them up, either as _property_ or as assassins. That
+Government found willing agents in the United States' Marshal, and the
+District Attorney of Connecticut. The following extracts from the
+argument of John Quincy Adams, will explain these disgraceful
+transactions:
+
+
+    "On the 7th of January, the Secretary of State writes to the
+    Secretary of the Navy, acknowledging the receipt of his letter
+    of the 3d, informing him that the schooner Grampus would receive
+    the negroes of the Amistad, 'for the purpose of conveying them
+    to Cuba, in the event of their delivery being adjudged by the
+    Circuit Court, before whom the case is pending.' This singular
+    blunder, in naming the Court, shows in what manner and with how
+    little care the Department of State allowed itself to conduct an
+    affair, involving no less than the liberties and lives of every
+    one of my clients. This letter enclosed the order of the
+    President to the Marshal of Connecticut for the delivery of the
+    negroes to Lieut. Paine. Although disposing of the lives of
+    forty human beings, it has not the form or solemnity of a
+    warrant, and is not even signed by the President in his official
+    capacity. It is a mere order.
+
+
+        "'The Marshal of the United States for the District of
+        Connecticut will deliver over to Lieut. John S. Paine,
+        of the United States Navy, and aid in conveying on board
+        the schooner Grampus, under his command, all the
+        negroes, late of the Spanish schooner Amistad, in his
+        custody, under process now pending before the Circuit
+        Court of the United States for the District of
+        Connecticut. For so doing, this order will be his
+        warrant.
+
+        "'Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this
+        7th day of January, A.D. 1840.
+
+        "'M. VAN BUREN.
+
+        "'By the President:
+
+        "'JOHN FORSYTH, Sec. of State.'
+
+
+    "That order is good for nothing at all. It did not even describe
+    the Court correctly, under whose protection those unfortunate
+    people were. And on the 11th of January, the District Attorney
+    had to send a special messenger, who came, it appears, all the
+    way to Washington in one day, to inform the Secretary that the
+    negroes were not holden under the order of the Circuit Court,
+    but of the District Court. And he says, 'Should the pretended
+    friends of the negroes'--the pretended friends!--'obtain a writ
+    of Habeas Corpus, the Marshal could not justify under that
+    warrant.' And he says, 'the Marshal wishes me to inquire'--a
+    most amiable and benevolent inquiry--'whether in the event of a
+    decree requiring him to release the negroes, or in case of an
+    appeal by the adverse party, it is expected the Executive
+    warrant will be executed'--that is, whether he is to carry the
+    negroes on board of the Grampus in the face of a decree of the
+    Court. And he requests instructions on the point."
+
+
+On the 12th of January, the very next day after the letter of the
+District Attorney was written at New Haven, the Secretary of State
+replies in a despatch which is marked 'confidential.'
+
+
+    "'[CONFIDENTIAL.]
+
+    "'DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jan. 12,1840.
+
+    "'SIR,--Your letter of the 11th inst. has just been received.
+    The order for the delivery of the negroes of the Amistad is
+    herewith returned, corrected agreeably to your suggestion. With
+    reference to the inquiry from the Marshal, to which you allude,
+    I have to state, by direction of the President, that if the
+    decision of the Court is such as is anticipated, the order of
+    the President is to be carried into execution, unless an appeal
+    shall actually have been interposed. YOU ARE NOT TO TAKE IT FOR
+    GRANTED THAT IT WILL BE INTERPOSED. And if, on the contrary, the
+    decision of the Court is different, you are to take out an
+    appeal, and allow things to remain as they are until the appeal
+    shall have been decided.
+
+    I am, sir, your obedient servant
+
+    "'JOHN FORSYTH.
+
+    "'W.S. HOLABIRD, Esq.,
+
+
+        "'_Attorney U.S. for District of Conn._'
+
+
+    "But after all the order did not avail. The District Judge,
+    contrary to all these anticipations of the Executive, decided
+    that the thirty-six negroes taken by Lieut. Gedney and brought
+    before the Court on the certificate of the Governor-General of
+    Cuba, were FREEMEN; that they had been kidnapped in Africa; that
+    they did not own these Spanish names; that they were not
+    _ladinos_; and were not correctly described in the passport, but
+    were new negroes bought by Ruiz in the depot of Havana, and
+    fully entitled to their liberty."
+
+
+At a public meeting held subsequent to their liberation, the teacher of
+the Africans made a statement as follows:--Their ruling passion was a
+love for home; and their desire to return thither was constantly
+manifesting itself. One day, a short time ago, Fohlee came to his
+teacher, with his cap in his hand, and said, "If Merican men offer me as
+much gold as fill this cap full up, and give me houses, land and every
+ting, so dat I stay in dis country, I say no! Is dat like my father? Is
+dat like my mother? Is dat like my sister? Is dat like my brother? No! I
+want to see my father, my mother, my brother and sister." This feeling
+manifested itself in many ways; and they expressed themselves willing to
+undergo any thing short of losing their lives, if by so doing they could
+be at liberty to return to the Mendi country.
+
+I now introduce the lively narrative of my friend Lewis Tappan:
+
+
+    "EXCURSION WITH THE AMISTAD AFRICANS.
+
+    "_On board Steam Boat, L.I. Sound, Nov_. 15, 1841.
+
+    "BROTHER LEAVITT:--As the committee had chartered a ship to take
+    the Mendians to Sierra Leone about the middle of this month, and
+    as the funds contributed by a benevolent public were about all
+    expended, it appeared necessary, in addition to an appeal
+    published in the newspapers, to take some prompt and efficient
+    measures to procure funds sufficient to pay for their outfit and
+    passages, and, if possible, something to sustain the
+    contemplated mission in Mendi. One of the committee being sick
+    and another absent, it devolved upon me to perform the
+    excursion. I was assisted essentially by Mr. Samuel Deming, one
+    of the committee at Farmington, and by Mr. William Raymond and
+    Mr. Needham. On arriving at Hartford, the third instant, I
+    learned that Mr. Deming had proceeded to Boston, accompanied by
+    ten of the Mendians, viz., Cinque, Banna, Si-si, Su-ma, Fu-li,
+    Ya-bo-i, So-ko-ma, Kin-na, Ka-li and Mar-gru. These were
+    selected not on account of being the best scholars, but with
+    reference to their being the best singers, although some of them
+    are among the best scholars. None of them, however, have had
+    instruction in music. Arriving in Boston, the city was, as I
+    anticipated, full of excitement, on account of the approaching
+    election,--a circumstance unknown to the committee at
+    Farmington, who had sent off the Mendians sooner than we had
+    calculated,--and it seemed almost impossible to procure a
+    suitable place in which to hold meetings, or to arrest the
+    attention of the people, as the whole--democrats, whigs and
+    abolitionists--had every nerve strained for the political
+    contest. However, preparation had been made for a meeting at the
+    Melodeon, late Lion Theatre, on Thursday evening. A few hundreds
+    assembled, and appeared to be highly gratified with the
+    performances. It seemed to them marvellous that these men and
+    children, who, less than three years since, were almost naked
+    savages in the interior of Africa, should, under the untoward
+    circumstances in which they have been placed for the largest
+    part of the time since they have been in a civilized and
+    Christian country, appear so far advanced in civilization and
+    knowledge. Only forty-six dollars were received, the proceeds of
+    tickets and a collection, but a strong desire was expressed that
+    there should be another meeting.
+
+    "Saturday evening was the only evening we could have Marlboro'
+    Chapel, the largest church in the city. Preliminary to this
+    meeting, a private meeting of invited gentlemen was held during
+    the afternoon, at the Marlboro' Hotel, the Mendians being
+    present. The meeting was well attended and a good impression was
+    made. In the evening there was a large meeting in the Chapel;
+    Rev. Dr. Anderson opened it with prayer, concluding with the
+    Lord's prayer, each sentence being repeated in our language by
+    the Mendians. A statement was then made of their past and
+    present condition, of their good conduct, their proficiency, of
+    their ardent desire to return to Mendi, and the favorable
+    prospects of establishing a mission in their country. Three or
+    four of the best readers were then called upon to read a passage
+    in the New Testament. They then read and spelled a passage named
+    by the audience. One of the Africans next related, in 'Merica
+    language,' their condition in their own country, their being
+    kidnapped, the sufferings of the middle passage, their stay at
+    Havana, the transactions on board the Amistad, &c. The story was
+    intelligible to the audience, with occasional explanations. They
+    were next requested to sing two or three of their native songs.
+    The performance afforded great delight to the audience. As a
+    pleasing contrast, however, they sang immediately after, one of
+    the songs of Zion:
+
+      "'When I can read my title clear
+      To mansions in. the skies,
+      I'll bid farewell to every fear,
+      And wipe my weeping eyes.'
+
+
+    "This produced a deep impression upon the audience; and while
+    these late pagans were singing so correctly and impressively a
+    hymn in a Christian church, many 'weeping eyes,' bore testimony
+    that the act and its associations touched a chord that vibrated
+    in many hearts. Cinque was then introduced to the audience, and
+    addressed them in his native tongue. It is impossible to
+    describe the novel and deeply interesting manner in which he
+    acquitted himself. The subject of his speech was similar to that
+    of his countryman who had addressed the audience in English, but
+    he related more minutely and graphically the occurrences on
+    board the Amistad. The easy manner of Cinque, his natural,
+    graceful and energetic action, the rapidity of his utterance,
+    and the remarkable and various expressions of his countenance,
+    excited the admiration and applause of the audience. He was
+    pronounced a powerful natural orator, and one born to sway the
+    minds of his fellow men. Should he be converted and become a
+    preacher of the cross in Africa, what delightful results may be
+    anticipated!
+
+    "The amount of the statements made by Kin-na, Fu-li and Cinque,
+    and the facts in the case, are as follows:--These Mendians
+    belong to six different tribes, although their dialects are not
+    so dissimilar as to prevent them from conversing together very
+    readily. Most of them belong to a country which they call Mendi,
+    but which is known to geographers and travellers as Kos-sa, and
+    lies south-east of Sierra Leone; as we suppose, from sixty to
+    one hundred and twenty miles. With one or two exceptions, these
+    Mendians are not related to each other; nor did they know each
+    other until they met at the slave factory of Pedro Blanco, the
+    wholesale trafficker in men, at Lomboko, on the coast of Africa.
+    They were stolen separately, many of them by black men, some of
+    whom were accompanied by Spaniards, as they were going from one
+    village to another, or were at a distance from their abodes. The
+    whole came to Havana in the same ship, a Portuguese vessel named
+    Tecora, except the four children, whom they saw, for the first
+    time, on board the Amistad. It seems that they remained at
+    Lomboko several weeks, until six or seven hundred were
+    collected, when they were put in irons and placed in the hold of
+    a ship, which soon put to sea. Being chased by a British
+    cruiser, she returned, landed the cargo of human beings, and the
+    vessel was seized and taken to Sierra Leone for adjudication.
+    After some time, the Africans were put on board the Tecora.
+    After suffering the horrors of the middle passage, they arrived
+    at Havana. Here they were put into a barracoon, one of the
+    oblong enclosures, without a roof, where human beings are kept,
+    as they keep sheep and oxen near the cattle markets, in the
+    vicinity of our large cities, until purchasers are found, for
+    ten days, when they were sold to Jose Ruiz, and shipped on board
+    the Amistad, together with the three girls and a little boy who
+    came on board with Pedro Montez. The Amistad was a coaster,
+    bound to Principe, in Cuba, distant some two or three hundred
+    miles. The Africans were kept in chains and fetters, and were
+    supplied with but a small quantity of food or water. A single
+    banana, they say, was served out as food for a day or two, and
+    only a small cup of water for each daily. When any of them took
+    a little water from the cask, they were severely flogged. The
+    Spaniards took Antonio, the cabin-boy and slave to Captain
+    Ferrer, and stamped him on the shoulder with a hot iron; then
+    put powder, palm oil, &c. upon the wound, so that they 'could
+    know him for their slave.' The cook, a colored Spaniard, told
+    them that on their arrival at Principe, in three days, they
+    would have their throats cut, be chopped in pieces, and salted
+    down for meat for the Spaniards. He pointed to some barrels of
+    beef on the deck, then to an empty barrel, and by significant
+    gestures,--as the Mendians say, by 'talking with his
+    fingers,'--he made them understand that they were to be slain,
+    &c. At four o'clock that day, when they were called on deck to
+    eat, Cinque found a nail, which he secreted under his arm. In
+    the night they held a counsel as to what was best to be done.
+    'We feel bad,' said Kin-na, 'and we ask Cinque what we had best
+    do. Cinque say, "Me think, and by and by I tell you."' He then
+    said, 'If we do nothing, we be killed. We may as well die in
+    trying to be free as to be killed and eaten.' Cinque afterwards
+    told them what he would do. With the aid of the nail and the
+    assistance of Grabeau, he freed himself from the irons on his
+    wrists and ancles, and from the chain on his neck. He then, with
+    his own hands, wrested the irons from the limbs and necks of his
+    countrymen. It is not in my power to give an adequate
+    description of Cinque when he showed how he did this and led his
+    comrades to the conflict and achieved their freedom. In my
+    younger years I saw Kemble and Siddons, and the representation
+    of Othello, at Covent Garden, but no acting that I ever
+    witnessed came near that to which I allude. When delivered from
+    their irons, the Mendians, with the exception of the children,
+    who were asleep, about four or five o'clock in the morning,
+    armed with cane-knives, some boxes of which they found in the
+    hold, leaped upon the deck. Cinque killed the cook. The captain
+    fought desperately. He inflicted wounds on two of the Africans,
+    who soon after died, and cut severely one or two of those who
+    now survive. Two sailors leaped over the side of the vessel. The
+    Mendians say 'they could not catch land--they must have swum to
+    the bottom of the sea,' but Ruiz and Montez supposed they
+    reached the island in a boat. Cinque now took command of the
+    vessel; placed Si-si at the helm; gave his people plenty to eat
+    and drink. Ruiz and Montez had fled to the hold. They were
+    dragged out, and Cinque ordered them to be put in irons. They
+    cried and begged not to be put in chains, but Cinque replied,
+    'You say fetters good for negro--if good for negro good for
+    Spanish man too: you try them two days, and see how you feel.'
+    The Spaniards asked for water, and it was dealt out to them in
+    the same little cup with which they had dealt it out to the
+    Africans. They complained bitterly of being thirsty. Cinque
+    said, 'You say little water enough for nigger. If little water
+    do for him, a little do for you too.' Cinque said the Spaniards
+    cried a great deal; he felt very sorry; only meant to let them
+    see how good it was to be treated like the poor slaves. In two
+    days the irons were removed; and then, said Cinque, we give them
+    plenty water and food, and treat them very well. Kin-na stated
+    that as the water fell short, Cinque would not drink any, nor
+    allow any of the rest to drink any thing but salt water, but
+    dealt out daily a little to each of the four children, and the
+    same quantity to each of the two Spaniards! In a day or two Ruiz
+    and Montez wrote a letter, and told Cinque that when they spoke
+    a vessel, if he would give it to them, the people would take
+    them to Sierra Leone. Cinque took the letter and said, 'Very
+    well;' but afterwards told his brethren, 'We have no letter in
+    Mendi. I don't know what is in that letter--there may be death
+    in it. So we will take some iron and a string, bind them about
+    the letter, and send it to the bottom of the sea.'
+
+    "When any vessel came in sight, the Spaniards were shut down in
+    the hold, and forbidden to come on deck on pain of death. One of
+    the Africans, who could talk a little English, answered
+    questions when they were hailed from other vessels.
+
+    "It is unnecessary to narrate here subsequent facts, as they
+    have been published throughout the country. After Cinque's
+    address a collection was taken, and the services were concluded
+    by the Mendians singing Bishop Heber's missionary hymn:
+
+    "'From Greenland's icy mountains.'
+
+    "At the conclusion of the meeting some linen and cotton table
+    cloths and napkins, manufactured by the Africans, were
+    exhibited, and eagerly purchased of them by persons present, at
+    liberal prices. They are in the habit of purchasing linen and
+    cotton at the shops, unravelling the edges about six to ten
+    inches, and making, with their fingers, neat fringes, in
+    imitation, they say, of 'Mendi fashion.' Large numbers of the
+    audience advanced, and took Cinque and the rest by the hand. The
+    transactions of this meeting have thus been stated at length,
+    and the account will serve to show how the subsequent meetings
+    were conducted, as the services in other places were similar.
+
+    "These Africans, while in prison, (which was the largest part of
+    the time they have been in this country) learned but little
+    comparatively, but since they have been liberated, they have
+    been anxious to learn, as they said 'it would be good for us in
+    our own country.' Many of them write well, read, spell and sing
+    well, and have attended to arithmetic. The younger ones have
+    made great progress in study. Most of them have much fondness
+    for arithmetic. They have also cultivated as a garden fifteen
+    acres of land, and have raised a large quantity of corn,
+    potatoes, onions, beets, et cet., which will be useful to them
+    at sea. In some places we visited, the audience were astonished
+    at the performance of Kali, who is only eleven years of age. He
+    would not only spell any word in either of the Gospels, but
+    spell sentences, without any mistake, such sentences as 'Blessed
+    are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth,' naming each
+    letter and syllable, and recapitulating as he went along, until
+    he pronounced the whole sentence. Two hundred and seven dollars
+    were received at this meeting.
+
+    "'On Sabbath evening a meeting was attended in Rev. Mr. Beman's
+    Church, (colored.) It was impossible for all to gain
+    admittance--collected sixteen dollars and fifty-one cents. The
+    same evening a meeting was held at Elder N. Colver's. A very
+    warm interest was manifested by this congregation, and the sum
+    of ninety dollars was contributed. The next morning a
+    respectable mechanic, a member of this church, offered to go to
+    Mendi with his wife and child, to take up their permanent abode
+    there. On Monday we proceeded to Haverhill. It was a rainy day,
+    and town meeting was held at the same hour. The audience was
+    small, but a deep interest was felt, and fifty-six dollars
+    contributed. Rev. Charles Fitch opened the meeting with prayer.
+    The Mendians and their friends will long remember the
+    hospitality and generosity of their friends in this place. After
+    a stay of two hours, we proceeded to Lowell. The heavy rain
+    prevented a general attendance. Only thirty-one dollars was
+    collected, beside some private donations. Mr. John Levi, a
+    colored citizen, rendered important services to us, and several
+    of the clergymen and other inhabitants rendered efficient aid.
+    On Tuesday we went to Nashua, N.H., and remained two hours.
+    Owing to some untoward circumstances, the inhabitants generally
+    had not been notified of the meeting. A small number only
+    attended. The collection was twenty-seven dollars. In the
+    evening at Lowell, the large Methodist Church, St. Paul's, was
+    crowded, one thousand five hundred people being present, it was
+    said, and many hundreds unable to get admission. The meeting was
+    opened with an appropriate prayer by Rev. Luther Lee. In order
+    to give an opportunity to the audience to see and hear Cinque,
+    he was invited into the pulpit, where he made an energetic
+    address. One hundred and six dollars were collected. At the
+    close of the services, nearly the whole congregation came
+    forward and took the Mendians by the hand, with kind words and
+    many presents. The ministers of all denominations attended the
+    meeting, with many of the most respectable citizens. During the
+    day the Africans were invited to visit the 'Boott Corporation,'
+    and were conducted over the whole establishment (cotton mills,)
+    by the agent, Mr. French. As might be supposed, they were
+    astonished beyond measure. After inspecting the machinery, the
+    fabrics, and the great wheel, one of them turned to me and said,
+    'Did man make this?' On receiving a reply, he said, 'He no live
+    now--he live a great while ago.' Afterwards they visited the
+    carpet factory, and expressed great delight at the beauty and
+    excellence of the carpets and rugs. Cinque wished to purchase a
+    miniature hearth rug, but the agent allowed him to select one of
+    the large and beautiful rugs to take to Mendi, which he
+    generously presented to him. The workmen here--chiefly
+    Englishmen--made a collection of fifty-eight dollars and fifty
+    cents on the spot, and presented it to the Mendi Fund.
+
+    "In pursuance of previous arrangements, we turned aside,
+    Wednesday, November 12, to attend a meeting in the large South
+    Church in Andover, at 9 o'clock, A.M. The house was crowded in
+    every part. Dr. Edwards led in prayer, and Dr. Woods
+    interrogated some of the Mendians. After a stay of two hours we
+    returned to the cars, followed by a large multitude. Collected
+    eighty-four dollars. It was remarked at the meeting here, as in
+    other places, that the contemplated mission to Mendi was to be
+    an anti-slavery mission; that no money would be solicited or
+    received of slave holders; that the committee were not connected
+    with any other missionary associations, and would not assume a
+    hostile attitude towards any. A young gentleman here offered to
+    go to Mendi as a teacher.
+
+    "In the afternoon a meeting was held in Boston, at the Marlboro'
+    Chapel. The scholars in the Sabbath and week-day schools had
+    been notified of it and attended in large numbers, together with
+    several respectable inhabitants of Boston and the neighboring
+    towns. The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. W.B. Tappan.
+    The collection was one hundred and ten dollars. In the evening a
+    meeting was held at the Melodeon, and was attended by a large
+    number of persons. Collection one hundred and thirty-three
+    dollars. The next day, Thursday the 11th, we left for
+    Springfield. The meeting was held in the evening, at the Town
+    Hall, as some of the Parish committee objected to its being held
+    in the church, fearing it would desecrate the place. The Hall
+    was crowded, and many could not gain admittance. Dr. Osgood
+    opened the meeting with prayer, took several of the Mendians to
+    his own house, and manifested a deep interest on their behalf,
+    as did many of the other inhabitants. The Mendians were all
+    hospitably entertained in this place without expense. Some
+    'fellows of the baser sort' insulted Kin-na and others as they
+    went to the Hall; and in the introduction of his speech, Kin-na
+    spoke of the treatment he had received. But there are many
+    warm-hearted and generous friends of the colored race in this
+    town. 'We said nothing to them,' said Kin-na; 'why did they
+    treat us so? What can we do? We are few and feeble. What can the
+    dog do when the lion attacks him; or what can be done when the
+    cat and the mouse come together!' Collection seventy-three
+    dollars. The Mendians were invited by Mr. Burleigh to see a
+    large picture exhibiting here--'The Descent of Christ from the
+    Cross,' copied from Rubens--and were highly gratified.
+
+    "Here we received a cordial invitation from two of the ministers
+    of Northampton and several of their people to visit that place,
+    with the assurance that the First Church, the largest in the
+    county, should be opened for the Mendians. On the 12th we rode
+    to N. in the rain. Mount Tom and the Connecticut River were
+    pointed out to Cinque, who said, 'In my country we have very
+    great mountain--much bigger than that--and river about so wide,
+    but very deep.' The weather cleared away towards night, and the
+    church was nearly filled. Rev. Mr. Pennington, colored minister
+    of Hartford, opened the meeting with prayer. Collection
+    seventy-five dollars, in addition to seventeen dollars from the
+    Female Abolition Society; fifty-three dollars collected before
+    we arrived, and eighty-five contributed by 'a friend,' a short
+    time since. The reception here was warm-hearted. Mr. Warner,
+    keeper of the principal hotel in that place, furnished the
+    Mendians with one of his best rooms, seated them at the table
+    with his family and boarders, and, on being asked for his bill
+    the next day, he replied, 'There is nothing to pay!' The agents
+    of the Nashua and Andover rail roads also declined taking pay
+    for the passages of the Mendians. On Saturday, we rose at 3
+    o'clock, P.M., and returned to Springfield. Here we took the
+    steam boat for Hartford. On arriving, application was made to
+    Mr. Colton, keeper of the Temperance Hotel, to accommodate the
+    Mendians. He demurred. Mr. Warner's noble treatment of them was
+    mentioned. Mr. C. said he could not place them at his table. He
+    was told that this was not insisted upon; that if he would
+    furnish me a room they could eat there, and sleep wherever it
+    was convenient to Mr. C. But he absolutely refused to entertain
+    them any how. As this house has been patronized by
+    abolitionists, they ought to know this fact. After remaining in
+    the cold on the wharf about an hour, the Mendians were received
+    and hospitably entertained by several families without charge.
+
+    "On the Sabbath, November 14, they attended public worship in
+    Rev. Mr. Pennington's church. In the afternoon the church was
+    filled. An address was made by the writer, and the Mendians read
+    in the Testament and sang a hymn. Collection eight dollars. In
+    the evening a meeting was held in the Centre Church, Rev. Dr.
+    Hawes's. Notices were read in the other churches, and handbills
+    had been posted the previous day. The church, in every part, was
+    crowded, and large numbers were unable to obtain admittance. Dr.
+    Hawes opened the meeting with prayer. The services were of an
+    interesting character. Collection eighty dollars. Dr. Hawes
+    interrogated Kin-na. He said, 'The Mendi people believe in a
+    Great Spirit, although they do not worship him. They know they
+    have souls. We think,' said Kin-na, 'we make clothes. Dog can't
+    do this. He no soul, but we have.' He said on another occasion,
+    when asked if his people believed in a future state, 'The Mendi
+    people all Sadducees.' Kin-na said that they 'owe every thing to
+    God. He keep them alive, and give them free. When he go home to
+    Mendi, they tell their brethren about God, Jesus Christ, and
+    heaven.' Fu-li, on a former evening, being asked, 'What is
+    faith?' replied, 'Believing in Jesus Christ, and trusting in
+    him.' Their answers to questions show that they have read and
+    that they understand the Scriptures, and hopes are entertained
+    that one or two at least know experimentally the value of
+    religion. The fact that there is no system of idolatry in Mendi
+    for missionaries to oppose and the natives technically to adhere
+    to, is an encouraging fact with regard to the contemplated
+    mission. Another pleasing and remarkable fact exists: labor is
+    suspended every seventh day, and has been from time immemorial.
+    They do not engage in any religious services, but dress in their
+    best apparel, feast on that day,--as some do here,--visit, &c.
+    This day, 15th, Rev. Mr. Gallaudet and Mr. Brigham have invited
+    the Mendians to visit the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Insane
+    Institution. On a person's giving, by signs, the deaf and dumb
+    alphabet to Mar-gru, one of the girls, she, in a few minutes,
+    repeated nearly the whole. They told Mr. Brigham that there were
+    insane people and idiots in Mendi, and described their actions
+    and the treatment of them. Two of the Mendians will be detained
+    as witnesses in Hartford this day, in a cause appealed from a
+    lower court. Some of the Mendians were grossly assaulted at
+    Farmington some time since, on a training day; and those who
+    committed the assault and battery were convicted and fined. An
+    appeal was taken. When thus assailed, the Mendians, as usual,
+    exhibited their peaceful disposition, and said, 'We no fight.'
+    On Wednesday there is to be a large fare meeting at
+    Farmington--on which occasion Dr. Hawes is to preach. In a few
+    days the Mendians will embark from New York. May the Lord
+    preserve them, and carry them safely to their native land, to
+    their kindred and homes. Su-ma, the eldest, has a wife and five
+    children. Cinque has a wife and three children. They all have
+    parents or wives, or brothers and sisters. What a meeting it
+    will be with these relations and friends, when they are descried
+    on the hills of Mendi! We were invited to visit other places,
+    but time did not allow of longer absence. I must not forget to
+    mention that the whole band of these Mendi are teetotallers. At
+    a tavern where we stopped, Ban-na took me aside, and with a
+    sorrowful countenance, said, 'This bad house--bar house--no
+    good.' But the steam boat is at the wharf, and I must close. The
+    collections in money, on this excursion of twelve days, is about
+    one thousand dollars, after deducting travelling expenses. More
+    money is needed to defray the expenses of the Mendians to their
+    native land, and to sustain their religious teachers. Very truly
+    yours,
+
+    "LEWIS TAPPAN."
+
+
+But to conclude the narrative of these interesting Africans. After all
+the trickery on the part of the U.S. government, it was finally decreed
+by the Supreme Court, that the Mendians were free persons, and might go
+whither they pleased. They were unanimous for returning to their native
+country. The Mendian negroes, thirty-five in number, embarked from New
+York for Sierra Leone, on the 27th of the 11th month, (November,) 1841,
+on board the barque Gentleman, Captain Morris, accompanied by five
+missionaries and teachers. The British government has manifested a
+praiseworthy interest in their welfare, and will assist them to reach
+their own country from Sierra Leone. Their stay in the United States has
+been of immense service to the anti-slavery cause, and there is reason
+to hope that under their auspices, Christianity and civilization may be
+introduced into their native country.
+
+
+APPENDIX F. P. 76.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM AN ESSAY BY WILLIAM JAY, "_On the Folly and Evils of War,
+and the Means of Preserving Peace._"
+
+
+
+    "But, after all that can be said against war, and after the
+    fullest admission of its folly, cruelty, and wickedness, still
+    the question recurs, how can it be prevented? It would be an
+    impeachment of the Divine economy to suppose that an evil so
+    dreadful was inseparably and inevitably connected with human
+    society. We are informed, by Divine authority, that wars proceed
+    from our lusts; but our lusts, although natural to us, are not
+    invincible. He who admits the free agency of man, will not
+    readily allow that either individuals or nations are compelled
+    to do evil. The universal prevalence of Christian principles
+    must, of necessity, exterminate wars; and hence we are informed,
+    by revelation, that when righteousness shall cover the earth,
+    'the nations shall learn war no more.'
+
+    "And are we to wait, it will be inquired, till this distant and
+    uncertain period for the extinction of war? We answer, that
+    revelation affords us no ground to expect that all mankind will
+    previously be governed by the precepts of justice and humanity;
+    but that experience, reason, and revelation, all unite in
+    leading us to believe that the regeneration of the world will be
+    a gradual and progressive work. Civilization and Christianity
+    are diffusing their influence throughout the globe, mitigating
+    the sufferings and multiplying the enjoyments of the human
+    family. Free institutions are taking the place of feudal
+    oppressions--education is pouring its light on minds hitherto
+    enveloped in all the darkness of ignorance--the whole system of
+    slavery, both personal and political, is undermined by public
+    opinion, and must soon be prostrated; and the signs of the times
+    assure us that the enormous mass of crime and wretchedness,
+    which is the fruit of drunkenness, will, at no very remote
+    period, disappear from the earth.
+
+    "And can it be possible, that, of all the evils under which
+    humanity groans, war is the only one which religion and
+    civilization, and the active philanthropy of the present day,
+    can neither remove nor mitigate? Such an opinion, if general,
+    would be most disastrous to the world, and it will now be our
+    endeavor to prove that it is utterly groundless.     *     *
+    *     *
+
+    "We have often seen extensive national alliances for the
+    prosecution of war, and no sufficient reason can be assigned why
+    such alliances might not be formed for the preservation of
+    peace. It is obvious that war might instantly be banished from
+    Europe, would its nations regard themselves as members of one
+    great Society, and erect a court for the trial and decision of
+    their respective differences.
+
+    "But we are told that such an agreement among the nations is
+    impossible. It is unquestionably so at present, for the obvious
+    reason, that time is necessary to enlighten and direct public
+    opinion, and produce a general acquiescence in the plan, as well
+    as to arrange the various stipulations and guaranties that would
+    be requisite. It is certainly not surprising, that those who
+    suppose a congress of nations for the maintenance of peace, can
+    only be brought about by a simultaneous movement of the various
+    states and kingdoms of the earth, who are to continue to battle
+    with each other till the signal is given for universal peace and
+    harmony, should be startled at the boldness and absurdity of the
+    project. But this boldness and absurdity belong not to the
+    project we advocate. We have no expectation whatever of any
+    general, much less simultaneous effort of mankind in behalf of
+    peace. A congress for the decision of national differences,
+    instead of arising in the midst of the present military policy
+    of Europe, must be preceded by an extensive, although partial
+    abandonment of war, and will be the _effect_ and not the cause
+    of the general diffusion of pacific sentiments.
+
+    "Hence it is in vain to look for a sudden and universal
+    cessation of war, even among civilized and Christian nations.
+    But reason and experience warrant the hope that some one State
+    may be led to adopt a pacific policy, and thus set an example
+    which through the blessing of Providence, and the prevalence of
+    Christian principles, may usher in the reign of universal peace.
+
+    "But by whom, and in what way it will be asked, is this example
+    to be set? It may be a feeling of national vanity, and it may be
+    a reference to the peculiarities of our local, social, and
+    political condition, that inspires the hope, that to the United
+    States is to be reserved the glory of teaching to mankind the
+    blessings of peace, and the means of preserving them.     *
+    *
+
+    "But in _what way_ are we to make the experiment? Certainly in
+    the way least likely to excite alarm and opposition. In every
+    effort to promote the temporal or spiritual welfare of others,
+    we should consider things as they really are, and not merely as
+    they ought to be, and we should consult expediency as far as we
+    can do so, without compromising principle.     *     *     *
+
+    "Of all the nations with whom we have relations, none probably
+    enjoy in an equal degree our good will, as France. No spirit of
+    rivalry in commerce or manufactures exists between us, no
+    adjacent territory furnishes occasion for border aggressions and
+    mutual criminations, while our past relations afford subjects of
+    pleasing and grateful recollection, and at present we see no
+    prospect of the interruption of that harmony which has so long
+    subsisted between the two nations.
+
+    "Let us suppose that under these propitious circumstances, a
+    convention should now be concluded between the two governments,
+    by which it should be agreed, that if unhappily any difference
+    should hereafter arise between us, that could not be adjusted by
+    negociation, neither party should resort to arms, but that they
+    should agree on some friendly power, to whom the matter in
+    difference should be referred, and whose decision should be
+    final; or that if it should so happen that the parties could not
+    concur in selecting an umpire, that then each party should
+    select a friendly power, and that the sovereigns or states thus
+    selected, should, if necessary, call to their aid the assistance
+    of a third.
+
+    "To what well founded objections would such a treaty be subject?
+    It is true that treaties of this kind have been of rare
+    occurrence, but all experience is in their favor. Vattel remarks
+    (Law of Nations, book II., chap. 18,) 'Arbitration is a method
+    very reasonable, very conformable to the law of nature, in
+    determining differences that do not directly interest the safety
+    of the nation. Though the strict right may be mistaken by the
+    arbitrator, _it is still more to be feared that it will be
+    overwhelmed by the fate of arms_. The Swiss have had the
+    precaution in all their alliances among themselves, and even in
+    those they have contracted with the neighboring powers, to agree
+    beforehand on the manner in which their disputes were to be
+    submitted to arbitrators, in case they could not adjust them in
+    an amicable manner. _This wise precaution has not a little
+    contributed to maintain the Helvetic Republic in that
+    flourishing state which secures its liberty, and renders it
+    respectable throughout Europe_.'
+
+    "But it may be said, a nation ought not to permit others to
+    decide on her rights and claims. Why not? Will the decision be
+    less consistent with justice, from being impartial and
+    disinterested? It is a maxim confirmed by universal experience,
+    that no man should be judge in his own cause; and are nations
+    less under the influence of interest and of passion than
+    individuals? Are they not, in fact, still less under the control
+    of moral obligation? Treaties have often been violated by
+    statesmen and senators, who would have shrunk from being equally
+    faithless in their private contracts. Is it to be supposed that
+    the government of a friendly power, in a controversy between us
+    and France, in which it had no interest, and with the
+    observation of the civilized world directed to its decision,
+    would be less likely to pronounce a fair and impartial judgment
+    than either France or ourselves?
+
+    "But we can decide our own controversies for ourselves, it is
+    said; that is, we can go to war and take our chance for the
+    result. Alas, 'it is an error,' says Vattel, 'no less absurd
+    than pernicious, to say that war is to _decide_ controversies
+    between those who, as in the case of nations, acknowledge no
+    judge. It is _power_ or _prudence_ rather than right that
+    victory usually declares for.'--Book III. Chap. 3.
+
+    "The United States chose to decide for themselves the
+    controversy about impressment, by appealing to the sword. In
+    this appeal they of course placed no reliance on the propriety
+    and justice of their claims, since such considerations could
+    have no influence on the fate of battle; but they depended
+    solely on their capacity to inflict more injury than they would
+    receive themselves, and this difference in the amount of injury
+    was to turn the scale in our favor. Our expectations, however,
+    were disappointed. Our commerce was annihilated, our frontier
+    towns were laid in ashes, our capital taken, our attempts upon
+    Canada were repulsed, with loss and disgrace; our people became
+    burthened with taxes, and we were at last glad to accept a
+    treaty of peace which, instead of containing, as we had fondly
+    hoped, a formal surrender on the part of Great Britain of the
+    right of impressment, made not the slightest allusion to the
+    subject.
+
+    "Let us now suppose that a treaty similar to the one we have
+    proposed with France had, in 1812, existed between Great Britain
+    and the United States; the question of impressment would then
+    have been submitted to one or more friendly powers.
+
+    "It is scarcely possible that the umpires could have given any
+    decision of this question that would have been as injurious to
+    either party as was the prosecution of the war. Had the claims
+    of Great Britain been sanctioned, some American seamen would, no
+    doubt, have been occasionally compelled to serve in the British
+    navy; but how very small would have been their number compared
+    with the thousands who perished in the war; and how utterly
+    insignificant would have been their sufferings resulting from
+    serving on board a British instead of an American vessel, when
+    weighed against the burdens, the slaughters, the conflagrations,
+    inflicted on their country in the contest? If, on the other
+    hand, the decision had been in our favor, Great Britain would
+    have lost a few seamen from her navy, but she would have saved
+    the lives of a far greater number, and she would have been
+    spared an amount of treasure which would have commanded the
+    services of ten times as many sailors as she could ever hope to
+    recover by impressment.
+
+    "It is not, however, probable, that the umpires, anxious to do
+    right, and having no motive to do wrong, would have sanctioned,
+    without qualification, the claims of either party.
+
+    "We can scarcely anticipate any future national difference which
+    it would not be more prudent and expedient to submit to
+    arbitration than to the chance of war. However just may be our
+    cause, however united our people, we cannot foresee the issue of
+    the contest, nor tell what new enemies we may be called to
+    encounter, what sacrifices to bear, what concessions to make.
+
+    "We have already partially commenced the experiment of
+    arbitrament, by referring no less than three of our disputes to
+    the determination of as many friendly powers. A difference as to
+    the meaning of an article, in our last treaty of peace with
+    Great Britain, was referred to the Emperor of Russia, who
+    decided it in our favor. The question of our northern boundary
+    was referred to the King of the Netherlands; and although the
+    line he assigned was not the one claimed by either party, it was
+    vastly less injurious to each, than would have been one month's
+    hostility on account of it. Our disputes with Mexico were
+    verging rapidly to open war, when they were happily submitted to
+    the King of Prussia, and are now in the course of satisfactory
+    adjustment.
+
+    "A treaty with France of the character proposed, would greatly
+    increase our importance in the estimation of all Europe--as it
+    would permanently secure us from her hostility. It would be seen
+    and felt, that whatever other nation might enter into collision
+    with us, it could not expect the aid of France, but that under
+    all circumstances we should enjoy the friendship and commerce of
+    our ancient ally. These considerations would not be without
+    their influence on England. She has colonies near us which we
+    may capture, or essentially injure, and which cannot be defended
+    by her, but at very inconvenient expense. A war with us must
+    ever be undesired by her, for the obvious reason that in such a
+    contest she has little to gain and much to lose. Our treaty also
+    with France would deprive England of the aid of the only nation
+    that could afford her effectual assistance in a war against us.
+    She would therefore, find it her interest to avail herself of a
+    similar treaty, and thus to secure herself from hostilities
+    which on many accounts she must wish to avoid. Once assured by
+    such treaties of permanent peace with France and England, we
+    should find our alliance courted by the other powers of Europe,
+    who would not readily consent that those two nations should have
+    exclusively the uninterrupted enjoyment of our great and growing
+    commerce. They would think it a matter of prudence also, to
+    avoid the risk of collision with a powerful republic, that had
+    already secured the permanent friendship of France and England;
+    and they would hasten to contract similar treaties. Under such
+    circumstances, every consideration of policy would prompt our
+    South American neighbors to desire that their amicable relations
+    with us might remain uninterrupted; and to them we might offer
+    the same stipulations with full confidence of their cordial
+    acceptance.
+
+    "And will it be said that all this is visionary and impossible?
+    The plan we propose rests on no supposed reformation in the
+    passions and propensities of mankind; but upon obvious
+    principles of national interest, deduced from reason and
+    experience, and susceptible of the plainest demonstration. It is
+    a plan adapted to the existing state of civilized society, and
+    accommodated to the passions and prejudices by which that
+    society is influenced. It is indeed perfectly consistent with
+    the precepts of Christianity, but it is also in accordance with
+    the selfish dictates of worldly policy.
+
+    "To this plan we can imagine only one plausible objection, which
+    is, that the treaties would not be observed. It is readily
+    admitted that if the only guaranty for the faithful observance
+    of these treaties consisted in the virtue and integrity of those
+    who signed them, the confidence to be reposed in them would be
+    faint indeed. Happily, however, we have a far stronger guaranty
+    in national interest and in public opinion.     *     *     *
+
+    "Dismissing then all idle fears that these treaties, honestly
+    contracted and obviously conducive to the highest interests of
+    the parties, would not be observed, let us contemplate the rich
+    and splendid blessings they would confer on our country.
+    Protected from hostile violence and invasion by a moral defence,
+    more powerful than armies and navies, we might indeed beat our
+    swords into ploughshares and our spears into pruning hooks. The
+    millions now expended in our military establishments could be
+    applied to objects directly ministering to human convenience and
+    happiness. Our whole militia system, with its long train of
+    vices and its vexatious interruptions of labor, would be swept
+    away. The arts of peace would alone be cultivated, and would
+    yield comforts and enjoyments in a profusion and perfection of
+    which mankind have witnessed no example. In the expressive
+    language of Scripture, our citizens would each 'sit under his
+    own vine and under his own fig tree, with none to make him
+    afraid,' and our peaceful and happy republic would be the praise
+    and glory of all lands.     *     *     *     *     *
+
+    "It is impossible that a scene so bright and lovely should not
+    attract the admiration and attention of the world. The extension
+    of education in Europe, and the growing freedom of her
+    institutions, are leading her population to think, and to
+    express their thoughts. The governments of the eastern
+    continent, whatever may be their form, are daily becoming more
+    and more sensitive to public opinion. The people already restive
+    under their burdens, would soon discover that those burdens
+    would be greatly diminished by the adoption of the American
+    policy. Before long, some state would commence the experiment on
+    a small scale, and its example would be followed by others. In
+    time these conventions would give way to more extended pacific
+    alliances, and a greater number of umpires would be selected;
+    nor is it the vain hope of idle credulity, that at last a union
+    might be formed, embracing every Christian nation, for
+    guarantying the peace of Christendom, by establishing a tribunal
+    for the adjustment of national differences, and by preventing
+    all forcible resistance to its decrees.
+
+    "It is unnecessary to discuss, at this time, the character and
+    powers with which such a tribunal should be invested. Whenever
+    it shall be desired, little difficulty will be experienced in
+    devising for it a satisfactory organization; that it is possible
+    to form such a court, and that next to Christianity it would be
+    the richest gift ever bestowed by Heaven upon our suffering
+    world, will be doubted by few who have patiently and candidly
+    investigated the subject.
+
+    "But many who admit the advantages and practicability of the
+    plan we have proposed, will be tempted to despair of success, by
+    the apparent difficulty of inducing an effort for its
+    accomplishment. Similar difficulties, however, have been
+    experienced and overcome. The abolition of the slave trade, and
+    the suppression of intemperance were once as apparently hopeless
+    as the cessation of war. Let us again recur for instruction and
+    encouragement to the course pursued by the friends of freedom
+    and temperance. Had the British abolitionists employed
+    themselves in addressing memorials to the various courts of
+    Europe, soliciting them to unite in a general agreement to
+    abandon the traffic, they would unquestionably have labored in
+    vain, and spent their strength for nought. They adopted another
+    and a wiser course. They labored to awaken the consciences of
+    their own countrymen, and to persuade them to do justice and to
+    love mercy; and thus to set an example to the rest of Europe,
+    infinitely more efficacious than all the arguments and
+    remonstrances which reason and eloquence could dictate.
+
+    "In vain might moralists and philanthropists have declaimed for
+    ages on the evils of drunkenness, had no temperance society been
+    formed till all mankind were ready to adopt a pledge of total
+    abstinence. The authors of the temperance reformation did not
+    lavish their strength and resources in attempting to convince
+    the world of the blessings of temperance, but forming themselves
+    into a temperance society, gave a visible and tangible proof
+    that the principle they recommended was not merely expedient but
+    practicable. And surely if we desire to persuade mankind that
+    war is an unnecessary evil, it is indispensable that we should
+    be able to point them to some instance in which it has been
+    safely dispensed with; nor can we hope to effect a change in the
+    opinion of Europe, while our own people remain unaffected by our
+    assertions and arguments.
+
+    "Here then must be the field of our labors; and let those labors
+    be quickened by the reflection, that while they are aimed at the
+    happiness of the human race, they are calculated to confer on
+    our beloved country a moral sublimity which no worldly glory can
+    approach.
+
+    "But what are the means we shall use? The same by which the
+    commerce in human beings was destroyed, and which are now
+    driving intemperance from the earth--_voluntary associations and
+    the press_.
+
+    "Let the friends of peace concentrate their exertions in Peace
+    Societies; and let the press proclaim throughout our land, in
+    all its length and breadth, the folly, the wickedness, and the
+    horrors of war; and call on our rulers to provide for the
+    amicable adjustment of national differences. In the first treaty
+    that shall be formed for this purpose we shall behold the dawn
+    of that glorious day, the theme of prophets and the aspirations
+    of saints, when nation shall not lift up sword against nation,
+    neither shall they learn war any more.
+
+    "The present age is propitious to the enterprise. It is an age
+    of energy and of freedom. All the powers of mind are in full
+    activity, and every eye and every ear is open to the reception
+    of new truths. Science and philanthropy are daily achieving
+    triumphs which the past century dared not imagine. The world is
+    no longer governed by princes and senates, but by public
+    opinion, and at the fiat of this mighty potentate, ancient
+    institutions are levelled in the dust. Let this despot wield
+    only a delegated authority, and each individual, however humble,
+    can enhance or diminish his power. Who, then, will refuse to
+    lend his assistance to enable public opinion to say to the
+    troubled nations, 'peace--be still;' and to compel the rulers of
+    the earth to refer their disputes to another tribunal than the
+    sword.
+
+    "In this cause every man can labor, and it is a cause in which
+    every man is called to labor, by interest and by duty. But it is
+    a cause that peculiarly claims the zeal and devotion of
+    Christians. They are the servants of Him who is not only the
+    mighty God and the everlasting Father, but the Prince of Peace.
+    They know that war is opposed to all his attributes, and
+    contradicts the precepts of his word. Conscience gives her
+    sanction to the means we have proposed, and prophecy assures us
+    of the accomplishment of the object to which they are directed.
+    Why, then, will not Christians use the talents and influence
+    given them from above to effect this consummation? Let them not
+    plead, in excuse for listlessness and indifference, that it is
+    God alone who 'maketh wars to cease to the end of the earth.' In
+    the moral government of the world, the purposes of its Almighty
+    Ruler are accomplished by his blessing upon human means. He has
+    promised that righteousness shall cover the whole earth; and in
+    reliance on this promise, his servants are now bearing the
+    everlasting Gospel to every nation and kindred, and tongue and
+    people. He has also promised that nations shall learn war no
+    more, and in his faithfulness we have all the incentive which
+    certainty of ultimate success can give to human exertion. And in
+    what cause can the energies of Christian benevolence be more
+    appropriately exercised? To prevent war is to avoid the effusion
+    of human blood, and the commission of innumerable crimes and
+    atrocities;--it is to diffuse peace, and comfort, and happiness,
+    through the great family of man,--it is to foster the arts and
+    sciences which minister to the wants of society,--it is to check
+    the progress of vice,--to speed the advance of the gospel,--to
+    rescue immortal souls from endless misery,--and to secure to
+    them a felicity as durable as it is inconceivable.
+
+    "To him who in faith and zeal labors in this great and holy
+    cause a rich reward is secured. While doing good to others, he
+    is himself a sharer in the blessing he bestows. The very
+    exercise of his benevolent affections affords a pure and
+    exquisite delight, and when he enters the world of peace and
+    love, he shall experience the full import of those cheering, but
+    mysterious words--Blessed are the peace makers, for they shall
+    be called the children of God."'
+
+
+
+APPENDIX G. P. 89.
+
+
+OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.
+
+
+"TO THE CHRISTIAN PUBLIC OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+"In again appealing to you in reference to the opium war in China, I
+will begin by quoting the following extracts from a letter which I
+addressed to you on the 19th of the Third Month, 1840.
+
+
+    "'It is now too notorious to render needful entering at large
+    into the subject, that the guilty traffic in opium, grown by the
+    East India Company, to be smuggled into China, at length
+    compelled the Chinese Government to vindicate the laws of the
+    Empire, which prohibit its introduction, and to take decisive
+    measures for the suppression of the traffic, by the arrest of
+    the parties concerned in it at Canton, and the seizure and
+    destruction of the opium found in the Chinese waters.[A] It is
+    also well known that the superintendent of the British trade,
+    (Capt. Elliott) so far compromised his official character and
+    duty, as to take under his protection one of the most extensive
+    opium smugglers, and thus rendered himself justly liable to the
+    penalties to which they were obnoxious; and at the same time
+    gave, as far as was in his power, the sanction of the British
+    nation to this unrighteous violation of the Chinese laws.
+
+    [Footnote A: "See 'Thelwall's Iniquities of the Opium Trade,'
+    and 'King's Opium Crisis,'"]
+
+    "'The following fact is, however, not so generally known. An
+    individual,[B] now in this country, who has acquired immense
+    wealth by this unlawful trade, has been in communication with
+    the Government, and his advice, it is presumed, has in no small
+    degree influenced the measures they have adopted; though a
+    leading partner in a firm to which a large proportion of the
+    opium that was destroyed belonged; and at the very time he was
+    claiming compensation, or urging a war with China, his house in
+    India was sending armed vessels loaded with opium, along the
+    coast of China, and selling it in open defiance of the laws of
+    that Empire. This information, with the names of the vessels and
+    the parties concerned, the number of chests of opium on board,
+    the enormous profits they were realizing, et cet., was some time
+    ago communicated to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+    on authority which he did not and could not dispute.'
+
+    [Footnote B: "This individual is in the new House of Commons,
+    professedly as a reformer, and represents a borough which
+    formerly sent to that House one of its most upright members, who
+    has now retired from public life.]
+
+    "On the 7th of April, Sir James Graham brought forward a motion
+    in the House of Commons, in reference to this subject, but in a
+    manner which gave it so much of a party character, that our
+    cruel injustice to the Chinese, and the disgraceful conduct of
+    our Government in attacking them, was lost sight of by many,
+    whose professed principles ought to have made them foremost in
+    condemning these proceedings. The Whig Ministry having intimated
+    they would resign if Sir J. Graham carried his motion, every
+    other consideration was forgotten in anxiety lest a political
+    party should be injured or lose office.
+
+    "This feeling not only pervaded the supporters of the Government
+    in the House of Commons, but also extended to many leading
+    religious professors of various denominations; and thus no
+    public feeling sufficiently strong could be raised to counteract
+    in Downing-street, the combined and powerful influence of the
+    East India Company and the wealthy opium smugglers; though
+    public meetings were held in London and many places in the
+    country, and petitions forwarded justly deprecating this war, as
+    one of almost unparalleled iniquity. At the meeting in the
+    metropolis, which was held at Freemason's Hall, and at which the
+    Earl of Stanhope presided, the following resolutions were
+    passed:--
+
+
+        "'1. That this meeting, whilst it most distinctly
+        disavows any party or political objects, and deprecates
+        most strongly any such construction being put upon its
+        efforts, deeply laments that the moral and religious
+        feeling of the country should be outraged--the character
+        of Christianity disgraced in the eyes of the world--and
+        this kingdom involved in war with upwards of three
+        hundred and fifty millions of people, in consequence of
+        British subjects introducing Opium into China, in direct
+        and known violation of the laws of that Empire.
+
+        "'2. That, although the Chinese have not been heard in
+        their defence, the statements adduced by the advocates
+        of the war, clearly establish the fact, that the East
+        India Company, the growers of and traffickers in opium,
+        and British subjects who received the protection of the
+        laws of China, have been, throughout, the wrong doers;
+        therefore this meeting (without reference to the
+        conviction of many, that all war is opposed to the
+        spirit and precepts of the gospel,) holds it to be the
+        bounden duty of the government immediately to effect an
+        equitable and pacific settlement of the existing
+        differences with China.
+
+        "'3. That all traffic in opium with the Chinese being
+        contraband, the opium which was surrendered to their
+        government was justly confiscated; and that to demand
+        payment from the Chinese, to make reprisals upon them,
+        or, for this country to give compensation to the British
+        merchants thus engaged in smuggling, would be to
+        sanction and even grant a premium on crime.
+
+        "'4. That the petition now read be adopted by this
+        meeting, and presented to both Houses of Parliament; and
+        that the Right Honorable Earl Stanhope be requested to
+        present the same to the House of Lords, and Lord Sandon
+        to the House of Commons.
+
+        "'5. That the resolutions of this meeting be published
+        at the discretion of the Committee; and that a copy of
+        them in the Chinese language be transmitted, through the
+        High Commissioner Lin, to the Emperor of China.'
+
+
+    "Since this period, I have been in company with several
+    Englishmen who were at Canton at the time of the seizure of the
+    opium; and though some of them were concerned in the trade
+    themselves, and were naturally biassed in favor of their own
+    country, they all agreed in condemning the proceedings of the
+    English. I have recently spent some time in the United States,
+    whose intercourse with China is extensive and frequent, and
+    where the merits of this case are clearly understood by many of
+    the most intelligent and candid-minded citizens; and these,
+    without any exception, considered the acts of the British
+    government in this matter as some of the most flagrant that ever
+    disgraced a civilized, much less a Christian people.
+
+    "On my return to this country I found a new administration
+    entering upon office; the members of which have, for the most
+    part, condemned the conduct of their predecessors in relation to
+    this war; and I again, therefore, venture to appeal to the
+    _Christian_ public of my country that they may, without delay,
+    forward petitions, or memorials, strongly urging a reference of
+    the existing differences with China to commissioners mutually
+    appointed, who shall be authorized to adjust them, and also to
+    determine upon the best means of entirely suppressing the guilty
+    traffic in opium. The present government are not yet committed
+    to this cruel war; and may no difference of political views
+    deter you from the faithful discharge of this Christian duty!
+    Even should you not succeed in inducing our rulers to adopt this
+    course, or the overtures of this country be rejected by the
+    Chinese, you will have satisfaction in having made the attempt.
+
+    "One-third of the human race are now receiving their impressions
+    of the Christian religion, by its professors waging a murderous
+    war to compel them to make restitution to the contraband opium
+    dealers, for the destruction of this deadly poison, which
+    continues to be grown by the East India Company, and poured into
+    China in defiance of all laws, human and divine. Besides the
+    loss of life sustained by the Chinese, and the fearful mortality
+    amongst the British troops, from the unhealthiness of the
+    climate, it is probable that little short of ten millions
+    sterling has already been expended in naval and military
+    armaments, and the enhanced price of tea and sugar,[A] in the
+    monstrous attempt to force the Chinese to pay about two millions
+    to those opium smugglers. All this, be it remembered, is added
+    to the burdens upon the industry of our own oppressed
+    population.
+
+    [Footnote A: It is well known that the high rate of freights
+    from Calcutta, in consequence of the shipping required for the
+    Chinese expedition, greatly contributed to the late extravagant
+    price of sugar.]
+
+    "Earnestly desiring that you may be induced to discharge your
+    duty as Christians, and whatever may be the result, acquit
+    yourselves of your share of the national guilt, I conclude with
+    the words of a friend: 'For my own part, I think the present
+    distress of the nation may be the retributive chastisement of
+    our recent atrocious war in China and the East.     *     *
+    *     All history, and the daily march of events, demonstrate
+    the perpetual retributive interference of an overruling
+    providence. Yet this doctrine, proclaimed as loudly by
+    experience as by revelation, and as legibly written on the page
+    of history as in the Bible, appears to have not the smallest
+    practical influence on the most enlightened statesmen, and the
+    most Christian and enlightened nation in the world.'
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_Birmingham, 9th Month 30th_, 1841."
+
+    "_10th Month 9th_, 1841.
+
+    "Since writing the foregoing, the intelligence has arrived that
+    Canton has been seized; that 'Gen. Sir Hugh Gough calculates the
+    loss of the Chinese, in the different attacks, at one thousand
+    killed and three thousand wounded;' that the British have
+    extracted six millions of dollars as a ransom for evacuating the
+    city, which the Chinese call 'opium compensation;' and it is but
+    too evident that the work of the wholesale murder of this
+    unoffending people has but begun, for Capt. Elliot, who appears
+    to have been too tender of shedding human blood to please his
+    employers, is recalled, and is succeeded by Sir H. Pottenger,
+    who, it is reported, has instructions from Lord Palmerston to
+    demand _fifteen millions_ of dollars for the opium smugglers,
+    and the whole of the expenses of the war, and to secure the
+    right to the British of planting armed factories in the
+    different Chinese ports.
+
+    "Shall history record that no voice was raised by the Christians
+    of Britain against the employment of their money, and that of
+    their starving countrymen, in deeds like these!!"
+
+
+
+APPENDIX H. P. 119.
+
+
+
+LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.
+
+
+The following letter was addressed by Abraham L. Pennock, conveying his
+resignation of the office of Vice President of the American Anti-Slavery
+Society, (old organization,) after the occurrence of the painful
+divisions in the anti-slavery body, which have been already noticed.
+This letter is written in an excellent spirit, and clearly developes the
+cause of the separation.
+
+
+    "TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY
+    SOCIETY.
+
+    "Other reasons than those which will be presented in this
+    letter, made it desirable to me to be released from any official
+    connection with the Anti-Slavery Society. I thought those
+    reasons so well known to some of the delegates from the
+    Pennsylvania Society, and withal they were deemed by me of so
+    much value, that I felt both surprise and regret at
+    understanding that my name was continued as one of the vice
+    presidents of the Parent Society. Thus saying, I am,
+    nevertheless, bound to express my indebtedness for the kind
+    feeling toward me, and confidence in my love for the slave,
+    which, doubtless, induced the appointment.
+
+    "By an accident to my anti-slavery newspapers, I have just
+    received the proceedings of the society at the above meeting. I
+    am sorry to find in them superadded reasons for regret at my
+    appointment, as that appointment seems to place me in the false
+    position of appearing to be in favor of its leading measures;
+    some of which, denunciatory of co-laborers in the abolition
+    cause, have not my unity.
+
+    "In the heavy responsibilities of the former Executive
+    Committee, I find a sufficient reason for their transfer of the
+    'Emancipator' and other property for which they stood personally
+    engaged; and I therefore cannot join in affirming such transfer
+    to be 'a flagrant breach of trust;' and their answer in
+    justification of their course, 'an attempt to defend which
+    betrays an utter disregard of the rights of abolitionists.'
+
+    "Believing in the intellectual equality of the sexes, I go fully
+    for women's rights and duties. They possess a moral force of
+    immense power, which they are bound to exert for the good of
+    mankind; including emphatically so, those who are in the
+    hopeless and most wretched condition of slaves. The belief of
+    the value of female co-operation is common to the anti-slavery
+    community; and the only question regarding it which has arisen,
+    is, whether it shall be exerted in societies and conventions of
+    women, or in societies and conventions of men and women,
+    irrespective of sex. The question is of recent date, not even
+    coeval with the modern anti-slavery enterprise; and the
+    practice, at the origination of this enterprise, that of
+    separate action. We can all bear testimony to the powerful
+    impression upon the public mind, made by women, acting singly or
+    in societies and conventions, before it was thought of merging
+    their influence in a joint stock community with their brethren.
+    Where can we find an anti-slavery organization more potential,
+    and so dignified, as was the convention of American women? Is it
+    therefore surprising that the question has not been conclusively
+    settled by American abolitionists, that women ought to act
+    identically on the same platform and in the same society with
+    men; and that the practice, founded on this plan, still remains
+    measurably local, and, by many conforming to it, is deemed
+    experimental?
+
+    "In convening a World's Convention, no innovation upon the
+    general social usages was contemplated by our brethren in
+    England who called it. The convention was meant to be a
+    convention of men; and what was deficient of explicitness in the
+    first notice was amply made up in the reiteration of the call.
+    It was fully known before the appointment of delegates by the
+    American Anti-Slavery Society that the intention of the
+    committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was
+    such as is above explained. The views of the inviting party
+    being known, it was competent to the invited to accept or reject
+    the invitation, but not to modify its terms. The American
+    Society, however, in face of the invitation, with a knowledge of
+    the extreme sensitiveness of that portion of the British people
+    whom the Convention would deem it important to conciliate, to
+    any innovation upon established forms, and itself not united in
+    discarding the distinctions of sex, resolved to send female
+    delegates to the Convention, and thus, in effect, to appeal from
+    the Committee to the paramount authority of the Convention, and
+    with it to settle the American question.
+
+    "In exercising this authority we are to suppose, from the high
+    moral, intellectual, and philanthropic standing of its members,
+    the Convention, in adhering to the general usages of society,
+    meant to perpetuate no injustice; and we know, from their very
+    respectful attention to the rejected delegates, that they were
+    influenced by no want of courtesy--I am satisfied that they
+    acted according to their best impressions of duty, the carrying
+    out of which was their high aim; and that the Convention was not
+    the less a World's Convention because it did not embrace both
+    sexes as its members, or any reforms without the scope of its
+    call. I cannot unite, therefore, in the resolutions declaring
+    the proceedings of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
+    'arbitrary and despotic;' or the act of the London Conference,
+    excluding the female delegates of the American Society appointed
+    in contradiction to the terms of the invitation, as 'highly
+    disrespectful to the delegates, and to us, their constituents,
+    tyrannical in its nature, mischievous in its tendencies, and
+    unworthy of men claiming the character of abolitionists.'
+
+    "Thus my views not being in harmony with the action of the
+    society, in the particulars above referred to, my duty to it and
+    myself is, to tender you this as my resignation of the office of
+    Vice President for Pennsylvania, and not to await another
+    election for withdrawing from it.
+
+    "With no heart for the controversies which have got in among my
+    brethren, the common friends of the enslaved, and which are
+    sadly wasting their anti-slavery strength, but with a warm heart
+    for the legitimate objects of the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+    I shall not cease anxiously to desire its prosperity and speedy
+    triumph with these just limitations.
+
+    "Your friend,
+
+    "(Signed) ABRAHAM L. PENNOCK.
+
+    "_Haverford, 6th Month 28th_, 1841."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I. P. 146.
+
+
+GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.
+
+
+_Extract of a Letter from James Cannings Fuller to Joseph Sturge_.
+
+
+    "DEAR FRIEND,--Doubtless thou hast often thought of the visit to
+    our mutual friend, Gerrit Smith, and dwelt on the recollection
+    with pleasure. As thou requested me to furnish thee with the
+    result of the case which was brought under our notice from the
+    correspondence in the case of Sam and Harriet, I cheerfully
+    comply, by giving thee a somewhat detailed account, believing it
+    may be interesting to thee, and not unproductive of benefit to
+    others.
+
+    "There are in America no small number of individuals whose
+    circumstances, by parental gift or marriage endowments, are
+    similar to those of our dear friend, Ann Carroll Smith. I would
+    there were a host prepared, like her and her noble husband, to
+    do sacrifice of their substance on the altar of human rights.
+
+    "Ann Carroll Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Col. Wm.
+    Fitzhugh, a slaveholder, who formerly resided in Hagerstown,
+    Maryland. About twenty-three years ago, he removed to Geneseo,
+    New York. Twenty human chattels, whom he brought with him,
+    became free by the law of 1817; the remainder were left on his
+    plantation, in Maryland. Mammy Rachael, who nursed the Colonel's
+    wife, on the births of James Fitzhugh and his sister Ann, gave
+    to the former a boy, who was named Sam; and to the latter a
+    girl, called Harriet. They grew up together, and ultimately
+    formed a strong attachment. When Ann Fitzhugh was about eighteen
+    years old, her brother wrote to inquire if she would give him
+    Harriet, that she might become Sam's wife. When it is considered
+    that Ann was young and inexperienced; that she had been educated
+    to consider slavery right; that the doctrine of inalienable
+    personal ownership had not then been urged; and that the idea of
+    bestowing a wife on her brother's slave was naturally pleasing,
+    it is no marvel that she cheerfully granted the request.
+
+    "James Fitzhugh removed from Maryland to Kentucky. In the course
+    of events, his pecuniary affairs became embarrassed, and
+    creditors grew clamorous for the adjustment of their claims. His
+    effects were likely to be sold by the sheriff, and it was
+    reported he had no legal title to Harriet. Under these
+    circumstances, Gabriel Jackson prevailed on him to transfer Sam,
+    his wife, and first-born child, to him, in payment of his debt.
+    This man afterwards sold them to Samuel Worthington, a cotton
+    planter of Mississippi; whose letter, in reply to Gerrit Smith,
+    arrived the day we were at his house; and he being in doubt how
+    to effect the redemption of the family, and their safe
+    transportation, thou wilt remember that I agreed to effect both,
+    to what I shall call the Elysian Fields, or, more properly,
+    Eden. I started on the 26th of Seventh Month, via Lake Erie and
+    the Erie Canal, which extends from north to south three hundred
+    and nine miles through the State of Ohio. From the canal I took
+    steam-boat down the Ohio, to Maysville, Kentucky. The mistress
+    of the Eagle Hotel sat at her table as a queen, surrounded by
+    many slaves. There seemed to be twice as many hands to do the
+    work as were needful.
+
+    "From Maysville to Lexington (sixty-five miles) is the best road
+    I ever travelled, not excepting the English roads. It is made
+    and repaired with whitish limestone, from beginning to end. They
+    told me the repairs were principally made by Irishmen, as slaves
+    were not to be trusted to do the work. At starting, I observed
+    that the mail bags were nearly empty; and the driver being
+    questioned, informed me, that I could carry the whole mail in my
+    coat pockets. When he told me he was a Pennsylvanian, I asked
+    whether he could not earn as much in a free, as in a slave
+    State. He said that eighteen dollars a month was the most he
+    ever received for driving a team in a free State, and that now
+    he received thirty dollars a month. This opened the way for a
+    little anti-slavery talk. 'Last Sunday night,' said he, 'I saw a
+    big black man making the best of his way for Canada; I might
+    have stopped him, and had the reward of two hundred dollars,
+    which was offered.'
+
+    "I asked him whether it was best to have God's blessing, with
+    the fruits of his honest industry, or his curse, with two
+    hundred dollars blood money. He answered, with moistened eyes,
+    'I wish all the slaves were free,' to which I responded, 'Amen.'
+
+    "Some incidents connected with the escape of this negro, go to
+    prove that slaves can 'take care of themselves,' by a little
+    ingenuity, when occasion requires. Thinking it would be more
+    expeditious, as well as more agreeable, to ride from slavery
+    than to run from it, he took a horse; whether his master's or
+    not, I did not ascertain. The turnpike gates were a great
+    hindrance, and greatly increased the risk of apprehension. To
+    avoid this, just before reaching a turnpike gate, he let down a
+    fence, carefully put it up again, to avoid pursuit, passed round
+    the back of the keeper's house, and came out through the fence
+    beyond. As he was remounting his horse on one of these
+    occasions, the driver came up with him. Supposing him to be one
+    of the keeper's family, he wished him good night, but instantly
+    discovered by his voice that he was a colored man, putting his
+    horse to full speed. When he returned to Paynestown, he heard
+    people talking about a runaway, and told Dr. Whitehead he
+    believed he had seen the man the night before: 'I hope that
+    he'll get safe into Canada,' was the reply.
+
+    "'How can you say that, and be a slave-holder?' asked the
+    coachman.
+
+    "'I wish there were no slaves,' replied he; 'and as soon as
+    others will liberate theirs, mine shall go free.'
+
+    "Stage coaches afford no facilities to the poor fugitives. By
+    the law of the United States' Government, no colored man can
+    drive a mail stage; neither can any colored man ride on one,
+    unless he is known to be free, or is a slave travelling with his
+    master. Stage owners incur heavy penalties if they infringe
+    these rules. A verdict of one thousand six hundred dollars was
+    lately recovered by a slave-master against the company.
+
+    "At Washington the stage was stopped to know if a colored boy
+    could be put on. 'Yes; where is he?' 'Up at the jail yonder.'
+    The querist took a seat inside; and soon after I spied a colored
+    man on the outside, with keepers. He was a re-captured runaway,
+    who had taken a horse with him, and imitated the Israelites, in
+    borrowing various other articles, when he escaped from bondage.
+    He assumed false whiskers and a pair of spectacles; and on
+    reaching the Ohio river, produced free papers duly stamped with
+    the county seal. But, unfortunately, when questioned where he
+    had staid the preceding night, he foolishly attempted to
+    describe the place, and was thus detected; two hundred dollars
+    had been offered for him if taken out of the State, and one
+    hundred dollars if taken in the State. To ride in a stage, with
+    a man behind, whose legs and arms were fastened together with
+    rivetted chains and padlocks, was enough to make one feel the
+    force of Patrick Henry's exclamation, 'Give me liberty, or give
+    me death!' It was a poor consolation to administer to the
+    gnawings of his hunger, while beholding his manly frame thus
+    manacled: but I thought he seemed to eat my gingerbread with a
+    better relish, when I told him it was made where colored men
+    were free. At Payne's tavern, in Fairview, the poor fellow had
+    to undergo an examination from the landlord, and listen to a
+    homily about truth-telling; so little do slave-holders seem
+    aware that stealing and lying are constituent parts of their own
+    system. In the stage office at Lexington, we encountered the man
+    who claimed this poor fugitive. The driver, who had come with us
+    the two last stages, was a native of Duchess Co., N.Y.; and he
+    began to plead with the slave-holder in behalf of the slave. I
+    heard of another case where the angry master threatened to flog
+    and sell a recovered runaway, whom he had with him; but the
+    stage driver remonstrated with him so effectually, that he wept
+    like a child, and promised forgiveness to his slave.
+
+    "Having a great desire to see the imported cattle on Henry
+    Clay's plantation, I went thither. On approaching the house I
+    saw a colored man, to whom I said, 'Where wert thou raised?' 'In
+    Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Wilt thou shew me
+    his improved cattle?' He pointed to the orchard, and said the
+    man who had charge of them was there. As I followed his
+    direction, I encountered a very intelligent-looking boy,
+    apparently eight or nine years old. I said to him, 'Canst thou
+    read?' 'No.' 'Is there a school for colored people on Henry
+    Clay's plantation?' 'No.' 'How old art thou?' 'Don't know.' In
+    the orchard I found a woman at work with her needle. I asked
+    'How old art thou?' 'A big fifty.' 'How old is that?' 'Near
+    sixty.' 'How many children hast thou?' 'Fifteen or sixteen.'
+    'Where are they?' 'Colored folks don't know where their children
+    is; they are sent all over the country.' 'Where wert thou
+    raised?' 'Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Yes.'
+    'How many children hadst thou then?' 'Four.' 'Where are they?'
+    'I don't know. They tell me they are dead.' The hut, in which
+    this '_source of wealth_' lives, was neither as good, nor as
+    well floored as my stable. Several slaves were picking fruit in
+    the orchard. I asked one of the young men whether they were
+    taught to read on this plantation, and he answered, 'No.' I
+    found the overseer of the cattle with a short handled stout
+    whip, which had been broken. He said it answered both for a
+    riding whip, and occasionally 'to whip off the slaves.'
+
+    "What, my friend, is to be learned from these gleanings at
+    Ashland?--from the doings of our mutual friend, Joseph John
+    Gurney's 'dear friend,' Henry Clay: the man who boasts that
+    'every pulsation of his heart beats high for liberty,' yet is
+    not ashamed to buy men and women at the Capitol!--that place
+    which, above all others, ought not to be cursed by the footsteps
+    of a slave. Yet I fear there are not wanting in the abolition
+    ranks men so wedded to political party, that they may be tempted
+    to vote for Henry Clay; serving their party and themselves
+    thereby, and perchance thinking they serve their country.
+
+    "Do not think Clay a sinner above all other men. His slaves
+    appeared to be well fed and well clothed. Indeed, the general
+    superiority of condition in Kentucky slaves, over those of
+    Maryland and Virginia, cannot fail to strike the most
+    superficial observer.
+
+    "Pursuing my journey, I came to Blue Lick, whose waters are
+    celebrated throughout the United States. At the spring I found
+    several men, white and colored. I asked if I could have a drink.
+    A white man said the waters were free to all. I asked, 'Will
+    they make all free?' They again replied that the spring was free
+    to all. 'I perceive thou dost not understand my question,' said
+    I. But the countenances of the colored men brightened, and, with
+    a cheerful tone, they answered significantly, 'We know what you
+    mean.'
+
+    "I found Samuel Worthington quite a different person than his
+    letters had led me to imagine. When I introduced myself he
+    appeared nervous and embarrassed. He was a Kentuckian by birth,
+    but having met with reverses in fortune he went to Mississippi,
+    and became an overseer; first on a salary of six hundred
+    dollars, and afterwards two thousand dollars. He now owns a
+    cotton plantation, with about one hundred and twenty slaves, and
+    is reputed wealthy. He is considered an accomplished gentleman,
+    of sound, discriminating, and feeling mind. I believe he is a
+    kind master, in the common acceptation of the term; that is, he
+    feeds and clothes his slaves well, and does not overwork them,
+    though the overseer's whip is the stimulus to labor. He gave me
+    some account of provision; but the only item I remember is, that
+    he cured twenty-five thousand pounds of pork annually, for his
+    slaves. Far be it from me to say any thing disrespectful of him,
+    except that he is a slave-holder; a word which, in my view,
+    comprises 'the sum of all villany,' In my transactions with him,
+    I found him fair and honorable, as far as it can be honorable to
+    sell human flesh.
+
+    "He said he had long since received a letter from J. Fitzhugh,
+    concerning Sam's family; but as he knew their situation would
+    not be bettered by being transferred to him, he had taken no
+    notice of the application. When Gerrit Smith's letter came, he
+    supposed that the writer was not in earnest, 'that it was all
+    done for effect, and would end in smoke.' He was surprised to
+    learn, by G. Smith's reply to him, that it was my intention to
+    come to Harrodsburg; he regretted that it was so, as it
+    disturbed him, and might break up his family arrangements. His
+    wife had three small children, one of them a babe, and the
+    proposed arrangements would leave her without assistance. He
+    told me he was not a man to be driven; and I answered that we
+    were well matched on that point, it would, however, be better
+    for us both to ascertain coolly how far we could agree. He began
+    by saying that he did not feel bound to sell the family, in
+    consequence of what he had written to G. Smith; for he had only
+    said that he might be induced to take four thousand dollars for
+    them. After some preliminaries, he proposed that I should have a
+    conversation with Sam; for he did not think he could be
+    prevailed upon to leave him. I assured him I should do no such
+    thing, until he and I had settled the question of dollars and
+    cents. I had no idea of presenting the cup of freedom to Sam's
+    lips, and then having it dashed to the ground. 'I do not
+    believe,' said I, 'that there is a man on these grounds whom I
+    could not induce to go with me from slavery; but if Sam has
+    objections, let me talk with his wife.'
+
+    "'No, that will not do,' replied he; 'she would go with you.'
+    'Yes,' said I, 'let me talk to your women of a mother's right to
+    herself and her offspring, and then see how many of them you
+    would find willing to remain in bondage!'
+
+    "After various pros and cons, we concluded a bargain, subject of
+    course to the parties being _willing_ to leave the 'patriarchal
+    institution.' Three thousand five hundred dollars were to be
+    paid, and both of us together were to have an opportunity of
+    conversing with Sam and his wife. The master probably felt so
+    confident that his slave would not leave him, that he had not
+    patience to wait the promised interview; for he popped the
+    delicate question to him alone. Sam had been informed of the
+    whole progress of the affair, from the time of G. Smith's first
+    letter; and he answered promptly that he would go so that before
+    I met him, that _difficult_ part of the business had 'ended in
+    smoke.'
+
+    "S. Worthington's disappointment was the greater because I had
+    told him that I had felt like one of old: 'If the woman will not
+    be _willing_ to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from
+    this;' that I could go back with a quiet mind; and that the
+    consciences of my friends in Peterboro' would doubtless be
+    satisfied, having given Harriet and her family the liberty of
+    choice, and thus made all the reparation in their power for
+    having ever held her in slavery.
+
+    "The large price paid for the redemption of this family may
+    surprise thee, especially if thou hast not forgotten that
+    passage in Worthington's letter where he says, 'I am, to some
+    extent, opposed to slavery; nor do I object to the efforts of
+    abolitionists when done in a good spirit.' It is, however, but
+    justice to say that the description he gave of the family is
+    strictly correct 'They are all sprightly, remarkable for good
+    character, and of course most valuable for house servants.' He
+    said he had repeatedly been offered two thousand dollars for
+    Sam, and he believed he would command that sum any day from
+    those who knew his worth; that his old master prised him very
+    highly, particularly for his moral excellence; and, speaking of
+    his conduct, described him as a 'gentleman.' Yet he talked as if
+    he were certain that Sam and his family would be reduced to
+    beggary if left to themselves at the North! The children, it is
+    true, have had little preparation in slavery for self reliance;
+    for the most favored of them cannot spell their own names.
+
+    "S. Worthington said many had inquired of him what business
+    brought me there; and being informed of the object of my
+    mission, they advised him to have nothing to do with me. 'But,'
+    said he, 'though I am certain the condition of Sam and his wife
+    cannot be bettered, I do not think the same with regard to their
+    children; and as Mr. Smith seems disposed to do a kind action, I
+    cannot, in conscience, attempt to frustrate it. If I were to
+    send you home without this family, I should have a troubled
+    mind.'
+
+    "One of Worthington's greatest difficulties in parting with
+    these slaves was, that it would leave his wife destitute of
+    servants. I pitied her, and felt it right to express my
+    sympathy. I told her my compassion was increased, because I
+    apprehended there was a struggle in her own breast between duty
+    and interest; and I appealed to her whether she did not know it
+    was a duty to let them go, though personal interest would induce
+    her to keep them in her service. I was glad to perceive that
+    these remarks enabled her to relieve herself of a weight--her
+    countenance brightened up, and she appeared quite willing I
+    should take them away. She showed great kindness to Harriet and
+    her children, and evidently felt deeply moved at parting with
+    the nurse, who had thrice been with her through nature's sorest
+    trials. She appeared to me to be a nice lady-like person; and,
+    if I judge aright, she knows what estimate ought to be placed
+    upon slavery in a woman's mind.
+
+    "Those who know me will not suspect that I sought to conceal my
+    abolition, even in the hot-bed of slavery. Yet I assure thee I
+    had no intention of making it a common topic of conversation,
+    unless the way appeared to open; but thy experience, I doubt
+    not, as well as mine, proves that it is ever opening. The most
+    we need to do is to embrace opportunities, without seeking to
+    make them. I had not expected to say as much as I did, but it
+    was such a curiosity for a Quaker to be seen in such company,
+    that it was soon universally known why I had come and what I had
+    done. This gave rise to many conversations with slave holders,
+    which I trust did some good. I was astonished at their extreme
+    ignorance concerning the laboring population of the North. Thou
+    wilt perhaps be surprised to hear me assert that slave holders
+    do not know what slavery is. Still more strange will it seem
+    when I tell thee that thy old friend was highly complimented by
+    them for his prudence and discretion! The story had become
+    current that I would not talk to Sam till I had settled the
+    business with his master; and as they generally professed to
+    believe that abolitionists wished to incite the slave against
+    their master, by every mischievous incentive they could devise,
+    my conduct naturally enough seemed to them remarkable. I told
+    them I must honestly abjure such complimentary language; for, so
+    far from being what they would consider discreet, I was in fact
+    an abolitionist of the most ultra school. I assured them that
+    most of my associates at the North would have proceeded as I had
+    done, and some of them probably with more discretion. I like
+    much better to talk to a southerner on slavery than with a
+    northern apologist. I regard him as far less mean. There is a
+    mind to be appealed to for _facts_, and there is a feeling that
+    can be reached by a simple testimony of republican truth. In
+    this, the slave holder sometimes 'sees his face as in a glass;
+    but he goeth away and forgetteth what manner of man he is.'
+
+    "As my prudence and discretion had excited observation, I
+    ventured to remark that it would be a great gratification to me,
+    if the slave holders would meet together and let me occupy an
+    hour or so in defining the true position and principles of the
+    abolitionists; but this, as I had expected, was declined.
+
+    "When I paid the money, I felt constrained to testify that I
+    could in no degree sanction the principle that man could hold
+    property in man; that the slaves were our equals by creation,
+    and for their salvation, equally with ours, did Christ leave the
+    right hand of the Father to suffer on the cross. I told them
+    that contradictory as it might seem to them, the man who was now
+    paying money for slaves, had such a detestation of the system,
+    that he deemed it a duty to abstain from eating or wearing any
+    of the products of slavery. This seemed to them wondrous
+    strange, and they inquired if there were many at the North who
+    agreed with me in this scruple. I told them yes; that the number
+    was increasing, and that my friend, Gerrit Smith, had abstained
+    from slave produce for many years.
+
+    "A few hours previous to my final departure one after another
+    gathered around me, and as we stood in the open piazza, I said
+    what I could to explain the principles and practice of
+    abolitionists. I think S. Worthington felt a little hurt at my
+    being thus engaged, for when the stage drove up, he came in
+    great haste to inform me that it was ready. I found it
+    surrounded by many persons, principally colored, who had
+    assembled to bid farewell to the objects of my charge. Their
+    master shook each slave by the hand and bade them farewell. I
+    observed him as we moved away, and thought he seemed to be a
+    good deal moved from some cause or other.
+
+    "I took care that coachman and passengers should be informed of
+    the history of Sam and his wife; and some one or other of them
+    was sure to make it a subject of conversation wherever we
+    stopped. At Lawrenceburg, where we put up for the night, the
+    landlord was also stage proprietor and a slave holder. He tried
+    to make me believe that his slaves were much better off than
+    himself. He enumerated his troubles and perplexities in contrast
+    with the blessed freedom from care enjoyed by his slaves. I told
+    him he had made out his case very well; but to test his
+    sincerity, I merely wished him to declare candidly, whether he
+    should be altogether willing that himself and family should
+    exchange places with a slave family. The test was too severe,
+    and he walked off. Two young men at table then took up the
+    conversation. The tyranny which slavery exercises over the
+    entire community, was illustrated by the assertion that the head
+    of a certain college did not dare to acknowledge himself an
+    abolitionist; for if he did he would lose his office, which
+    brought him in a good salary; and, moreover, the people of D----
+    would dismiss him from his pastoral charge. I of course took the
+    ground that he could not be a truly Christian minister, who
+    would purchase his bread and cheese at the expense of denying
+    his own belief, or suppressing his own convictions.
+
+    "My host inquired whether I would sit at table with colored
+    people; and he seemed much surprised when I answered, 'I do not
+    judge persons by their complexion, but by moral worth. At my own
+    table I sit with colored people, and I shall with these.'
+
+    "The South, however, is much more free from prejudice against
+    color than the north; provided the distinction between the
+    classes is understood.--A gentleman may seat his slave beside
+    him in a stage coach, and a lady makes no objection to ride next
+    a fat negro woman, even when the thermometer is at ninety
+    degrees; provided always that her fellow travellers understand
+    she is her _property_.
+
+    "At Shelbyville the stage was likely to be crowded with new
+    passengers, when I said to some young men who were about to get
+    in, that I had a family with me who must not be turned out of
+    the seats they had occupied. Samuel and his family took their
+    accustomed seats, and those who could not find room rode on the
+    roof of the coach; among them was a member elect of the
+    Legislature. As we started, a well dressed man, among the crowd
+    at the tavern-door, called out, 'Go it abolition!'
+
+    "A crowd at this place attracted my attention, and I found it
+    was an executor's sale; comprising 'lands, houses, furniture,
+    horses, cows, hogs, and twenty likely negroes.' Slaves must,
+    however, be more of a cash article than other commodities; for
+    they were to be sold on four months' credit; real estate, on
+    twelve and twenty four months, and all other property, six
+    months'.
+
+    "At Louisville, we fell in with Elisha, brother of Samuel
+    Worthington, on his return to Arkansas, where he had a cotton
+    plantation. He manifested much openness and good will, and
+    pressingly invited me to visit him, should I ever go down the
+    Mississippi. After considerable conversation on slavery, he
+    asked me what I thought would be the effect of my late visit. I
+    replied, it was a subject I had often contemplated myself, but I
+    did not know whether it had entered the heads of others. For my
+    own part, I thought I had taught the slaveholders a lesson. They
+    maintained that the slaves did not want their freedom; yet here
+    was one, well fed and well clothed, and in fact living in
+    clover, as far as a slave could do so, ready, without my asking
+    him, to go with me among strangers. If he would leave such a
+    kind master, what might not be expected of the oppressed field
+    hand?
+
+    "'Perhaps a quotation from Latimer would furnish you with a more
+    direct reply to your question,' said I, 'You know he said at the
+    stake--"We shall this day light such a fire in England, as I
+    trust, by God's grace, will never be put out." And I believe my
+    visit has kindled a flame of liberty in Harrodsburg, that shall
+    burn for years to come; and, by its light, I trust, that many
+    will find their way into Canada.'
+
+    "I told him, too, I had a question to ask, and I wanted a direct
+    answer--yes, or no. 'Were the slaves any worse off, since the
+    question of abolition has been agitated?'
+
+    "He said they were not, excepting in one respect. Formerly, when
+    a preacher came among them to hold meetings with the slaves,
+    they had no objection; but now, they feared that slaves from
+    different plantations might thus congregate together and plot
+    mischief. I asked him if slaves in Mississippi were aware of
+    abolition efforts in the North; and he said he believed they
+    were.
+
+    "We parted with Samuel at Louisville, we taking the steam boat
+    for Cincinnati, and leaving him to proceed to Worthington
+    plantation for his boys. He stood and watched the departure of
+    our boat with a soul full of emotion. He felt himself a
+    connecting link between his sons in distant Mississippi, and his
+    wife and daughters on their way to Peterboro'; and I was glad to
+    see nature and affection gush forth in tears. They say colored
+    people cannot take care of themselves, but I assure thee I had
+    hard work to make these people move a step, till a safe plan was
+    arranged for their absent children.
+
+    "When I went to pay the captain my fare, he asked whether the
+    colored woman and girls were my property. I answered yes; but
+    explained to him my peculiar situation, and I told him I
+    detested the very name of slavery. He said they usually asked
+    for a reference, but he felt sure that a person of my appearance
+    would not tell him a falsehood. I told him I would show him my
+    bill of sale, as soon as the hurry had subsided; not because I
+    acknowledged his right to demand it, but because he was civil
+    and polite, and I was willing to satisfy him. When I showed him
+    the bill, he knew both the seller and the witness, as I had
+    expected. I asked him whether, if I had brought a barrel of lard
+    on board, he would have troubled me to prove property? He
+    apologized by saying, that they had been imposed on by white
+    men, who put slaves on board, under the pretence that they were
+    free; and that the owners of the line had been obliged to pay
+    six thousand dollars for fugitive slaves. I noticed there were
+    no colored hands on board.
+
+    "On arriving at Buffalo, we put up at the Mansion House; and the
+    first object that caught my eye was an advertisement, dated
+    LIBERTY, in Missouri, offering three hundred dollars reward for
+    three fugitive slaves. This is a free state with a vengeance! No
+    stage riding for colored people here; moreover, it was with
+    great difficulty I could obtain breakfast for my companions,
+    though I had paid for it. I hope abolitionists will keep clear
+    of such a pro-slavery atmosphere as surrounds the Mansion House.
+
+    "On board the cars, Colorophobia again began to rage; but the
+    agent soon quelled it, by finding other seats for two persons,
+    who thought better of themselves than others did of them. In the
+    stage to Auburn, difficulty again occurred, and the driver
+    wanted to return my money, when some of the passengers objected
+    to the complexion of some of my companions. I told him the stage
+    was too crowded to hold us at any event; but unless he sent us
+    on to Auburn in good season, I should teach the company a lesson
+    they would not soon forget. He did so; and I arrived safely at
+    my own house, after an absence of twenty-six days, and a travel
+    of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles. The whole
+    cost of redemption, including our travelling expenses, was three
+    thousand five hundred and eighty-three dollars and eighty-one
+    cents. (£807.)
+
+    "We had not been long there before Harriet said to my wife,
+    'Madam, I return you a thousand thanks for letting your
+    gentleman fetch us;' and I believe she said no more than she
+    felt, and I felt the force of her grateful acknowledgments.
+
+    "After two days' rest, we proceeded to Gerrit Smith's; where, as
+    thou mayest well believe, we received the friendly welcome which
+    those are wont to receive who visit his house.
+
+    "_Skaneateles, 9th Month 14th, 1841._"
+
+
+
+APPENDIX K. PAGE 159.
+
+
+_The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization Society_.
+
+
+The "Friends" alluded to in the text as supporting the Colonization
+Society in a collective capacity, are those of North Carolina. In 1832
+two influential "Friends" appeared at the Annual Meeting of the
+Colonization Society, as delegates from the Society of Friends in North
+Carolina. One of the resolutions passed at the time, is as
+follows:--"That the thanks of this Meeting be presented to the Society
+of Friends in North Carolina, for the aid they have liberally bestowed
+and repeatedly rendered to the cause of African Colonization." The
+Yearly meeting of Friends in North Carolina stands among the donors of
+that year, as having contributed five hundred dollars to the
+Colonization Society. I fear no change has since taken place in the
+favorable disposition of "Friends" of that region towards this
+institution, for during one of my visits to Philadelphia, I was informed
+by a "Friend," just returned from North Carolina, that an agent of the
+Colonization Society had been recently permitted to make an appeal
+before the members of the "Meeting of Sufferings" of that Yearly
+Meeting, which had afterwards granted him two hundred dollars out of the
+common stock of the Society. Nothing is more certain than that
+approbation of the principles and measures of the Colonization Society,
+cannot co-exist with any lively desires for the extinction of slavery,
+by the only practical means--_emancipation_; and accordingly I was not
+surprised to find it urged by some prominent individuals as a reason for
+their own inactivity, and that of the Society at large, on this subject,
+that "Friends" living within the slave States, urged their brethren at
+the North not to unite with the Anti-slavery Societies. It appears,
+however, that "Friends" of North Carolina do not, at all events, object
+to uniting or co-operating with those of other denominations, in
+promoting an object which they approve. Their objection to abolition
+societies evidently rests on quite different grounds.
+
+I must here be permitted to say a few words, respecting the character
+and objects of the society, thus officially patronized by the Friends of
+North Carolina.
+
+The greatest objection to this society, is its representing slavery, and
+the prejudice against color, as necessary and incurable evils, for which
+its own mockery of a remedy is the only palliative; and thus
+administering an opiate to the consciences, not only of slave-holders,
+but of others who are unwilling to part with their sinful prejudices,
+and to enter into that fellowship of suffering with the enslaved,
+without which no efforts for the removal of slavery will be effectual.
+
+The following extracts, elucidating this subject, are from a printed
+letter written by a friend of high station and extensive influence, then
+residing in North Carolina, but now of the State of Indiana, in defence
+of the Colonization Society. It is dated "Third Month 4th, 1834," and I
+suppress his name, because time and reflection have, I believe, in some
+degree modified his views.
+
+Speaking of the opposition of Friends in England to the Colonization
+Society, he says, "I have supposed that they would think it more
+consistent with Christian principles to emancipate them in the Southern
+States, and let them remain there, as they have done in the Northern
+States. I apprehend that Friends in England are not fully apprised of
+some important circumstances, which place the Southern States in a very
+different situation from the Northern. In the first place, there never
+were so many people of color in the Northern States, as there are in the
+Southern; and another circumstance that diminished them there, and
+increased them greatly here, was while the Northern States were
+legislating on the subject of gradual emancipation, avaricious masters
+sent them by thousands to the Southern markets, before the emancipating
+laws were actually passed, which left a small proportion in those
+States, in comparison to the whites; not many more, perhaps, than they
+were willing to have for laborers, waiting men, waiting women, et cet.
+And notwithstanding they have freed their slaves, for which they are
+entitled to applause, yet they never dreamed of raising them to equal
+citizenship and privileges with the white people. No, my friend, they
+can no more reconcile to themselves the idea of sitting down by the side
+of a colored African, (American?) in any legislative or judiciary
+department, than the high spirited Southern slaveholder; _and not only
+so, they never intend to admit them to these privileges, while the State
+Government, and the United States' Government continue in existence_."
+Again, after stating various objections to emancipation, he goes on to
+say, "I need not dwell much upon the subject of universal emancipation,
+in stating the best, or the worst, or most probable results of such a
+measure, because the Southern people have no more idea of the general
+emancipation of slaves, without colonizing them, than the Northern
+people have of admitting the few among _them_ to equal rights and
+privileges. Not even the friends of humanity here, think that a general
+emancipation, to remain here, would better their condition," et cet.
+
+The inferences plainly to be drawn from all this, and from much besides
+to the same purport, are, that the wicked determination of the white
+people to retain their sinful prejudices, is, like the laws of the Medes
+and Persians, immutable; and must, therefore, be accommodated by the
+transportation of the unoffending objects of their intense dislike. On
+this point I will observe that, if it be so, the remedy is worse than
+the disease; but that Christian principle is powerful enough, as daily
+experience testifies, to combat and destroy this unholy prejudice. The
+next inference is, that because the slave population in the Southern
+States is much more numerous than it was in the Northern, _therefore_
+the same reasons for emancipation do not exist. Is not the true
+conclusion from such premises, the very reverse of this? The motives to
+abolition increase, both in weight and number, in proportion to the
+absolute and relative increase of the slave population. The British West
+Indies present an example of the safety and advantages of the measure in
+a community, where the whites are a mere handful compared to the colored
+population.
+
+That state of feeling from which the Colonization Society sprung, is
+well illustrated by this writer, in giving, in natural language, a
+picture of his own mind. After again repeating his statement of the vast
+proportion which the colored population bears to the white, in the Slave
+States, he says, "Now, my friend, the general emancipation of such a
+number of these poor, degraded creatures, say more than two millions,
+always to remain here with the white people, even if the Government
+should take the necessary care for their education and preparation for
+freedom and civilized life, which to be sure it ought, they must or will
+be a degraded people, while the reins of government remain in the hands
+of the whites. Supposing the very best consequences that could follow
+such a measure, even that both classes should generally exercise
+Christian feelings towards each other, which is very improbable, if not
+morally impossible, the peculiarly marked difference of features and
+color, will be always an insurmountable barrier to general
+amalgamation." Again, "Were they of the same color and features that we
+are, in an elective republican government like this, where talents and
+merit are the common footsteps to esteem and preferment, there would be
+no difficulty in universal emancipation, without a separation. I have no
+idea that they are at all inferior to the white people in intellect;
+give them the same opportunity for enterprise and improvement." Their
+only sin, it appears, after all, is being "guilty of a skin not colored
+like our own." I may observe, in passing, that amalgamation, the bugbear
+of anti-abolitionists, is the necessary result of slavery, not of
+emancipation.
+
+The preceding extracts present a faithful picture of colonization
+principles, though it is not every colonizationist who would avow them
+with so much simplicity. The writer notwithstanding, manifests some
+benevolent feeling towards the slaves. His conscience cannot be
+satisfied with the present state of things, and he, like too many
+others, takes refuge in the pleasing delusion that it would be
+practicable to convey these colored Americans across the Atlantic and
+make them comfortable in Africa, because their ancestors were born
+there. As reasonably and as justly might he talk of transporting the
+white Americans to England because their ancestors removed from this
+country.
+
+It is very easily demonstrable, that this could not possibly be
+accomplished--that neither the means of transport could be found, nor
+the means of settlement provided; and were these impossibilities
+removed, it might also be shown, very easily, that it would be suicidal
+policy to remove the entire laboring population of the Southern States
+from a soil and climate for which they only are adapted. Yet
+emancipation by removal is the theory of the Colonization Society, and
+in this point of view that Society must be characterized as a grand
+imposture. What must be the power of that delusion which can render
+intelligent and philanthropic men the victims of such a fallacy? If the
+whites, who hold the reins of government, could but be brought to
+exercise Christian feelings towards the people of color, which this
+worthy friend thinks is perhaps "morally impossible," how rapidly would
+all difficulties vanish? To accomplish this desirable end is the object
+of the abolitionists; they feel it to be difficult, but they know it to
+be not impossible.
+
+The writer of this pamphlet uniformly couples "ultra slaveholders" and
+"northern manumissionists" in the same censure. They are the two
+objectionable extremes; colonizationists and moderate slave-holders
+being, I suppose, the golden mean. One illustration more of the animus
+with which he regards a black population.
+
+"And so it is with the New England immediate manumissionists; they have
+so few people of color that they do not consider them an evil; and hence
+they conclude that the Southern States may do as they have done--free
+them at once; but I have no doubt at all, if there was as large a
+proportion of colored people in the New England States as in the
+Southern, there would be but one voice, and that would be for colonizing
+them somewhere."
+
+The following passage is historically interesting:
+
+"The Yearly Meeting of Friends of North Carolina have sent several
+hundreds of those they have had under their care to Liberia, for whose
+emancipation in this State they could never obtain a law, though they
+petitioned for it oftentimes for the space of fifty years, always
+finding the chief objection of the legislature to be that of the great
+number and degraded and low character of the free persons of color
+already in the State. We prefer sending them to Africa rather than to
+any of the free States or to Canada--because we believe _that_ is their
+proper home. We sent some to the State of Ohio; and since then hundreds
+of blacks have been in a manner compelled, by the laws of that State, or
+the prejudices of some of its citizens, to leave it and go to Canada. We
+have sent some to Indiana, but that State has passed laws, we hear, to
+prevent any more coming. We have sent some to Pennsylvania, but, about
+two years ago, we shipped near one hundred from Newbern and Beaufort to
+Chester; they were not suffered to land, neither there nor at
+Philadelphia, nor yet on the Jersey shore opposite, but had to float on
+the Delaware river until the Colonization Society took them into
+possession; then they were landed in Jersey, ten miles below
+Philadelphia, and re-shipped for Africa. North Carolina Yearly Meeting
+has contributed thousands of dollars to the Colonization Society; it has
+probably done more for it than any other religious community has in
+America, not merely because it has provided us an asylum for the people
+of color under our care, but upon the ground of our belief that it is a
+great, humane, and benevolent institution. I am not informed of a single
+member of the Society of Friends in this country, not even in any of the
+slave States, who is not in favor of colonizing them in Africa. We
+believe generally that colonizing them there gradually is the most
+likely way to put a peaceful end to slavery, and place them in the great
+scale of equality with the rest of the civilized world."
+
+I have devoted a space to this letter for several reasons; first,
+because the writer is a man of note and influence in his own country,
+and has plainly uttered what many of the Society of Friends even now
+feel, secondly, he has shown what was the prevalent sentiment among
+Friends not longer than seven years since, though I hope and believe a
+considerable change has taken place in the interval; and lastly,
+because, within a few months past, a well-known American, a zealous
+agent of the Colonization Society, has privately employed this very
+letter to induce abolitionists in England to look favorably on that
+Society.
+
+I would add, also, that I learn, on the authority of an English
+"Friend," who has lately visited the various Yearly Meetings in America,
+that in those parts of the slave States in which "Friends" chiefly
+reside, their influence is very perceptible in mitigating the treatment
+of the slaves in their neighborhood. This, I willingly believe; indeed
+the example of a body who refuse to hold slaves, cannot but be highly
+beneficial.
+
+
+
+APPENDIX L.--Page 96.
+
+
+
+"_Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the Lords of the
+Admiralty, Great Britain_.
+
+
+
+    "To the Right Honorable the Lords of the Admiralty of Great
+    Britain.
+
+    "The undersigned, the citizens of Boston, in the United States
+    of America, of different religious denominations, respectfully
+    represent--
+
+    "That by existing arrangements for the sailing of the Cunard
+    line of steamers between Boston and Liverpool, it becomes
+    necessary for them to leave this port on the Sabbath, whenever
+    that happens to be the regular day appointed for sailing; and
+    that this occurs a number of times in the course of a year. That
+    the sailing of a steamer on that day is a source of deep regret
+    to many good citizens, who are compelled, whenever the event
+    happens, either to defer their departure to a future day, or to
+    yield to an arrangement which violates their Christian feelings.
+    And what is still more to be lamented, as a consequence growing
+    out of the present regulation, is that aside from the tumult
+    necessarily attendant on the sailing of these vessels on the
+    Lord's day, it furnishes an occasion for the needless
+    profanation of the day by thousands who assemble as spectators
+    on our wharves to witness their departure.
+
+    "The undersigned regard a proper observance of the Sabbath as
+    vital to the general peace, good order, and welfare of society;
+    and they are deeply impressed with the belief that nothing of a
+    secular or worldly nature should be done on that day by
+    individuals, by governments, or by any of their departments,
+    Which is not in the strictest sense a work of necessity or
+    mercy; and they most respectfully represent, that they are
+    unable to perceive any reasons which render the sailing of
+    steamers from this port on the Lord's day such a work. And
+    believing as they do, that it will be the pleasure of your
+    lordships at all times to cherish and promote, so far as you may
+    be able, a due observance of the Sabbath, they respectfully and
+    earnestly request your lordships so to vary the present
+    arrangements as to the times for the sailing of these steamers,
+    that their departure from this port shall be changed to another
+    day, whenever the appointed day for sailing shall fall upon the
+    Christian Sabbath. And they venture to express their confident
+    belief that not only the public welfare, but also the private
+    advantage of individuals concerned in the enterprize, would be
+    ultimately promoted by the arrangements here prayed for.
+
+    "The undersigned cannot conclude their memorial without
+    adverting to the high and responsible station that has been
+    assigned by Providence to the English and American people, in
+    the great work which they and we rejoice to know is now so
+    rapidly progressing, of improving the moral and religious
+    character and condition of the world; nor can they be unmindful
+    of the fact, that to the same extent as their standing before
+    the world in this respect is permanent, so will be the influence
+    of their example on the nations around them, whether it be good
+    or bad.
+
+    "That the subject here presented may receive your Lordship's
+    favorable and Christian consideration is the sincere and earnest
+    desire of your Lordships' most respectful memorialists."
+
+
+The signatures to this document included the late mayor and one of the
+former ones, who was also Lieutenant-Governor of the State of
+Massachusetts, one bishop, upwards of forty clergymen of different
+denominations, nine gentlemen, upwards of one hundred and twenty
+merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance companies, the postmaster
+of Boston, five physicians, seven members of the legal profession, two
+editors of newspapers; and it was accompanied by the following
+memorandum from one of the gentlemen who had taken it round for
+signature.
+
+
+    "The undersigned having been personally engaged in obtaining the
+    signatures to the memorial, asking a change in the sailing of
+    the Cunard steamers, when the regular sailing day occurs on the
+    Sabbath, hereby certifies that the memorialists are among the
+    most respectable and influential of their respective
+    professions, that the memorial was received with almost
+    universal favor, and that, had time been allowed, and had it
+    been deemed necessary to do it, thousands of names might have
+    been obtained.
+
+    "AMOS A. PHELPS."
+
+    "Boston, July 31, 1841."
+
+
+On my arrival in this country, I found that Lord Melbourne's
+administration was about to resign; I therefore deferred forwarding the
+memorial until the present ministers had entered upon the duties of
+their respective offices; when I called at the Admiralty, and placed it
+in the hands of the Secretary, having little doubt the application would
+have been at once granted; but a few days after it was presented I
+received the following reply:--
+
+
+    "Admiralty, September 21, 1841.
+
+    "Sir,--Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the
+    Admiralty the communications of the citizens of Boston, United
+    States, representing their wish that the departure of Mr.
+    Cunard's steamers on a Sunday, from their port, should, for the
+    future be discontinued; I am commanded by their lordships to
+    acquaint you, that after having given that attention to the
+    subject, which their respect for the citizens of Boston, and for
+    the religious opinions expressed by them, could not fail to
+    dictate, my lords have, upon mature consideration, come to the
+    conclusion, that, with a due regard to the exigencies of the
+    public service, the proposed alteration cannot be carried into
+    effect. My lords, therefore, beg you will have the goodness to
+    convey their decision to the citizens of Boston, together with
+    the assurance of their respect for the opinions they have
+    expressed, and their consequent regret at being unable to comply
+    with their request.
+
+    "I am, Sir,
+
+
+    "Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+    "JOHN BARROW.
+
+    "Joseph Sturge, Esq., Birmingham."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Visit To The United States In 1841
+by Joseph Sturge
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+     https://www.gutenberg.org/2/4/6/8/24689
+
+An alternative method of locating eBooks:
+     https://www.gutenberg.org/GUTINDEX.ALL
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+Project Gutenberg's A Visit To The United States In 1841, by Joseph Sturge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Visit To The United States In 1841
+
+Author: Joseph Sturge
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2004 [EBook #11454]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Amy Overmyer and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
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+
+</pre>
+
+      <p><a name="TOP"></a></p>
+      <table summary="titlepage" class="header" width="100%">
+         <tr>
+            <td rowspan="3"></td>
+            <td align="left">
+               <h2 class="institution"></h2>
+            </td>
+         </tr>
+         <tr>
+            <td align="left">
+               <h1 class="maintitle">A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841</h1>
+            </td>
+         </tr>
+         <tr>
+            <td>&nbsp;</td>
+            <td align="left"> By JOSEPH STURGE &nbsp; 1842</td>
+         </tr>
+      </table>
+      <hr>
+      <div class="epigraph">
+         <div class="lg">"'Tis liberty alone that gives the flower<br>Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;<br>And we are weeds without it. All constraint,<br>Except what wisdom lays on evil men,<br>Is evil; hurts the faculties, impedes<br>Their progress in the road of science; blinds<br>The eyesight of discovery; and begets,<br>In those that suffer it, a sordid mind."<br><br></div><a name="projectID3fc794869927c-bibl-d0e62"></a>
+         COWPER.
+
+      </div>
+      <div class="contents">
+         <h2><a name="toc"></a></h2>
+         <ol>
+            <li><a name="d0e66"></a><a href="#pre_amer" class="ref">Preface to the American Edition</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e69"></a><a href="#pre_eng" class="ref">Preface to the English Edition</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e72"></a><a href="#a_visit" class="ref">A Visit, &amp;c.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e75"></a><a href="#genobs" class="ref">General Observations</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e78"></a><a href="#A" class="ref">Appendix A: ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e81"></a><a href="#B" class="ref">Appendix B: EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e84"></a><a href="#C" class="ref">Appendix C: Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of Friends, &amp;c.
+                  </a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e87"></a><a href="#D" class="ref">Appendix D: ELISHA TYSON.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e90"></a><a href="#E" class="ref">Appendix E: THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES"</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e93"></a><a href="#F" class="ref">Appendix F: Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e96"></a><a href="#G" class="ref">Appendix G: OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e99"></a><a href="#H" class="ref">Appendix H: LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e102"></a><a href="#I" class="ref">Appendix I: GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e105"></a><a href="#K" class="ref">Appendix K: The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization Society</a></li>
+            <li><a name="d0e108"></a><a href="#L" class="ref">Appendix L: Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.</a></li>
+         </ol>
+      </div>
+      <div class="preface">
+         <h2><a name="pre_amer"></a>
+            PREFACE
+            <br>
+            TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.
+            <br></h2><a name="fm_blank1"></a><a name="fm_blank2"></a><a name="fm_i"></a><a name="fm_ii"></a><a name="fm_iii"></a><p>
+            &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Within a few years past, several of our visitors from
+            the other side of the Atlantic, have published their views
+            of our country and her institutions. Basil Hall, Hamilton
+            and others, in their attempts to describe the working
+            of the democratic principle in the United States, have
+            been unfavorably influenced by their opposite political
+            predilections. On the other hand, Miss Martineau, who
+            has strong republican sympathies, has not, at all times,
+            been sufficiently careful and discriminating in the facts
+            and details of her spirited and agreeable narrative.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The volume of Mr. Sturge, herewith presented, is
+            unlike any of its predecessors. Its author makes no
+            literary pretensions. His style, like his garb, is of the
+            plainest kind; shorn of every thing like ornament, it has
+            yet a truthful, earnest simplicity, as rare as it is beautiful.
+            The reader will look in vain for those glowing descriptions
+            of American scenery, and graphic delineations of the
+            peculiarities of the American character with which other
+            travellers have endeavored to enliven and diversify their
+            journals. Coming among us on an errand of peace
+            and good will&#8212;with a heart oppressed and burdened by
+            the woes of suffering humanity&#8212;he had no leisure for
+            curious observations of men and manners, nor even for
+            <a name="fm_iv"></a>
+            the gratification of a simple and unperverted taste for the
+            beautiful in outward nature. His errand led him to the
+            slave-jail of the negro-trafficker&#8212;the abodes of the
+            despised and persecuted colored man&#8212;the close walls of
+            prisons. His narrative, like his own character, is calm,
+            clear, simple; its single and manifest aim, <em>to do good</em>.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Although this volume is mainly devoted to the subject
+            of emancipation, and to his intercourse with the religious
+            Society of which he is a member, yet the friends of peace,
+            of legal reform, and of republican institutions, will derive
+            gratification from its perusal. The liberal spirit of Christian
+            philanthropy breathes through it. The author's deep
+            and settled detestation of our slavery, and of the hypocrisy
+            which sustains and justifies it, does not render him
+            blind to the beauty of the republican principle of popular
+            control, nor repress in any degree his pleasure in recording
+            its beneficent practical fruits in the free States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The labors of Mr. Sturge in the cause of emancipation
+            have given him the appellation of the "Howard of
+            our days." The author of the popular "History of
+            Slavery," page 600, thus notices his arduous personal
+            investigations of the state of things in the West India
+            Islands, under the apprenticeship system. "The idea
+            originated with Joseph Sturge, of Birmingham, a member
+            of that religious body, the FRIENDS, who have ever stood
+            pre-eminent in noiseless but indefatigable exertions in the
+            cause of the negro; and who seem to possess a more
+            thorough practical understanding than is generally possessed
+            by statesmen and politicians, of the axiom that the
+            shortest communication between two given points, is a
+            straight line. While others were speculating, and hoping
+            <a name="fm_v"></a>
+            that the worst reports from the West Indies might not be
+            true, and that the evils would work their own cure, this
+            generous and heroic philanthropist, resolved to go himself
+            and ascertain the facts and the remedy required." On
+            his return, Mr. Sturge, with his companion, Thomas
+            Harvey, published a full account of their investigations
+            into the working of the apprenticeship system; and his
+            testimony before the Parliamentary Committee, occupied
+            seven days. His disclosures sealed the fate of the
+            apprenticeship system. Such a demonstration of popular
+            sentiment was called forth against it, that the Colonies,
+            one after another, felt themselves under the necessity of
+            abandoning it for unconditional emancipation. It was
+            a remark of Brougham, in the House of Lords, that the
+            abolition of the apprenticeship was the work of one man,
+            and that man was Joseph Sturge.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Mr. Sturge's benevolent labors have not been confined
+            to the abolition of slavery. He is a prominent
+            member of the Anti-corn Law League. He is an active
+            advocate of the cause of universal peace. He has given
+            all his influence to the cause of the oppressed and laboring
+            classes of his own countrymen: and his name is at
+            this moment, the rallying-word of millions, as the author
+            and patron of the "Suffrage Declaration," which is now
+            in circulation in all parts of the United Kingdom, pledging
+            its signers to the great principle of universal suffrage&#8212;a
+            full, fair and free representation of the people. It
+            was reserved for the untitled Quaker of Birmingham to
+            take the lead in the great and good work of uniting, for
+            the first time, the middle and the working classes of his
+            countrymen, and in so doing, to infuse hope and newness
+            <a name="fm_vi"></a>
+            of life into the dark dwellings of the English peasant and
+            artisan. The Editor of the London Non-Conformist,
+            speaking of this movement of Mr. Sturge, says: "The
+            Declaration is put forth by a man, who, perhaps, in a
+            higher degree than any other individual, has the confidence
+            of both the middle class and the working men. The
+            former can trust to his prudence; the latter have faith in
+            his sincerity."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Such is the man, who, prompted by his untiring
+            benevolence, visited our shores during the past year.
+            This volume is the brief record of his visit, and of the
+            impressions produced upon his mind by our conflicting
+            interests and institutions. It is now republished, in the
+            belief that the opinions of its author will be received with
+            candor and respect by all classes of our citizens, and that
+            they are calculated to make a permanent and salutary
+            impression, in favor of the great cause of universal freedom.
+
+         </p>
+         Boston, May, 1842.
+
+      </div>
+      <div class="preface">
+         <h2><a name="pre_eng"></a>
+            PREFACE
+            <br>
+            TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.
+            <br></h2><a name="fm_vii"></a><p>
+            In visiting the United States, the objects which preferred
+            the chief claim to my attention were the <em>universal
+               abolition of slavery</em>, and <em>the promotion of permanent
+               international peace</em>. Deeply impressed with the conviction
+            that the advancement of these is intimately connected
+            with the progress of right views among professing Christians
+            in that country, it was my desire not only to inform
+            myself of the actual state of feeling and opinion among
+            this important class, but if possible, to contribute my mite
+            of encouragement and aid to those who are bearing the
+            burden and heat of the day, in an arduous contest, on
+            whose issue the alternative of a vast amount of human
+            happiness or misery depends. This general outline of my
+            motives included several specific, practical objects, which
+            will be found detailed in the ensuing pages.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            For obvious reasons, <em>the abolition of slavery in the
+               United States</em> is the most prominent topic in my narrative;
+            but I have freely interspersed observations on other
+            subjects of interest and importance, as they came under
+            consideration. Short notices are introduced of some of
+            the prominent abolitionists of America; and, though sensible
+            how imperfectly I have done justice to exertions,
+            which, either in degree or kind, have scarcely a parallel
+            in the annals of self-denying benevolence, I fear I shall
+            occasionally have hurt the feelings of the individuals
+            <a name="fm_viii"></a>
+            referred to, by what they may deem undeserved or
+            unseasonable praise; yet I trust they will pardon the act
+            for the sake of the motive, which is to introduce the
+            English anti-slavery reader to a better acquaintance with
+            his fellow laborers in the United States. My short stay,
+            and the limited extent of my visit, prevented my becoming
+            acquainted with many who are equally deserving of
+            notice.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Less than twelve months have elapsed since I embarked
+            on this "visit;" and though, with the help of
+            steam by sea and land, an extensive journey may now be
+            performed in a comparatively short time, yet, during this
+            brief interval, my own engagements would have prevented
+            my placing the following narrative so early before the
+            public without assistance. It is right to state that a large
+            portion of the work has been prepared for the press from
+            a rough transcript of my journal, from my correspondence,
+            and other documents, by the friend who accompanied me
+            on a former journey to the West Indies, and who then
+            compiled the account of our joint labors.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Nearly the whole of the narrative portion of this
+            publication has been sent to America, to different individuals
+            who were concerned in, or present at the transactions
+            related, and has been returned to me with their verification
+            of the facts; so that the reader has the strongest
+            guaranty for their accuracy. The inferences and comments
+            I am solely responsible for, and I leave them to
+            rest on their own merits.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In undertaking this journey, I was careful not to
+            shackle my individual liberty by appearing as the representative
+            of any society, whether religious or benevolent;
+            and, on the other hand, none of those friends, who kindly
+            <a name="fm_ix"></a>
+            furnished me with letters of introduction, are in any way
+            responsible for my proceedings in the United States, or
+            for any thing which this volume contains.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In conclusion,&#8212;should these pages come under the
+            notice of any, who, though well wishers to their species,
+            are not yet identified with anti-slavery effort, I would entreat
+            such to "come over and help us." If they are ambitious
+            of a large and quick return for their outlay of money,
+            of time, of labor,&#8212;for their painful sympathies and self-denying
+            prayers,&#8212;where will they find a cause where
+            help is more needed, or where it would be rewarded more
+            surely and abundantly? Let them reflect on what has
+            been effected, within a few short years, in the British West
+            Indies, so recently numbered among "the dark places of
+            the earth, full of the habitations of cruelty,"&#8212;but now
+            scenes of light, gladness, and prosperity, temporal and
+            spiritual. To show what remains to be accomplished
+            for the universal abolition of slavery&#8212;a field in which
+            the laborers are few indeed, in proportion to its extent&#8212;I
+            may be allowed to quote the following comprehensive
+            statement, from the preface to one of the most important
+            volumes that ever issued from the press on the subject of
+            slavery:<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFNpre_1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFNpre_1"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFNpre_1"></a><a href="#FootFNpre_1">A</a>: "Proceedings of the London
+            Anti-Slavery Convention."
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The extent of these giant evils may be gathered
+               from a brief statement of facts. In the United States of
+               America, the slave population is estimated to be 2,750,000;
+               in Brazil, 2,500,000; in the Spanish Colonies, 600,000;
+               in the French Colonies, 265,000; in the Dutch Colonies,
+               70,000; in the Danish and Swedish Colonies, 30,000;
+               and in Texas, 25,000; besides those held in bondage by
+               Great Britain, in the East Indies, and the British Settlements
+               of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang; and by France,
+               <a name="fm_x"></a>
+               Holland, and Portugal, in various parts of Asia and
+               Africa; amounting in all to several millions more; and
+               exclusive also of those held in bondage by the native
+               powers of the East, and other parts of the world, of
+               whose number it is impossible to form a correct estimate.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "To supply the slave-markets of the Western world,
+               120,000 native Africans are, on the most moderate calculation,
+               annually required; whilst the slave-markets of the
+               East require 50,000 more. In procuring these victims of
+               a guilty traffic, to be devoted to the rigors of perpetual
+               slavery, it is computed that 280,000 perish in addition,
+               and under circumstances the most revolting and afflicting.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "But this is not all. In the Southern section of the
+               United States, and in British India, a vast internal slave-trade
+               is carried on, second only in horror and extent to
+               that which has so long desolated and degraded Africa.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "These facts exhibit, also, the magnitude of the
+               responsibility which devolves upon abolitionists; in view
+               of it they may well be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all
+               sectarian motive, all party feeling: 'Glory to God in the
+               highest, on earth peace, good will to man,' is their aim:
+               consistently with the blessed character of this gospel
+               anthem, they recognize no means as allowable for them,
+               in the prosecution of their holy enterprise, than those
+               which are of a moral, religious, and pacific nature; in the
+               diligent use of these means, and trusting in God, they
+               cherish the hope that, under His blessing, they may be
+               permitted to accomplish the great work to which they are
+               devoted; and thus be made instrumental in advancing the
+               sacred cause of freedom, and its attendant blessings, civilization
+               and religion, throughout the earth."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               J.S.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Second Month, 1st, 1842.
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+      </div>
+      <div class="teidiv">
+         <h2><a name="a_visit"></a>
+            A VISIT, &amp;c.
+
+         </h2><a name="p_11"></a><p>
+            I embarked at Portsmouth, on board the British
+            Queen steam packet, commanded by Captain Franklin,
+            on the 10th of the 3d Month, (March,) 1841. During
+            the first two or three days, the weather was unusually fine
+            for the season of the year, and gave us the prospect of a
+            quick and prosperous voyage. The passengers, about
+            seventy in number, were of various nations, including
+            English, French, German and American.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The very objectionable custom of supplying the passengers
+            with intoxicating liquors without limit and without
+            any additional charge, thus compelling the temperate or
+            abstinent passenger to contribute to the expenses of the
+            intemperate, was done away. Each individual paid for
+            the wine and spirits he called for, a circumstance which
+            greatly promoted sobriety in the ship; but I am sorry to
+            say three or four, and these my own countrymen, were
+            not unfrequently in a state of intoxication. On one
+            occasion, after dinner, one of these addressed an intelligent
+            black steward, who was waiting, by the contemptuous
+            designation of "blackey;" the man replied to him in
+            this manner:&#8212;"My name is Robert; when you want
+            any thing from me please to address me by my name;
+            there is no gentleman on board who would have addressed
+            me as you have done; we are all the same flesh and
+            <a name="p_12"></a>
+            blood; I did not make myself; God made me." This
+            severe and public rebuke commended itself to every man's
+            conscience, and my countryman obtained no sympathy
+            even from the most prejudiced slaveholder on board.
+            Several of my fellow passengers stood in this relation; and
+            I found I could freely converse with a native American
+            slaveholder not only with less risk of giving offence, but
+            that he was more ready to admit the inherent evils of
+            slavery than the Europeans who had become inured to
+            the system by residence in the Southern States of America,
+            or than the American merchants residing in the Northern
+            cities, whose participation in the commerce of the Slave
+            States had imbued them with pro-slavery views and feelings.
+            One of them, a French merchant of New Orleans,
+            went so far as to assure me, that in his opinion it would
+            be as reasonable to class the negroes with monkeys, as to
+            place them on an equality with the whites.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the nights of the 14th and 15th the Aurora Borealis
+            was very beautiful and vivid, which is said to be, in
+            these latitudes, an indication of stormy weather. Accordingly
+            on the 16th the weather became less favorable, with
+            an increased swell in the sea, wind more ahead, and occasional
+            squalls. On the night of the 18th we encountered
+            one of the most awful hurricanes ever witnessed by the
+            oldest sailor on board; and from this date to the 24th inst.
+            we experienced a succession of storms of indescribable
+            violence and severity, which at some intervals caused
+            great and I believe very just alarm for the safety of the
+            ship. The President steamer, coming in the opposite
+            direction, is known to have encountered the same weather,
+            and was doubtless lost, not having since been heard of.
+            Our escape, under Divine Providence, must be attributed
+            <a name="p_13"></a>
+            to the great strength of the vessel, which had been thoroughly
+            repaired since her last voyage, and to the skill and
+            indefatigable attention of the Captain. On the 25th the
+            wind abated, and the greater number of the floats or propelling
+            boards of the paddle wheels having been carried
+            away, and our stock of coals very much reduced,
+            the Captain decided to make for Halifax, Nova Scotia,
+            where we arrived on the evening of the 30th. After a
+            stay of twenty-four hours, for repairs and supplies, we
+            again left for New York, where we arrived safely on the
+            night of 4th Month, (April,) 3d.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following day, being the first of the week, I
+            landed about the time of the gathering of the different
+            congregations, and inquired my way to the meeting of the
+            orthodox section of the Society of Friends, and afterwards
+            took up my abode at the Carlton Hotel. Here I met, for
+            the first time, my friend J.G. Whittier, whom I had
+            been anxious to associate with myself in my future movements,
+            and who kindly consented to be my companion as
+            far as his health would permit. The next morning, on
+            returning to the vessel to get my luggage passed, a custom-house
+            officer manifested his disapproval of my character
+            and objects as an abolitionist, by giving me much
+            unnecessary trouble, and by being the means of my paying
+            duty on a small machine for copying letters for my
+            own private use, and other articles which I believe are
+            usually passed free. Ordinarily at this port, the luggage
+            of respectable passengers is passed with little examination,
+            on an assurance that it comprises no merchandise. This
+            was almost the only instance of discourteous treatment I
+            met with in the United States. We remained in New
+            York from the 4th to the 10th of this month, which time
+            <a name="p_14"></a>
+            was occupied in visiting different friends of the anti-slavery
+            cause, and in receiving calls at our hotel.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had much pleasure and satisfaction in my intercourse
+            here with several individuals distinguished in the anti-slavery
+            cause, some of whom I had met in 1837, during a
+            short visit to New York on my way from the West Indies.
+            Among these, ought particularly to be mentioned the
+            brothers Arthur and Lewis Tappan. The former was
+            elected president of the American Anti-Slavery Society on
+            its formation, and remained at its head until the division
+            which took place last year, when he became president of
+            the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. His
+            name is not more a byeword of reproach, than a watchword
+            of alarm throughout the slave states; and the slave
+            holders have repeatedly set a high price upon his head by
+            advertisement in the public papers. In the just estimation
+            of the pro-slavery party, Arthur Tappan is abolition
+            personified; and truly the cause needs not to be ashamed
+            of its representative, for a more deservedly honored and
+            estimable character it would be difficult to find. In
+            personal deportment he is unobtrusive and silent; his
+            sterling qualities are veiled by reserve, and are in themselves
+            such as make the least show&#8212;clearness and
+            judgment, prudence and great decision. He is the head
+            of an extensive mercantile establishment, and the high
+            estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens,
+            notwithstanding the unpopularity of his views on slavery,
+            is the result of a long and undeviating career of public
+            spirit and private integrity, and of an uninterrupted succession
+            of acts of benevolence. During a series of years
+            of commercial prosperity, his revenues were distributed
+            with an unsparing hand through the various channels
+            <a name="p_15"></a>
+            which promised benefit to his fellow creatures; and in this
+            respect, his gifts, large and frequent though they were,
+            were probably exceeded in usefulness by the influence of
+            his example as a man and a Christian.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            His brother Lewis, with the same noble and disinterested
+            spirit in the application of his pecuniary resources,
+            possesses the rare faculty of incessant labor; which, when
+            combined, as in his case, with great intellectual and
+            physical capacity, eminently qualifies for a leading position
+            in society. He unites in a remarkable degree, the apparently
+            incompatible qualities of versatility and concentration;
+            and his admirable endowments have been applied in
+            the service of the helpless and the oppressed with corresponding
+            success. He has been from the beginning one of
+            the most active members of the central Anti-Slavery
+            Committee in New York, a body that has directed the
+            aggressive operations against slavery, on a national scale,
+            with a display of resources, and an untiring and resolute
+            vigor, that have attracted the admiration of all, who,
+            sympathizing in their object, have had the privilege of
+            watching their proceedings. Of those who have impressed
+            the likeness of their own character on these proceedings,
+            Lewis Tappan is one of the chief; and he has shared
+            with his brother the most virulent attacks from the pro-slavery
+            party. Some years ago he had the ear of a negro
+            sent to him by post, in an insulting anonymous letter.
+            During the past year, though marked by a severe domestic
+            affliction, in addition to his engagements as a merchant, in
+            partnership with his brother Arthur, and his various
+            public and private duties as a man and as a citizen, in the
+            performance of which I believe he is punctual and
+            exemplary, he has edited, almost without assistance, the
+            <a name="p_16"></a>
+            American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, and has
+            also been one of the most active members of a committee
+            of benevolent individuals formed to watch over the
+            interest of the Amistad captives. Besides superintending
+            the maintenance, education, and other interests of these
+            Africans, it was necessary to defend their cause against
+            the whole power of the United States' Government, to
+            raise funds for these objects, to interest foreign Governments
+            in their welfare, and more than all, to keep them
+            constantly before the public, not only for their own sakes,
+            but that a portion of the sympathy and right feeling
+            which was elicited in their favor might be reflected
+            towards the native slave population of the country, whose
+            claim to freedom rests upon the same ground of natural
+            and indefeasible right. With what success this interesting
+            cause has been prosecuted is well expressed in a single
+            sentence by a valued transatlantic correspondent of mine,
+            who, writing at the most critical period of the controversy,
+            says:&#8212;"We, or rather Lewis Tappan, has made
+            the whole nation look the captives in the face."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Joshua Leavitt, proprietor and editor of the New
+            York Emancipator, a large weekly abolition newspaper,
+            and secretary of the American and Foreign Anti-slavery
+            Society, is another remarkable man, clear and sound in
+            judgment, and efficient in action. He is justly regarded
+            by American abolitionists as one of their ablest supporters.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            La Roy Sunderland, member of the Executive Committee,
+            and editor of "Zion's Watchman," a Methodist,
+            religious, and anti-slavery newspaper, with his slight figure,
+            dark intellectual face, and earnest manner, is pointed out
+            to the anti-slavery visitor from the Old World as the most
+            prominent advocate of emancipation among the Wesleyans.
+            <a name="p_17"></a>
+            His boldness and faithfulness have combined
+            against him the leading influences of his denomination,
+            but notwithstanding he has been several times tried by
+            ecclesiastical councils, they have always failed to substantiate
+            the charges against him, and his vindication has been
+            complete.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Theodore S. Wright, member of the committee, is
+            a colored presbyterian preacher in this city&#8212;an amiable
+            man, much and deservedly respected.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            All the above mentioned individuals, who have from
+            an early period been among the most zealous and laborious
+            members of the anti-slavery committee, found themselves
+            placed by the events of last year in the position of
+            seceders from the American Anti-Slavery Society, though
+            their opinions had undergone no change. They now
+            belong to the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society,
+            or as it is technically called the "new organization," a
+            distinction which will be afterwards explained.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            James M'Cune Smith, a young colored physician, I
+            had known in England, where he studied for his profession,
+            having been shut out of the colleges of his own country
+            by the prejudice against his complexion. Notwithstanding
+            this prejudice he is now practising, I understand, with
+            success, and has fair prospects.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had a pleasant interview with Isaac T. Hopper,
+            whom also I had met in 1837. He belongs to the
+            American Anti-Slavery Society, or "old organization,"
+            and has been a zealous and fearless abolitionist for half a
+            century. He has been recently disowned by the "Hicksite
+            Friends" for his connection with the newspaper called the
+            "National Anti-Slavery Standard."
+
+         </p><a name="p_18"></a><p>
+            Early on the morning of the 10th, we left for Burlington
+            by railroad, where we were most kindly received by
+            our venerable friends Stephen Grellett and his wife.
+            On the following day, we took tea with John Cox,
+            residing about three miles from Burlington, at a place
+            called Oxmead, where formerly that eminent minister of
+            the Society of Friends, George Dillwin, resided. J.C.
+            is now in his eighty-seventh year, enjoying a green and
+            cheerful old age, and feeling all the interest of his youth
+            in the anti-slavery cause. It was cheering and animating
+            to witness the serene spirit of this venerable man, and
+            deeply were we interested in the reminiscences of his
+            youth. He well remembered John Woolman, whose
+            former residence, Mount Holly, is within a few miles of
+            Oxmead, and of whom he related various particulars
+            characteristic of the simplicity, humanity, and great circumspection
+            of his life and conversation. When John
+            Woolman first brought the subject of slavery before the
+            yearly meeting of the Society of Friends at Philadelphia,
+            at a time when its members were deeply implicated both
+            in slave-holding and in slave-dealing, he stood almost alone
+            in his anti-slavery testimony, which he expressed in few
+            and appropriate words. Some severe remarks were made
+            by others in reply, on this and on successive similar
+            occasions, when he introduced the subject, but such
+            treatment provoked no rejoinder from John Woolman,
+            who would quietly resume his seat and weep in silent
+            submission.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            He was not deterred by this discouraging reception
+            from again and again bringing the subject before the next
+            Yearly Meeting, and finally his unwearied efforts, always
+            prosecuted in the "meekness of wisdom," resulted in the
+            <a name="p_19"></a>
+            Society of Friends entirely wiping away the reproach of
+            this abomination.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The great qualification of John Woolman for pleading
+            the cause of the oppressed was the same which has
+            been ascribed with equal truth and beauty to his contemporary
+            and co-worker, Anthony Benezet: "a peculiar
+            capacity for being profoundly sensible of their wrongs."
+            The biographer of the latter has described another occurrence
+            in the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting at a subsequent
+            stage of this momentous controversy, which may prove an
+            interesting counterpart to the foregoing relation.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "On one occasion during the annual convention of the
+            Society at Philadelphia, when that body was engaged on
+            the subject of slavery, as it related to its own members,
+            some of whom had not wholly relinquished the practice of
+            keeping negroes in bondage, a difference of sentiment
+            arose as to the course which ought to be pursued. For a
+            moment it appeared doubtful which opinion would preponderate.
+            At this critical juncture Benezet left his
+            seat, which was in an obscure part of the house, and
+            presented himself weeping at an elevated door in the
+            presence of the whole congregation, whom he thus
+            addressed&#8212;'Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands
+            unto God.' He said no more: under the solemn impression
+            which succeeded this emphatic quotation, the proposed
+            measure received the united sanction of the
+            assembly."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_1"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_1"></a><a href="#FootFN1_1">A</a>: Life of Anthony Benezet, by Roberts
+            Vaux.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Even the passing observer is aware how closely the
+            Society of Friends is identified with the anti-slavery cause,
+            and if such an one were to make this fact the subject of
+            historical investigation, he would probably find it one of
+            considerable interest.&#8212;He would learn that some years
+            <a name="p_20"></a>
+            before the call of Thomas Clarkson in his early
+            manhood, by a series of distinct and remarkable Providences,
+            into this field of labor, this Society in America had
+            been pervaded by a noiseless agitation on the subject of
+            slavery, which resulted in the abandonment of the slave-trade,
+            in the liberation of their slaves, and in the adoption
+            of a rule of discipline excluding slaveholders from religious
+            fellowship; so that for many years past, the sins in
+            question have been not so much as to be named among
+            them, or the possibility of their commission hinted at, by
+            any one bearing the name and professing the principles of
+            a "Friend." The change described, was effected, not by
+            "pressure from without," but by the constraining influence
+            of the love of Christ. The chief instruments in the
+            hands of Divine Providence in bringing about so remarkable
+            a reformation, were John Woolman and Anthony
+            Benezet, of whom the former was the earlier in the field
+            and broke up the fallow ground, under circumstances of
+            the greatest discouragement, of which the instance above
+            related is an example.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The life of this ever-memorable man was a pattern of
+            apostolic Christianity&#8212;pure, patient, self-denying, meek.
+            Love was the element he breathed. His heart not only
+            yearned towards the oppressed of the human family, but
+            his compassion extended to the brute creation, under
+            whose sufferings in the service of man, to use his own
+            expression, "creation at this day doth loudly groan."
+            Though dependent on his own labor for a livelihood, he
+            was careful in a most exemplary degree, "not to entangle
+            himself with affairs of this life, that he might please Him
+            who had called him to be a soldier;" and the reader of
+            his life will find that this unworldly man took similar pains
+            <a name="p_21"></a>
+            to avoid wealth, which others do to acquire it. Perhaps I
+            may be excused for dwelling a moment on this theme,
+            when I state that one of the latest public acts of my
+            beloved and lamented father-in-law, James Cropper, was
+            to cause John Woolman's auto-biography and writings
+            to be re-edited, and a large and cheap edition to be
+            struck off, which has appeared since his
+            decease.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_2"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_2"></a> This
+            work is well known to the Society of Friends, but should
+            any other reader be induced by these desultory remarks to
+            peruse it, he will find himself richly repaid. In the picturesque
+            simplicity of its style, refined literary taste has
+            found an inimitable charm,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_3"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_3"></a> but the spiritually minded
+            reader will discover beauties of a far higher order.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_2"></a><a href="#FootFN1_2">A</a>: A Journal of the Life, Gospel Labors, and
+            Christian Experience, &amp;c. &amp;c. of John Woolman. Warrington,
+            Thomas Hurst.
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_3"></a><a href="#FootFN1_3">B</a>: See Charles Lamb's
+            Works.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Taking leave for the present of our venerable friends
+            at Oxmead and Burlington, we proceeded on the 12th
+            to Philadelphia, where we remained several days, at the
+            Union Hotel. During this brief stay, we received visits
+            from a large number of the friends of the anti-slavery
+            cause, and made some calls in return. Among others, I
+            had the pleasure of seeing James Forten, an aged and
+            opulent man of color, whose long career has been marked
+            by the display of capacity and energy of no common kind.
+            The history of his life is interesting and instructive, affording
+            a practical demonstration of the absurdity, as well as
+            injustice, of that prejudice which would stamp the mark
+            of intellectual inferiority on his complexion and race.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I returned to New York on the 15th, in company with
+            several anti-slavery friends. One of these, Dr. Bartholomew
+            Fussell, resided on the borders of the State of
+            <a name="p_22"></a>
+            Maryland, and had afforded relief and aid to many negroes
+            escaping from slavery. He had kept no account of the
+            number thus assisted till last year, when there were thirty-four,
+            being fewer he thought than the average of several
+            years preceding. The same individual related some
+            interesting particulars of the late Elisha Tyson, of Baltimore,
+            an abolitionist of the old school, who had rescued
+            many negroes from illegal bondage. Dr. Fussell was
+            an eye witness of the following occurrence: A poor
+            woman had been seized by the agents of Woolfolk, the
+            notorious Maryland slave dealer, and was carried along
+            the street in which Elisha Tyson lived. When they
+            arrived opposite his house, she demanded to see "Father
+            Tyson." A crowd collected about the party, and she so
+            far moved their pity, that they insisted that her wish should
+            be complied with. One of the men hereupon went to
+            inform his employer, who galloped off, pistol in hand, and
+            found Elisha Tyson standing at his own door. Woolfolk
+            with an oath declared he would "send him to hell
+            for interfering with his <i>property</i>." Elisha Tyson
+            coolly exposed his breast, telling him that he dared not shoot,
+            and that he (Woolfolk) "was in hell already, though he
+            did not know it." An investigation followed; the poor
+            woman was proved to be illegally detained, and was set
+            at liberty.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_4"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_4"></a> It is generally allowed that so bold and
+            uncompromising an advocate of the negroes' right as
+            Elisha Tyson does not now remain in the slave States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_4"></a><a href="#FootFN1_4">A</a>: See Appendix D for a brief account of
+            this ancient philanthropist.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            As the old school of abolitionists has been mentioned,
+            and will occasionally be referred to hereafter, the following
+            historical statement of its rise and decline, and of the
+            <a name="p_23"></a>
+            commencement of the present abolition movement, will
+            probably be interesting to the anti-slavery reader on this
+            side of the Atlantic. It is from the pen of my valued
+            coadjutor John G. Whittier.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The old Anti-Slavery Societies, established about the
+               period of the American Revolution, and of which the late
+               Judge Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Rush, and other
+               distinguished statesmen were members, were composed
+               mainly of the Religious Society of Friends. These
+               societies were for many years active and energetic in
+               their labors for the slave, and the free people of color;
+               and little, if any, serious opposition was made to their
+               exertions, which indeed seem to have been confined to the
+               particular states in which they were located. They
+               rendered essential service in promoting the gradual
+               abolition of slavery in New York, Pennsylvania, and
+               New Jersey.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In 1819 commenced the discussion of what is now
+               known as the 'Missouri Question.' The Anti-Slavery
+               Societies took ground against the admission into the Union
+               of the territory of Missouri as a slave state. They
+               succeeded in arousing the public attention; and for two
+               sessions the subject was warmly debated in Congress; the
+               slave-holders finally carrying their point by working upon
+               the fears of a few Northern members, by means of that
+               old threat of dissolving the Union, which in the very
+               outset of the Government had extorted from the Convention
+               which framed the Constitution, a clause legalizing the
+               Foreign Slave Trade for twenty years. The admission
+               of Missouri as a slave State was a fatal concession to
+               the South: the abolitionists became disheartened: their
+               societies lingered on a few years longer, and nearly all
+               <a name="p_24"></a>
+               were extinct previous to 1830. The colonization scheme
+               had in the mean time, in despite of the earnest and almost
+               unanimous rejection of it by the colored people, obtained
+               a strong hold on the public mind, and had especially
+               enlisted the favorable regard of some of the leading
+               influences of the Society of Friends. Here and there
+               over the country, might be found still a faithful laborer,
+               like Elisha Tyson, of Baltimore, Thomas Shipley, of
+               Philadelphia, and Moses Brown, of Rhode Island, holding
+               up the good old testimony against prejudice and
+               oppression in the midst of a wide spread apostacy. I
+               should mention in this connection, Benjamin Lundy, a
+               member of the Society of Friends, who devoted his whole
+               life to the cause of freedom, travelling on foot thousands
+               of miles, visiting every part of the slave States, Mexico
+               and the Haytian Republic. About the year 1828, he
+               visited Boston, and enlisted the sympathies of William
+               Lloyd Garrison, then a very young man. Not long
+               after, he was joined by the latter as an associate editor of
+               <em>The Genius of Universal Emancipation</em>, an anti-slavery
+               paper which he had established at Baltimore. After a
+               residence in Baltimore of about six months, Garrison
+               was thrown into prison for an alledged libel upon a northern
+               slave-trader, whence he was liberated on the payment
+               of his fine by the benevolent Arthur Tappan. Lundy
+               continued his paper some time longer in Baltimore, where
+               he was subjected to brutal personal violence from the
+               notorious Woolfolk, the great slave-dealer of that city.
+               He afterwards removed it to Philadelphia; and in 1834
+               made a tour through the South Western States and Texas,
+               in which he encountered great dangers, and suffered
+               extreme hardships from sickness and destitution. This
+               <a name="p_25"></a>
+               journey was deemed by many an unprofitable and hazardous
+               experiment, but it proved of great importance. He
+               collected an immense amount of facts, developing beforehand
+               the grand slave-holding conspiracy for revolutionizing
+               Texas, and annexing it to the American Union, as a slave
+               territory. These he published to the world on his return;
+               and it has justly been said of him, by John Quincy
+               Adams, that his exertions alone, under Providence, prevented
+               the annexation of Texas to the United States.
+               This bold and single-hearted pioneer died not long since
+               in the State of Illinois, whither he repaired to take the
+               place of the lamented Lovejoy, who was murdered by a
+               mob in that State, in 1837.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison commenced, under
+               great difficulties and discouragements, the publication of
+               the <em>Liberator</em>, in Boston; and by the energy and earnestness
+               of his appeals, roused the attention of many minds
+               to the subject of slavery. Shortly after, a society was
+               formed in Boston in favor of immediate emancipation. It
+               consisted at first, if I remember right, of only twelve
+               members. Previous to this, however, a society, embracing
+               very similar principles, had been formed in Pennsylvania.
+               In 1833, upwards of sixty delegates from several
+               of the free States, met at Philadelphia; among them
+               were Elizur Wright and Beriah Green, (who had been
+               compelled to give up their Professorships in Western
+               Reserve [Ohio] College, for their attachment to freedom,)
+               Lewis Tappan, William Lloyd Garrison, Charles W.
+               Denison, Arnold Buffum, Amos A. Phelps, and John
+               G. Whittier. This Convention organized the American
+               Anti-Slavery Society, proposing to make use of the
+               common instrumentalities afforded by the Government
+               <a name="p_26"></a>
+               and laws, for the abolition of slavery; at the same time,
+               disavowing a design to use any other than peaceful and
+               lawful measures."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In some of the Southern States there are professing
+            Christian churches who permit slave-holding, but disallow
+            the selling of slaves, except with their own consent. Dr.
+            Fussell informed me how this fair-seeming rule of discipline
+            was frequently evaded. First, a church member
+            wishing to turn his negroes into cash, begins by making
+            their yoke heavier, and their life a burden. Next they are
+            thrown in the way of decoy slaves, belonging to Woolfolk,
+            or some other dealer, who introduce themselves to
+            the intended victims, for the purpose of expatiating on the
+            privileges enjoyed by the slaves of so indulgent a master
+            as theirs; and thus the poor unhappy dupes would be
+            persuaded to go and petition to be sold, and so the rule
+            of discipline, above cited, would be <em>literally</em> complied
+            with. So great, generally, is the dread of being sold to
+            the South, that my informant said the larger number of
+            runaways escape when the price is high, as the danger of
+            being sold is then most imminent. The greater proportion
+            of those who thus emancipate themselves are domestics,
+            owing to their superior intelligence, and their opportunities
+            of ascertaining the best mode of escape.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 16th, I met the Executive Committee of the
+            American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, at their
+            office, No. 128 Fulton street, New York. The chair was
+            taken by the President of the Society. The subject under
+            discussion was the best time and place of holding another
+            Convention of the friends of the anti-slavery cause from
+            all parts of the world. After deliberate consideration, the
+            following resolutions were unanimously adopted.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="p_27"></a><em>Resolved</em>,&#8212;"That this Committee fully recognise and
+            adopt the principles upon which the General Anti-Slavery
+            Convention, held in London last year, was convened, and
+            upon which it acted; that we feel greatly encouraged by
+            the results of its meetings, and that we would strongly
+            recommend our transatlantic friends to summon a second
+            Convention in London, at about the same period in 1842;
+            and that in the event of their doing so, we will use our
+            best exertions to promote a good representation of American
+            abolitionists on the occasion."
+
+         </p>
+         <p><em>Resolved</em>,&#8212;"That we deeply sympathize with the
+            British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in their noble
+            efforts for the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade;
+            that we assure them of our hearty co-operation in their
+            well devised plans and energetic labors; and that so long
+            as the slave question&#8212;in connection with the promotion
+            of the rights of the free people of color&#8212;and nothing
+            else, is admitted to a place in anti-slavery meetings, they
+            may expect the co-operation of all true-hearted abolitionists
+            throughout the world, in carrying forward the great
+            objects of our associations to a glorious consummation."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I returned to Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 17th,
+            but before leaving my hotel in New York, informed one
+            of the proprietors that I intended being in that city on the
+            week of the anniversaries of the Religious and Benevolent
+            Institutions; that as I took a lively interest in the anti-slavery
+            question, it was probable some of my friends
+            among the people of color would call upon me, and that
+            if he, or any of his southern customers objected to this, I
+            would go elsewhere; he answered that he had no objection,
+            and even intimated his belief that public opinion was
+            undergoing a favorable change in reference to this prejudice.
+            <a name="p_28"></a>
+            Although I did not arrive in Philadelphia till near
+            midnight, I found my kind friends, Samuel Webb and
+            wife waiting to receive me, whose hospitable dwelling I
+            made my home, whenever I afterwards lodged in this city.
+            Samuel Webb is one of the few on whose shoulders the
+            burden of the anti-slavery cause mainly rests in Philadelphia.
+            He is a practical man, conversant with business,
+            thoroughly acquainted with the anti-slavery subject in all
+            its phases, and a strenuous advocate for bringing political
+            influence to bear upon the question. He was one of the
+            most active in promoting the erection of Pennsylvania
+            Hall, a beautiful edifice designed to be open to the use of
+            the anti-slavery societies; which was no sooner so appropriated
+            than it was destroyed by a mob in the 5th Month,
+            (May,) 1838. The fire-scathed ruin of this building yet
+            stands a conspicuous token that the principles of true
+            liberty, though loudly vaunted, are neither understood nor
+            enjoyed in this Capital of a <em>free</em> republic. If freedom of
+            thought, of speech, of the press, and the right of petition
+            had been <em>realities</em> in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall
+            would have been yet standing. Samuel Webb has since
+            taken the chief labor of an appeal to the legal tribunals
+            for compensation for this infamous destruction of property,
+            and a jury have at length awarded damages, though to a
+            very inadequate amount.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During the ensuing week I was chiefly occupied in
+            attending the Philadelphia Friends' Yearly Meeting. In
+            the intervals of the sittings, I had many opportunities of
+            meeting "Friends" from whom I received much kindness,
+            and many more invitations than it was possible for me to
+            accept.
+
+         </p><a name="p_29"></a><p>
+            There are many "Friends" of this city who take a
+            deep interest in the anti-slavery cause; among whom I
+            may mention Thomas Wistar, an aged and influential
+            individual, who, like his venerable contemporary, John
+            Cox, has been an abolitionist from his youth up, and a
+            member of the original society; and one who has been
+            accustomed to bear his testimony on behalf of the
+            oppressed, on suitable occasions, in the presence of his
+            brethren in religious fellowship, and whose communications
+            of this kind, are always weighty, solemn, and impressive.
+            Dr. Caspar Wistar, son of Thomas Wistar, is a warm
+            hearted, active abolitionist, a liberal contributor of his
+            pecuniary means, and deeply solicitous that "Friends" in
+            the United States should be induced to engage earnestly
+            in the cause of emancipation. Edward Needles, a kind
+            and open hearted man, a native of Maryland, and President
+            of the "old Abolition Society," is a devoted friend
+            to the anti-slavery cause.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The subject of slavery was introduced in the Yearly
+            Meeting by the reading of certain minutes of the Meeting
+            for Sufferings, from which it appeared that meeting, (the
+            executive Committee of the Society,) had taken up the
+            question of the foreign slave-trade, but had not yet entertained
+            the consideration of the slavery and internal slave-trade
+            of their own country. On the subject of the latter,
+            a very faithful minute from the Meeting for Sufferings in
+            London was received and read.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            As this term will sometimes occur in the ensuing
+            pages, it may be necessary to state for the information of
+            the general reader, that the Society of Friends is distributed
+            into various "Yearly Meetings," of which there are several
+            on the Continent of North America. Within the compass
+            <a name="p_30"></a>
+            of each an annual assembly is held to regulate all the
+            affairs and discipline of that section of the body. There
+            is also in each Yearly Meeting a permanent committee
+            called the "Meeting for Sufferings" for administering the
+            affairs of the Societies, in the intervals of its annual
+            assemblies. The technical name of this committee is
+            an expressive memorial of those times of trial, when its
+            chief employment was to record "sufferings" and persecutions,
+            and to afford such succor and alleviation as
+            circumstances admitted.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            An address from the Yearly Meeting of London on
+            slavery was also read,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_5"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_5"></a> which
+            was followed by observations
+            from several, which evinced great exercise of mind on the
+            subject. Three thousand copies of it were ordered to be
+            printed for distribution among Friends of Pennsylvania,
+            and the whole subject of slavery and the slave-trade was
+            referred to their Meeting for Sufferings, with a recommendation
+            that an account should be drawn up and printed of
+            the former abolition of slavery within the limits of the
+            Society of Friends. I need hardly state how much these
+            measures were in unison with my own feelings, and that I
+            heartily rejoiced at signs of an awakening zeal in my
+            American brethren. Let them but ask for the ancient
+            ways, and follow in the footsteps of their predecessors,
+            whose memorials are their precious inheritance, and once
+            more shall they be made a blessing to mankind, and messengers
+            of mercy and deliverance to the
+            oppressed.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_6"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_6"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_5"></a><a href="#FootFN1_5">A</a>: See Appendix A.
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_6"></a><a href="#FootFN1_6">B</a>: See Appendix B.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            It will be interesting to some of my English readers
+            to be informed, that both the sale and use of spirituous
+            liquors come within the scope of discipline among
+            <a name="p_31"></a>
+            "Friends" in America. In this Yearly Meeting it is
+            required that the subordinate meetings should report the
+            number of their members, who continue to sell, use, or
+            give ardent spirits. If I remember rightly the number of
+            cases reported was fifty-nine. At present the moderate
+            use of spirits subjects to admonition, but it was discussed
+            at this time whether the rule of discipline should not be
+            rendered more stringent, and this practice made a disownable
+            offence. Finally it was resolved to make no alteration
+            at present, but to recommend the local meetings of
+            Friends to use further labor in the line of reproof and
+            persuasion. I am informed that some of the American
+            Yearly Meetings of Friends go still farther on this subject.
+            It will scarcely be questioned that public sentiment both
+            in the United States, and in England, condemns even the
+            moderate use of ardent spirits as a beverage, though some
+            difference of opinion will exist as to the propriety of a
+            religious society making it a cause of disownment or
+            exclusion. In this case of the Philadelphia Meeting,
+            however, it may be remarked, that in a community of
+            many thousand members, the practice may be regarded as
+            almost eradicated by the milder methods of persuasion.
+            It is a fact deserving of notice, that the same worthies of
+            the last century, Woolman, Benezet, and others, who
+            raised the standard of anti-slavery testimony, also by the
+            same process of independent thinking, and single-minded,
+            unhesitating obedience to convictions of duty, anticipated
+            the verdict of public opinion on this subject. Woolman
+            found that even the most moderate use of ardent spirits,
+            was unfavorable to that calm religious meditation, which
+            was the habit of his mind, and has left his views on record
+            in various characteristic passages. I shall also, I trust, be
+            <a name="p_32"></a>
+            excused for introducing the following anecdote of two of
+            his contemporaries.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "Jacob Lindley, to adopt his own designation of
+            himself was a 'stripling' when he attended a Yearly
+            Meeting of Friends held at Philadelphia; his mind had
+            been for some time much afflicted with an observation of
+            the pernicious effects of spirituous liquors, and he was
+            anxious that the religious society to which he belonged,
+            should cease to use, and prevent any of its members from
+            being instrumental in manufacturing or vending them. He
+            therefore rose and developed his feelings to the assembly,
+            in the energetic and pathetic manner for which he was
+            peculiarly remarkable. When the meeting adjourned, he
+            observed a stranger pressing through the crowd towards
+            him, who took him by the hand in the most affectionate
+            manner, and said, 'My dear young friend, I was very glad
+            to hear thy voice on the subject of spirituous liquors; I
+            have much unity with thy concern, and hope that no
+            discouragement may have been received from its not being
+            farther noticed; and now I want thee to go home, and
+            take dinner with me, having something farther to say to
+            thee on the subject.' Lindley accepted the invitation,
+            and after they had dined, Benezet introduced his young
+            guest into a little room used as a study, where he produced
+            a manuscript work on the subject of spirituous liquors, in
+            an unfinished state; he opened the book and laid it on a
+            table before them, saying, 'This is a treatise which I have
+            been for some time engaged in writing, on the subject of
+            thy concern in meeting to-day; and now if thou hast a
+            mind to sit down, and write a paragraph or two, I will
+            embody it in the work, and have it
+            published.'"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_7"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_7"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_7"></a><a href="#FootFN1_7">A</a>: Life of Anthony Benezet,
+            p. 107-109.
+         </p><a name="p_33"></a><p>
+            These eminent men, John Woolman and Anthony
+            Benezet, had much in common; yet their characters
+            were as unlike as opposite temperaments, and as alike as
+            similarity of views, could make them. So marked was
+            their coincidence of sentiment in opposition to the prevailing
+            opinions and practices of that day, that it might be
+            surmised one was a disciple of the other, yet there is no
+            reason to suppose such was the case. Each had the
+            single eye; both learned in the same school, and sat at
+            the feet of the same Divine Master. It is an interesting
+            fact that on the subject last noticed, their labors should
+            have been comparatively fruitless, and for a long interval
+            almost forgotten, while their views on slavery rapidly
+            spread, and produced extensive and permanent results.
+            Does not this illustrate the lesson long ago taught by a
+            great master of wisdom: "In the morning sow thy seed,
+            and in the evening withhold not thy hand; for thou
+            knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or
+            whether they shall both be alike good." May we not
+            infer from this, that even those labors, rightly undertaken,
+            which do not immediately prosper, are yet owned and
+            accepted in the Divine sight?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            To return from this digression to our attendance of
+            the Yearly Meeting in Philadelphia: one interesting part
+            of the business was the annual report on education; from
+            which it appeared, that the whole number of children, of
+            an age for education, within the compass of this Yearly
+            Meeting, was eighteen hundred and fourteen, and of these
+            ninety-eight were temporarily absent, though most of them
+            had been receiving instruction during part of the year.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I was also deeply interested in the statements made
+            relative to the wicked expatriation of the Indians living
+            <a name="p_34"></a>
+            within this Yearly Meeting's limits, by the United States
+            Government, from lands which had been secured to them
+            by treaty in the most solemn manner, to the Western
+            wilderness, under plea of a fraudulently obtained cession
+            of their lands, by a few of their number. What greatly
+            aggravates the case is the fact, that these Indians were
+            making rapid progress in civilization, and from a nation of
+            hunters had generally become an agricultural people.
+            Their whole history is a reproach and blot on the American
+            Government, and shews either that public and private
+            virtue amongst the people is at a low ebb, or that "the
+            wicked bear rule." On behalf of this injured people,
+            "Friends" appear to have made strenuous efforts, but have
+            failed in producing any decidedly favorable impression on
+            the Government. The report on this subject, embodied a
+            very affecting letter from the chiefs of this tribe, describing
+            their grief and distress at the prospect of a cruel removal
+            from the homes of their ancestors.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_8"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_8"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_8"></a><a href="#FootFN1_8">A</a>: See
+            Appendix C.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During this week, my valued friends, John and Maria
+            Candler, arrived from Hayti, after a stay of many months
+            in Jamaica. At the close of the Yearly Meeting, a
+            meeting was held, and attended by about three hundred
+            "Friends," to whom John Candler gave much interesting
+            information, detailing the results of emancipation in
+            that Island, from his own extensive observations and
+            inquiries. At the request of some individuals present I
+            added a few observations at the close, on the principles
+            and objects of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I visited at this time the celebrated Schuylkill waterworks,
+            which are beautifully situated on the river of that
+            <a name="p_35"></a>
+            name. The water is raised to large reservoirs, at a higher
+            level than the tops of the houses, by pumps worked by
+            the current of the river. The supply not only suffices for
+            the domestic use of the inhabitants, but is abundant for
+            every public purpose of ornament or utility. My kind
+            host, Samuel Webb, who accompanied me, pointed out a
+            plot of land, presented by William Penn to a friend, to
+            enable him to keep a cow, which is now worth many
+            hundred thousand dollars for building purposes. He also
+            showed me a mansion, the late proprietor of which had
+            received a large accession of wealth from the quantities of
+            plate which had been shipped to him in coffee barrels from
+            St. Domingo, on the eve of the revolution in that Island,
+            and whose owners are supposed to have subsequently
+            perished, as they never appeared, with one solitary exception,
+            to claim their property.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            It will be necessary, in order to make certain passages
+            of the succeeding narrative intelligible to my readers in
+            this country, that some account should be given of the
+            schism which has recently taken place in the once united
+            and compact organizations of the abolitionists.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The American Anti-Slavery Society, whose origin
+            has been already described, acted with great unity and
+            efficiency for several years; auxiliaries were formed in all
+            the free States; it scattered its publications over the land
+            like the leaves of autumn, and at times had thirty or forty
+            lecturers in the field. It kept a steady and vigilant eye
+            upon the movements of the pro-slavery party, and wherever
+            a vulnerable point was discovered, it directed its
+            attacks. In its executive committee were such men as
+            Judge Jay, Arthur and Lewis Tappan, La Roy Sunderland,
+            Simeon S. Jocelyn, (the early laborer on behalf of
+            <a name="p_36"></a>
+            the free colored people,) Joshua Leavitt, Henry B. Stanton,
+            and the late Dr. Follen, a German political refugee,
+            equally distinguished for his literary attainments and his
+            love of liberty.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Until the last three or four years, entire union of purpose
+            and concert of action existed among the American abolitionists.
+            This harmony was first disturbed by the course
+            pursued in the Boston Liberator. The editor of that
+            paper, William Lloyd Garrison, whose early anti-slavery
+            career has already been alluded to, and who was deservedly
+            honored by the great body of the abolitionists, for
+            his sufferings in their cause, and for his triumphant exposure
+            of the oppressive tendencies of the colonization
+            scheme, had always refused to share with any society or
+            committee, the editorial responsibility of his journal.
+            About the time referred to, several pieces were inserted in
+            the <em>Liberator</em>, questioning the generally received opinions
+            on the first day of the week. These were followed by
+            others on other subjects, and he continued to keep his
+            readers apprised of the new views of ethics and theology,
+            which from time to time were presented to his own mind.
+            His paper was not the special organ of any anti-slavery
+            society, yet it was regarded, by general consent of the
+            friends and enemies of the cause, as the organ of the anti-slavery
+            movement. The discussion in its columns of new
+            and startling doctrines, on subjects unconnected with
+            slavery, occasioned many of the former much uneasiness
+            and embarrassment, while it furnished the latter with new
+            excuses for their enmity, and with the pretence that under
+            cover of <em>abolition</em>, lurked a design of assailing institutions
+            and opinions justly held in regard throughout the Christian
+            world.
+
+         </p><a name="p_37"></a><p>
+            In the summer of 1837, Sarah and Angelina Grimke
+            visited New England for the purpose of advocating the
+            cause of the slave, with whose condition they were well
+            acquainted, being natives of South Carolina, and having
+            been themselves at one time implicated in the system.
+            Their original intention was to confine their public labors
+            to audiences of their own sex, but they finally addressed
+            promiscuous assemblies. Their intimate knowledge of
+            the true character of slavery; their zeal, devotion, and
+            gifts as speakers, produced a deep impression, wherever
+            they went. They met with considerable opposition from
+            colonizationists, and also from a portion of the New
+            England clergy, on the ground of the impropriety of their
+            publicly addressing mixed audiences. This called forth
+            in the Liberator, which at that time, I understand, was
+            under the patronage, though I believe not under the
+            control of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, a
+            discussion of the abstract question of the entire equality
+            of the rights and duties of the two sexes. Here was a
+            new element of discord. In 1838, at the annual New
+            England convention of abolitionists, a woman was for the
+            first time placed on committees with men, an innovation
+            upon the general custom of the community, which excited
+            much dissatisfaction in the minds of many.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            About this time the rightfulness of civil and church
+            government began to be called in question, through the
+            columns of the Liberator, by its editor and correspondents.
+            These opinions were concurrently advocated with the
+            doctrine of non-resistance. Those who hold these
+            opinions, while they deny that civil and ecclesiastical
+            government are of divine authority, are yet passively
+            submissive to the authority of the former, though they
+            <a name="p_38"></a>
+            abstain from exercising the political rights of citizenship.
+            There were not wanting those, among the opponents of
+            abolition, to charge the anti-slavery body at large with
+            maintaining these views, and in consequence serious
+            embarrassments were thrown in the way of a successful
+            prosecution of the cause. The executive committee of
+            the Society at New York were placed in a difficult
+            position, but as far as I am able to judge, they endeavored
+            to hold on the steady tenor of their way, without, on the
+            one hand, countenancing the introduction of extraneous
+            matters upon the anti-slavery platform; or, on the other
+            hand, yielding to the clamor of the pro-slavery party,
+            whether in church or state.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In subsequent anti-slavery meetings in Boston, New
+            York, and elsewhere, it became manifest that there was
+            a radical difference of opinion on the subject of political
+            action; the non-resistant and no-government influence,
+            operating decidedly against the employment of the elective
+            franchise in the anti-slavery cause; and the agitation of
+            this question, as well as that of the rights of women, in
+            their meetings, gave to them a discordant and party
+            character, painfully contrasting with the previous peaceful
+            and harmonious action of the societies. That some of
+            both parties began to overlook the great subject of the
+            slaves' emancipation, in zealous advocacy of, or opposition
+            to, these new measures, I cannot well doubt, judging from
+            the testimony of those, who, not fully sympathizing with
+            either, endeavored to bring all back to the single object of
+            the anti-slavery association. In addition to these intestine
+            troubles, the pro-slavery party made strenuous exertions
+            to fasten upon the society the responsibility of the opinions
+            and proceedings of its non-resistant and no-government
+            <a name="p_39"></a>
+            members. Under these circumstances it is easy to
+            understand the interruption, for a season, of the unity of
+            feeling and action which had previously characterized the
+            assemblies of the abolitionists. The actual separation in
+            the societies took place in the Spring of 1840. The
+            members of the executive committee at New York, with
+            one exception, seceded and became members of the committee
+            of the "new organization," under the name of the
+            "American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." There
+            are, therefore, now two central or national anti-slavery societies;
+            the "old organization," retaining the designation of
+            the "American Anti-Slavery Society." The State Societies
+            have, for the most part, taken up a position of neutrality,
+            or independence of both. It is important to add that
+            the division took place on the "women's rights" question,
+            and that this is the only one of the controverted points
+            which the American Anti-Slavery Society has officially
+            affirmed; and it is argued, on behalf of their view of this
+            question, that since, in the original "constitution" of the
+            society, the term, describing its members, officers, et cet., is
+            "persons," that women are plainly invested with the same
+            eligibility to appointments, and the same right to vote and
+            act as the other sex. I need not say how this "constitutional"
+            argument is met on the other side. The other
+            new views are held by comparatively few persons, and
+            neither anti-slavery society in America is responsible for
+            them. In conclusion, I rejoice to be able to add, that the
+            separation, in its effects, appears to have been a healing
+            measure; a better and kinder feeling is beginning to
+            pervade all classes of American abolitionists; the day of
+            mutual crimination seems to be passing away, and there
+            is strong reason to hope that the action of the respective
+            <a name="p_40"></a>
+            societies will henceforward harmoniously tend to the same
+            object. That such may be the result is my sincere
+            desire. It is proper in this connection to state that a
+            considerable number of active and prominent abolitionists
+            do not entirely sympathize with either division of the
+            anti-slavery society; and there are comparatively few
+            who make their views, for or against the question on
+            which the division took place, a matter of conscience.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I have now given a brief, and I trust an impartial
+            account of the origin of these dissensions. Some may
+            possibly regard the views and proceedings above referred
+            to, as the natural growth of abolitionism, but as well
+            might the divisions among the early reformers be charged
+            upon the doctrines of the Reformation, or the "thirty
+            years' war" upon the preaching of Luther.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the evening of the 14th instant, we met at a
+            social party the leading abolitionists of Philadelphia of
+            the "old organization." There were present all but one
+            of the delegates from Pennsylvania to the London Convention.
+            I availed myself of the opportunity of briefly
+            and distinctly stating the unanimous conclusion of the
+            London Anti-Slavery Committee, in which I entirely
+            concurred, on the points at issue. I observed, in
+            substance, that in the struggle for the liberation of the
+            slaves in the British Colonies, one great source of our
+            moral strength was, the singleness of our object, and our
+            not allowing any other subject, however important or
+            unexceptionable, to be mixed up with it; that though the
+            aid of our female coadjutors had been of vital importance
+            to the success of the anti-slavery enterprize, yet that their
+            exertions had been uniformly directed by separate committees
+            of their own sex, and that the abolitionists of
+            <a name="p_41"></a>
+            Europe had no doubt that their united influence was most
+            powerful in this mode of action: that the London Committee
+            being convinced that no female delegate had
+            crossed the Atlantic, under the belief that the "call" or
+            invitation was intended to include women, felt themselves
+            called upon, without in the slightest degree wishing to
+            interfere with private opinion on this, or any other subject,
+            to withhold their assent to the reception of such delegates,
+            as members of the Convention, and that their decision,
+            when appealed against, had been ratified in the Convention
+            itself, by an overwhelming majority, after a protracted discussion:
+            finally, that those whose views I represented, could
+            not be parties to the introduction, in any future convention,
+            of this or any other question, which we deemed foreign
+            to our cause, and therefore that for those with whom it
+            was a point of conscience to carry out what they deemed
+            "women's rights," I saw no alternative but a separate
+            organization, in which I wished that their efforts on
+            behalf of the oppressed colored race, might be crowned
+            with the largest measure of success. I observed, in
+            conclusion, that my object was simply to state the decision
+            of those with whom I acted in Great Britain, and that I
+            must decline discussion, being fully convinced that it was
+            better that the now separate societies should aim at the
+            common object, in a spirit of kind and friendly co-operation,
+            each in its own sphere, rather than that they should
+            waste their energies in mutual contentions, and in the
+            unprofitable discussion of topics not legitimately belonging
+            to the great question of the abolition of slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Although I had to address a company almost
+            unanimously opposed on these points to myself, my
+            communication was received in a kind and friendly spirit,
+            <a name="p_42"></a>
+            and I was courteously informed that it would be taken
+            into consideration at the next meeting of the Committee.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My friend, Daniel Neall, at whose house this interview
+            took place, is a venerable looking man, a native of Delaware,
+            and son-in-law of the excellent Warner Mifflin.
+            He has been an abolitionist from his boyhood. Two
+            years ago, he was dragged from the house of a friend in
+            Delaware, and tarred and feathered, and otherwise
+            mal-treated by a mob of slave-holders and their abettors;
+            he mildly told those near him that if they would call at
+            his house at Philadelphia, he would treat them in a very
+            different manner. He was president of the Pennsylvania
+            Hall Association, and in the terrible mobs of 1838,
+            manifested a calm, quiet courage, as rare as it is commendable.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I remained in Philadelphia until the morning of the
+            28th, and during this interval paid many visits, and
+            obtained much information, on the state of the anti-slavery
+            feeling in this city, and more particularly amongst the
+            members of the religious community to which I belong.
+            On one occasion an esteemed individual kindly invited a
+            number of "Friends" to meet me at his house, including
+            some who object to uniting in anti-slavery effort with those
+            of other denominations. I was introduced by the reading
+            of a certificate of membership from the monthly meeting
+            to which I belong, and also a document from a number of
+            "Friends" in England, well known to those in America,
+            commending me, and the cause in which I was engaged,
+            to their kind and favorable consideration.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I then briefly related the leading objects of my visit
+            to America, and that it was my anxious wish the members
+            of my own religious society in this land, could see it their
+            <a name="p_43"></a>
+            place to take the same active and prominent part in the
+            anti-slavery cause, as their brethren in England had done,
+            especially as the principles on which the British and
+            Foreign and the American and Foreign Societies were
+            founded, were entirely in accordance with the views of the
+            Society of Friends. Those who spoke in reply mostly
+            vindicated the course pursued in the United States. From
+            this interview, as well as from others of a more private
+            nature, with leading "Friends," I came to the conclusion,
+            that a number of these would continue, by their influence
+            and advice, to oppose their fellow members joining anti-slavery
+            societies, though it is not probable that any
+            disciplinary proceedings would be taken against such who
+            might act in opposition to this counsel, so long as the
+            recognized principles of the Society were not compromised.
+            On this, to me, painfully interesting subject, I could dwell
+            at length, but I will simply remark that, while it is evident
+            that anti-slavery feeling is at too low an ebb among
+            "Friends" here, yet doubtless, many of those who thus
+            excuse themselves from active and effective service in the
+            cause, still deeply sympathize with their oppressed fellow-men,
+            and are not quite at ease in view of the apathy and
+            inaction of the body to which they belong.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 28th we arrived at Baltimore; during a stay of
+            two or three days, we found several persons who were
+            friendly to our cause. There are computed to be five
+            thousand slaves in this city, but of course slavery does not
+            obtrude itself on the casual observer. Here, as in other
+            countries, he who would see it as it is, must view it on the
+            plantations.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The free people of color in Baltimore, are alive to the
+            importance of education. One individual told us, that in
+            <a name="p_44"></a>
+            distributing about two hundred and fifty religious books,
+            which had been sent to be gratuitously supplied to the
+            poor of this class, he found only five or six families, in
+            which the children were not learning to read and write.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            While in Baltimore, the inquiries I made respecting
+            Elisha Tyson, fully confirmed the impression I have
+            attempted to convey of his extraordinary character; perhaps
+            no one has so good a claim to be considered the
+            Granville Sharp of North America, and I have inserted in
+            another place some particulars drawn from his biography,
+            which will be found full of interest.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_9"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_9"></a> I am glad also to
+            state, that if there is no one citizen of Baltimore on whom
+            his mantle rests, there are yet some who are active in
+            preventing the illegal detention of negroes, and of bringing
+            such cases before the proper tribunal. One of these
+            related the following case of recent occurrence. A woman,
+            who was the wife of a free man, and the mother of four
+            children, and who had long believed herself legally free,
+            was claimed by the heir of her former master. The case
+            was tried, and his right of property in her and her children
+            affirmed. He then sold the family to a slave dealer for a
+            thousand dollars; of whom the husband of the woman
+            re-purchased them, (his <em>own</em> wife and children,) for eleven
+            hundred dollars, to repay which he bound himself to labor
+            for the person from whom it was borrowed, for twelve
+            years. Yet this is but a mitigated instance of oppression
+            in this <em>Christian</em> country.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_9"></a><a href="#FootFN1_9">A</a>: See Appendix
+            D.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The religious public of this city appear to be doing
+            nothing collectively, to abolish or ameliorate slavery, and
+            with the exception of "Friends," and the body who have
+            lately seceded from them, I fear that all are more or less
+            <a name="p_45"></a>
+            implicated in its actual guilt. I was informed not long
+            since, even the Roman Catholics, who are more free from
+            the contamination than many other religious bodies, had,
+            in some part of the State, sold several of their own church
+            members, and applied the proceeds to the erection of a
+            place of worship. We called upon the Roman Catholic
+            Bishop to inquire into the truth of this, but he was from
+            home. When at Philadelphia afterwards, in conversation
+            with a priest, I gave the particulars, and said I should be
+            glad to be furnished with the means of contradicting it. I
+            have not heard from him since.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I am informed that the Yearly Meeting of "Friends"
+            has advised its members not to unite with the anti-slavery
+            societies, and has latterly discontinued petitioning the
+            legislature for the abolition of the internal slave trade, and
+            the amelioration of the slave code; such is the prevailing
+            influence of a pro-slavery atmosphere. The code in
+            question has of late years been rendered more severe, and
+            the legal emancipation of slaves more difficult; yet I was
+            pleased to learn that public opinion has in this respect
+            counteracted legislative tyranny; that slavery has in fact
+            become milder, and the number of manumissions has not
+            lessened.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The mischievous influence of the Colonization Society
+            is very extensive among professing Christians in Baltimore,
+            and is paramount in the legislature of the State.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The <em>American</em> slave trade is carried on in the most
+            open manner in this city. We paid a visit to the establishment
+            of an extensive slave dealer, a large new
+            building in one of the principal streets. The proprietor
+            received us with great courtesy, and permitted us to inspect
+            the premises. Cleanliness and order were every where
+            <a name="p_46"></a>
+            visible, and, might we judge from the specimens of food
+            shewn us, the animal wants of the slaves are not neglected.
+            There were only five or six negroes <em>in stock</em>, but the
+            proprietor told us he had sometimes three or four hundred
+            there, and had shipped off a cargo to New Orleans a few
+            days before. That city is the market where the highest
+            price is generally obtained for them. The premises are
+            strongly secured with bolts and bars, and the rooms in
+            which the negroes are confined, surround an open court
+            yard, where they are permitted to take the air. We were
+            accompanied and kindly introduced by an individual who
+            has often been engaged in preventing negroes from being
+            illegally enslaved; and the proprietor of the establishment
+            expressed his approval of his efforts, and that when such
+            cases come before himself in the way of trade, he was
+            accustomed to send them to our friend for investigation;
+            he added that slaves would often come to him, and ask
+            him to purchase them, and that he was the means of
+            transferring them from worse masters to better; that he
+            never parted families, though of course he could not control
+            their fate, either before they came into his hands, or
+            after they left him. He said he frequently left his concerns
+            for weeks together, under the care of his head slave,
+            whose wife he had made free, and promised the same boon
+            to him, if he conducted himself well a few years longer. I
+            thought it right to intimate my view of the nature of
+            slavery and the slave trade, and that I deemed it wholly
+            inconsistent with the plain precept "do unto others as ye
+            would they should do unto you." This he did not
+            attempt to controvert, yet he stated in extenuation, that
+            the law permitted the trade in slaves, though he should be
+            as willing as any one to have the system abolished, if the
+            <a name="p_47"></a>
+            State would grant them compensation for their property.
+            He farther said, that he was born in a slave State, that his
+            mother had been for fifty years a member of the Wesleyan
+            body, and that though he had not joined a Christian
+            church himself, he had never sworn an oath, nor committed
+            an immoral act in his life. He also shewed, I think, convincingly,
+            that dealing in slaves was not worse than slave
+            holding. On leaving the premises, we found the door of
+            his office had been locked upon us during this conference.
+            I subsequently learned that this person, though living in
+            considerable style, was not generally received in respectable
+            society, and that a lady whom he had lately married, was
+            shunned by her former acquaintance. Such is the testimony
+            of the slave-holders of Baltimore against slave
+            dealing, by which they condemn themselves in the sight
+            of God and man, and add the guilt of hypocrisy to their
+            own sin. Some time afterwards I addressed the following
+            letter to this individual, which was published in many of
+            the American papers:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "To HOPE H. SLAUGHTER, <em>Slave Trader, Baltimore</em>:
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Since thou courteously allowed me, in company with
+               my friend, J.G. Whittier, to visit thy slave establishment
+               in the city of Baltimore, some weeks since, I have often
+               felt a desire to address a few lines to thee. I need not,
+               perhaps, say that my feelings were painfully exercised in
+               looking over thy buildings, fitted up with bolts and bars,
+               for the reception of human beings for sale. A sense of
+               the misery and suffering of the unfortunate slaves, who
+               have been from time to time confined there&#8212;of their
+               separation from home and kindred&#8212;and of the dreary
+               prospect before them of a life of unrequited toil in the
+               <a name="p_48"></a>
+               South and South West&#8212;rested heavily upon me. I
+               could there realize the true nature of the system of
+               slavery. I was in a market-house for human flesh, where
+               humanity is degraded to a level with the brute; and where
+               children of our common Father in Heaven, and for whom
+               our blessed Redeemer offered up the atoning sacrifice of
+               his blood, were bargained for and sold like beasts that
+               perish. And when I regarded thee as the merchant in
+               this dreadful traffic, and heard thee offer remarks, which
+               might in some degree be considered as an apology for thy
+               business, calling our attention to the cleanly state of the
+               apartments, the wholesome provisions, et cet.; and especially
+               when I heard thee declare that thou hadst been
+               educated by a pious mother&#8212;that thou wast never
+               addicted to swearing or other immoralities&#8212;and that
+               thy business was a legalized one&#8212;that thou didst
+               nothing contrary to law&#8212;and that, while in thy possession,
+               the poor creatures were treated kindly&#8212;that families
+               were not separated,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_10"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_10"></a> et
+               cet.,&#8212;I was glad to perceive
+               <a name="p_49"></a>
+               some evidence that the nature of thy employment had
+               not extinguished the voice of conscience within thee. In
+               thy sentiments, and in the manner of their utterance, I
+               thought I could see that truth had not left itself without a
+               witness in thy breast, and that a sense of the wrongfulness
+               of thy occupation still disturbed thee.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_10"></a><a href="#FootFN1_10">A</a>: "The latter remark, of course,
+               applies only to the time they
+               remained with thee. For, on the day we visited thy establishment,
+               a friend with whom I was dining informed me, that a few days
+               before a woman and child had been sold to thee, whose husband
+               and father was a free man, who, in his distress, had been offering to
+               bind himself for a term of years, in order to raise the sum (I think
+               $800) demanded for them; but, as he had been unable to do so, my
+               friend had no doubt they had been sent off with the very lot of slaves,
+               which, we were told by thyself had just been forwarded to New
+               Orleans from thy prison. <em>Who</em> is most guilty in this atrocious
+               transaction&#8212;the slave owner, who sold thee the woman and child
+               at Baltimore&#8212;<em>thou</em>, the transporter of them for
+               ever from their husband and parent&#8212;<em>the purchasers</em> of the
+               mother and child at
+               New Orleans, where they may be for ever separated from each
+               other&#8212;or the <em>citizen</em> who, by his vote and influence,
+               creates and
+               upholds enactments which legalize this monstrous system, is known
+               only to Him before whom the secrets of all hearts are unfolded."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "To thy remark that thy business was necessary to
+               the system of slavery, and an essential part of it&#8212;and if
+               slave-<em>holding</em> were to be justified at all, the
+               slave-<em>trade</em>
+               must be also&#8212;I certainly can offer no valid objection; for
+               I have never been able to discover any moral difference
+               between the planter of Virginia and the slave dealer of
+               Baltimore, Richmond, and Washington. Each has his
+               part to act in the system, and each is necessary to the
+               other. And if the matter were not, in all its bearings,
+               painfully serious, it would be amusing to witness the
+               absurd contempt with which the slave owner of Maryland
+               or Virginia professes to look upon the trader, whose purchase
+               of his surplus slaves alone enables him to retain the
+               residue in his possession; for it seems very evident that
+               the only profitable part of the system in those States, at
+               the present time, is the sale of the annual increase of the
+               slaves.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In passing from thy premises, we looked in upon the
+               Triennial Convention of the Baptists of the United States,
+               then in session in the city of Baltimore, where I found
+               slave-holding ministers of high rank in the church, urging
+               successfully the exclusion from the Missionary Board of
+               that Society, of all those who, in principle and practice,
+               were known to be decided abolitionists; and the results of
+               their efforts satisfied me that the darkest picture of slavery
+               is not to be found in the jail of the slave-trader, but rather
+               <a name="p_50"></a>
+               in a convocation of professed ministers of the Gospel of
+               Christ, expelling from the Board of a Society formed to
+               enlighten the heathen of other nations, all who consistently
+               labor for the overthrow of a system which denies a knowledge
+               of the Holy Scriptures to near three millions of
+               heathen at home!
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "But allow me, in a spirit, as I trust, of Christian
+               kindness, to entreat thee not to seek excuses for thy own
+               course in the evil conduct of others. Thou hast already
+               reached the middle period of life&#8212;the future is uncertain.
+               By thy hopes of peace here and hereafter, let me urge
+               thee to abandon this occupation. It is not necessary to
+               argue its intrinsic wickedness, for thou knowest it already.
+               I would therefore beseech thee to listen to that voice
+               which, I am persuaded, sometimes urges thee to 'put
+               away the evil of thy doings,' to 'do justice and love
+               mercy,' and thus cease to draw upon thyself the curse
+               which fell upon those merchants of Tyre, who 'traded in
+               the persons of men.' That these warnings of conscience
+               may not longer be neglected on thy part, is the sincere
+               wish of one who, while he abhors thy occupation, feels
+               nothing but kindness and good will towards thyself.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Thy friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>New York, 6th Month 30th, 1841.</i>"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The Baptist Convention alluded to in the foregoing
+            letter was one whose proceedings I regarded with considerable
+            interest, for it had been generally understood that
+            the ministers delegated from the South, as well as some of
+            those from the Northern States, intended to exclude abolitionists
+            from every office on the missionary board, and
+            <a name="p_51"></a>
+            especially to remove my friend, Elon Galusha, a distinguished
+            Baptist minister, from the station of vice-president,
+            for the offence of attending the London Anti-Slavery
+            Convention, and more particularly for supporting the
+            following resolutions of that assembly:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "1. That it is the deliberate and deeply-rooted conviction
+               of this Convention, which it thus publicly and solemnly
+               expresses to the world, that slavery, in whatever form, or in
+               whatever country it exists, is contrary to the eternal and
+               immutable principles of justice, and the spirit and precepts
+               of Christianity; and is, therefore a sin against God, which
+               acquires additional enormity when committed by nations
+               professedly Christian, and in an age when the subject has
+               been so generally discussed, and its criminality so thoroughly
+               exposed.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "2. That this Convention cannot but deeply deplore
+               the fact, that the continuance and prevalence of slavery
+               are to be attributed in a great degree to the countenance
+               afforded by many Christian churches, especially in the
+               Western world, which have not only withheld that public
+               and emphatic testimony against the crime which it
+               deserves, but have retained in their communion, without
+               censure, those by whom it is notoriously perpetrated.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "3. That this Convention, while it disclaims the
+               intention or desire of dictating to Christian communities
+               the terms of their fellowship, respectfully submits that it is
+               their incumbent duty to separate from their communion
+               all those persons who, after they have been faithfully
+               warned in the spirit of the gospel, continue in the sin of
+               enslaving their fellow-creatures, or holding them in slavery&#8212;a
+               sin, by the commission of which, with whatever
+               <a name="p_52"></a>
+               mitigating circumstances it may be attended in their own
+               particular instance, they give the support of their example
+               to the whole system of compulsory servitude, and the
+               unutterable horrors of the slave trade.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "4. That it be recommended to the Committee of
+               the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in the name
+               of this Convention, to furnish copies of the above
+               resolutions to the ecclesiastical authorities of the various
+               Christian churches throughout the world."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            On entering the meeting, we found the question was
+            already before them, previous to balloting for the officers
+            for the ensuing three years. The pro-slavery party were
+            anxious to prevent all discussion, but some on the other
+            side proposed questions which compelled their notice.
+            Among the rest it was plainly asked, if the southern
+            delegates did not come pledged against the re-election of
+            Elon Galusha. This was denied, but certain resolutions
+            which had appeared in the public papers were appealed
+            to in proof of the fact. The inquiry becoming more
+            searching, an expedient was resorted to, which, though
+            quite novel to me, was, I am told, not unfrequently adopted
+            when discussions assume a shape not quite satisfactory to
+            the controlling powers of a synod. It was proposed that
+            they should pray, and then proceed at once to the ballot.
+            The ministers called upon were R. Fuller and Elon
+            Galusha, who were considered to represent the opposite
+            sides of the discussion. The former individual is a large
+            slave-holder, an influential leader in his denomination, and
+            had canvassed and condemned Elon Galusha's views and
+            conduct in the public newspapers. I must avow, this
+            whole proceeding was little calculated to remove my
+            <a name="p_53"></a>
+            objection to the practice of calling upon any individual to
+            offer supplication in a public assembly. After prayer had
+            been offered, they proceeded to the ballot, and we left
+            the meeting, deeply impressed with the profanation of
+            employing the most solemn act of devotion to serve the
+            exigencies of controversy.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the evening I met a number of the anti-slavery
+            members of the Convention, from whom I learned that
+            the vote had excluded Elon Galusha and all other known
+            abolitionists from official connection with the board, by an
+            hundred and twenty-four to an hundred and seventeen,
+            which being a much smaller majority than was expected,
+            they considered the result a triumph rather than a defeat.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 1st of the 5th Month, (May) we returned to
+            Wilmington, in Delaware, where we remained at the
+            hospitable residence of our friend Samuel Hilles, till the
+            3d instant, and met a number of "Friends," and others,
+            who treated us with great kindness and hospitality,
+            inspected one of the flour mills on the Brandywine river,
+            and the process of drying Indian corn before it is ground;
+            these are some of the oldest flour mills in the State. A.
+            large peach orchard of one of my friends in the neighborhood,
+            was beautifully in bloom. Great quantities of this
+            delicious fruit are raised in Delaware, New Jersey, and
+            Maryland. Here, as in other parts of the States, much
+            money, has been lost by a silk, or rather mulberry tree,
+            mania. Young mulberry trees rose to a dollar and a
+            quarter each, though they can be multiplied almost without
+            limit in a single year. As might have been expected, a
+            re-action took place, many parties were ruined, and
+            berry trees may now be had for the trouble of digging
+            them up.
+
+         </p><a name="p_54"></a><p>
+            The number of slaves in this small State is now
+            reduced to four or five thousand, and from all the information
+            I could collect, I feel convinced that if those who are
+            friendly to emancipation were to exert themselves, they
+            would succeed, without much difficulty, in procuring the
+            abolition of slavery within its limits.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My friend, John G. Whittier, being, from increase of
+            indisposition, unable to go forward, I left Wilmington
+            alone, and arrived in New York in time to be present at
+            a Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention, which I had been
+            invited to attend, and at which I was called upon to make
+            a few observations on the present state of the question.
+            Several important resolutions were unanimously adopted,
+            containing a cordial approval of the principles of proceeding
+            of the London Convention, a recommendation that
+            another Convention should be held at the same place in
+            1842, and an assurance that exertions should be used to
+            promote a good delegation from the Baptist anti-slavery
+            body.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On that respecting Christian fellowship with slave-holding
+            churches, Dr. Brisbane spoke in a touching
+            manner, and said he must support it, though his friends
+            and relations were in the South, and some of those dearest
+            to him still countenanced slavery, or were themselves
+            slave-holders.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 6th I returned to Philadelphia, and that evening
+            attended, by invitation, a meeting of the Juvenile
+            Anti-Slavery Society, but took no part in the proceedings.
+            This Society is one of the most efficient in the State; it is
+            entirely confined to young men. I also received a formal
+            invitation to attend other meetings about to be held, which
+            I felt under the necessity of declining, from a belief that I
+            <a name="p_55"></a>
+            could not participate in the discussions of the meetings
+            with advantage to the cause which we all had at heart,
+            and from the fact that previous to receiving the invitation
+            I had made other arrangements which would occupy most
+            of my time.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The present organized anti-slavery societies in Pennsylvania
+            insist upon the mixed action of men and women
+            in committees, et cet. Those who do not hold with their
+            views have either silently withdrawn, avoid participating
+            in measures which they disapprove, or do not attend
+            meetings when it is expected any such measures will be
+            brought forward. Among such measures may be reckoned
+            the censures which in a few instances have been passed
+            on the London Convention, and the British and Foreign
+            Anti-Slavery Society; censures sometimes more decided
+            in sentiment than temperate in expression. My own
+            inclination would have led me to attend several of these
+            meetings, when my other engagements would have permitted,
+            if I could have done so as an ordinary spectator
+            and hearer; but on considering that I might appear on the
+            one hand to give a tacit sanction to acts and sentiments
+            which I disapproved, or on the other hand, that I might
+            be drawn into controversy by explaining my objections, I
+            concluded to forego the gratification which the proceedings
+            might have afforded me, and I subsequently saw no reason
+            to repent the decision I came to.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During this visit to Philadelphia, I made calls upon
+            various individuals who are deeply interested in the anti-slavery
+            cause, but who have not joined any anti-slavery
+            society. Among these I must instance Professor Charles
+            D. Cleveland, an excellent individual, of the Presbyterian
+            persuasion, a man of fine talents and an accomplished
+            <a name="p_56"></a>
+            scholar, who is the editor of a paper called the American
+            Intelligencer, in which he has reprinted a very large edition
+            of J.J. Gurney's "Letters from the West Indies," and
+            has extensively distributed it through the post office. This
+            effort of judicious zeal, will probably make hundreds of
+            emancipationists, and disarm hostility and rouse indifference
+            to a great extent. No impartial and benevolent mind can
+            read these authentic details of the results of emancipation
+            in the British Colonies, and remain unconvinced of its
+            safety and blessed fruits to every class of the community.
+            The Professor has published and circulated Dr. Channing's
+            "Emancipation," in the same shape. I also called upon
+            the late Governor of Illinois, Edward Coles, who was born
+            in a slave State, but in early life, while at college, from a
+            conviction of the sinfulness of slave-holding, he resolved
+            upon liberating the negroes which would come into his
+            possession on the death of his father. This he faithfully
+            performed, removed the people to Illinois, and presented
+            them; with lands for their subsistence. He himself soon
+            removed there and became Governor of the territory. It
+            was owing to his determined and vigorous efforts that
+            slavery was made unconstitutional in that State. He was
+            a friend of President Jefferson, and corresponded with him
+            on the subject of slavery. All his liberated slaves prospered,
+            all learned to read and write, two are now ministers
+            of the gospel, and one is the Governor's agent, and a man
+            of property. The number thus freed were between thirty
+            and forty, and their value amounted to half his property;
+            but a, blessing has followed the sacrifice, and he has now
+            retired to Philadelphia with a handsome competence. In
+            the course of conversation, the Governor spoke of the
+            prejudice, against color prevailing here as much stronger
+            <a name="p_57"></a>
+            than in the slave States, I may add, from my own
+            observation, and much concurring testimony, that Philadelphia
+            appears to be the metropolis of this odious
+            prejudice, and that there is probably no city in the known
+            world, where dislike, amounting to hatred of the colored
+            population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly
+            love!
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Among the proofs of this, and of the same feeling in
+            the State at large, it may be noticed that two or three
+            years since, a convention was called for amending the State
+            constitution, which among other changes, formally deprived
+            men of color of the elective franchise. Practically this
+            was of little importance, for it was taking away a right, the
+            exercise of which, if attempted, would have roused popular
+            indignation to the peril of their lives. A yet more obvious
+            sign to the stranger in Philadelphia, are the ruins of
+            "Pennsylvania Hall," which most of my readers are
+            probably aware was destroyed by a pro-slavery mob in the
+            spring of 1838. It stood near the centre of the city, and
+            was sixty-two feet front by one hundred deep, and fifty-two
+            feet to the eaves: the large saloon in the second story
+            with its galleries being capable of holding three thousand
+            persons. On the occasion of its opening, a large number
+            of the friends of emancipation assembled in the city, to
+            attend the anniversary of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery
+            Society, and some other meetings connected with the
+            cause. Letters of congratulation on the opening of the
+            hall were received by the managers from ex-president
+            Adams, William Slade and Francis James, members of
+            Congress, Thomas Morris of the U.S. Senate, Judge Jay,
+            Gerritt Smith, and other distinguished friends of equal
+            rights. The letter of the venerable ex-president is written
+            <a name="p_58"></a>
+            with his characteristic energy, and I quote an extract from
+            it in further proof of the sentiments already expressed on
+            the state of feeling in the land of Penn and Benezet,
+            Pemberton and Franklin, on the subject of slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The right of discussion upon slavery, and an indefinite
+               extent of topics connected with it, is banished from
+               one-half the States of this Union. It is <em>suspended</em> in
+               both houses of Congress; opened and closed at the pleasure
+               of the slave representation; opened for the promulgation
+               of nullification sophistry; closed against the question,
+               What is slavery? at the sound of which the walls of the
+               capitol staggered like a drunken man.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "For this suppression of the freedom of speech and
+               press, and the right of petition, the people of the <em>free</em>
+               States of this Union are responsible, and the <em>people of
+                  Pennsylvania most of all</em>. Of this responsibility, I say it
+               with a pang, sharper than language can express, <em>the city
+                  of Philadelphia must take herself the largest share</em>."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The meetings of the first day passed without disturbance.
+            On the evening of the second day, a meeting of
+            the Female Anti-Slavery Society was held in the hall, the
+            proceedings of which were greatly disturbed by a mob of
+            from 1500 to 2000 persons, assembled without. The
+            windows on all sides were beaten in by stones and other
+            missiles, and one or two persons severely injured. The
+            next day the mob lingered about the building, no effort
+            being made by the pro-slavery authorities to disperse
+            them. In the evening the building was attacked, the
+            doors burst open, and fire communicated to the interior;
+            and in the midst of at least 20,000 persons, the noble and
+            costly hall was consumed, with the exception of its bare
+            walls. My friend John G. Whittier, who was present at
+            <a name="p_59"></a>
+            the time, states that the most dreadful threats were uttered
+            by the rioters against the prominent abolitionists. The
+            house of Samuel Webb was particularly marked for destruction;
+            and as the mob assembled nightly for several
+            days, it is scarcely possible to conceive a more trying situation
+            than that in which the abolitionists were placed.
+            The "Friends" asylum for colored orphans, a small but
+            useful institution, was attacked by a portion of the mob,
+            and the next day the association to which it belongs publicly
+            disclaimed any connection with the abolition societies.
+            One of the daily papers also contained the following,
+            headed "Communication."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "An opinion having become prevalent that a considerable
+            number of the society of Orthodox Friends were
+            present at the late meetings in Pennsylvania Hall, taking
+            an active part in the proceedings, and that they still uphold
+            the principles in relation to slavery and the colored
+            race there promulgated, it is but justice to this respectable
+            body of people to correct public opinion in relation to the
+            subject, by observing that <em>very few</em> if any attended the
+            meetings; that among the society it is doubtful whether
+            twenty individuals are to be found in this city who embrace
+            their doctrines, and that they, as a body, are opposed
+            to the indiscreet course which has been taken by the ultra
+            abolitionists. Had their views been understood in relation
+            to the subject, their property in Thirteenth street would,
+            no doubt, have been spared the violence it has suffered,
+            being in no way connected with abolitionism, but merely
+            designed as a shelter for an unfortunate class of children
+            who have large claims upon the community; and who,
+            upon application made in their behalf for the purposes for
+            which this asylum was designed, even to the <em>mob</em>, I have
+            <a name="p_60"></a>
+            no hesitation in saying that, as <em>human beings</em>, they would
+            not oppose it."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            While other portions of the community were in like
+            manner propitiating the mob, the few but faithful abolitionists
+            of the city calmly but firmly maintained their principles,
+            even at the peril of life and estate. On the morning
+            after the burning of the Hall, the State Anti-Slavery
+            Society, pursuant to adjournment, met at the ruins of the
+            Hall, and, amidst the smoking walls, and with the mob
+            lingering about them, they proceeded to their business&#8212;Abraham
+            L. Pennock, the Vice President of the Society,
+            presiding. The editor of the Pennsylvania Freeman,
+            John G. Whittier, whose publication office and papers
+            had been destroyed by the mob, in his next paper published
+            the following editorial article, which I have copied
+            simply to show that while the abolitionists on this occasion
+            maintained their sentiments in a clear and unequivocal
+            manner, they did not indulge in the language of revenge
+            or anger.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "We perhaps need offer no apology to our distant
+               readers, for the want of variety in our present number.
+               Ours must be this week a record of violence&#8212;a story of
+               persecution and outrage. We hardly dare trust ourselves
+               to speak upon this matter. It is our desire to do so, if at
+               all, in a tone of calmness,&#8212;to hold ourselves aloof, as far
+               as possible, from the present excitement,&#8212;to utter our
+               abiding testimony, now dearer than ever to our hearts, not
+               in the language of passion, but firmly and decidedly.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Our readers will gather from the statements made in
+               the different extracts in our paper, and especially from the
+               Address of the Executive Committee of the State Anti-Slavery
+               Society, the leading facts of the outrage. Of the
+               <a name="p_61"></a>
+               course pursued by the civil authorities, we leave the community
+               to judge. Our own reliance for protection has
+               been upon that Providence whose mercy is over all,&#8212;in
+               the justice of our cause, and in our conscious innocence
+               of heart and integrity of purpose. We rejoice, and in so
+               doing, the abolitionists of Pennsylvania unite with us, that
+               human life was not sacrificed in defence of our Hall, our
+               persons, and our property. We know, indeed, that had
+               the attack been made upon the United States Bank, or
+               any similar institution in this city, the civil authorities
+               would have met its fury, not as now, with a speech only,
+               but with loaded firelocks and fixed bayonets. We know,
+               it is true, that the mob were in a great measure left free
+               to work their mischievous will upon us. But if those in
+               authority have, <em>upon their own principles</em>, treated us with
+               neglect in the hour of our peril, upon them let the
+               responsibility rest. We have thus far survived the onset.
+               Under God, for to him alone are we indebted for protection,
+               we are still left to bear our testimony to the truth. Our
+               consciences are in this matter void of offence. In cheerful
+               serenity of spirit, and not in the tone of menace or
+               boasting, we declare our faith in the principles of
+               emancipation unfaltering&#8212;our zeal undiminished&#8212;our
+               determination to persevere unaltered. Our confidence in
+               the triumphant and glorious issue of the present struggle
+               remains firm.
+
+            </p>
+            <div class="lg">'Truth smote to Earth revives again;<br>The eternal years of God are hers&#8212;<br>But error wounded, shrieks with pain,<br>And dies among her worshippers.'<br><br></div>
+            <p>
+               "From this time henceforward, Pennsylvania must
+               become the great battle-field of opinion on the subject of
+               <a name="p_62"></a>
+               slavery. The light of that evening's sacrifice has reached
+               already every portion of our State. Men are every
+               where inquiring why the sacrifice was made? Why a
+               mighty city was convulsed with violence? Why a noble
+               hall was burned by incendiaries in the view of gazing
+               thousands? Why the 'shelter for orphan children' was
+               set on fire, and why the houses of our citizens were
+               surrounded by a ruffian mob? They may be told now by
+               the perpetrators of these outrages, that all has been
+               occasioned by the conduct of the abolitionists. But the
+               delusion cannot last. Truth will make its way to the
+               abused ear of the community; and it will be known that
+               the scenes which have disgraced our city, are directly
+               attributable to the influence of southern slavery. The
+               spirit of free inquiry, now fairly awakened, will never again
+               slumber in this state. Like the Greek fire, it will blaze
+               with fiercer intensity for every attempt to extinguish it."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The proceedings of the authorities and the public at
+            large, consequent upon this act of incendiarism and
+            outrageous violence, were truly characteristic. It is
+            supposed that the destruction of the Hall was planned
+            beforehand, and there is some evidence to show that
+            strangers from the South were implicated in the conspiracy;
+            but, as usual, the old drama of the wolf accusing the
+            lamb was enacted over again, and a pretext was laid hold
+            of, that, in the peculiar state of feeling existing in the
+            community, was almost deemed a justification of all that
+            had happened; though, in truth, it was in the last degree
+            ridiculous. It was asserted that colored men had been
+            seen walking arm in arm with white ladies, and that white
+            men had handed colored females out of their carriages at
+            the door of the Hall, as politely as if they had not
+            <a name="p_63"></a>
+            belonged to the proscribed class. In several instances, if
+            not in all, these reports were untrue in point of fact, and
+            originated in the existing paradox, that colored men and
+            women are sometimes white, and that white gentlemen
+            and ladies are not unfrequently of dark complexion. As
+            an illustration, I quote the following scene from a letter
+            addressed to me by Robert Purvis, an intelligent and
+            educated man of color, and the son-in-law of James
+            Forten, a wealthy and venerable colored citizen of Philadelphia,
+            recently deceased.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "In regard to my examination before the jury in the
+            Pennsylvania Hall case, I have to say, that it was both a
+            painful and ludicrous affair. At one time the fulness of
+            an almost bursting heart was ready to pour forth in bitter
+            denunciation&#8212;then the miserable absurdity of the thing,
+            rushing into my mind, would excite my risible propensities.
+            You know the county endeavored to defend itself against
+            the award of damages, by proving that the abolitionists
+            were the cause of the destruction of the building, in
+            promoting promiscuous intermingling, in doors and out, of
+            blacks and whites, thereby exciting public feeling, &amp;c.
+            A witness, whose name I now forget, in proof of this point,
+            stated, that upon a certain day, hour, &amp;c., a
+            '<i>negress</i>' approached the Hall, in a carriage,
+            when a white man
+            assisted her in getting out, offered his arm, which was
+            instantly accepted, and he escorted her to the saloon of
+            the building! In this statement he was collected, careful,
+            and solemn&#8212;minutely describing the dress, appearance
+            of the parties, as well as the carriage, the exact
+            time, &amp;c.&#8212;the clerks appointed for the purpose taking
+            down every word, and the venerable jurors looking credulous and
+            horror-stricken. Upon being called to <em>rebut</em> the
+            testimony
+            <a name="p_64"></a>
+            I, in truth and simplicity, confirmed his testimony in every
+            particular!! The attorney, on our behalf, David Paul
+            Brown, Esq., a gentleman, scholar, and philanthropist, in
+            a tone of irony peculiarly severe, demanded, 'whether I
+            had the unblushing impudence, in broad day-light, to offer
+            my arm to my wife?' I replied, in deep affectation of the
+            criminality involved, that the only palliation I could offer,
+            for conduct so outrageous was, that it was unwittingly
+            done, it seemed so natural. This, as you might well
+            suppose, produced some merriment at the expense of the
+            witness for the county, and of all others, whose gullibility
+            and prejudice had given credit to what would have been
+            considered, had I been what is called a white man, an
+            awful story."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The proceedings in the case are, I believe, still pending.
+            My friend, Samuel Webb, in a letter dated "11th
+            Month 16th, 1841," says:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Last 7th day, after several years incessant struggle,
+               we brought the case of the Pennsylvania Hall before the
+               Court of Criminal Sessions. George M. Dallas, Counsel
+               for the County, in opposing the award of the appraisers,
+               (thirty-three thousand dollars, not one-third of what it
+               ought to have been,) spoke for about one hour&#8212;the
+               purport of his speech was&#8212;that here was no mob at
+               all, (!) that the jury appointed to ascertain the facts had
+               reported to the Court, that the mob, if mob it might be
+               called, was composed of orderly, respectable citizens;
+               and of, course, orderly, respectable citizens could not be
+               a mob. After this I should not be surprised to hear
+               it doubted whether there ever was such a building, or if
+               there was, whether it was ever destroyed; but unluckily
+               the ruined walls are still standing, and if I had my way,
+               <a name="p_65"></a><em>there they should stand</em>, until slavery shall be abolished,
+               which it will be, soon after your East India possessions can
+               grow cotton for six cents per lb. by free labor."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            To resume the narrative: I paid a visit to the widow
+            of Joseph Lancaster, who, with her three children by a
+            former husband, are living in great obscurity in the suburbs
+            of this city.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I returned to New York on the 10th, for the purpose
+            of being in the city at the time when the religious and
+            benevolent anniversaries are held, and of meeting parties
+            who attend them. Here I had the pleasure of meeting
+            with several warm-hearted abolitionists from distant parts
+            of the country. The first meeting I attended was the
+            anniversary of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society, which, though held at a distance from the centre
+            of the city, in consequence of the pre-engagement of the
+            New York Tabernacle, was well attended, and I believe
+            gave general satisfaction. I was present also at two other
+            of its meetings. I attended several adjourned sittings of a
+            convention called for the purpose of organizing a political
+            "Liberty party," on the grand principle of the abolition of
+            slavery. The chief business in hand was to nominate a
+            President and Vice President of the United States, for
+            the next election, and the choice fell upon my friend
+            James G. Birney, for President, and Thomas Morris, late
+            United States Senator from Ohio, for Vice President. A
+            plan was arranged for putting in nomination abolition
+            candidates for every office in the free States, down to that
+            of constable.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I listened to the discussions that took place with
+            considerable interest, as there are some valuable friends to
+            the cause, men, whose opinions justly carry great weight,
+            <a name="p_66"></a>
+            who do not think this the best means of bringing political
+            influence to bear upon the question, but who would prefer
+            voting for such anti-slavery candidates, as might be nominated
+            by either of the two great parties already existing,
+            or in the absence of any such candidate would decline
+            voting at all. My own bias was in favor of this course,
+            since it was the one pursued in Great Britain, and which
+            had been so eminently successful in the general election of
+            1833. I became convinced, however, that the "third
+            party" has strong reasons in its favor, and that in various
+            important respects the abolitionists of the United States
+            are differently circumstanced in regard to elections from
+            those of my own country; and it must not be forgotten
+            that many of the men who pledged themselves on the
+            hustings in England were not faithful at the time of trial.
+            At the last sitting of the Convention, I stated the advantage
+            we had found in England, when we wished to carry
+            any specific measure, of a personal interview with the
+            members of the legislature, who might state facts to them
+            and answer their objections. It was immediately suggested
+            to send a deputation to Albany, where the senate and
+            assembly of the State of New York were then in session,
+            to promote the repeal of two iniquitous laws affecting
+            people of color, and which were to be brought before the
+            consideration of the Houses. One of them is known as
+            the "nine months law." By its provisions a slave-holder
+            could bring his negro "with his own consent" into this
+            <em>free</em> State, and keep him there in slavery for nine months!
+            At the expiration of the time it was of course very easy
+            by a short journey to a neighboring State, to obtain a new
+            license, and thus perpetuate slave-holding in the State of
+            New York. The other law was an act restricting the
+            <a name="p_67"></a>
+            elective franchise of men of color, to those possessing a
+            fixed amount of property, no such restriction existing in
+            the case of white men. This suggestion was adopted by
+            the Convention, and a deputation appointed, with what
+            success will be seen hereafter.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In order to give a general idea of the course pursued
+            by the "Liberty party," I subjoin a statement of the plan
+            of operation issued by a Philadelphia committee.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "PLAN OF OPERATION.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "A national committee to meet at Utica, to have a
+               general care and oversight of the cause throughout the
+               nation, and to act as a central corresponding committee.&#8212;State
+               committees, to perform similar duties, in their States.&#8212;County
+               committees, the same in their respective counties.&#8212;City
+               and district committees, the same in their
+               respective cities and districts.&#8212;Township and ward
+               committees, to have the particular charge of their respective
+               townships or wards.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "This duty may be performed by their appointing a
+               sub-committee, to consist of one member for each block,
+               square, section, sub-division, or neighborhood, whose duty
+               it will be to endeavor to abolitionize his sub-division; or,
+               at least, ascertain, as far as practicable, how many of the
+               legal voters will vote the Liberty ticket, and transmit the
+               number to his city or county committee, which is to
+               forward the number of voters in their city or county to
+               their Stale committee, and the State committee is to
+               forward the number of voters in their State to the national
+               committee; and also to distribute, or cause to be distributed,
+               in his sub-division, such tracts, circulars, notices,
+               tickets, &amp;c., as shall be furnished by his superior committee
+               for that purpose.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_68"></a>
+               "Each committee is to communicate with its next
+               superior committee once a year, or oftener, if required,
+               and to meet at such time and place not less than once a
+               month, as shall be agreed upon between it and its superior
+               committee."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            I afterwards was present at one of a series of meetings,
+            held for the purpose of introducing to the public the
+            Amistad captives, Africans of the Mendi country, who had
+            recently regained their freedom. The case of these
+            people is so singularly interesting, that, though some of my
+            readers may be already well acquainted with it, I venture
+            to introduce a brief statement of their history in the
+            Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_11"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_11"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_11"></a><a href="#FootFN1_11">A</a>: See Appendix E.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On this occasion a very crowded and miscellaneous
+            assembly attended, to see and hear the Mendians, although
+            the admission had been fixed as high as half a dollar, with
+            the view of raising a fund, to carry them to their native
+            country. Fifteen of them were present, including one
+            little boy and three girls. Cinque their chief, spoke with
+            great fluency in his native language; and his action and
+            manner were very animated and graceful. Not much of
+            his speech was translated, yet he greatly interested his
+            audience. The little boy could speak our language with
+            facility; and each of them read without hesitation one or
+            two verses in the New Testament. It was impossible for
+            any one to go away with the impression, that in native
+            intellect these people were inferior to the whites. The
+            information which I privately received, from their tutor
+            and others who had full opportunities of appreciating their
+            capacities and attainments, fully confirmed my own very
+            favorable impressions.
+
+         </p><a name="p_69"></a><p>
+            One evening during my stay, I took tea with
+            twelve or fifteen colored gentlemen, at the house of a
+            colored family. The refined manners and great intelligence
+            of many of them would have done credit to any
+            society. The whites have a monopoly of prejudice, but
+            not a monopoly of intellect; nor of education and accomplishments;
+            nor even of those more trivial, yet fascinating
+            graces, which throw the charm of elegance and refinement
+            over social life.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I found from the conversation I had with my colored
+            friends, on different occasions, that the prejudice against
+            them was steadily, and not very slowly, giving way; yet
+            several instances were mentioned, of recent occurrence,
+            which show that it is still strong: I will quote one only.
+            A colored gentleman informed me that last winter a near
+            female relative being about to take a journey by railway
+            to Philadelphia, she was compelled, though in delicate
+            health, to travel in the comfortless, exposed car, expressly
+            provided for negroes, though he offered to pay double
+            fare for a place in the regular carriage. A lady, not of
+            the proscribed class, who has long resided in New York,
+            mentioned to me as a marked indication of a favorable
+            change in regard to color, the holding of such meetings as
+            those at which the Amistad captives were introduced.
+            Such an exhibition, instead of causing a display of benevolent
+            interest among all classes, would, some years ago,
+            have excited the malignant passions of the multitude, and
+            probably caused a popular out-break. Another sign of
+            the times was, that white and colored children might be
+            seen walking in procession without distinction, on the
+            anniversaries of the charity schools. The same lady, in
+            whose veracity I place full confidence, informed me that
+            <a name="p_70"></a>
+            there is now residing in this city, a native of Cuba,
+            formerly a slave-holder at the Havana, who had narrowly
+            escaped assassination from a negro. He had threatened
+            the slave with punishment the following day, but the
+            desperate man concealed himself in his master's room, and
+            in the night, stabbed and killed his mistress by mistake,
+            instead of his master. Three negroes were executed as
+            principal and accessories; but their intended victim was so
+            terrified that he left Havana for New York. His fears,
+            not his conscience, were alarmed, for he still carries on his
+            diabolical traffic between Africa and Cuba, and is reported
+            to have gained by it, last year, one hundred thousand
+            dollars. He lives in great splendor, and has the character
+            of a liberal and generous man, but with the most implacable
+            hatred to the blacks. "One murder makes a
+            villain, thousands a hero." How wide the distinction
+            between this man and the wretches who paid the forfeit of
+            their lives for a solitary murder!<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_12"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_12"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_12"></a><a href="#FootFN1_12">A</a>: Sir F. Buxton
+            has shown that two lives at least are sacrificed
+            for every slave carried off from Africa.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the evening of the 17th, in company with several
+            of my abolition friends, I started for Albany, where the
+            State legislature was then in session. The distance from
+            New York is about a hundred and fifty-five miles, and is
+            frequently performed by the steamers, on the noble river
+            Hudson, in nine hours and a half up the stream, and in
+            eight hours down. On these steamers there is accommodation
+            for several hundred passengers to lodge, and the
+            fare is only one dollar, with an extra charge for beds and
+            meals. For an additional dollar, two persons may secure
+            a state room to themselves.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="p_71"></a>
+            As night drew on, and the deck began to be cleared,
+            I observed a well-dressed black man and woman sitting
+            apart, and supposing they could obtain no berths on
+            account of their color, I went and spoke to them. I told
+            them I and several others on board were abolitionists.
+            The man then informed us they were escaping from
+            slavery, and had left their homes little more than two days
+            before. They appeared very intelligent, though they
+            could neither read nor write, and described to us how
+            they had effected their escape. They had obtained leave
+            to go to a wedding, from which they were not expected
+            to return till the evening of the day following. Having
+            procured forged certificates of freedom, for which they
+            paid twenty-five dollars, each, they came forward with
+            expedition by railway and steam boat. They had heard
+            of emancipation in the British West Indies, and the efforts
+            of the abolitionists in the States, but they were unacquainted
+            with the existence of vigilance committees, to facilitate the
+            escape of runaway slaves. We assisted them to proceed
+            to the house of a relative of one of our party, out of the
+            track of the pursuer, should they be followed. There is
+            little doubt that they have safely reached Canada, for I
+            was told at Albany, public opinion had become so strong
+            in favor of self-emancipation, that if a runaway were
+            seized in the city, it is probable he would be rescued by
+            the people.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I would also point attention to the fact, which is
+            brought to light by this relation, that the slave-holders
+            have not only to contend with the honest and open-handed
+            means which the abolitionists most righteously
+            employ,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_13"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_13"></a>
+            to facilitate the escape of slaves, but with the mercenary
+            <a name="p_72"></a>
+            acts of members of their own community, who live by the
+            manufacture and sale of forged free papers.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_13"></a><a href="#FootFN1_13">A</a>: See Deut. xxiii, 15, 16.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During my stay in Albany, I waited upon William H.
+            Seward, the Governor, and on Luther Bradish, the
+            Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York. It will,
+            I trust, be considered no breach of confidence, if I state
+            that I found their sentiments on the true principles of
+            liberty, worthy of the enlightened legislators and first
+            magistrates of a free republic. They concur in the
+            general sentiment that public opinion in this metropolitan
+            State is making rapid progress in favor of full and
+            impartial justice to the people of color, a movement to
+            which their own example in the high stations which they
+            adorn has given a powerful impulse.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I attended part of the sittings of the Senate and
+            Assembly, and conversed with a number of members of
+            both houses. The public business was transacted with at
+            least as much order and decorum as in the Lords and
+            Commons of Great Britain. I left Albany the same
+            evening, and had the satisfaction of hearing, a few days
+            afterwards, that the repeal of "the nine months law"
+            had passed both houses, and was ratified by the Governor;
+            and that in the Assembly upwards of fifty members had
+            voted for it, although it was thought not ten would have
+            done so two years since. By this change of the law any
+            slave brought by his master within the limits of the State,
+            even with his own consent, is not obliged to return to
+            slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I proceeded by way of New York to Hartford in
+            Connecticut, in order to be present at an anti-slavery
+            meeting of the State Society, to which I had been invited.
+            On my arrival, on the afternoon of the 19th, I found the
+            <a name="p_73"></a>
+            meeting assembled, and in the chair my friend J.T.
+            Norton, a member of the Connecticut legislature, a munificent
+            and uncompromising friend to the anti-slavery cause,
+            and one of the delegates to the London Convention. A
+            black minister of religion addressed the meeting in an able
+            and interesting manner. Soon after the close of his
+            speech, a circumstance, quite unexpected to me, introduced
+            a discussion on the right of women to vote and publicly
+            act, conjointly with men. The chairman decided that
+            the motion in favor of it was negatived, but the minority
+            required the names on both sides to be taken down; this
+            consumed much time, and disturbed the harmony of the
+            meeting. I attended in the evening a committee of the
+            legislature, which was sitting at the court house, to hear
+            the speeches of persons who were allowed to address the
+            committee in support of a petition that the word "white"
+            should be expunged from the constitution of Connecticut.
+            This change would of course give equal rights to the
+            colored class. When I entered, the same colored minister
+            I had heard in the afternoon, was addressing the committee.
+            He was listened to with great attention, not only
+            by the members, but by near two hundred of the
+            inhabitants, who were present. He was followed on the
+            same side, by a white gentleman in a very strong and
+            uncompromising speech. The next day I paid my
+            respects to William W. Ellsworth, the Governor of the
+            State, and to one of the judges of the court; and afterwards
+            attended the adjourned meeting of the Anti-Slavery
+            Society. The vexed question of "women's rights" was
+            again brought forward in another shape; the names on
+            both sides again called for, with the same result as before.
+            My belief was fully confirmed, that those who differ so
+            <a name="p_74"></a>
+            widely in sentiment, have no alternative but to meet and
+            act in distinct organizations.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The Amistad captives arrived at Hartford on the
+            afternoon of the same day, and were to address a meeting
+            in the evening. An anti-slavery bazaar or fair which I
+            visited this day, furnished ample testimony of the zeal of
+            the female friends of the oppressed slave in this district.
+            I returned the same evening to New Haven, and subsequently
+            received a copy of two resolutions, approving the
+            proceedings of the general Anti-Slavery Convention, in
+            which it is stated by the Connecticut anti-slavery committee,
+            "they have abundant evidence that the cause of
+            the slave has been essentially promoted thereby;" also
+            recommending "that a convention of men from all parts
+            of the world, friendly to the cause of immediate emancipation,
+            be again called in London, in the summer of
+            1842."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 21st, I proceeded to the residence of Judge
+            Jay, where I was very kindly received by his wife and
+            family, the Judge himself being from home. On his
+            return the next day, I had much interesting conversation
+            with him on the prospects of our cause. He is convinced
+            that it is making steady progress, notwithstanding the
+            schism in the anti-slavery ranks. He said also, that of the
+            runaway slaves who called at his house, some have told
+            him that their condition had improved of late years;
+            others saw no change in their treatment; not one has
+            complained that they suffered more than formerly, in
+            consequence of the discussions at the North about abolition.
+            With regard to the free blacks, he fears that the
+            persecution of them by the slave-holders has increased;
+            though at the North the prejudice against them has
+            <a name="p_75"></a>
+            unquestionably, in his opinion, been much mitigated by
+            the efforts of the abolitionists. It is an interesting fact,
+            and one that ought to encourage the humble and retired
+            laborer in the cause of truth and righteousness, that this
+            able and distinguished advocate of the claims of the
+            oppressed slaves and people of color, was converted to his
+            present views by Elizabeth Heyrick's pamphlet, "Immediate,
+            not Gradual, Abolition of West India Slavery."
+            Let me for a moment pause to render a tribute of justice
+            to the memory of that devoted woman. Few will deny
+            that the long and heart-sickening interval that occurred
+            between the abolition of the slave-trade of Great Britain,
+            and the emancipation of her slaves, was owing to the
+            false, but universal notion, that the slaves must be gradually
+            prepared for freedom: a notion that we now confess
+            is as contrary to reason and Christian principle as it is
+            opposed to the past experience of our colonies. Yet a
+            generation passed away while the abolitionists of Great
+            Britain were trying to make ropes of sand&#8212;to give
+            practical effect to an impracticable theory; pursuing a delusion,
+            which this honored woman was the first to detect;
+            and that less by force and subtlety of argument, than by
+            the statement of self-evident truths, and by the enforcement
+            of the simple and grand principle that Christianity
+            admits of no compromise with sin. This was an easy
+            lesson, yet it was one which our senators and statesmen,
+            our distinguished philanthropists, and our whole anti-slavery
+            host were slow to learn. The pamphlet produced
+            little immediate effect, but to cause its writer to be
+            regarded as an amiable enthusiast and visionary. It now
+            remains a monument of the indestructible nature, and the
+            <a name="p_76"></a>
+            irresistible power of truth, even when wielded by feeble
+            and despised hands.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Judge Jay read to me part of a very interesting and
+            important manuscript, which he had prepared on the
+            preservation of international peace. He suggests that
+            any two nations, entering into an alliance, should embody
+            in their treaty a clause mutually binding them to refer any
+            dispute or difficulty that may arise, to the arbitration of
+            one or more friendly powers. As he has concluded to
+            publish his pamphlet, I trust it will shortly be in the
+            hands of the friends of peace in this country, as well as
+            in America. This idea is beautifully simple, and of easy
+            application. Through the kindness of the author, I have
+            been furnished with a long and important extract from his
+            manuscript, which I am permitted to lay before the British
+            public by anticipation, in the Appendix to the present
+            work.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_14"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_14"></a> On returning
+            from his hospitable mansion, he
+            obligingly sent his carriage with me to Sing Sing, but the
+            steamboat had started earlier than we expected, and I
+            hired a carriage and a pair of horses, with the driver, who
+            was also the proprietor, to convey me the remainder of
+            the way to New York. The distance for which I
+            engaged it, was thirty-six miles, for the moderate sum of
+            five dollars. On the road, the man pointed out the place
+            where Major Andre was taken, whose tragical end excites
+            sympathy even to this day, in the breast of the Americans.
+            On entering the city, we passed a man in livery, and my
+            driver remarked, "There, that is English; I would not
+            wear <em>that</em> for a hundred dollars a day." Long may the
+            American, who lives by his daily labor, preserve this
+            feeling of honorable independence.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_14"></a><a href="#FootFN1_14">A</a>: See Appendix F.
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="p_77"></a>
+            During my stay at New York this time, I was the
+            guest of my friend William Shotwell, Jr., at whose hospitable
+            dwelling, I afterwards took up my abode, whenever
+            I lodged in the city. From the 24th to the 28th, I was
+            chiefly occupied in attending the sittings of the Friends'
+            Yearly Meeting of this State; and, during the intervals,
+            in seeing many Friends in private company. I was much
+            encouraged to find among them, a considerable number
+            thoroughly imbued with anti-slavery sentiments; especially,
+            from the western parts of the State. The subject of
+            slavery was introduced, in the Yearly Meeting, by reading
+            the Epistle from the Society in England, which is
+            elsewhere quoted.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_15"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_15"></a> This was
+            followed on the part of
+            many, by expressions of deep feeling; and the question
+            was referred to a committee, for practical consideration.
+            In consequence of the report of this committee, at a
+            subsequent sitting, five hundred copies of the English
+            address were directed to be printed, and circulated among
+            Friends, within the compass of the Yearly Meeting; and
+            the whole subject was referred to its "meeting for sufferings,"
+            with an earnest recommendation, that they should
+            embrace every right opening for furthering the great
+            object. The clerk of the Yearly Meeting expressed his
+            firm conviction, that the work was on the wheel, and that
+            nothing would be permitted to stop its progress, until,
+            either in mercy or in judgment, the bonds of every slave
+            should be broken. He spoke in a very powerful manner.
+            In most of the epistles sent out from this Yearly Meeting,
+            as well as from that of Philadelphia, the subject of slavery
+            was introduced, and commended to the earnest consideration
+            of the body, here and elsewhere. Previous to the
+            <a name="p_78"></a>
+            assembling of the Yearly Meeting, I had placed in the
+            hands of one of its members, the following letter:
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_15"></a><a href="#FootFN1_15">A</a>: See Appendix A.
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               My Dear Friend,&#8212;Wilt thou have the kindness to
+               ask the Friends with whom it rests to grant such a request,
+               to permit the use of the meeting house at a convenient
+               time, either during the Yearly Meeting, or before those
+               who attend from the country leave the city, for the
+               purpose of affording my friend John Candler an opportunity
+               of giving Friends some outline of emancipation in
+               Jamaica. I should like at the same time to give a little
+               information on the state of the anti-slavery question in
+               other parts of the world. John Candler, it is I believe
+               generally known, visited Jamaica with the full sanction of
+               the "meeting for sufferings," in London. My visit to this
+               country had no particular reference to the members of our
+               Society, but my friends in England kindly furnished me
+               with the enclosed documents.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Affectionately,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><i>New York, 5th Month 17th</i>, 1841.
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            This request was kindly complied with. The large
+            meeting house was granted for the evening of the 27th.
+            The clerks of the men's and women's meetings gave
+            public notice of it in their respective assemblies. The
+            former, the venerable and worthy Richard Mott, encouraged
+            Friends to be present, and said, as a thinking and
+            reasoning people, they need fear no harm from a calm
+            consideration of the subject. The attendance was large,
+            including, I believe, most of those Friends who were from
+            the country. The following brief notice of it in the
+            <a name="p_79"></a>
+            American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Reporter, will explain
+            the character of the meeting.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "On Thursday evening of last week, the members of
+               the Society of Friends (Orthodox,) assembled in this city
+               at their Annual Meeting, met at their meeting house in
+               Orchard street, to listen to the statements of John Candler,
+               of England, lately returned from a visit to the West India
+               Islands, as to the results of emancipation in those Islands,
+               and also of our esteemed friend, Joseph Sturge, in reference
+               to the general subject of emancipation throughout the
+               world.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The meeting was largely attended. The successful
+               and happy results of the immediate emancipation of the
+               slaves of the colonies, as detailed by John Candler, were
+               calculated to strengthen the conviction that to do justice is
+               always expedient. Joseph Sturge gave a history of the
+               progress of the anti-slavery cause in Great Britain from
+               the time of the old abolition society, of which Thomas
+               Clarkson was a member, and of which he is sole survivor.
+               He also glanced at the state of the cause in other quarters
+               of the globe&#8212;at the efforts for East India emancipation,
+               and at late movements in France, Brazil and
+               Spain, in favor of emancipation; concluding with a most
+               affecting appeal to the members of his religious society to
+               omit no right opportunity for pleading for the slave, and
+               for hastening the day of his deliverance.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "We take pleasure in recording such evidences that
+               the good old testimony of the Society of Friends, on this
+               subject, is still maintained among them. The Friends of
+               the past generation set a noble example to other Christian
+               sects, by emancipating their slaves, from a sense of religious
+               <a name="p_80"></a>
+               duty; and it seems to us, that those of the present
+               day have great responsibilities resting upon them; and
+               that it especially becomes them to see to it that their light
+               is not hidden in this hour of darkness and prejudice, on
+               the subject of human rights. The slaveholder and his
+               victim both look to them;&#8212;the one with deprecating
+               gesture, and words of flattery&#8212;the other in beseeching
+               and half reproachful earnestness. We cannot doubt that
+               the agonizing appeal of the latter is listened to by all who
+               truly feel the weight of their religious testimonies resting
+               upon them; and we trust there will be found among them,
+               an increasing zeal to secure to these unhappy victims of
+               avarice and the lust of power, that liberty which George
+               Fox, two centuries in advance of his contemporaries,
+               declared to be 'the right of all men.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            When the assembly broke up, the clerk of the Yearly
+            Meeting, who sat by us, expressed to me his entire
+            satisfaction with the proceedings, as did others present.
+            One influential member of the Society, however, who met
+            me the next day in the street, stated very decidedly his
+            disapprobation of the tenor of certain parts of my address;
+            but I found that he condemned me on hearsay evidence,
+            not having attended the meeting himself. On the 29th,
+            I was favored with a call from Lieutenant Governor
+            Cunningham, of St. Kitts, on his way to England, who
+            gave a very favorable account of the continued good
+            conduct of the emancipated slaves in that Island. It is
+            surely an eminent token of the divine blessing on a
+            national act of justice and mercy, that evidence of this
+            kind should have been so abundantly and uniformly
+            supplied from every colony where slavery has been
+            <a name="p_81"></a>
+            abolished. A fine black man was brought to me about
+            this time, who showed me papers by which it appeared he
+            had lately given one thousand five hundred dollars for his
+            freedom. He had since been driven from the State in
+            which he lived, by the operation of a law, enacted to
+            prevent the continued residence of free people of color,
+            and has thus been banished from a wife and family, who
+            are still slaves. He has agreed with their owner, that if
+            he can pay two thousand five hundred dollars, in six years,
+            his wife and six children shall be free, and he was then
+            trying to get employment in New York, in the hope of
+            being able to raise this large sum within the specified
+            time.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 29th, I proceeded to Burlington; while I was
+            there five or six Friends drew up and presented me with
+            a resolution, expressive of their readiness and desire to join
+            with other members of their religious society in active
+            efforts for the abolition of slavery.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 30th, I paid a second visit to my venerable
+            friend John Cox. The next morning his grandson kindly
+            accompanied me to Mount Holly, to see the humble
+            dwelling of the late John Woolman. I afterwards
+            received from John Cox a letter, from which I quote the
+            following extract relating to this remarkable man, whose
+            character confers interest even on the most trivial incidents
+            of his life which can now be remembered:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Since our separation on the morning of the 31st
+               ultimo, when my grandson accompanied thee to Mount
+               Holly, I have been there, it having been previously
+               reported that the ancient, humble dome, which passed
+               under thy inspection as the residence of John Woolman,
+               <a name="p_82"></a>
+               he never inhabited, though that he built the house (as
+               Solomon built the temple,) is admitted. With a view to
+               remove this erroneous impression, I sought and obtained
+               an interview with the only man now living in the town,
+               who was contemporary with John Woolman, (now eighty
+               years of age,) and in habits of occasional intercourse with
+               him. He informed me that John Woolman's daughter
+               (an only child,) and her husband resided in the house when
+               her father embarked for London, which was in the year
+               1772, as recorded in his journal. The fact of residence
+               is corroborated by the circumstance of the search for and
+               destruction of caterpillars in the apple orchard, which
+               I think, was related to thee.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The sage historian of by-gone days, whom I met at
+               Mount Holly, spake of his being at John Woolman's little
+               farm, in the season of harvest, when it was customary,
+               and so remains to the present time, for farmers to slay a
+               young calf or a lamb; the common mode is by bleeding
+               in the jugular vein; but with a view to mitigate the
+               sufferings of the animal in that mode, he had prepared,
+               and kept by him for that express purpose, a large block
+               of wood with a smooth surface, and after confining the
+               limbs of the animal, it was laid gently thereon, and the
+               head severed from the body at one stroke."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            While in this neighborhood, I made a call on Nathan
+            Dunn, the proprietor of the "Chinese collection." He
+            resided many years at Canton, and since his return has
+            built himself a mansion in the Chinese style. His museum
+            of Chinese curiosities is by far the most extensive and valuable
+            which has ever been seen out of that country, and forms
+            one of the most attractive and instructive exhibitions in
+            <a name="p_83"></a>
+            Philadelphia; one whose character and arrangement are
+            quite <em>unique</em>, and which has some pretensions to the title
+            of "China in miniature." It occupies the whole of the
+            lower saloon of that splendid building recently erected at
+            the corner of Ninth and George streets, by the Philadelphia
+            Museum Company. The visitor's notice is first
+            attracted by a series of groups of figures, representing
+            Chinese of nearly every grade in society, engaged in the
+            actual business of life. The figures, in their appropriate
+            costume, are modeled in a peculiarly fine clay, by
+            Chinese artists, with exquisite skill and effect. All are
+            accurate likenesses of originals, most of whom are now
+            living. The following enumeration of one of the cases,
+            expanded in the subsequent description, which I quote
+            from the catalogue, will give an idea of the manner in
+            which Chinese life and manners are illustrated:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "CASE VIII.&#8212;<i>No</i>.
+               21. <em>Chinese Gentleman</em>.&#8212;22.
+               <em>Beggar asking alms</em>.&#8212;23.
+               <em>Servant preparing breakfast</em>.&#8212;24.
+               <em>Purchaser</em>.&#8212;25. <em>Purchaser examining a piece of
+                  black silk. The proprietor behind the counter
+                  making calculations on his counting board</em>.&#8212;<em>Clerk
+                  entering goods</em>.&#8212;<em>Circular table, with breakfast
+                  furniture</em>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "This has been arranged so as to afford an exact
+               idea of a Chinese retail establishment. Two purchasers
+               have been placed by the counter: one of whom is scrutinizing
+               a piece of black silk that lies before him. The
+               owner, behind the counter, is carelessly bending forward,
+               and intent on casting an account on the 'calculating dish,'
+               while his clerk is busy making entries in the book, in
+               doing which he shows us the Chinese mode of holding
+               a pen, or rather brush, which is perpendicularly between
+               <a name="p_84"></a>
+               the thumb and all the fingers. A servant is preparing
+               breakfast. A circular eight-legged table, very similar to
+               those used by our great grandfathers, is spread in the
+               centre of the shop. Among its furniture, the ivory chopsticks
+               are the most novel. On the visitor's right hand
+               sits a gentleman, with a pipe, apparently a chance comer,
+               'just dropped in' about meal time; on the left, a blind
+               beggar stands, beating two bamboo sticks against each
+               other, an operation with which he continues to annoy all
+               whom he visits, till he is relieved by some trifling gratuity,
+               usually a single <i>cash</i>. A gilt image of Fo is
+               inserted in the front part of the counter, and a small covered tub,
+               filled with tea, with a few cups near by, standing on the
+               counter, from which customers are always invited to help
+               themselves.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The merchants and shop-keepers of Canton are
+               prompt, active, obliging, and able. They can do an
+               immense business in a short time, and without noise, bustle,
+               or disorder. Their goods are arranged in the most
+               perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of its place.
+               These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising of
+               the Western nations, and place them in prominent contrast
+               with the rest of the Asiatics. It is confidently
+               asserted by those who have had the best opportunities of
+               judging, that as business men, they are in advance of
+               Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese merchants.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the
+               scrolls hung up in the interior of some of the shops,
+               which serve at the same time to mark the thrifty habits
+               of the traders. A few specimens are subjoined:&#8212;'Gossipping
+               and long sitting injure business.' 'Former
+               customers have inspired caution&#8212;no credit given.' 'A
+               <a name="p_85"></a>
+               small stream always flowing.' 'Genuine goods; prices
+               true.' 'Trade circling like a wheel,' et cet."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In addition to the above models, the collection
+            includes an almost innumerable variety of specimens of
+            the fine arts and manufactures, comprising almost every
+            article of use and luxury&#8212;furniture, modern and antique
+            porcelain, models houses, pagodas, boats, junks, and
+            bridges; pieces of silk, linen, cotton, grass-cloth, and other
+            fabrics manufactured in China for home consumption;
+            books and drawings, costume, idols, and appendages of
+            worship; weapons, musical instruments, signs, mottoes,
+            and entablatures, and numerous paintings, which last, it is
+            justly observed, "will satisfy every candid mind that
+            great injustice has been done to the Chinese artists, in the
+            notion hitherto entertained respecting their want of skill.
+            They paint insects, birds, fishes, fruits, flowers, with great
+            correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy and variety of
+            their colors cannot be surpassed. They group with
+            considerable taste and effect, and their perspective&#8212;a
+            department of the art in which they have been thought
+            totally deficient&#8212;is often very good."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Many of the paintings represent actual scenes and
+            occurrences; and thus, like the models before mentioned,
+            bring living China before the mind's eye. The following
+            is a good example.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "910. <em>View of the interior of the Consoo House,
+                  with the court in session, for the final decision of the
+                  charge of piracy committed by the crew of a Chinese
+                  junk on a French captain and sailors, at a short distance
+                  from Macao</em>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The French ship, Navigatre, put in to Cochin
+               China in distress. Having disposed of her to the government,
+               <a name="p_86"></a>
+               the captain, with his crew, took passage for Macao
+               in a Chinese junk belonging to the province of Fokien.
+               Part of their valuables consisted of about 100,000 dollars
+               in specie. Four Chinese passengers bound for Macao,
+               and one for Fokien, were also on board. This last
+               apprised the Frenchmen in the best manner he could, that
+               the crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take
+               their lives and seize their treasure. He urged that an
+               armed watch should be kept. On reaching the Ladrone
+               Islands, the poor Macao passengers left the junk. Here
+               the Frenchmen believed themselves out of danger, and
+               exhausted by sickness and long watching, yielded to a
+               fatal repose. They were all massacred but one, a youth
+               of about nineteen years of age, who escaped by leaping
+               into the sea, after receiving several wounds. A fishing
+               boat picked him up and landed him at Macao, where
+               information was given to the officers of government, and
+               the crew of the junk, with their ill-gotten gains, were
+               seized, on their arrival at the port of destination in Fokien.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Having been found guilty by the court, in their own
+               district, they were sent down to Canton, by order of the
+               Emperor, to the Unchat-see, (criminal judge) to be
+               confronted with the young French sailor. This trial is
+               represented in the painting. The prisoners were taken
+               out of their cages, as is seen in the foreground. The
+               Frenchman recognized seventeen out of the twenty-four;
+               but when the passenger, who had been his friend, was
+               brought in, the two eagerly embraced each other, which
+               scene is also portrayed in the painting. An explanation
+               of this extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the
+               man forthwith set at liberty. A purse was made up for
+               him by the Chinese and foreigners, and he was soon on
+               <a name="p_87"></a>
+               his way homeward. The seventeen <em>were</em> decapitated, in a
+               few days, in the presence of the foreigners; the captain,
+               was to be put to a 'lingering death,' the punishment of
+               traitors, and the stolen treasures were restored."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            I do not quote the above for the sake of the anecdote,
+            though the relation is authentic, but as, affording a striking
+            illustration of the advanced civilization of the Chinese.
+            It shows that the supremacy of the law is universal, and
+            its administration efficient. The criminals, in this instance,
+            are promptly seized, tried, and condemned on strong
+            evidence; but, before they are executed, reference is made
+            to the distant metropolis, Pekin. Here it is observed,
+            that the most important witness was not 'confronted with
+            the prisoners,' and they are forthwith directed to be
+            conveyed to Canton, to be examined in his presence.
+            Seventeen are recognized by him and are executed. The
+            rest escape. Now this is just what might have taken
+            place under the best ordered governments of Europe.
+            The humane maxims of British jurisprudence, if not
+            acknowledged in theory, may be here witnessed in
+            practical operation, and the single circumstance of referring
+            capital convictions to the Emperor, in his distant
+            metropolis, for confirmation, before they are carried into
+            effect, shows a respect for human life, even in the persons
+            of criminals, which is one of the surest tokens of a high
+            state of civilization. Such is the criminal jurisprudence
+            of China, in practice; in theory, its just praise has been
+            awarded, some years ago, by an able writer in the Edinburgh
+            Review. He says:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The most remarkable thing in this code, is its great
+               reasonableness, clearness, and consistency; the businesslike
+               brevity and directness of the various provisions, and
+               <a name="p_88"></a>
+               the plainness and moderation of the language in which
+               they are expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct
+               series of enactments, savoring throughout of practical
+               judgment and European good sense. When we turn
+               from the ravings of the Zendavesta, or the Puranas, to
+               the tone of sense and of business of this Chinese collection,
+               we seem to be passing from darkness to light&#8212;from
+               the drivellings of dotage to the exercise of an improved
+               understanding; and, redundant and minute as these laws
+               are in many particulars, we scarcely know any European
+               code that is at once so copious and so consistent, or that
+               is nearly so free from intricacy, bigotry and fiction."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In addition to what have been noticed, the Chinese
+            exhibition includes a copious and very interesting collection
+            of specimens of the natural history of China.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I trust the extended notice I have given to the subject,
+            will at least prove that this is not an ordinary exhibition,
+            but a representation of a distant country and remarkable
+            people, in which amusement is most skilfully and philosophically
+            made subservient to practical instruction. A
+            beneficent Creator has implanted within us a thirst for
+            information about other scenes and people. To be totally
+            devoid of this feeling would argue, perhaps, not merely
+            intellectual but moral deficiency. Such being the case,
+            the founder of the "Chinese collection" deserves to be
+            regarded as a public benefactor, for, by spending a few
+            hours in his museum, with the aid of the descriptive
+            catalogue, one may learn more of the Chinese than by the
+            laborious perusal of all the works upon them that have
+            ever been written.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_16"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_16"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_16"></a><a href="#FootFN1_16">A</a>: While the above was passing
+            through the press, I have learned
+            that this interesting Collection has arrived for exhibition in this
+            country.
+         </p><a name="p_89"></a><p>
+            I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing my
+            deep regret that the British public should appear to view
+            with indifference, or complacency, the cruel and unjust
+            war which our Government is now waging against this
+            highly cultivated and unoffending people, at the instigation
+            of a handful of men, who have acquired wealth and
+            importance in the vigorous pursuit of an immoral and
+            unlawful traffic, by means the most criminal and detestable.
+            I have attempted, since my return from the
+            United States, to give some expression to my sentiments,
+            in a letter which has been widely circulated, and which
+            will be found reprinted in the Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_17"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_17"></a> I trust none
+            under whose notice this subject may come will endeavor
+            to evade their share of responsibility. If the present war
+            with China were the sole consideration, perhaps no course
+            would be left to the Christian citizen, but to record his
+            protest and mourn in silence; but the conclusion of the
+            war <i>per se</i> would not terminate the
+            difficulty, for trade and
+            mutual intercourse between the two countries, <em>on the basis of
+               a reciprocation of interests</em>, can never be restored till
+            the EAST INDIA COMPANY'S OPIUM TRADE, a traffic,
+            like the slave trade, hateful in the sight of God and man,
+            is suppressed; or at least, until British connection with it
+            is severed; If asked who are the guilty persons, I would
+            say, in the first instance, the East India Company; secondly, the
+            opium smugglers; thirdly, the British government, and lastly, the
+            British people, who, by silent
+            acquiescence, make the whole guilt, and the whole
+            responsibility their own.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_17"></a><a href="#FootFN1_17">A</a>: See
+            Appendix G.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The author of the most popular modern work on
+            China, who long superintended the interests of the British
+            <a name="p_90"></a>
+            merchants at Canton, and whose work, to a considerable
+            extent, reflects their views, after stating the increasing
+            discouragements imposed by the authorities on foreign
+            commerce, the effect for the most part of opium smuggling,
+            and other lawless proceedings, observes:&#8212;"These
+            (discouragements) are their (the British merchants) real
+            subjects of complaint in China; and whenever the
+            accumulation of wrong shall have proved, by exact
+            calculation, that it is more profitable, according to merely
+            commercial principles, to remonstrate than submit, these
+            will form a righteous and equitable ground of
+            quarrel!!"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_18"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_18"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_18"></a><a href="#FootFN1_18">A</a>: Davis's China and the Chinese,
+            (Murray's Family Library,) vol. i. p. 195.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The remonstrance here alluded to is WAR, as is apparent
+            from the context of the passage, as well as from the
+            fact, that by the author's own showing no other kind of
+            remonstrance remained to be tried. The true "casus
+            belli" is set forth by anticipation in this passage without
+            disguise, and by one who knew well, and has clearly
+            described the causes that were operating to produce a
+            rupture. The opium merchants have discovered that
+            now, in the fulness of time, it is <em>profitable</em> to go to
+            war with China, and forthwith the vast power of Great
+            Britain, obedient to their influence, is put in motion to
+            sustain their unrighteous quarrel, to the unspeakable
+            degradation of the character of this professedly Christian
+            nation. The morality of the war on our side, is the
+            morality of the highwayman; that morality by which the
+            strong in all ages have preyed upon the weak. And
+            though a handful of unprincipled men find their account in
+            it, before the people of Great Britain have paid the
+            expenses of the war, and the losses from derangement
+            and interruption of commerce, it will cost millions more
+            <a name="p_91"></a>
+            than all the profit that has ever accrued to them from the
+            opium trade. From what motive then, do we uphold a
+            traffic, which is the curse of China, the curse of India,
+            and a calamity to Great Britain? Such a war may be
+            fruitful in trophies of military glory, if such can be gained
+            by the slaughter of the most pacific people in the world;
+            but to expect that it will promote the reputation, the
+            prosperity, or the happiness of this country, would be to
+            look for national wickedness to draw down the Divine
+            blessing. The descriptive catalogue of the "Ten thousand
+            Chinese things," concludes with sentiments on this
+            subject which do equal honor to the head and heart of the
+            writer.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Alas for missionary efforts, so long as the grasping
+               avarice of the countries, whence the missionaries go, sets
+               at nought every Christian obligation before the very eyes
+               of the people whom it is sought to convert! Most
+               devoutly do we long for the auspicious day, when the
+               pure religion, that distilled from the heart, and was
+               embodied in the life of Jesus, shall shed its sacred influence
+               on every human being; but, in our inmost soul we
+               believe it will not come, till the principles of religion shall
+               take a firmer hold on the affections of those who profess
+               to receive it, and rear a righteous embankment around
+               their sordid and stormy passions. When the missionary
+               shall find an auxiliary in the stainless life of every compatriot
+               who visits the scene of his labors, for purposes of
+               pleasure or of gain,&#8212;when he can point not only to
+               the pure maxims and sublime doctrines proclaimed by the
+               Founder of his faith, but to the clustering graces that
+               adorn its professors,&#8212;then indeed will the day dawn,
+               and the day star of the millennium arise upon the world."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote><a name="p_92"></a><p>
+            During my short stay in Philadelphia on this occasion,
+            I visited several of its prisons, philanthropic institutions,
+            et cet. These are pre-eminently the glory of this beautiful
+            city; yet as they have been often described, I shall
+            pass them by in silence, with the exception of two, the
+            Refuge, and the Penitentiary; which I briefly notice
+            because I may offer a few general remarks in another
+            place, on the important subject of prison discipline. The
+            Refuge is an asylum for juvenile delinquents, founded on
+            the just and benevolent principle that offences against
+            society, committed by very young persons, should be
+            disciplined by training and education, rather than by
+            punishment. In this establishment there are from eighty
+            to ninety boys, and from forty to fifty girls, of ages varying
+            from eight to twenty-one years. The former are employed
+            in various light handicraft trades, and the latter in domestic
+            services, and both spend a portion of their time in
+            school. They remain from six months to four years.
+            From the statements of the superintendent and matron, it
+            appeared that about three-fourths of the male, and four-fifths
+            of the female inmates become respectable members
+            of society, and the remainder are chiefly such as are
+            fifteen or sixteen years of age when first admitted into the
+            Refuge, an age at which character may be considered as
+            in a great measure formed. The labor of the children
+            pays about one-fifth of the expense of the establishment,
+            the rest being defrayed by the legislature.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The prejudice of color intrudes even here, no children
+            of that class being admitted into the Refuge. Colored
+            delinquency is left to ripen into crime, with little interference
+            from public or private philanthropy. As might have
+            been expected, colored are more numerous than white
+            <a name="p_93"></a>
+            criminals, in proportion to relative population; and this
+            is appealed to as a proof of their naturally vicious and
+            inferior character; when in fact the government and
+            society at large are chargeable with their degradation.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The Penitentiary contained, at the time of my visit,
+            about three hundred and forty male, and thirty-five female
+            prisoners. In this celebrated prison, hard labor is combined
+            with solitary confinement, an arrangement which is
+            technically known as the "separate system." Silence
+            and seclusion are so strictly enforced as to be almost absolute
+            and uninterrupted; even the minister who addresses
+            the prisoners on the Sabbath is known to them only by
+            his voice. A marked feature of this institution is security
+            without the aid of any deadly weapon, none being allowed
+            in the possession of the attendants, or indeed upon the
+            premises. As compared with the "silent system," exhibited
+            in the not less famed prisons of the State of New
+            York, this is much less economical, as the mode of
+            employing the prisoners, in their solitary cells, greatly lessens
+            the power of a profitable application of their labor.
+            If prisoners exceed their allotted task, one-half of their
+            surplus earnings is given to them on being set at liberty.
+            My visit was too cursory to enable me to give a decisive
+            opinion on the "separate system," but I confess my
+            impression is, that the punishment is one of tremendous
+            and indiscriminating severity, and I find it difficult to
+            believe that either the safety of society, or the welfare of
+            the prisoner, can require the infliction of so much suffering.
+            Criminals are sometimes condemned for very long
+            periods, or for life; and in these cases, I was informed,
+            occasionally manifested great recklessness and carelessness
+            of their existence. I am also not quite convinced that
+            <a name="p_94"></a>
+            the reformation of prisoners is effected to the extent sometimes
+            inferred from the small number of recommittals. A
+            statistical conclusion cannot be drawn from this
+            datum, unsupported by other proofs.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 2d of the 6th Month, (June,) I proceeded to
+            Wilmington, Delaware, with my friend John G. Whittier.
+            Here we met a company of warm-hearted and intelligent
+            abolitionists, with whom we discussed the prospects
+            of the cause. It was calculated that if compensation
+            were conceded, to which many would on principle object,
+            a tax of less than one dollar per acre would buy up all
+            the slaves in the State for emancipation. It was admitted
+            by all, that the abolition of slavery would advance the
+            price of land in a far greater ratio; probably ten or twenty
+            dollars per acre.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We went forward the same evening to Baltimore,
+            accompanied by one of our Wilmington acquaintance,
+            and in the railway carriage was a member of the Society
+            of Friends from North Carolina, who, though a colonizationist,
+            appeared to be a man of candor. He gave it as
+            his opinion that the majority of the free people of that
+            State are in favor of the abolition of slavery. We also
+            had the company, a part of the way, of Samuel E.
+            Sewall, Counsellor at Law, in Boston, an early and tried
+            abolitionist, and a faithful friend and legal adviser of the
+            free people of color.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The next morning, we left Baltimore for Washington,
+            two hours' ride by railway. The railroads of this country
+            being often extremely narrow, the trains frequently pass
+            almost close to the piers of the bridges and viaducts, a
+            circumstance which explains the following printed notice
+            in the carriages: "Passengers are cautioned not to put
+            their arms, head, or legs out of the window."
+
+         </p><a name="p_95"></a><p>
+            In passing from a free to a slave State, the most casual
+            observer is struck with the contrast. The signs of industry
+            and prosperity on the broad face of the country are
+            universally in favor of the former, and that to a degree
+            which none but an eye witness can conceive. This fact
+            has been often noticed, and has been affirmed by slaveholders
+            themselves, in the most emphatic terms. In cities
+            the difference is not less remarkable, and was forcibly
+            brought to our notice in the hotel at which we took up
+            our residence on arriving at Washington, and which,
+            though the first in the city, and the temporary residence
+            of many members of Congress, was greatly deficient in
+            the cleanliness, comfort, and order, which prevail in the
+            well-furnished and well-conducted establishments of New
+            York, Philadelphia, Boston, &amp;c. At this house, I understood,
+            some of the servants were free, and others slaves.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We were now in the District of Columbia, the seat of
+            this powerful Federal Government, and in the city of
+            Washington, the metropolis of the United States. Here
+            are concentrated as it were into one focus, the associations
+            of the past, connected with the great struggle for independence,
+            and the memory of those names and events
+            which already belong to history. Whatever may be our
+            political principles, or the opinions of those who like
+            myself consider all resort to arms as forbidden under the
+            Christian dispensation, it is impossible to recall without
+            emotion, transactions which have exerted and will continue
+            to exert, so marked an influence on the destinies of
+            mankind. This city was not the scene of those events,
+            but it was erected to be a perpetual monument of them,
+            and in the limited district of ten miles square, in which it
+            stands, the Government which was then called into existence
+            <a name="p_96"></a>
+            reigns sole and supreme. If a stranger were to
+            inquire here for the monuments of the fathers of the
+            Revolution, the American would proudly point to the
+            Capitol, with the national Congress in full session, and to
+            the levee of the President, crowded by free citizens, and
+            representatives of foreign nations. The United States
+            were thirteen dependent colonies, they are now twenty-six
+            sovereign States, rich and populous, covering the face
+            of this vast continent, and compacted into one powerful
+            confederacy. But notwithstanding the glowing emotions
+            which seem naturally called forth by the locality, there is
+            many an American who bitterly feels that the District of
+            Columbia is the shame, rather than the glory of his
+            country. Here is proclaimed to the whole world by the
+            united voice of the American people, "We hold these
+            truths to be self-evident&#8212;that all men are created equal;
+            that they are endowed by their Creator with certain
+            inalienable rights&#8212;that among these are life, liberty, and
+            the pursuit of happiness;" and here also by a majority
+            of the same people expressing their deliberate will, through
+            their representatives, this declaration is trampled under
+            foot, and turned into derision.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_19"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_19"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_19"></a><a href="#FootFN1_19">A</a>: "Large
+            establishments have grown up upon the national domain,
+            provided with prisons for the safe keeping of negroes till a full
+            cargo is procured; and should, at any time, the factory prisons be
+            insufficient, the public ones, erected by Congress, are at the
+            service of the dealers, and the United States Marshal becomes the
+            agent of the slave trade."&#8212;<em>Judge Jay's View of the
+               action of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery</em>,
+            <i>page</i> 93. "But the climax of infamy
+            is still untold. This trade in blood,&#8212;this buying,
+            imprisoning, and exporting of boys and girls eight years
+            old,&#8212;this tearing asunder of husbands and wives, parents and
+            children,&#8212;is all legalized, in virtue of authority delegated
+            by Congress!! The 249th page of the laws of the city of Washington
+            is polluted by the following enactment, bearing date
+            28th July, 1838:&#8212;'For a
+            to trade or traffic in slaves for profit, four hundred
+            dollars.'"&#8212;<em>Ibid</em>, <i>page</i>
+            98.
+         </p><a name="p_97"></a><p>
+            The District of Columbia is the chief seat of the
+            American slave trade; commercial enterprize has no other
+            object! Washington is one of the best supplied and most
+            frequented slave marts in the world. The adjoining and
+            once fertile and beautiful States of Virginia and Maryland,
+            are now blasted with sterility, and ever-encroaching desolation.
+            The curse of the first murderer rests upon the
+            planters, and the ground will no longer yield to them her
+            strength. The impoverished proprietors find now their chief
+            source of revenue in what one of themselves expressly
+            termed, their "crop of human flesh." Hence the slave-holding
+            region is now divided into the "slave-breeding,"
+            and "slave-consuming" States. From its locality, and,
+            from its importance as the centre of public affairs, the
+            District of Columbia has become the focus of this dreadful
+            traffic, which almost vies with the African slave trade
+            itself in extent and cruelty, besides possessing aggravations
+            peculiarly its own.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_20"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_20"></a> Its victims
+            are marched to the south
+            <a name="p_98"></a>
+            in chained coffles, overland, in the face of day, and by
+            vessels coastwise. Those who protest against these
+            abominations are the abolitionists; a body whose opinions
+            are so unpopular that no term of reproach is deemed vile
+            enough for their desert; yet if these should hold their
+            peace, the very stones would surely cry out. The state
+            of things in this District has one peculiar feature; being
+            under the supreme local government of Congress, it presents
+            almost the only tangible point for the political efforts
+            of those hostile to slavery. Against slavery in any but
+            their own States, the abolitionists have neither the power
+            nor the wish to exert that constitutional interference which
+            they rightfully employ in the States of which they are
+            citizens; but with respect to the District of Columbia,
+            they are, in common with the whole republic, responsible
+            for the exercise of political influence for the abolition of
+            slavery within its limits. Hence this is the grand point of
+            attack. They have experienced a succession of repulses,
+            <a name="p_99"></a>
+            but their eventual success is certain; the political influence
+            of the slave-holding interest, which is now paramount,
+            and which controls and dictates the entire policy of the
+            general Government will be destroyed. Then will the
+            abolition of American slavery be speedily consummated.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_20"></a><a href="#FootFN1_20">A</a>: "Human flesh is now
+            the great staple of Virginia, In the
+            legislature of this State, in 1833, Thomas Jefferson Randolph
+            declared that Virginia had been converted into 'one grand
+            menagerie, where men are reared for the market, like oxen for the
+            shambles.' This same gentleman thus compared the foreign with
+            the domestic traffic: 'The trader (African) receives the slave, a
+            stranger in aspect, language and manner, from the merchant who
+            brought him from the interior. But <em>here</em>, sir,
+            individuals whom the master has known from infancy,&#8212;whom he
+            has seen sporting
+            in the innocent gambols of childhood,&#8212;who have been accustomed
+            to look to him for protection,&#8212;he tears from the mother's arms,
+            exiles into a foreign country, among a strange people, subject to
+            cruel task-masters. In my opinion, it is much worse.'&#8212;Mr.
+            Gholson, of Virginia, in his speech in the legislature of that State,
+            January 18, 1831, says: 'The master forgoes the service of the
+            female slave, has her nursed and attended during the period of her
+            gestation, and raises the helpless and infant offspring. The value
+            of the property justifies the expense; and I do not hesitate to say,
+            that in its increase consists much of our wealth.'&#8212;Professor
+            Dew, now President of the College of William and Mary, Virginia, in
+            his review of the debate in the Virginia legislature, 1831-3, speaking
+            of the revenue arising from the trade, says: 'A full equivalent
+            being thus left in the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an
+            advantage to the State, and does not check the black population as
+            much as at first view we might imagine; because it furnishes every
+            inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to
+            <em>encourage breeding</em>,
+            and to cause the greatest number possible to be raised.
+            Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State, for other
+            States.'&#8212;Mr. C.F. Mercer asserted, in the Virginia Convention
+            of 1829, 'The tables of the natural growth of the slave population
+            demonstrate; when compared with the increase of its numbers in the
+            commonwealth for twenty years past, that an annual revenue of not less
+            than a million and a half of dollars is derived from the exportation
+            of a part of this population.'"&#8212;<em>Judge Jay's
+               View</em>, <i>pages</i> 88, 89.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Very soon after our arrival, we proceeded to the
+            House of Representatives, then sitting, and were favored,
+            by introductions from a member, with seats behind the
+            Speaker's chair. The subject before the House was, of
+            course, peculiarly interesting to me, being the proposed
+            re-enactment of the "gag;" a rule of the House, by
+            which petitions for the abolition of slavery in the District
+            of Columbia, are laid upon the table, without being read
+            or referred, and thus are virtually rejected. One of the
+            speakers, William Slade, of Vermont, who was opposed
+            to the "gag," told the pro-slavery members that they
+            were greatly mistaken in supposing that such a measure
+            would suppress the anti-slavery feeling of the country.
+            They might, for a time, block up the Potomac, but it
+            would only be to direct its waters into a new channel; in
+            the same way as the rejection of anti-slavery petitions had
+            resulted in the formation of a third abolition political party,
+            which was now regularly organized and in the field.
+            Having previously heard much of the virulence of the
+            pro-slavery members, I was particularly impressed with
+            the silence and attention with which they listened to this
+            speech, and with the feeling which seemed evidently to
+            prevail, that the subject could no longer be met with
+            contempt and ridicule. One of the liberal members told
+            me afterwards, that they felt themselves in a different
+            atmosphere to what they did two years ago, both in the
+            House and in the city, when touching upon this subject.
+            <a name="p_100"></a>
+            Before the debate closed, the House divided on the
+            question, whether ex-president Adams, the veteran defender
+            of the constitutional right of petition, and who had
+            brought forward this motion for the repeal of the "gag,"
+            was entitled to the right of reply. This was decided in
+            his favor, and the House adjourned till the beginning of
+            the following week.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the afternoon, I proceeded, by a steam packet, with
+            one of my friends, to Alexandria, about six miles distant,
+            on the other side of the Potomac. A merchant, to whom
+            I had an introduction, kindly accompanied us to a slave-trading
+            establishment there, which is considered the principal
+            one in the District. The proprietor was absent;
+            but the person in charge, a stout, middle-aged man, with
+            a good-natured countenance, that little indicated his
+            employment, readily consented to show us over the
+            establishment. On passing behind the house, we looked
+            through a grated iron door, into a square court or yard,
+            with very high walls, in which were about fifty slaves.
+            Some of the younger ones were dancing to a fiddle, an
+            affecting proof, in their situation, of the degradation caused
+            by slavery. There were others, who seemed a prey to
+            silent dejection. Among these was a woman, who had
+            run away from her master twelve years ago, and had
+            married and lived ever since as a free person. She was
+            at last discovered, taken and sold, along with her child, and
+            would shortly be shipped to New Orleans, unless her
+            husband could raise the means of her redemption, which
+            we understood he was endeavoring to do. If he failed,
+            they are lost to him for ever. Another melancholy looking
+            woman was here with her nine children, the whole
+            family having been sold away from their husband and
+            <a name="p_101"></a>
+            father, to this slave-dealer, for two thousand two hundred
+            and fifty dollars. This unfeeling separation is but the
+            beginning of their sorrows. They will, in all probability,
+            be re-sold at New Orleans, scattered and divided, until
+            not perhaps two of them are left together. The most
+            able-bodied negro I saw, cost the slave-dealer six hundred
+            and eighty-five dollars.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Our guide told us that they sometimes sent from this
+            house from fifteen hundred to two thousand slaves to the
+            South in a year, and that they occasionally had three
+            hundred to four hundred at once in their possession.
+            That the trade was not now so brisk, but that prices were
+            rising. The return and profits of this traffic appear to be
+            entirely regulated by the fluctuations in the value of the
+            cotton. Women are worth one-third less than men. But
+            one instance of complete escape ever occurred from these
+            premises, though some of the slaves were occasionally
+            trusted out in the fields. He showed us the substantial
+            clothing, shoes, &amp;c., with which the slaves were supplied
+            when sent to the South; a practice, I fear, enforced more
+            by the cupidity of the buyers, than the humanity of the
+            seller. Our informant stated, in answer to inquiries, that
+            by the general testimony of the slaves purchased, they
+            were treated better by the planters than was the case ten
+            years ago. He also admitted the evils of the system, and
+            said, with apparent sincerity, he wished it was put an
+            end to.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We went afterwards to the city jail, to see a youth
+            whose case I had heard of in Delaware, who had come to
+            Alexandria on board a vessel, and had here been seized
+            and imprisoned on suspicion of being a slave, not having
+            any document to prove his freedom. He had now been
+            <a name="p_102"></a>
+            incarcerated for near twelve months, and though admitted
+            by the jailer and every one else to be free, he was about
+            to be sold in a few days into slavery for a term, in order
+            to pay the jail-fees, amounting to eighty dollars. In the
+            evening on returning to Washington, we paid a visit by
+            appointment to John Quincy Adams, ex-president of the
+            United States; who though considerably more than seventy
+            years of age, is yet one of the most assiduous and energetic
+            members of the House of Representatives, and one of the
+            most influential public men of the day. To this must be
+            added the far higher praise that his distinguished powers
+            are employed in the service of humanity, truth, and justice.
+            How rare is it to witness such a union of intellectual and
+            moral greatness! Posterity will do justice to his fame,
+            when slavery shall exist only in the records of the past,
+            and when it shall be related with wonder, that this venerable
+            man, standing almost alone in his defence of the right
+            of petition, received daily anonymous letters threatening
+            him with assassination. He received us very kindly, and
+            in the course of conversation expressed how much importance
+            he attached to the late repeal of the "nine months
+            law," in the State of New York, as a favorable indication
+            of the current of public feeling. He did not appear
+            sanguinely to anticipate that he should be in a majority on
+            his pending motion for the repeal of the "gag."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            One of the principal objects of my visit to Washington
+            was to present an Address to the President, from the
+            Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society. In the course of my inquiries of various official
+            persons, members of Congress, et cet., I found that to
+            obtain an audience for the express purpose would be very
+            difficult, as no member of Congress appeared willing to
+            <a name="p_103"></a>
+            undertake the unpopular service of introducing the bearer
+            of such a document. I was not disposed to apply to the
+            British Ambassador, who on some occasions had shown a
+            want of sympathy with the anti-slavery cause. I found,
+            however, that it was not contrary to etiquette, in this
+            country, for a private individual to address a note to the
+            President, to which, in ordinary courtesy, according to the
+            custom of the place, he has a right to expect a reply. I
+            would remark, however, that nothing is more easy than to
+            gain access to the President; but I felt that to avail myself
+            of those facilities, to place in his hands a document
+            which he might object to receive, would be uncandid. I
+            therefore addressed a note to him, stating that I was the
+            bearer of a memorial from the Committee of the British
+            and Foreign Anti-slavery Society, signed by Thomas
+            Clarkson, addressed to the President of the United States,
+            in which I said, "It may, perhaps, be right to state, that
+            the memorial refers to slavery and the slave-trade in the
+            United States, and that it was written before the death of
+            General Harrison was known in Europe." I then asked
+            permission to present it.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            To this I received no reply. We were afterwards introduced
+            to the President, by a member of Congress, who
+            evinced an anxiety that I should make no reference to the
+            memorial; and the President, on his part, made no allusion
+            to it, or to my letter to himself. After this interview,
+            we proceeded to the Senate, but it had risen just as we entered.
+            I had a short conversation with Henry Clay, who
+            alluded to Joseph John Gurney's work on the West Indies,
+            which I need scarcely add, is written in a series of
+            letters to this statesman. He said that the recent short
+            crop of sugar in Jamaica was a proof that the author had
+            <a name="p_104"></a>
+            been misled in the favorable information he had collected,
+            and also that this deficiency in the crop was a proof not
+            only of the idleness, but of the immorality of the negroes.
+            He accused my companion, John G. Whittier, of deserting
+            him, after having been his warm friend; and on J.W.'s
+            giving his reasons for so doing, he complained that
+            the abolitionists improperly interfered with the affairs of the
+            South, though he made an exception in favor of the Society
+            of Friends. He inquired if J.G. Whittier was a "Friend"
+            in regular standing, evidently intimating a doubt on that
+            point, on account of his being so decided an abolitionist.
+            The praise of such men is the strongest testimony that
+            could be adduced to the declension of the Society of
+            Friends in anti-slavery zeal. To a great extent I fear
+            their sentiments on this subject have been held traditionally;
+            and that in many cases, they have not only done
+            nothing themselves, but by example and precept have condemned
+            the activity of others; I trust, however, a brighter
+            day in regard to their labors is approaching. I feel disinclined
+            to take leave of Henry Clay, without some animadversions
+            which, on the public character of a public
+            man, I may offer without any breach of propriety. In
+            early life, that is in some part of the last century, he supported
+            measures tending to the "eradication of slavery" in
+            Kentucky, and at various periods since, he has indulged in
+            cheap declamation against slavery, though he is not known
+            to have committed himself by a solitary act of manumission.
+            On the contrary, having commenced life with a
+            single slave, he has industriously increased the number to
+            upwards of seventy. As a statesman, his conduct on this
+            question has been consistently pro-slavery. He indefatigably
+            negotiated for the recovery of fugitive slaves from
+            <a name="p_105"></a>
+            Canada, when Secretary of State, though without success.
+            In the Senate he successfully carried through the admission
+            of Missouri into the Union, as a slave State. He has resisted
+            a late promising movement in Kentucky in favor of
+            emancipation; and lastly, in one of his most elaborate
+            speeches, made just before the late presidential election,
+            the proceedings of the abolitionists were reviewed and condemned,
+            and he utterly renounced all sympathy with their
+            object. By way of apology for his early indiscretion, he
+            observes, "but if I had been then, or were <em>now</em>, a citizen
+            of any of the planting States&#8212;the southern or southwestern
+            States&#8212;I should have opposed, and would continue
+            to oppose, any scheme whatever of emancipation,
+            gradual or immediate."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In this extract, and throughout the whole speech,
+            slavery is treated as a pecuniary question, and the grand
+            argument against abolition, is the loss of property that
+            would ensue. Joseph John Gurney, who appears to have
+            been favorably impressed by Henry Clay's professions of
+            liberality, his courteous bearing, and consummate address,
+            manifested a laudable anxiety that so influential a statesman
+            should be better informed on the point on which he
+            seemed so much in the dark; he therefore addressed to
+            him his excellent "Letters on the West Indies," of which
+            the great argument is, that emancipation has been followed
+            by great prosperity to the planters, and attended with
+            abundant blessings, temporal and spiritual, to the other
+            classes, and that the same course would necessarily be followed
+            by the same results in the United States. He has
+            accumulated proof upon proof of his conclusions supplied
+            by personal and extensive investigation in the British
+            Colonies. But Henry Clay shews no sign of conviction.
+            <a name="p_106"></a>
+            Yet though he made to us the absurd remark, already
+            quoted, on Joseph John Gurney's work, I have too high
+            an opinion of his understanding to think him the victim of
+            his own sophistry. He is a lawyer and a statesman. He
+            is accustomed to weigh evidence, and to discriminate facts.
+            I have little doubt that all my valued friend would have
+            taught him, he knew already. He could not be ignorant
+            of the contrast presented by his own State of Kentucky,
+            and the adjoining State of Ohio, and that the difference is
+            solely owing to slavery. If J.J. Gurney could have
+            shewn that abolition would soon be the high road to the
+            President's chair, it is not improbable that he would have
+            made an illustrious convert to anti-slavery principles.
+            Henry Clay's celebrated speech before alluded to, was
+            delivered in the character of a candidate for the Presidency
+            just before the last election&#8212;it was prepared with
+            great care, and rehearsed beforehand to a select number of
+            his political friends. The whig party being the strongest,
+            and he being the foremost man of that party, he might be
+            looked upon as President-elect, if he could but conciliate
+            the south, by wiping off the cloud of abolitionism that
+            faintly obscured his reputation. He succeeded to his
+            heart's desire in his immediate object, but eventually, by
+            this very speech, completely destroyed his sole chance of
+            success, and was ultimately withdrawn from the contest.
+            Thus does ambition overleap itself.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_21"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_21"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_21"></a><a href="#FootFN1_21">A</a>: As a
+            practical commentary on Henry Clay's professions of a
+            regard for the cause of human liberty, I append the following
+            advertisement, which, about two years ago, was circulated in
+            Ohio:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "THREE HUNDRED DOLLAR'S REWARD.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>Run away</i> from James Kendall, in Bourbon
+               County, Ky., to whom he was hired the present year, on Saturday
+               night last, the
+               14th instant, a negro man, named Somerset, about twenty-six years
+               of age, five feet, seven or eight inches high, of a dark copper color,
+               having a deep scar on his right cheek, occasioned by a burn, stout
+               made, countenance bold and determined, and voice coarse. His
+               clothing it is thought unnecessary to describe, as he may have
+               already changed it.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "ALSO,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "From E. Muir, of the same county, on the same night, (and
+               supposed to have gone in company,) a negro man, named Bob,
+               about twenty-nine years old, near six feet high, weighing about 180
+               or 90 pounds, of a dark copper color, of a pleasant countenance,
+               uncommonly smooth face, and a remarkable small hand for a negro of
+               his size. He spells and reads a little. His clothing was a greenish
+               jean coat and black cloth pantaloons.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "We will give the above reward for the delivery of said negroes
+               to the undersigned, or their confinement in jail, so that we get
+               them; or 150 dollars for either of them, if taken out of the State,
+               or 100 dollars for them, or 50 dollars for either, if taken out of the
+               county, and in the State.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "HENRY CLAY, Senior,
+               <br>
+               "E. MUIR.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>Bourbon Co. Ky., Sept</i>. 17, 1839."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote><a name="p_107"></a><p>
+            On leaving the Senate House, we drove to a slave-dealer's
+            establishment, near at hand, and within sight of
+            the <em>Capitol</em>. I have given some particulars of this visit
+            elsewhere, which I need not repeat. I cast my eye on
+            some portraits and caricatures of abolitionists, British and
+            American, among whom Daniel O'Connell figured in association
+            with Arthur Tappan, and the ex-president
+            Adams. The young man in charge of the establishment
+            began to explain them, for our amusement; on which, one
+            of my companions pointed to me, and informed him I was
+            an English abolitionist. He looked uneasy at our presence,
+            and evidently desirous we should not prolong our
+            stay. He told us there were five or six other dealers in
+            the city who had no buildings of their own, and who kept
+            <a name="p_108"></a>
+            their slaves here, or at the public city jail, at thirty-four
+            cents per diem, the difference in comfort being wholly on
+            the side of the private establishments.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We subsequently visited the city jail, to which reference
+            is made in the letter below, and were able to confirm
+            this statement from our own observation.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We left for Baltimore this afternoon. Although I had
+            not succeeded in presenting the address before-mentioned
+            to the President, I little regretted the failure, being convinced
+            that it would not be less generally read by the
+            public on that account, and in this I have not been disappointed.
+            I proceeded at once, the next morning, to Philadelphia; and here I
+            concluded to print and publish the
+            following letter, which, was sent, through the post, to the
+            President, and to each member of the Senate and House
+            of Representatives.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Abolitionists of the United States</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "I was commissioned by the committee of the British
+               and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, to present a memorial
+               from them to your President, and proceeded to Washington,
+               a few days ago, accompanied by John G. Whittier,
+               of Massachusetts, and a friend from the State of Delaware.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "It was my first visit to the seat of legislation of your
+               great republic. On our arrival we went to the House of
+               Representatives, then in session. A member from Maryland
+               was speaking on our entrance, who was the author of
+               a resolution, which had been carried in a former Congress,
+               excluding nearly three millions of your countrymen, on
+               whom every species of wrong and outrage is committed
+               <a name="p_109"></a>
+               with impunity, from all right of petition, either by them
+               selves or their friends. He was advocating the re-enactment
+               of this very resolution for the present Congress, and
+               stated that he had a letter from your President approving
+               the measure. Although I believe I do not speak too
+               strongly when I say an attempt to enforce such a resolution
+               by any crowned head in the civilized world, would be
+               inevitably followed by a revolution, yet it seemed evident
+               that no small portion of your <em>present</em> members were in
+               favor of it. It was with no ordinary emotion that I saw
+               the venerable ex-president Adams at his post, nobly contending
+               against this violation of the rights of his countrymen,
+               and I could not but regret that, with one or two exceptions,
+               be appeared to find little support from his
+               younger colleagues of the free States.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The same day we visited one of the well-known slave-trading
+               establishments at Alexandria. On passing to it
+               we were shewn the costly mansion of its late proprietor,
+               who has lately retired on a large property acquired by the
+               sale of native born Americans. In an open enclosure,
+               with high walls which it is impossible to scale, with a
+               strong iron-barred door, and in which we were told that
+               there were sometimes from three to four hundred persons
+               crowded, we saw about fifty slaves. Amongst the number
+               thus incarcerated was a woman with nine children, who
+               had been cruelly separated from their husband and father,
+               and would probably be shortly sent to New Orleans, where
+               they would never be likely to see him again, and where
+               the mother may be for ever severed from every one of her
+               children, and each of them sold to a separate master.
+               From thence we went to the Alexandria city jail, where
+               we saw a young man who was admitted to be free even
+               <a name="p_110"></a>
+               by the jailer himself. He had been seized and committed
+               in the hope that he might prove a slave, and that the party
+               detaining him would receive a reward. He had been
+               kept there nearly twelve months because he could not pay
+               the jail fees, and instead of obtaining any redress for false
+               imprisonment, was about to be sold into slavery for a term
+               to reimburse these fees.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The next morning I was desirous of handing to the
+               President the memorial, of which the following is a copy:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'<i>Address to the President of the United States,
+                     from the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+                     Society</i>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'SIR,&#8212;As the head of a great Confederacy of
+                  States, justly valuing their free constitution and political
+                  organization, and tenacious of their rights and their character,
+                  the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-slavery
+                  Society, through their esteemed coadjutor and
+                  representative, Joseph Sturge, would respectfully approach
+                  you in behalf of millions of their fellow-men, held in bondage
+                  in the United States. Those millions are denied, not
+                  only the immunities enjoyed by the citizens of your great
+                  republic generally, and of the equal privileges and the impartial
+                  protection of the civil law, but are deprived of
+                  their personal rights, so that they cease to be regarded
+                  and treated, under your otherwise noble institutions, as
+                  MEN, except in the commission of crime, when the utmost
+                  rigor of your penal statutes is invoked and enforced
+                  against them; but are reduced to the degraded condition
+                  of "chattels personal in the hands of their owners and
+                  possessors, to <em>all intents, constructions, and purposes,
+                     whatsoever</em>."
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="p_111"></a>
+                  "'This is the language and the law of slavery; and
+                  under this law, guarded with jealousy by their political institutions,
+                  the slaveholders of the South rest their claims to
+                  property in man But, sir, there are claims anterior to all
+                  human laws, and superior to all political institutions, which
+                  are immutable in their nature,&#8212;claims which are the
+                  birthright of every human being, of every clime, and of
+                  every color,&#8212;claims which God has conferred, and which
+                  man cannot destroy without sacrilege, or infringe without
+                  sin. Personal liberty is among these, the greatest and
+                  best, for it is the root of all other rights, the conservative
+                  principle of human associations, the spring of public virtues,
+                  and essential to national strength and greatness.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The monstrous and wicked assumption of power by
+                  man, over his fellow man, which slavery implies, is alike
+                  abhorrent to the moral sense of mankind; to the immutable
+                  principles of justice; to the righteous laws of God;
+                  and to the benevolent principles of the gospel. It is,
+                  therefore, indignantly repudiated by all the fundamental
+                  laws of all truly enlightened and civilized communities,
+                  and by none more emphatically than by that over which,
+                  Sir, it is your honor to preside.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The great doctrine, that God hath "created all men
+                  equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights,
+                  and that amongst these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
+                  happiness," is affirmed in your Declaration of Independence,
+                  and justified in the theory of your constitutional
+                  laws. But there is a stain upon your glory; slavery, in
+                  its most abject and revolting form, pollutes your soil; the
+                  wailings of slaves mingle with your songs of liberty; and
+                  the clank of their chains is heard, in horrid discord with
+                  the chorus of your triumphs.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="p_112"></a>
+                  "'The records of your States are not less distinguished
+                  by their wise provisions for securing the order and maintaining
+                  the institutions of your country, than by their ingenious
+                  devices for riveting the chains, and perpetuating
+                  the degradation of your colored brethren; their education
+                  is branded as a crime against the State&#8212;their freedom is
+                  dreaded as a blasting pestilence&#8212;the bare suggestion of
+                  their emancipation is proscribed as treason to the cause of
+                  American independence.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'These things are uttered in sorrow; for the committee
+                  deeply deplore the flagrant inconsistency, so glaringly
+                  displayed between the lofty principles embodied in
+                  the great charter of your liberties, and the evil practices
+                  which have been permitted to grow up under it, to mar
+                  its beauty and impair its strength. But it is not on these
+                  grounds alone, or chiefly, that they deplore the existence
+                  of slavery in the United States. Manifold as are the evils
+                  which flow from it&#8212;dehumanizing as are its
+                  tendencies&#8212;fearful as its reaction confessedly is on its
+                  supporters,&#8212;the
+                  reproach of its existence does not terminate on the institutions
+                  which gave it birth: the sublime principles and
+                  benign spirit of Christianity are dishonored by it. In the
+                  light of Divine Truth it stands revealed, in all its hideous
+                  deformity, a crime against God,&#8212;a daring usurpation of
+                  the prerogative and authority of the Most High! It is as
+                  a violation of His righteous laws, an outrage on His glorious
+                  attributes, a renunciation of the claims of His blessed
+                  gospel, that they especially deplore the countenance and
+                  support it receives among you; and, in the spirit of
+                  Christian love and fraternal solicitude, would counsel its
+                  immediate and complete overthrow, as a solemn and imperative
+                  duty, the performance of which no sordid reasons
+                  <a name="p_113"></a>
+                  should be permitted to retard&#8212;no political considerations
+                  prevent. Slavery is a sin against God, and ought, therefore,
+                  to be abolished.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The utter extinction of slavery, and its sister abomination,
+                  the internal slave-trade of the United States,
+                  second only in horror and extent to the African, and in
+                  some of its features even more revolting, can only be
+                  argued, by the philanthropy of this country, on the abstract
+                  principles of moral and religious duty; and to those
+                  principles the people of your great republic are pledged
+                  on the side of freedom beyond every nation in the world!
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The negro, by nature our equal, made like ourselves
+                  in the image of his Creator, gifted by the same
+                  intelligence, impelled by the same passions and affections,
+                  and redeemed by the same Savior, is reduced by cupidity
+                  and oppression below the level of the brute, spoiled
+                  of his humanity, plundered of his rights, and often hurried
+                  to a premature grave, the miserable victim of avarice and
+                  heedless tyranny! Men have presumptuously dared to
+                  wrest from their fellows the most precious of their rights&#8212;to
+                  intercept as far as they may the bounty and grace of
+                  the Almighty&#8212;to close the door to their intellectual
+                  progress&#8212;to shut every avenue to their moral and religious
+                  improvement, to stand between them and their
+                  Maker! It is against this crime the committee protest as
+                  men and as Christians, and earnestly but respectfully call
+                  upon you, Sir, to use the influence with which you are
+                  invested, to bring it to a peaceful and speedy close; and,
+                  may you in closing your public career, in the latest hours
+                  of your existence on earth, be consoled with the reflection
+                  that you have not despised the afflictions of the afflicted,
+                  but that faithful to the trust of your high stewardship, you
+                  <a name="p_114"></a>
+                  have been "just, ruling in the fear of the Lord," that you
+                  have executed judgment for the oppressed, and have
+                  aided in the deliverance of your country from its greatest
+                  crime, and its chiefest reproach.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'On behalf of the Committee,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'THOMAS CLARKSON.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the Abolition of
+                  Slavery and the Slave-trade throughout the world.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'27, <i>New Broad Street, London, March 5th</i>,
+                  1841.'
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "I thought it most candid to address a letter to the
+               President informing him of the character of the foregoing
+               memorial, rather than take advantage of a merely formal
+               introduction to present it, without a previous explanation.
+               To this letter no reply was received, and no allusion was
+               made to it by the President at a subsequent introduction,
+               which we had to him. It may be proper to mention in
+               this connection, that memorials of a similar character,
+               bearing upon slavery and the slave-trade, signed by the
+               venerable Clarkson, have been presented to different
+               Heads of Governments, in other parts of the world, and
+               have been uniformly received with marked respect.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Previous to our departure, we visited a private
+               slave-trading establishment in the city, and looked in upon
+               a group of human beings herded together like cattle for
+               the market, within an enclosure of high brick walls
+               surrounding the jail. The young man in attendance,
+               informed us that there were five or six other regular slave-dealers
+               in the city, who, having no jails of their own,
+               either placed their slaves at this establishment, or in the
+               public CITY PRISON. The former was generally preferred,
+               on account of its superior accommodations in respect to
+               <a name="p_115"></a>
+               food and lodging. On my making some remarks to the
+               young man on the nature of his occupation, he significantly,
+               and as I think, very justly replied, that he knew
+               of no reasons for condemning slave-traders, which did not
+               equally apply to slave-holders. You will bear in mind
+               that this was said within view of the Capitol, where
+               slave-holders control your national legislation, and within
+               a few minutes' walk of that mansion where a slave-holder
+               sits in the presidential chair, placed there by your votes;
+               and it is certainly no marvel, that, with such high examples
+               in his favor, the humble slave-dealer of the District
+               should feel himself in honorable company, and really
+               regard his occupation as one of respectability and public
+               utility.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "From thence we proceeded to the city prison, an
+               old and loathsome building, where we examined two
+               ranges of small stone cells, in which were a large number
+               of colored prisoners. We noticed five or six in a single
+               cell, barely large enough for a solitary tenant, under a heat
+               as intense as that of the tropics. The keeper stated that
+               in rainy seasons the prison was uncomfortably wet. The
+               place had to us a painful interest, from the fact that here
+               Dr. Crandall, a citizen of the free States, was confined
+               until his health was completely broken down, and was
+               finally released only to find a grave, for the crime of having
+               circulated a pamphlet on emancipation, written by one
+               of the friends who accompanied me.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_22"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_22"></a> On inquiry of the
+               <a name="p_116"></a>
+               keeper, he informed us that slaves were admitted into his
+               cells, and kept for their owners at the rate of thirty-four
+               cents per day, and that transfers of them from one master
+               to another sometimes took place during their confinement;
+               thus corroborating the testimony of the keeper of the
+               private jail before mentioned, that this city prison, the
+               property of the people of the United States, and for the
+               rebuilding of which, a large sum of your money has been
+               appropriated, is made use of by the dealers in human
+               beings as a place of deposit and market; and thus you, in
+               common with your fellow citizens, are made indirect participators
+               in a traffic equal in atrocity to that foreign trade,
+               the suppression of which, to use the words of your President
+               in his late message, 'is required by the public honor,
+               and the promptings of humanity.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_22"></a><a href="#FootFN1_22">A</a>: On being
+               released from prison, Dr. Crandall went to Kingston,
+               Jamaica, to recruit his health. A gentleman of that city, W.
+               Wemyss Anderson, found him in his lodgings, solitary and friendless,
+               and rapidly sinking under his disease. He took him, though
+               a perfect stranger, into his own house; and the last days of Dr.
+               Crandall were soothed by the kind sympathy and attentions of a
+               Christian family. It was also manifest, that he enjoyed the sunshine
+               of inward peace, and the rich consolations of the gospel. His kind
+               host, whom I count it a privilege to call my friend, obeyed, in this
+               instance, the apostolic injunction, and experienced the consequent
+               reward, "Be not forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some
+               have entertained angels unawares."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "As one who has devoted much of his humble labors to
+               the cause you wish to promote, I perhaps shall be excused
+               for thus stating these facts to you, as they all passed before
+               my personal observation in the course of a few hours.
+               I shall deem it right to publish them in Europe, where I
+               am about shortly to return. Recollect, they all occurred
+               and exist within the District of Columbia, and that those
+               who elect the legislators who uphold the slave system, are
+               justly responsible for it in the sight of God and man. Is
+               it not all the natural consequence of your electing slave-holders
+               <a name="p_117"></a>
+               and their abettors to the highest offices of your
+               State and nation? Some of your most intelligent citizens
+               have given it as their opinion that fully two-thirds of the
+               whole population of the United States are in favor of the
+               abolition of slavery; and my own observation, since I
+               landed on these shores, not only confirms this opinion, but
+               has convinced me that there is a very rapid accession to
+               their numbers daily taking place; and yet we have the
+               extraordinary fact exhibited to the world, that about two
+               hundred and fifty thousand slave-holders&#8212;a large proportion
+               of whom, bankrupt in fortune and reputation, have
+               involved many of the North in their disgrace and ruin&#8212;hold
+               in mental bondage the whole population of this great
+               republic, who permit themselves to be involved in the
+               common disgrace of presenting a spectacle of national inconsistency
+               altogether without a parallel. I confess that,
+               although an admirer of many of the institutions of your
+               country, and deeply lamenting the evils of my own government,
+               I find it difficult to reply to those who are
+               opposed to any extension of the political rights of Englishmen,
+               when they point to America and say, that where
+               all have a control over the legislation but those who are
+               guilty of a dark skin, slavery and the slave-trade remain
+               not only unmitigated, but continue to extend; and that
+               while there is an onward movement in favor of its extinction,
+               not only in England and France, but even in Cuba
+               and Brazil, American legislators cling to this enormous
+               evil, without attempting to relax or mitigate its horrors.
+               Allow me, therefore, to appeal to you by every motive
+               which attaches you to your country, seriously to consider
+               how far you are accountable for this state of things, by
+               want of a faithful discharge of those duties for which every
+               <a name="p_118"></a>
+               member of a republican government is so deeply responsible;
+               and may I not express the hope that, on all future
+               occasions, you will take care to promote the election of
+               none as your representatives who will not <em>practically</em> act
+               upon the principle that in every clime, and of every color,
+               'all men are equal?'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Your sincere friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "<i>Philadelphia, 6th Month 7th</i>, 1842."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            This letter was extensively reprinted, not only in the
+            anti-slavery but in pro-slavery newspapers, both in the
+            North and South. In the numerous angry comments
+            upon it, no attempt that has come to my knowledge was
+            made to deny any one of my statements. One of the
+            papers intimates that the vote by which the house soon
+            after refused to adopt a specific and exclusive rule against
+            abolition petitions, was brought about by "the sinister
+            influence of Mr. Sturge." I need not add how happy I
+            should have been to have possessed the influence with
+            which this writer has so liberally invested me, and that I
+            should have regarded it as a talent to be employed and
+            improved to the very utmost.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I spent from the 5th to the 11th of the Sixth Month,
+            (June) in Philadelphia and the vicinity, during which
+            time, I made numerous calls, and met several large parties
+            in private.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During this stay, in company with John G. Whittier,
+            I paid a visit to my excellent friend, Abraham L. Pennock,
+            at his residence in Haverford, Delaware county,
+            about ten miles from the city. He is an influential member
+            of the Society of Friends, and until recently he has
+            <a name="p_119"></a>
+            been a resident in the city. He has, for many years,
+            been an uncompromising abolitionist, and an active member
+            and officer of anti-slavery societies; yet he appears to
+            enjoy the respect and confidence not only of his anti-slavery
+            associates, but of the Society of Friends, and the
+            community generally. I found him a warm advocate, in
+            practice as well as theory, of entire abstinence from the
+            products of slave labor, as well as of independent political
+            action on the part of abolitionists. He expressed much
+            regret that he was unable to attend the General Anti-Slavery
+            Convention, in London, and gave his cordial
+            approbation to its proceedings.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_23"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_23"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_23"></a><a href="#FootFN1_23">A</a>: See Appendix H.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We reluctantly bade farewell to our kind friend and
+            his interesting family, all the members of which appear to
+            share his zeal and untiring devotion to the cause of the
+            oppressed, and returned to our lodgings in the city. Even
+            now I look back to this visit as among the most grateful
+            recollections of my sojourn in the United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I may mention, in this connection, that A.L. Pennock,
+            as well as others with whom I conversed on the subject,
+            spoke with much regret of the want of faithfulness on the
+            part of members of the Society of Friends, in maintaining
+            their testimony against slavery, while exercising their civil
+            rights as citizens and electors. From all I could learn, I
+            have been led to fear that "Friends" in the United States,
+            with few exceptions, are in the practice of voting for
+            public officers, without reference to their sentiments on the
+            important subject of slavery. At the late Presidential
+            election it is very evident that the great body of "Friends"
+            who took any part in it, voted for John Tyler, the slaveholder.
+
+         </p><a name="p_120"></a><p>
+            Among the active friends of emancipation, who occupy
+            a high station in our society, I can scarcely omit mentioning
+            Enoch Lewis, of Chester county, Pennsylvania, whose
+            talents and literary acquirements, devoted as they are, to
+            the maintenance and promulgation of the principles and
+            Christian testimonies of our religious society, deservedly
+            command a high degree of respect.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Among the members of the society which have separated
+            from "Friends" in Philadelphia and elsewhere, I met
+            with many warm and steady friends of emancipation, some
+            of whom have proved their sincerity by great sacrifices.
+            Amongst these I cannot omit mentioning James and Lucretia
+            Mott, James Wood, Dr. Isaac Parish, and Thomas
+            Earle, of this city.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I republished in Philadelphia, with the permission of
+            the author, in two separate pamphlets, for distribution
+            amongst those to whom it was addressed, "A Letter to
+            the Clergy of various Denominations, and to the Slave-holding
+            Planters in the Southern parts of the United
+            States of America, by Thomas Clarkson." This remarkable
+            production was written after its venerable author had
+            attained his eightieth year, and has been pronounced by
+            a very competent judge the most vigorous production of
+            his pen. As its circulation had but just commenced when
+            I left the United States, I could not judge of the effect
+            produced by this energetic appeal from one whose name
+            must command respect, even from the slave-holders; but
+            I have since been informed it has been read with interest
+            and attention.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had several conferences with "Friends" who were
+            interested in the cause, to discuss the best mode of engaging
+            the members of the Society to unite their efforts on
+            <a name="p_121"></a>
+            behalf of the oppressed and suffering slaves; and though
+            no immediate steps were resolved on, yet I found so much
+            good feeling in many of them, that I cannot but entertain
+            a hope, that fruit will hereafter appear. I had spent
+            much of my time and labor in Philadelphia, particularly
+            among that numerous and influential body with whom I
+            am united in a common bond of religious belief, and I
+            trust of Christian affection. Of the kindness and hospitality
+            I experienced I shall ever retain a grateful recollection;
+            yet I finally took my leave of this city, under
+            feelings of sorrow and depression that so many of the very
+            class of Christian professors who once took the lead in
+            efforts for the abolition of slavery, efforts evidently attended
+            with the favor and sanction of the Most High,
+            should now be discouraging, and holding back their members
+            from taking part in so righteous a cause. Among
+            the warmest friends of the slave, sound both in feeling and
+            sentiment, are a few venerable individuals who are now
+            standing on the brink of the grave, and whose places,
+            among the present generation, I could not conceal from
+            myself, there were but few fully prepared to occupy.
+            I had found in many Friends much passive anti-slavery
+            feeling, and was to some extent cheered by the discovery.
+            May a due sense of their responsibility rest upon every
+            follower of Christ, to remember them that are in bonds,
+            and under affliction, not only with a passive, but with an
+            active and self-denying sympathy, a sympathy that makes
+            common cause with its object.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Apart from the fact, that Philadelphia is one of the
+            most beautiful cities in the world, to a member of the Society
+            of Friends it must ever be an object of peculiar interest.
+            Here William Penn made his great experiment
+            <a name="p_122"></a>
+            of a Christian government. Here, to the annual assemblies
+            of Friends, came Warner Mifflin, and John Woolman,
+            and James Pemberton, and George Dillwyn, and
+            other worthies of the past, who have now gone from works
+            to rewards. A few miles distant, in Frankford, is still to
+            be seen the residence of the excellent Thomas Chalkley.
+            Here Benezet exemplified, in the simplicity, humility, and
+            untiring benevolence of his daily life, the lessons inculcated
+            in his writings. And here, at this day, are a larger
+            number of members of our religious society than can be
+            found congregated elsewhere, within an equal space of
+            territory. They are, in general, in easy circumstances,
+            many of them wealthy, and occupying a high rank in the
+            community.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Who can recur, without a lively feeling of interest, to
+            the hopes and prayers of the benevolent founder of the
+            city, as expressed in affecting terms in his farewell letter,
+            written as he was about taking his final departure for
+            England.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this
+               province, named before thou wert born, what love, what
+               care, what service, and what travail has there been to
+               bring thee forth, and preserve thee from such as would
+               defile thee! Oh, that thou mayest be kept from the evil
+               that would overwhelm thee! that faithful to the God of
+               Mercies, in a life of righteousness, thou mayest be preserved
+               to the end!"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            On the 11th, with John G. Whittier, I left for New
+            York, and the next day we proceeded by steam packet to
+            Newport, on Rhode Island, to attend the New England
+            yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, which was to be
+            held the next week. We arrived about seven o'clock in
+            <a name="p_123"></a>
+            the morning. I found the change of climate particularly
+            refreshing and agreeable. During the last fortnight, the
+            range of the thermometer had frequently reached 94 degrees or
+            96 degrees in the shade: a tropical heat, without those alleviations
+            which render the heat of the tropics not only tolerable,
+            but sometimes delightful. In Rhode Island, the climate,
+            while we were there, was almost as temperate as an
+            English summer.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Some parts of the New England States are much resorted
+            to by southern families of wealth; and their annual
+            migrations have the effect of materially adding to the vast
+            amount of complicated pro-slavery interests which exist in
+            the free States, as well as of diffusing pro-slavery opinions
+            and feelings throughout the entire community. We may
+            hope this current will soon set in the opposite direction.
+            The season was too early for the arrival of these visitors,
+            and the hotels were generally filled with "Friends," collected
+            from near and distant places, to attend the yearly
+            meeting. There were upwards of a hundred boarding at
+            the same house with ourselves. Soon after our arrival I
+            addressed a letter, making the same application for the use
+            of the meeting house for my friend, John Candler, who
+            was also here, and myself, which had been complied with
+            at New York, forwarding at the same time my credentials.
+            My request, however, in this instance was not granted.
+            Yet there was plainly a willingness on the part of many to
+            receive information, and we caused it to be known that we
+            should be at home at our hotel, on the evening of the sixteenth.
+            About two hundred friends assembled, and appeared
+            interested in a brief outline of the state and prospects
+            of the cause in Europe which I endeavored to give
+            them.
+
+         </p><a name="p_124"></a><p>
+            The subject of slavery was brought before the yearly
+            meeting by a proposition from one of its subordinate, or
+            "quarterly meetings," to encourage more action, on the
+            part of the society, for its abolition. A proposal was immediately
+            made, and assented to without discussion, that
+            the consideration of it should be referred to a committee.
+            On the reading of the address on slavery from the London
+            yearly meeting, it was, in like manner, immediately proposed
+            and agreed to, that it should be referred to the same
+            committee. At a subsequent sitting, this committee reported,
+            that they should recommend the whole subject to
+            be left under the care of their "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+            which was adopted. With the exception of reading the
+            documents, and going through the necessary forms of business,
+            these proceedings passed almost in silence; yet, in
+            the several epistles drawn up to be forwarded to the other
+            yearly meetings, allusion was made to the deep exercise
+            of Friends at this meeting, on the subject of slavery, and
+            their strong desire and wish to encourage others to embrace
+            every right opening for promoting its abolition; with a
+            plain intimation, however, in their epistle to Great Britain,
+            of their disapproval of Friends uniting with any of the anti-slavery
+            associations of the day. These passages in the
+            epistles passed without remark or objection. The Meeting
+            for Sufferings, of Rhode Island, has thus virtually undertaken
+            to do, or at least to originate, all that is to be
+            done, during the present year, by Friends of New England,
+            to help the helpless, and to relieve the oppressed
+            slaves. Sincerely do I desire, that it may not incur the
+            responsibility of neglecting so solemn a charge. I subsequently
+            met, on board the steamer in which we left Newport,
+            many members of this body; with one of whom I
+            <a name="p_125"></a>
+            had some conversation, in the presence of other Friends,
+            to whom I felt it right to state, that the declarations of
+            sympathy for the slaves, in the epistles which had been
+            sent out, were stronger, in my judgment, than was justified
+            by any thing which had been expressed, or had been
+            manifested, in the Yearly Meeting. This conviction I yet
+            retain. I afterwards obtained some authentic extracts
+            from the laws of Rhode Island, affecting the people of
+            color, and under which slavery is very distinctly recognized
+            and sanctioned, even in this <em>free</em> State. I felt it my
+            duty to forward a copy of these to the "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+            accompanied by the following letter:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Meeting for Sufferings of New England</i></p>
+            <p><i>Yearly Meeting of Friends.</i></p>
+            <p>
+               "On passing through Providence, from the Yearly
+               Meeting at Rhode Island, a solicitor of that place kindly
+               furnished me with the annexed extracts from the laws of
+               the State of Rhode Island. I thought it best to send a
+               copy to you, as it is probable some members of your meeting
+               may not be aware of their precise nature; and it is a
+               source of regret to me, and I know it will be so to my
+               friends in England, to know that in the State in which
+               your Yearly Meeting is held, slavery is fully legalized, if
+               the slaves are the property of persons not actually citizens
+               of that place;&#8212;the most odious distinctions of color also
+               remain on the statute book, including one (Section 10,
+               No. 2,) which is a disgrace to any civilized community.
+               I may add, that two very respectable solicitors in Providence
+               expressed their decided opinion, that if Friends
+               heartily promoted the repeal of these obnoxious laws,
+               which throw all the moral influence of the State on the
+               <a name="p_126"></a>
+               side of slavery, it might easily be accomplished. I cannot
+               but hope the subject will receive your prompt attention.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Truly your friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            To soften the impression which I fear the preceding
+            detail will give, I may remark, that I am convinced, from
+            extensive private communication with Friends in New
+            England, that there is yet among them much genuine
+            anti-slavery feeling, especially where the deadening commercial
+            intercourse with the South does not operate;
+            and though, at present, with some bright individual
+            exceptions, this is a talent for the most part hidden or
+            unemployed, I trust that many faithful laborers in this
+            great cause will yet be found among them.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During our stay in Rhode Island, we twice visited Dr.
+            Channing, at his summer residence, a few miles from
+            Newport. The delicacy which ought ever to protect
+            unreserved social intercourse, forbids me to enrich my
+            narrative with any detail of his enlightened and comprehensive
+            sentiments; yet I cannot but add, that, widely
+            differing from him as I do, on many important points, I
+            was both deeply interested and instructed by his modest
+            candor and sincerity, and by the spirit of charity with
+            which he appeared habitually to regard those of opposite
+            opinions. Our conversation embraced various topics. I
+            may be allowed to mention, that he highly approved of
+            Judge Jay's suggestion for the promotion of permanent
+            international peace. He also made a practical suggestion
+            on the anti-slavery movement, which I trust will be acted
+            on&#8212;That petitions should be sent to Congress, praying
+            that the free States should be relieved from all direct or
+            <a name="p_127"></a>
+            indirect support of slavery. As the South has loudly
+            complained of Northern interference, this will be taking
+            the planters on their own ground.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Sixth Month, (June) 19th.&#8212;We went on to New
+            Bedford, where, the next day, we called on a number of
+            persons friendly to abolition, and met a large party of
+            them the same evening, at the house of a Friend. A
+            public meeting for worship was appointed during our stay,
+            at the request of a minister of the Society of Friends
+            from Indiana, which we attended. I had the pleasure of
+            witnessing the colored part of the audience, placed on a
+            level, and sitting promiscuously with the white, the only
+            opportunity I had of making such an observation in the
+            United States; as, on ordinary occasions, the colored
+            people rarely attend Friends' meetings. One of the
+            waiters at our hotel told me he had escaped from slavery
+            some years before. The idea of running away had been
+            first suggested to his mind, by reflecting on his hard lot,
+            being over-worked, and kept without a sufficiency of food,
+            and cruelly beaten, while his owner was living in luxury
+            and idleness, on the fruits of his labor. He had been
+            flogged for merely speaking to one of his master's visitors,
+            in reply to a question, because it was suspected he had
+            divulged matter that his master did not wish the stranger
+            to know.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 21st, we arrived at Boston, and stopped at the
+            Marlborough hotel. One of the first things noticed by a
+            visitor to the States is the number and extent of the
+            hotels, almost all of which are on the principle of the
+            English boarding houses. Besides the number of casual
+            visitors in a population which travels from place to place,
+            perhaps more than any other in the world, the hotels are
+            <a name="p_128"></a>
+            the permanent homes of a numerous and important class
+            of unmarried men, engaged in business, and often indeed
+            of young married persons, who choose to avoid expense
+            and the cares of housekeeping. At many, if not most of
+            the hotels, cleanliness, regularity, and order, pervade all
+            the arrangements, and as much comfort is to be found as
+            is compatible with throng and publicity. Still the domestic
+            charm of private life is wanting, and its absence renders
+            the system of constant residence most uncongenial to
+            English habits and feelings. An unsocial reserve lies on
+            the surface of English character, and the love of privacy,
+            or at least of a retirement which can be closed and
+            expanded at will, is an extensive and deep-seated feeling.
+            Yet the Anglo-American, even of the purest descent, has
+            early lost the latter characteristic, while he often retains
+            the first unimpaired. What law governs the hereditary
+            transmission of such traits? Several first rate hotels in
+            New England are strictly on the temperance plan, and
+            among them is the Marlborough, in Boston, the second in
+            extent of business in this important city, and which makes
+            up from one hundred to two hundred beds. No intoxicating
+            liquor of any kind can be had in the house.
+            Printed notices are also hung up in the bed rooms, that it
+            is the established rule to take in no fresh company and
+            to receive no accounts on the first day of the week,
+            and the cooking and other preparations are as much as
+            possible performed before hand, that the servants may
+            enjoy the day of rest, and partake of the moral and
+            Spiritual benefit of a weekly pause from the whirl and
+            turmoil of secular engagements.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had scarcely ventured to hope that I should ever
+            witness a large hotel like this, conducted on such principles;
+            <a name="p_129"></a>
+            but having now seen it, it adds additional strength
+            to my conviction, that in proportion as Christianity is
+            carried out in common life, in the same proportion is the
+            lost happiness of man recovered. Too many in the
+            present day, who are not behind-hand in profession, keep
+            their principles more for show than use. They acknowledge
+            the purity of them, and have some faint perception
+            of their moral beauty, but secretly believe, and sometimes,
+            openly avow them to be impracticable in the present state
+            of the world. They who exhibit proof of the contrary,
+            are benefactors to their fellow men; and among these,
+            justly deserves to be classed Nathaniel Rogers, the
+            proprietor of the Marlborough Hotel, in Boston.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We called upon several of our anti-slavery friends on
+            the day of our arrival, and in the evening, took tea with a
+            number of those who approve of the proceedings of the
+            London Convention, and who concur in the principles of
+            the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The
+            subjects discussed were the time and place of a future
+            convention of the friends of the slave of different nations.
+            London was unanimously approved as the place, and the
+            preponderance of sentiment was in favor of 1842 as the
+            time.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 22d we went on to Lynn. Here are a very
+            considerable number of the Society of Friends, who are
+            desirous of taking part in active anti-slavery exertion,
+            when they can do so without compromise of principle. It
+            is greatly to be regretted that in this vicinity, a few
+            individuals, formerly members of our religious society,
+            have embraced, in connection with their abolition views,
+            the doctrines of non-resistance, or non-government, in
+            church and state, and thus greatly added to the difficulties
+            <a name="p_130"></a>
+            in the way of efficient action on the part of
+            consistent members; but whatever may be the errors
+            and indiscretions of these individuals, they furnish no
+            valid excuse for the apathy and inaction on the part
+            of "Friends," nor lessen, in the slightest degree, their
+            responsibility for the firm and faithful maintenance of
+            our Christian testimony against oppression. We proceeded,
+            the same evening, to Amesbury, where the
+            family of my friend and companion John G. Whittier
+            reside, in whose hospitable and tranquil retreat we
+            remained till the 25th. Here I found myself in a manufacturing
+            district, and paid a visit to a large woollen mill,
+            and was much pleased with the cleanliness and order
+            displayed, and with the evident comfort and prosperity of
+            the working people, who are chiefly young women, none
+            of whom are admitted under sixteen years of age. Any
+            person given to intoxication would be instantly discharged.
+            All the manufactories in this place are joint-stock companies,
+            and the mills are worked by water power, of which
+            there is an abundant supply.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I had agreed, on my return to Boston, to meet my
+            abolition friends at a tea party, and found an entertainment
+            provided from the Marlborough Hotel, in a large room
+            adjoining one of the chapels, on a scale of great profusion,
+            a little to my disappointment, as I had anticipated one of
+            a social rather than of a public character, though I could
+            not but feel the kindness which it was intended to manifest.
+            Charles Stewart Renshaw, from Jamaica, was
+            opportunely present, and his information on the state of
+            that Island added much interest to the evening, the proceedings
+            of which, I hope, gave pretty general satisfaction.
+            In condescension to my wish, my valued friend, Nathaniel
+            <a name="p_131"></a>
+            Colver, suggested to the company to dispense with the
+            usual form of public prayer, and substitute an interval of
+            silence, after the reading of a portion of scripture, which
+            was kindly complied with.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Before leaving Boston, I had a long interview with
+            William Lloyd Garrison. His view of "women's rights"
+            is so far a matter of conscience with him, as to be made
+            an indispensable term of union; yet though widely differing
+            on this, and other important points, we parted, I trust,
+            as we met, on personally friendly terms; and certainly on
+            my part with a desire to promote a spirit of forbearance, and
+            with a deeper and stronger conviction that the friends of
+            the bleeding and oppressed slave, should not spend their
+            strength in unprofitable contention upon points in regard
+            to which both parties claim to act conscientiously, while
+            the common cause requires their undivided energies.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 28th I left Boston for the beautiful town of
+            Worcester, about forty miles distant, on the principal line
+            of railway to New York, where I had the pleasure of
+            visiting, at his own residence, my friend, Cyrus P.
+            Grosvenor, one of the delegates to the Anti-Slavery Convention
+            last year. There are here a considerable number
+            of sincere abolitionists, of whom we met a small company in
+            the evening, in a room used as the Friends' meeting house.
+            I gave them a brief account of the state of the anti-slavery
+            cause in other parts of the world. In company
+            with John M. Earle, editor of one of the Worcester
+            papers, with whom I had formed a previous acquaintance
+            at the Yearly Meeting, I also called on the Governor of
+            the State of Massachusetts, who resides in this place. We
+            had some friendly conversation, but he seemed cautious on
+            the subject of abolition. The temperance cause in Worcester
+            <a name="p_132"></a>
+            has made so much progress that at the three largest
+            and best hotels, which make up nearly one hundred beds
+            each, no intoxicating liquor of any kind is sold. A people
+            thus willing to carry out their convictions, to the sacrifice
+            of prejudice, appetite, and apparent self-interest, cannot
+            long remain a nation of slave-holders. In common with
+            the rest of New England, this town is remarkable for the
+            number, size, and beauty of its places of worship. I calculated,
+            with the aid of a well-informed inhabitant, that if
+            the entire population were to go to a place of worship, at
+            the same hour, in the same day, there would be ample accommodation,
+            and room to spare. Yet here there is no
+            compulsory tax to build churches, and maintain ministers.
+            By the efficacy of the voluntary principle alone is this
+            state of things produced.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My dear friend, John G. Whittier returned home from
+            Worcester on account of increased indisposition, while I
+            proceeded alone to New York. The journey from Boston
+            to the latter city is a remarkably pleasant one. Leaving
+            Boston at four in the afternoon, we proceed on one of
+            the best railways in the States, at the rate of upwards of
+            twenty miles an hour, through a very beautiful and generally
+            well cultivated country, to the city of Norwich, in
+            the State of Connecticut, where the train arrives about
+            eight in the evening, and the passengers immediately
+            embark on a handsome steamer, for New York, enjoying,
+            as long as daylight lasts, the fine scenery on the banks of
+            the Thames. The night I went was moonlight; and,
+            after long enjoying the coolness of the evening on deck,
+            the company retired to their berths, and arrived at New
+            York at the seasonable hour of six the following morning.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I remained in New York until the 7th of the Seventh
+            <a name="p_133"></a>
+            Month (July). My friends, William Shotwell and wife,
+            had left the city during the hot months, but very kindly
+            placed their town house at my service, and I found the
+            retirement thus at my command both refreshing and very
+            serviceable, in enabling me to bring up arrears of writing.
+            During this interval, I spent one very pleasant day with
+            Theodore and Angelina Grimke Weld, and their sister,
+            Sarah Grimke, who reside on a small farm, a few miles
+            from Newark. To the great majority of my readers these
+            names need no introduction; yet, for the benefit of the
+            few, I will briefly allude to their past history. When the
+            American Anti-Slavery Society was formed, in 1833,
+            Theodore D. Weld was at the Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati,
+            Ohio. He was unable to attend on that occasion,
+            but wrote a letter, declaring his entire sympathy with its
+            object. Soon after, through the influence and exertions of
+            himself and Henry B. Stanton, a large majority of the
+            students at Lane Seminary, comprising several slave-holders
+            and sons of slave-holders, became members of an Anti-Slavery
+            Society. The Faculty opposed the formation of
+            this society, and finally expelled its members from the
+            seminary. For two or three years after, Theodore Weld
+            was engaged in anti-slavery effort, principally in the States
+            of Ohio and New York. His voice failed at last, and for
+            several years he was unable to address a public assembly.
+            Angelina Grimke Weld, and her sister, Sarah Grimke,
+            were natives of South Carolina, the daughters of a distinguished
+            Judge of that State; for several years they resided
+            in Philadelphia. Having long felt a deep interest in
+            the condition of the slaves, in the year 1837 they, in accordance
+            with what they believed to be a sense of religious
+            duty, visited New York and New England, to plead the
+            <a name="p_134"></a>
+            cause of those, with whose sorrows, degradation, and cruel
+            sufferings, they had been familiar in their native State.
+            They are evidently women of superior endowments, kind-hearted
+            and energetic, and still retain something of the
+            warmth and fervor of character peculiar to the South.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Few, even of the well informed abolitionists of England,
+            have an adequate idea of the extent, variety, and excellence
+            of the anti-slavery literature of the United States,
+            or of the amount of intellectual power which has been willingly
+            consecrated to this service. Of the cause itself,
+            with all its exigencies, we may adopt, in a yet more limited
+            sense, the sentiment of the Christian poet, on the transient
+            nature of all sublunary things,
+
+         </p>
+         <div class="lg">"These, therefore, are occasional, and pass."<br><br></div>
+         <p>
+            The time approaches when the shackles of the slave
+            will fall off&#8212;when his suffering and despairing cry will
+            be no more heard. Slavery itself is a temporary exigency;
+            but its removal has called, and will yet call
+            forth, works bearing the impress of intellectual supremacy,
+            which will be embodied in the permanent literature of the
+            age, and will contribute to raise the character, and to extend
+            the reputation, of that literature. The names of
+            Channing, Jay, Child, Green, and Pierpont, are already
+            their own passport to fame. Other names might be mentioned;
+            but, one instance excepted, selection might be invidious.
+            That exception is Theodore D. Weld, whose
+            palm of superiority few would be disposed to contest. His
+            principal works are, "The Bible against Slavery;"
+            "Power of Congress over Slavery in the District of
+            Columbia;" and "Slavery as it is."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            All his writings are marked by varied excellence; yet
+            <a name="p_135"></a>
+            their chief characteristic is an irresistible and overwhelming
+            power of argument. Although brief and compressed
+            in style, he exhausts his subject; and his two principal
+            works, though on warmly controverted topics, have never
+            been replied to. He would be a bold antagonist who
+            should enter the lists against him: he would be a yet
+            bolder ally who should attempt to go over the same
+            ground, or to do better what has been done so well.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            One of the most voluminous and popular writers that
+            ever lived, observed to a friend, "that he was more proud
+            of his compositions for manure, than of any other compositions
+            with which he had any concern." My friend, has
+            the same love of rural occupations, and has found severe
+            manual labor essential for the recovery of health, broken
+            by labor of another kind. I found him at work on his
+            farm, driving his own wagon and oxen, with a load of
+            rails. When he had disposed of his freight, we mounted
+            the wagon, and drove to his home. Two or three of his
+            fellow-students at the Lane Seminary arrived about the
+            same time, and we spent the day in agreeable, and, I trust,
+            profitable intercourse. In the household arrangements of
+            this distinguished family, Dr. Graham's dietetic system is
+            rigidly adopted, which excludes meat, butter, coffee, tea,
+            and all intoxicating beverages. I can assure all who may
+            be interested to know, that this Roman simplicity of living
+            does not forbid enjoyment, when the guest can share with
+            it the affluence of such minds as daily meet at their table.
+            The "Graham system," as it is called, numbers many
+            adherents in America, who are decided in its praise.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My friends, Theodore D. and Angelina Weld, and
+            Sarah Grimke, sympathize, to a considerable extent, with
+            the views on "women's rights," held by one section of
+            <a name="p_136"></a>
+            abolitionists; yet they deeply regret that this, or any other
+            extraneous doctrine, should have been made an apple of
+            discord; and, since the rise of these unhappy divisions,
+            they have held aloof from both the anti-slavery organizations,
+            though, as among the most able and successful
+            laborers in the field, they may justly be accounted allies
+            by each party. Difference of opinion on these points did
+            not, for a moment, interrupt the pleasure of our intercourse;
+            and I could not but wish, that those, of whatever
+            party, who are accustomed to judge harshly of all who
+            cannot pronounce their "shibboleth," might be instructed
+            by the candid, charitable, and peace-loving deportment of
+            Theodore D. Weld.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            During my visit to New York, I became acquainted
+            with many who were deeply interested in the abolition
+            cause, not a few of whom were members of my own
+            religious society. Among these, I may particularly
+            mention my venerable friends, Richard Mott and Samuel
+            Parsons. I paid a second visit to the residence of the
+            latter at Flushing, but regret to say, I found him too
+            unwell to enjoy company.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_24"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_24"></a> His sons are anxiously
+            <a name="p_137"></a>
+            desirous of furthering the abolition cause on every suitable
+            occasion. One evening I spent with a respectable
+            minister, who is a man of color, and who assured me that
+            most of the intelligent persons of his class in New York
+            approve of the course pursued by the late Convention in
+            London, and the Committee of the British and Foreign
+            Anti-Slavery Society. I saw at his house a man who had
+            purchased his freedom for twelve hundred dollars, intending
+            to remain in the same State, but, as in a precisely
+            similar case already noticed, he afterwards found he had
+            no alternative but to emigrate, leaving his still enslaved
+            family behind him, or to be again sold into slavery
+            himself, under the laws enacted to drive out free people
+            of color. He was trying to raise the large sum of fourteen
+            hundred dollars, to purchase his wife and four children.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_24"></a><a href="#FootFN1_24">A</a>: This illness
+            terminated fatally. One of his intimate friends in this country,
+            has favored me with the following communication respecting him.
+            "Samuel Parsons had been from early life, a warm friend to the
+            African race; his love of peace rendered him at the first
+            accessible to prejudice against the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+            through the misrepresentations respecting its violent and rash
+            measures; which misrepresentations it was much more easy to believe
+            than to investigate. Yet his interest for the negro and colored
+            population of the United States continued, and he extended
+            acts of protection and kindness towards them, whenever opportunity
+            for it was afforded. In the Eleventh Month, last year, I find
+            the following paragraph in one of his letters to us, viz. 'Though
+            sensible that I am drawing towards the close of time, I cannot
+            avoid taking a deep interest in the moral reformation, relative to
+            slavery and intemperance, which is progressing in the earth; my
+            son Robert and I look at these publications as they appear, with
+            deep solicitude. The proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention
+            of the world, and its movements, are of great moment to the whole
+            civilized world. The anti-slavery cause, has not, I fear, advanced
+            much the last year; the separation in the National Society, and the
+            truckling to the South of the politicians of both sides, during the
+            late Presidential election, has for a time marred the work; but the
+            anti-slavery banner of a third party is still displayed, and it will
+            probably continue to nominate till it seriously influences the
+            elections. In the mean time, the individual States, one after another,
+            are freeing the colored people from part of their civil disabilities.
+            A hard battle is to be fought, but mighty is truth, and must
+            prevail.'"
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "The fourth of July," the anniversary of the independence
+            of the United States, fell this year on the first day of
+            the week, and was therefore celebrated the day following.
+            It is still marked by extravagant demonstrations of joy, and
+            <a name="p_138"></a>
+            often disgraced by scenes of intemperance and demoralization.
+            The better part of the community wisely
+            counteract the evil, to a great extent, by holding, on the
+            same day, temperance meetings, school examinations,
+            opening their places of worship, et cet. I accompanied
+            my friend Lewis Tappan to attend an anti-slavery meeting
+            at Newark, in which Theodore Weld was expected to
+            take a part for the first time after an interval of five years'
+            discontinuance of public speaking. Several years before,
+            he had been carried away by the stream in crossing a
+            river, and had very narrowly escaped drowning. This
+            accident caused an affection of the throat, and eventually
+            disqualified him for public labor except with the pen, to
+            which, though deemed a great loss at the time by his
+            fellow-laborers in the anti-slavery cause, we probably owe
+            the invaluable works before referred to. It was on the
+            same anniversary, five years ago, that he had spoken last,
+            a circumstance to which he made a touching allusion: he
+            spoke very impressively for more than half an hour without
+            serious inconvenience, and I hope it may please
+            Providence to restore his ability to plead, as he was wont
+            to do with great power, for the cause of the oppressed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the afternoon there was a public examination of the
+            scholars belonging to the place of worship in which the
+            preceding meeting was held, and in connection with this a
+            little incident occurred, which may serve to illustrate the
+            state of public feeling. Newark, from its extensive trade
+            with the south, is much under pro-slavery influence. But
+            the congregation of this chapel are generally anti-slavery,
+            and have several colored children in their school. One of
+            these, a little black girl, was qualified to take part in the
+            public examination; but this, in the estimation of some
+            <a name="p_139"></a>
+            of the parents of white scholars, and several even of the
+            trustees, could not be borne. Others, on the contrary,
+            resolved to battle with the prejudice of caste, and to call
+            for her, if she were not brought forward; and, finally, I
+            suppose, by way of compromise, she was brought on the
+            platform to recite alone, after the little scholars who could
+            rejoice in the aristocratic complexion had performed their
+            parts, without suffering the indignity of a public association
+            with a colored child. Even this was, however,
+            considered a victory by the anti-prejudice party.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I left on the seventh for Niagara, being desirous to see
+            the celebrated Falls, and to visit some friends living in the
+            western part of this State, as well as to find relief from
+            the oppressive and tropical heat. I hoped also to fall in
+            with my friends and fellow laborers, J. and M. Candler,
+            who had gone with a party in the same direction. I need
+            not describe a route so often traversed by Europeans.
+            One of its agreeable incidents was an accidental meeting
+            with John Curtis, of Ohio, on his way, on a free trade
+            mission, to Great Britain, from motives which I believe to
+            be disinterested and philanthropic. His labors, which are
+            principally intended to show the evils of our taxes upon
+            food, will not be in vain; though he will find many in
+            England, as I found in America, who have no ear for
+            truth when it opposes their prejudices or imaginary self-interest.
+            He gave me a most cheering account of the
+            march of abolition in Ohio, and said he had lately attended
+            a meeting held at the invitation of the abolitionists, on
+            the 5th of July, at which there were three thousand
+            persons, who had come to the place of meeting in nine
+            hundred vehicles of different kinds. He said he had
+            never witnessed a more enthusiastic meeting. Another
+            <a name="p_140"></a>
+            gentleman and his wife made themselves known to me, in
+            the railway carriage, as warm abolitionists, and spoke
+            favorably of the prospects of the cause in this part of the
+            State of New York. The gentleman said he had lately
+            had a discussion with a deacon of a church he attended,
+            who defended the admission of slave-holders to the communion.
+            On being asked, however, whether he would
+            admit sheep-stealers, he acknowledged this was not so
+            great a crime as man-stealing, and pleaded no further in
+            favor of church-fellowship with slave-holders.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The journey from New York to the Falls of Niagara,
+            a distance of 480 miles, is performed in about forty-eight
+            hours, and when the railway communication is further
+            completed, and the speed raised to the standard of the
+            best English lines, it will probably be accomplished in less
+            than thirty hours. The railway passed for many miles
+            through the original forest, in which I observed very lofty
+            trees, but none of an extraordinary girth. In many places
+            the ground was crowded with fallen trees, in every stage
+            of decay. I found my friends at the Eagle Hotel, at
+            Niagara, where I remained till the twelfth, enjoying with
+            them the views and scenery of "the Falls," a spectacle
+            of nature in her grandest aspect, which mocks the limited
+            capacity of man to conceive or to describe.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the eleventh, being the first day of the week, we
+            held a meeting for worship, at our hotel, and were joined
+            by an Irish lady and her three daughters, who had been
+            living here some months. This lady told me she was
+            present when M'Leod was arrested in this hotel. From
+            all I have been able to learn, there are a number of
+            reckless men on both sides the border line, who are
+            anxious to foment war for the sake of plunder; but the
+            <a name="p_141"></a>
+            great bulk of the American people, I am persuaded, are
+            for peace, and especially for peace with England, a feeling
+            which time is strengthening.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the twelfth, our whole party left for Buffalo, by
+            railway, getting a transient view of Lake Ontario before
+            entering the city. Here we parted company, they proceeding
+            to Toronto, by steam packet, and I to Syracuse
+            by coach. The American vehicle of this name, carries
+            nine inside passengers on three cross seats. It is hung on
+            leather springs, so as to be fitted to maintain the shocks of
+            a <i>corduroy</i> road. Wishing to see the
+            country, I mounted
+            the box, by the side of the coachman, but at times had
+            some difficulty in retaining my seat. The value of land
+            in this part of the country, when cleared and in cultivation,
+            I understood to be from thirty to fifty dollars per
+            acre. A large breadth of wheat is grown, of which the
+            yield is generally good; but this year there will be, in
+            many cases, a short crop, from the extreme drought in the
+            two preceding months. I went forward from Syracuse to
+            Rochester by railway, and thence, with the exception
+            of twelve miles by coach, by the same conveyance to
+            Auburn, where we arrived at two o'clock in the morning.
+            One of my fellow-passengers had been a soldier in the
+            so-called "patriot" army, which enlisted against Santa
+            Anna, in the revolt of Texas. He stated, that some
+            planters were emigrating from Mississippi, with as many
+            as two hundred "hands," (slaves,) and plainly said, it was
+            intended to plant the Anglo-Saxon flag on the walls of
+            Mexico. If half what he asserted was true, the worst
+            apprehensions of the abolitionists are too likely to be
+            realized by the Texian revolution, and the establishment
+            of a new slave-holding power on the vast territory
+            <a name="p_142"></a>
+            claimed by that piratical band of robbers, and forming the
+            South-western frontier of the United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            At Auburn I paid a visit to the celebrated State
+            Prison, and though, from want of time to call upon a
+            gentleman in the city for whom I had a letter, I was
+            unprovided with an introduction, I was politely admitted
+            by the superintendent, who refused to receive the fee
+            customarily paid by visitors, when he found, from the
+            entry of my name and address, I was an Englishman. I
+            passed through the different workshops, in which nearly
+            all handicraft trades are carried on, and very superior work
+            is frequently executed by the prisoners. Besides other
+            less complicated machines, one complete locomotive
+            engine has been constructed within these walls. As the
+            system of discipline adopted here is the same as at Sing
+            Sing, also in this State, I defer for the present, any
+            remarks upon its character and success.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I left Auburn, in a hired carriage, for Skaneateles, to
+            pay a visit to my friend, James Cannings Fuller. He has
+            a rich farm of 156 acres, with a good house upon it, about
+            a quarter of a mile west of the large and flourishing village
+            of Skaneateles, which overlooks a beautiful lake of the
+            same name, sixteen miles in length, and in some places
+            two miles wide. James C. Fuller left England about
+            seven years ago, and has carried his abolition principles
+            with him to his adopted country. He told me that there
+            had been a great change for the better in the public mind
+            since his residence in this neighborhood. Abolitionism
+            was once so unpopular, that he has been mobbed four
+            times in his own otherwise quiet village. On one occasion
+            he was engaged in a public discussion on slavery,
+            and a mob so much disturbed the meeting, by the throwing
+            <a name="p_143"></a>
+            of shot, and yells the most discordant the human voice
+            could make, that his opponent moved an adjournment,
+            and afterwards accompanied him on his way to his own
+            house, with many other persons, as a body-guard. They
+            were followed by a large number of other persons, who
+            attempted to throw him down, and were very free in the
+            use of missiles and mud; the mob were so vociferous,
+            that their shoutings were heard two and a half miles
+            distant, many persons leaving their houses to endeavor to
+            ascertain the cause of such an uproar. On James C.
+            Fuller's entering his house, the mob surrounded his parlor
+            windows, and these would, most probably, have been
+            smashed in pieces, and the building defaced, had not one
+            of the assailants been seized with a fit, and in that state
+            conveyed into James C. Fuller's parlor, where he lay
+            insensible for three quarters of an hour. This sudden
+            seizure diverted the attention of the mob from my friend
+            and his property to their own companion.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            James C. Fuller informed me that mobs in America
+            are generally, if not always, instigated by "persons of
+            property and standing;" and the most blameable, in his
+            case, were not those who yelled, et cet., et cet., but others
+            who prompted the outrage. Happily this state of things
+            is now altered: as much order and decorum, with fixed
+            attention, is now witnessed at an abolition lecture as at
+            any other lecture; and a colored man can now collect a
+            larger meeting in Skaneateles than a white man, and the
+            behavior of the audience is attentive, kind, and respectful.
+            My friend, John Candler, who was here a fortnight before
+            me, collected a large assembly to hear his account of the
+            effects of emancipation in our West India Islands, and many
+            expressed themselves much gratified with his narrative.
+
+         </p><a name="p_144"></a><p>
+            Being anxious to proceed to Peterboro', to visit Gerrit
+            Smith, I accepted James C. Fuller's kind offer to take me
+            in his carriage. The distance is nearly fifty miles, and the
+            roads were, in some parts, very rough; but they intersect
+            a fine country. Much wheat is grown in many places,
+            and here the crop appeared generally good.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Having started rather late in the afternoon, we were
+            benighted before we reached Manlius Square, where we
+            lodged. Though my kind friend would not permit me
+            to pay my share of the bill, yet, to gratify my curiosity,
+            he communicated the particulars of the charge, as follows:
+            Half a bushel of oats for the horses, 25 cents; supper for
+            two persons, 25 cents; two beds, 25 cents; hay and
+            stable-room for the two horses, 25 cents; total, one dollar,
+            or about 4s. 2d. sterling.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We arrived at Peterboro' early the following morning,
+            where I remained till the sixteenth, at the house of Gerrit
+            Smith. He was once a zealous supporter of the Colonization
+            Society, but when convinced of the evil character
+            and tendency of that scheme, he withdrew from it, and became
+            a warm and able advocate of the immediate abolition
+            of slavery. He is one of the few Americans who have
+            inherited large property from their parents, and he has contributed
+            to this cause with princely munificence. Gerrit
+            Smith and Arthur Tappan have, each on one or more occasions
+            given single donations of ten thousand dollars (upwards
+            of two thousand pounds sterling) to promote anti-slavery
+            objects. His wife, Ann Carroll Smith, who is a
+            native of Maryland, and his daughter, an only child, share
+            in my valued friend's ardent sympathy for the sufferings of
+            the slave. During my stay, he received a letter from
+            Samuel Worthington, of Mississippi, who held in slavery
+            <a name="p_145"></a>
+            Harriet Russell. Harriet was formerly the slave of Ann
+            Carroll Smith, having been given to her when they were
+            both children. Ann C. Smith was but twelve years old
+            when, with her father's family, she removed from Maryland
+            to New York. Harriet was left in Maryland.
+            Shortly after Ann C. Smith's marriage, and when she was
+            about eighteen years of age, her brother, James Fitzhugh,
+            of Maryland, wrote to ask her to give Harriet to him,
+            stating that she was, or was about to be, married to his
+            slave, Samuel Russell. She consented: and her brother
+            soon after emigrated to Kentucky, taking Samuel and
+            Harriet with him. After this Samuel and Harriet were
+            repeatedly sold.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Some years ago, Gerrit and Ann C. Smith having become
+            deeply impressed with the great sin of slavery, were
+            anxious to learn what had become of Harriet. But they
+            did not succeed in ascertaining her residence, until the
+            letter received during my visit informed them of it, and
+            which also stated that Harriet and her husband were
+            living, and that they had several children. The price put
+            upon the family was four thousand dollars.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            James C. Fuller having kindly offered to go into Kentucky,
+            where Samuel Worthington then resided, to negotiate
+            with him for the purchase of the family, G. Smith
+            gladly accepted the offer of one so well qualified for this
+            undertaking. James C. Fuller succeeded in purchasing
+            the family for three thousand five hundred dollars,
+            exclusive of his travelling expenses, and those of the
+            slave family, which amounted to about two hundred
+            and eighty dollars. He has published a very interesting
+            account of his journey, in a letter addressed to myself,
+            from which some extracts are given in the
+            Appendix.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_25"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_25"></a> Eighteen
+            <a name="p_146"></a>
+            months ago, G. and A.C. Smith united
+            with other children of her father, the late Col. Fitzhugh, in
+            purchasing, at the cost of four thousand dollars, the liberty
+            of ten slaves, who, or their parents, were among the slaves
+            of Colonel Fitzhugh when he left Maryland. I have
+            recently learned that they are negotiating the purchase of
+            the liberty of other slaves, who formerly belonged to
+            Colonel Fitzhugh. It is nearly seven years since Gerrit
+            Smith and his family adopted the practice of total abstinence
+            from all slave produce, thus additionally manifesting
+            the sincerity of those convictions which have induced him
+            to contribute so largely of his wealth both to the anti-slavery
+            funds, and for the liberation of all slaves with
+            which his family property had the most remote connection.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_25"></a><a href="#FootFN1_25">A</a>: See Appendix I.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Here, I had some expectation of again meeting my
+            friend, James G. Birney, who was gone on a journey to
+            Ohio, and is well known to English abolitionists, by his
+            able assistance at the great Anti-Slavery Convention, as
+            one of its vice-presidents, and by his subsequent labors,
+            which are thus acknowledged, on his return to America,
+            by the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+            Society:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "That this committee are deeply sensible of the services
+               rendered to the anti-slavery cause by their esteemed
+               friend and coadjutor, James Gillespie Birney, Esq., whilst
+               in this country, in a course of laborious efforts, in which
+               his accurate and extensive information, his wise and judicious
+               counsels, and his power of calm and convincing
+               statement, have become eminently conspicuous.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The committee also take the present occasion to
+               <a name="p_147"></a>
+               record their sense of his zealous and disinterested labors in
+               defence of the rights of outraged humanity in his own
+               country, during a period of great excitement and opposition:
+               and of the proof he has given of his sincerity, in
+               having twice manumitted the slaves that had come into his
+               possession; a noble example, which they trust others will
+               not be slow to follow."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Whilst J.G. Birney was in this country, in addition to
+            his arduous labors, in addressing large assemblies in many
+            of the cities of the United Kingdom, he prepared and
+            published his excellent work, "The American Churches
+            the Bulwark of American Slavery," which is eminently
+            deserving of the attentive perusal of all Christian readers.
+            The estimation in which James G. Birney is held by
+            American abolitionists, is marked by his having been twice
+            unanimously selected by the "Liberty Party," as a candidate
+            for the Presidential chair.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I found G. Smith as much interested in the subject of
+            temperance, as in that of slavery. No person in the
+            whole of the township in which he lives is licensed to sell
+            drams. For an innkeeper to sell a glass of spirits, or
+            even of strong beer, is illegal, and exposes him to a heavy
+            fine.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The next morning I left early for Utica, where I had
+            the pleasure of again meeting the friends I had parted
+            from at Buffalo, with whom I paid a visit to the Oneida
+            Institute, about two miles from Utica. This college was
+            the first in the United States to throw open its doors to
+            students, irrespective of color. It was also one of the earliest
+            institutions to combine manual labor with instruction.
+            The principle is adopted partly from a motive of economy,
+            but principally because intellectual vigor is believed to depend
+            <a name="p_148"></a>
+            on bodily health, and that these can be best secured
+            and preserved by exercise and labor, especially out of door
+            and agricultural employments. The labor of the students
+            defrays a considerable part of the expense of their support,
+            but as the severe pressure of the times has limited
+            the means of many liberal benefactors of Oneida, the establishment,
+            which usually comprises one hundred young
+            men, is now limited to about one-third of the number.
+            Several of these are colored. The Oberlin Institute in
+            Ohio is on a much larger scale than this, and is on an
+            equally liberal footing with regard to color. I much regretted
+            being unable, from want of time, to comply with
+            the urgent request of my friend, Wm. Dawes and others,
+            to visit this important and interesting establishment. The
+            number of students at Oberlin last year was five hundred
+            and sixty, including those in the department for females.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I was much pleased to have the opportunity of becoming
+            further acquainted with the President of Oneida,
+            Beriah Green, and with his friend, Wm. Goodell, who resides
+            in the neighborhood. Their names will be reverenced
+            by the abolitionists of America as long as the memory
+            of anti-slavery efforts shall survive. Before we left,
+            we had an opportunity of meeting the students together,
+            who appeared much interested with my friend John
+            Candler's details of the results of emancipation in Jamaica.
+            I was disappointed in not finding at home Alvan Stewart,
+            one of the ablest and most zealous friends of the Anti-Slavery
+            cause; but Beriah Green kindly accompanied me
+            to call upon several of their abolition friends in the city.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            My limited time prevented my paying a visit to Henry
+            B. Stanton, who was residing not far from Utica, and
+            whose acquaintance I had the pleasure of making in England.
+            <a name="p_149"></a>
+            He also will be remembered for his able assistance
+            at the Convention, and by his eloquent addresses at public
+            meetings in this country. The following record of his services
+            is made by the Committee of the British and
+            Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "That this Committee, in taking leave of their friend
+               and fellow-laborer in the cause of universal emancipation,
+               Henry Brewster Stanton, Esq., record their high estimate
+               of the valuable services rendered by him to that cause,
+               whilst in Great Britain, by his eloquent and powerful advocacy;
+               and, in tendering him their thanks, they express
+               their sincere desire for his success in the great work to
+               which he has devoted himself."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The name of Henry B. Stanton previously occurs in
+            conjunction with that of Theodore D. Weld, as having left
+            Lane Seminary with many other students, rather than be
+            silent on the abolition question: becoming from that time
+            a strenuous and powerful anti-slavery advocate.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I proceeded in the evening to Albany, and thence to
+            New York the next morning; where I remained from the
+            17th to the 26th instant, and, during this time, I put in
+            circulation the following address:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Members of the Religious Society of Friends
+                  in the United States of America</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Dear Friends,&#8212;Having for many years believed
+               it my duty to devote a considerable portion of my time
+               and attention to the promotion of the abolition of slavery
+               and the slave-trade, I have acted in cordial co-operation
+               with the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society since
+               its formation. The principles of that Society may be
+               briefly explained by the following extract from its constitution:
+               <a name="p_150"></a>
+               'That so long as slavery exists, there is no reasonable
+               prospect of the annihilation of the slave-trade, and
+               of extinguishing the sale and barter of human beings:
+               that the extinction of slavery and the slave-trade will be
+               attained most effectually by the employment of those
+               means which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character:
+               and that no measures be resorted to by this society
+               in the prosecution of their objects, but such as are in entire
+               accordance with these principles.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "My visit to this country had reference, in a great
+               measure, to the objects for which this society was established;
+               but, although I left my native land with the
+               general approbation and full unity of my friends, they
+               concurred with me in opinion, that any <em>official</em> document,
+               beyond a certificate from 'my monthly meeting,'
+               expressive of sympathy with my engagement, might
+               rather obstruct than promote the end I had in view. I
+               was desirous of a personal interchange of sentiment with
+               many of the abolitionists in this land, upon matters having
+               an important bearing upon our future exertions. The
+               warm attachment which I have ever felt to the religious
+               society with which I am connected, and the ready co-operation
+               of its members with their Christian neighbors in
+               promoting this cause in Great Britain, inclined me to
+               embrace every suitable opportunity to communicate with
+               Friends in this country. And I have been encouraged,
+               not only by the great personal kindness I have received
+               from them generally, but also by the lively interest
+               expressed by most, on the subject of emancipation,
+               wherever I have introduced it.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "A further acquaintance with Friends in the compass
+               of the three or four 'Yearly Meetings,' in which my lot
+               <a name="p_151"></a>
+               has been cast, and my inquiries respecting the state of the
+               other Yearly Meetings, has convinced me that a large
+               number of their most consistent members, including many
+               aged and universally respected Friends, are desirous of
+               embracing every right opening, both individually and
+               collectively, for the promotion of the abolition cause.
+               And while they are fully aware that there are reasons
+               growing out of the existing state of things, which render
+               great circumspection necessary, they can see no good
+               ground for believing that the manner in which Friends of
+               this country, of a former generation, labored for the
+               liberation of the slave, was not under the guidance of
+               the Spirit of truth.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "This is now the course pursued by Friends generally
+               in England. That there may be no misapprehension as
+               to the conduct of Friends, with regard to this subject, in
+               Great Britain, I may mention, that I am the bearer of a
+               document expressive of unity with my visit, signed by
+               William Allen, Josiah Forster, William Forster, George
+               Stacey, Samuel Fox, George W. Alexander, and Robert
+               Forster, who declare themselves fellow members with
+               myself of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee.
+               This committee is composed of persons of various
+               religious denominations, amongst whom it will be seen are
+               many of the prominent members of our meeting for sufferings.
+               Upon the list of delegates to the late Anti-Slavery
+               Convention, in London, are the names of nearly one hundred
+               well known Friends, including those of four who are,
+               or have been clerks of the yearly meeting; and the present
+               clerk of that meeting, my esteemed friend, George Stacey,
+               took an active part, and rendered essential service in the
+               Convention. The meeting house in Gracechurch Street
+               <a name="p_152"></a>
+               was freely granted by Friends in London, who have
+               charge of it, for the use of the Convention, and the
+               concluding sittings of that body were held in it.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "In fact, Friends generally in England think it their
+               duty to render every aid in their power to the anti-slavery
+               cause, whether in their collective capacity, or individually
+               uniting with their fellow-citizens, when they can do so
+               without any compromise of our religious principles and
+               testimonies. I speak more explicitly on this point, because
+               I have ascertained with much concern, that there is an
+               influential portion of the Society, including, I have no
+               doubt, some sincere abolitionists, who have been so fearful
+               that the testimonies of the Society might suffer by any
+               union with others, that they have not only avoided such
+               a co-operation themselves, but have dissuaded those of
+               their brethren, who have believed it incumbent upon them
+               to act otherwise; and in one 'Yearly Meeting,' at least,
+               I have too much reason to fear they have tacitly, if not
+               actively sanctioned the omission of the names of Friends
+               on meeting appointments,&#8212;however consistent in their
+               conduct, and concerned for the welfare of the society&#8212;simply
+               because they have felt it their duty to act with
+               persons of other denominations in promoting the abolition
+               of slavery; thus, in appearance at least, throwing the
+               whole weight and influence of the society, in its collective
+               capacity, against a movement, which, although doubtless
+               partaking of the imperfections attendant upon all human
+               instrumentality, has already aroused the whole country to
+               a sense of the wrongs of the slave, and secured to the
+               nominally free colored citizens, in many of the States,
+               rights of which they have been so long and so unjustly
+               deprived.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_153"></a>
+               "Though I can hardly expect that any thing from
+               one entertaining my view of the subject, can have much
+               weight with those Friends, who, with a full understanding
+               of the heavy responsibility they were assuming, have
+               discountenanced anti-slavery exertions, and the use of our
+               meeting houses, even by consistent members, for the
+               purpose of giving information on the
+               subject:<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_26"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_26"></a> yet, as it
+               has occasioned me no small degree of anxiety, both in
+               reference to the anti-slavery cause, and the Society of
+               Friends itself, I believe I cannot return to my native
+               land with peace of mind, without earnestly and affectionately
+               pressing upon such Friends, the great importance
+               of a careful examination of the ground which they have
+               taken. Our unwearied adversary is sometimes permitted
+               to lead us into the most fearful errors, when he assumes
+               the appearance of an angel of light. And is there not
+               great danger, in encouraging the young and inexperienced
+               to suppose that the maintenance of any of our testimonies
+               may be neglected, except when we feel a Divine intimation
+               to uphold them, and may it not open the door to
+               great laxity in our practice? While I fully believe that
+               the true disciple of Christ will be favored with the immediate
+               guidance of the Holy Spirit whenever it is needful
+               to direct his steps; it appears to me especially important,
+               that, in matters of self-sacrifice and conflicting with our
+               <a name="p_154"></a>
+               worldly interest or reputation, we should guard against
+               being deluded into a neglect of duty, by waiting for this
+               direct Divine intimation, where the path of duty is obvious
+               and clearly understood, and when testimonies are concerned,
+               which we have long considered it our duty, on all
+               occasions, to support. If, under such a view of the subject,
+               we do believe it our duty to cease to act ourselves,
+               and discourage our brethren from laboring in the cause of
+               the slave; a close self-examination surely is needful, in
+               order to ascertain if we are consistently carrying out the
+               same principle in our daily walk in life&#8212;in our mercantile
+               transactions&#8212;our investments of property&#8212;in our connection
+               with public institutions,&#8212;and with political
+               parties.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_26"></a><a href="#FootFN1_26">A</a>: "It is right to state, that I was
+               much encouraged by the
+               lively expression of sympathy in the anti-slavery cause in the
+               Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and New York: that at the former
+               place Friends opened a room at the meeting house for my friend
+               John Candler to give some information on the subject, and at New
+               York the large meeting house was not only readily granted to him
+               and me for the same purpose, but the clerks of the Yearly Meeting
+               kindly gave notice and invited Friends to attend."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "It should be borne in perpetual recollection, that
+               we are in no small danger of shrinking from a faithful
+               maintenance of those testimonies which are unpopular
+               with the world, as well as of not seeing our own neglect
+               of duty, while censuring the zeal or supposed indiscretion
+               of others. Besides, if this good cause be really endangered
+               by popular excitement, and the indiscretion of its
+               imprudent advocates, the obligation of consistent Friends
+               to be found at their posts, faithfully maintaining the testimony
+               of truth on its behalf, is greatly increased; and it
+               is under such circumstances that I think I have seen the
+               peculiar advantage and protection to our young friends in
+               England, of having their elder brethren with them, aiding
+               them by their sympathy, as well as by their advice and
+               counsel. I am persuaded that those who are called to
+               occupy the foremost ranks in society cannot be too careful
+               not to impose a burden upon tender consciences, by discouraging,
+               either directly or indirectly, a course of conduct
+               <a name="p_155"></a>
+               which is sanctioned by the precepts and examples of our
+               Divine Master, lest they alienate from us some of His
+               disciples, and thereby greatly injure the society they are
+               so laudably anxious to 'keep unspotted from the world.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "We are told, on the highest authority, that 'by their
+               fruits' we are to judge of the laborers in the Christian
+               vineyard; and, while I am fully aware of the greater
+               difficulties in the way of emancipation <em>here</em>, as compared
+               with Great Britain, I have been almost irresistibly led to
+               contrast the difference in the results of the course pursued
+               by Friends in the two countries. In America, during the
+               last twenty-five years, it is evident that slavery and the
+               slave-trade have greatly increased; and even where the
+               members of our society are the most numerous and influential,
+               the prejudice against color is as strong as in any
+               part of the world,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_27"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_27"></a> and Friends themselves, in many
+               places, are by no means free from this prejudice. In
+               Great Britain, Friends, by society action, and by uniting
+               with their fellow-countrymen, not only contributed, under
+               Providence, in no small degree, to the passage of the act
+               of 1834, for the abolition of slavery in the British West
+               Indies; but, when it was found that the system of
+               apprenticeship which this act introduced, was made an
+               instrument of cruel oppression to the slaves, a renewal of
+               similar labors for about twelve months, resulted in the
+               <em>complete</em> emancipation of our colored brethren in those
+               colonies.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_27"></a><a href="#FootFN1_27">A</a>: "I should, I believe,
+               do wrong to conceal the sorrow which I
+               have felt that the scheme of African colonization, the great support
+               of which, at the present time, appears to be hostility to anti-slavery
+               efforts and an unchristian prejudice against color, still has the
+               sympathy and the active aid of some members of our
+               society."
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_156"></a>
+               "In closing this letter, I wish to address a few words to
+               that numerous and valuable class of Friends, previously
+               alluded to, with whom I deeply sympathize, who are only
+               deterred from more active exertion by their reluctance to
+               give dissatisfaction to those whom they respect. The
+               sorrow which I feel, under the consideration that, in parting
+               with many of you, we never probably shall meet again
+               in mutability, is softened by the persuasion, that the
+               difficulties by which you are surrounded are lessening, and
+               that some who are now opposing you, will, ere long, join
+               you in efforts, which shall remove from the minds, both of
+               abolitionists and slave-holders, the belief so generally entertained,
+               that the Society of Friends in this country are not
+               earnestly engaged for the <em>total and immediate</em>
+               abolition of slavery. No one regrets more than myself that any friends
+               to the cause of abolition should connect other topics with
+               it, which, however suitable to be discussed on their own
+               merits, must necessarily interfere with this simple and momentous
+               object. You are aware of some of the circumstances
+               which may have led to the state of feeling, with
+               many in our society, which we so much deplore. And it
+               is my fervent desire that none of you, in any steps you
+               may consider it your duty to take, may afford just cause
+               of uneasiness, by any compromise of Christian principle,
+               any improper harshness of language, or by the introduction
+               of any subject not strictly belonging to the anti-slavery
+               cause. Your situation is one of peculiar difficulty and
+               delicacy. Both from a regard to your own religious
+               society and the suffering slave, you have need to exercise
+               great watchfulness, and to cultivate feelings of brotherly
+               love and that 'charity which suffereth long, and is kind.'
+               The beautiful example of John Woolman, in this respect,
+               <a name="p_157"></a>
+               is worthy of your imitation. His labors were, for years,
+               far less encouraged by the leading influences of society
+               than your own at the present time; yet we find, in reading
+               his invaluable journal, no traces of bitterness or
+               uncharitable feeling.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Finally, dear friends of all classes,&#8212;In thus freely
+               addressing you, I have written, not only with a strong
+               attachment to our religious society, but, I trust, under a
+               feeling of a degree of that love, which is not confined to
+               geographical boundaries, or affected by color or by clime.
+               The prayer of my heart is, that each of you may be willing
+               to be made instrumental, in the Divine Hand, in faithfully
+               maintaining our Christian testimony against slavery;
+               bearing in mind, that the labors of your ancestors have
+               greatly increased your responsibility, by separating you
+               from those influences which so deaden the feelings and
+               harden the heart against the claims of our brethren in
+               bonds. May these considerations, viewed in connection
+               with the difficulties which obstruct the progress of emancipation
+               in this land, stimulate you to increased exertion;
+               and when you are summoned to the bar of that final tribunal,
+               towards which we are all hastening, may you have
+               the inexpressible consolation of reflecting, that you have
+               performed all you could towards 'undoing the heavy
+               burden and letting the oppressed go free.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "I am, very sincerely,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Your friend,
+               <br>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>"New York, Seventh Month 17th, 1841."</p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The above letter so fully embodies my view of the
+            state of the Society in reference to the anti-slavery cause,
+            <a name="p_158"></a>
+            that I shall think it needless, after a few general observations,
+            again recur to this subject. I feel bound to acknowledge
+            that this public mode of making my sentiments
+            known was disapproved by some Friends; yet of all the
+            objections that were made to the proceeding, none tended
+            to impugn the accuracy of my representation of the existing
+            state of things. This is approved by some, and
+            deplored by others, but my statement has not been denied
+            by any. In consequence of a remonstrance made to me
+            on special grounds in the kindest and most Christian manner
+            by two beloved friends, I felt called upon to subject
+            my motives and conduct, in issuing such an address, to
+            deliberate reconsideration; and the result was, that I not
+            only felt myself clear of just censure, but that in no other
+            way could I have discharged my duty according to my
+            own interpretation of its dictates. Of other objectors, I
+            may add, that simply to enumerate their reasons, stated to
+            me in private conference, would be the severest public
+            animadversion that could be made, either on the individuals
+            themselves, or on the Society whose views they professed
+            to represent.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the present state of this great controversy, the abolitionists
+            may justly say, "he that is not with us, is
+            against us," while the pro-slavery party can witness, "he
+            that is not against us, is on our side." Hence the praise
+            bestowed on the neutrality of the Society of Friends by
+            the great slave-holding senator, Henry Clay. Hence also
+            the suspicious compliments of the late President Van
+            Buren, the first act of whose administration was a pledge
+            to refuse his signature to any bill for the abolition of
+            slavery in the District of Columbia. I fear it is undeniable
+            that in the last eight years the collective influence
+            <a name="p_159"></a>
+            of the Society has been thrown into the pro-slavery scale,
+            and this notwithstanding the existence of much diffused
+            and passive sympathy and right feeling on behalf of the
+            slave, in the breasts of probably a large majority of individual
+            members. The abolitionists of the United States
+            have been treated by too many influential Friends, as well
+            as by the leading professors of other denominations, as a
+            party whose contact is contamination; yet to a bystander
+            it is plainly obvious that the true grounds of
+            offence are not always those ostensibly alleged, but the
+            activity, zeal, and success with which they have cleared
+            themselves of participation in other men's sins, and by
+            which they have condemned the passive acquiescence of
+            a society making a high profession of anti-slavery principles.
+            I do not intend to defend all the proceedings of
+            the anti-slavery societies. That they have sometimes
+            erred in judgment and action,&#8212;that they have had unworthy
+            men among their members, I have little doubt.
+            But, the same objections might have been raised to the
+            old anti-slavery societies, in which the leading Friends of
+            the United States took an active part with their neighbors
+            of other denominations, and, with far greater force against
+            the Colonization Society, which is patronized, even to
+            this day, both by individual members and by at least one
+            Meeting of Sufferings.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_28"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_28"></a> The causes that have produced
+            the state of things I have attempted to describe, derive
+            their origin, I believe, from one source&#8212;inaction. After
+            the Society of Friends had purified itself from slave-holding,
+            it gradually subsided into a state of rest, and
+            finally lapsed into lethargy and indifference on this
+            <a name="p_160"></a>
+            question. In the world we live in, evil is the quick and
+            spontaneous growth, while good is the forced and difficult
+            culture. Good principles can only be preserved bright,
+            pure, and efficient, by watchful care and constant use; if
+            laid aside, they rust and perish. These are the necessary
+            effects of the fall of man by disobedience from that state
+            of happiness and holiness in which he was formed by a
+            beneficent Creator. In a state of inaction, Friends have
+            been exposed to the influences of a corrupt public sentiment;
+            they have, to a considerable extent, imbibed the
+            prejudice against color, while some of them have been
+            caught by the gilded bait of southern commerce.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_28"></a><a href="#FootFN1_28">A</a>: See Appendix
+            K.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In a former part of this work I have briefly alluded to
+            that memorable reformation, which, in the latter part of
+            the preceding century, purged the Society of Friends
+            from the heinous sins of slave trading and holding slaves.
+            This reformation in Great Britain, with perhaps a few individual
+            exceptions, consisted merely in the adoption of
+            new convictions, and the abandonment of lax opinions;
+            but, on the American continent, it was sealed by the
+            willing sacrifice of an immense amount of property. One
+            can scarcely avoid looking back with regret to times when
+            convictions of duty had such power, when Christian principle
+            was carried out, whatever the cost. Then, indeed,
+            was exhibited, by the American Friends, the fruit of a
+            world-overcoming faith. It must be confessed that the
+            present position of their descendants presents an unpleasing
+            contrast; yet I trust, that from all I have written, the
+            conclusion will be drawn, that I look forward to the future
+            with hope; though it is a hope chastened with fear.
+            Next to a fervent desire that slavery may be speedily
+            abolished, it is one of the warmest wishes of my heart,
+            <a name="p_161"></a>
+            that the "Society of Friends" in America, may be among
+            the chiefly honored agents in accomplishing, in the wisdom
+            and power of Jesus Christ, so great a work, thereby contributing
+            to the fulfilment of the angelic prophecy of
+            "Glory to God, and good will to man."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I subsequently visited, in company with a colored
+            gentleman, one of the principal colored schools in New
+            York, in which there were upwards of three hundred
+            children present. All the departments appeared to be
+            conducted, under colored teachers, with great order and
+            efficiency, and the attainments of the higher classes were
+            very considerable. On the whole, this school would bear
+            comparison with any similar school for white children
+            which I ever visited.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Having received from Great Britain the minutes of a
+            special meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society, called to consider
+            the time of holding a second General Convention,
+            I met some of the friends of the cause in New York,
+            together with John G. Whittier and Elizur Wright, of
+            Boston, to obtain an interchange of their sentiments on
+            the same subject. After considerable discussion, they
+            unanimously concluded to leave the decision as to the
+            time of holding a future Convention to the London Committee&#8212;the
+            question of time being the summer of 1842
+            or 1843.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The numerous persons on whom I called, before
+            leaving New York, concurred uniformly in the belief that
+            public opinion was steadily, and somewhat rapidly advancing,
+            in favor of emancipation, and that the prejudice
+            against color was lessening.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The unanimity I found in the opinion that public
+            feeling in favor of peace was continually strengthening,
+            <a name="p_162"></a>
+            was very encouraging. All whom I consulted, approved
+            of the suggestion of Judge Jay, already mentioned, though
+            I had no suitable opportunity of obtaining the collective
+            sentiments of the friends of peace in New York upon it.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The Secretary of the Vigilance Committee, an association
+            existing in several of the Northern cities, formed to
+            aid runaway slaves in escaping to a place of safety, as well
+            as to protect the free colored people from kidnappers,
+            informed me that the number of slaves who applied for
+            assistance was constantly on the increase. He said that,
+            only a few days before, a man, who was a preacher of the
+            gospel, who was escaping to Canada, called upon him;
+            and on being asked why he was fleeing from slavery, he
+            exposed his naked back, lacerated with a recent flogging,
+            and said that he had received that punishment for going to
+            his place of worship.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the evening of the 24th I went up the river Hudson
+            to Sing Sing, in company with Lewis Tappan. Our
+            object was to spend the next day, which was the first day
+            of the week, in this celebrated state prison. We lodged
+            at a quiet hotel, on an eminence above the village; and
+            next morning, about eight o'clock, we went to the prison,
+            where we were very kindly received by the superintendent,
+            J.G. Seymour, and by the chaplain. Soon afterwards,
+            we had the opportunity of seeing all the male
+            prisoners, about seven hundred and fifty, in the chapel, when
+            they were addressed by a minister of the Presbyterian
+            persuasion, whom we had met on board the steamer, and
+            whom Lewis Tappan had invited to be there. We were
+            informed that about one-third of the prisoners were colored:
+            these did not sit separate, but were intermixed with the
+            rest. In general, however, the striking language of De
+            <a name="p_163"></a>
+            Beaumont, a late French traveller in the United States,
+            will be found true. "The prejudice against color haunts
+            its victim wherever he goes,&#8212;in the hospitals where humanity
+            suffers,&#8212;in the churches where it kneels to
+            God,&#8212;<em>in the prisons where it expiates its
+               offences</em>,&#8212;in the
+            grave-yards where it sleeps the last sleep."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            From hence we proceeded to the female department,
+            where about eighty were assembled, some of whom
+            seemed much affected by an address from my friend,
+            Lewis Tappan. He told them he saw at least one
+            present who had been a scholar in his colored Sabbath
+            School at New York. The white women were placed
+            in the front seats, and the colored behind them. We
+            next went to the Sabbath School for the male prisoners,
+            held in the chapel, where the attendance is general,
+            though perfectly voluntary. Twenty-five of the best
+            educated and most orderly prisoners are allowed to teach
+            classes: the other teachers were officers of the prison, and
+            other persons attracted hither by benevolent motives; and
+            I was told the teachers selected among the convicts had
+            not once been detected in the abuse of this privilege, by
+            entering into conversation on other topics. On the
+            breaking up of the school, Lewis Tappan addressed them,
+            and I added a few words. We were kindly invited to
+            dine with the matron. She mentioned one instance of
+            complete reformation in a female, which was to be attributed
+            she believed, under the Divine blessing, to the
+            ministry of Joseph J. Gurney, who visited Sing Sing, in
+            the course of his religious labors in the United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            After dinner we were permitted to visit the male
+            prisoners at their cells, list shoes being provided for us
+            that we might walk along the galleries without noise.
+            <a name="p_164"></a>
+            Those who wished to do so, were suffered to speak to us
+            through their grated doors, in a low voice. A number
+            embraced this opportunity; of the sincere repentance and
+            reformation of some of whom, I could scarcely doubt.
+            One prisoner, a man of color, appeared to enjoy a state of
+            perfect happiness, under a sense of being at peace with
+            his Maker. Another manifested such a feeling of his
+            spiritual blessings, and especially of that change of heart
+            he had been favored to experience, as scarcely to have a
+            desire for his liberation, though his health was visibly
+            sinking under the confinement, and there appeared little
+            other prospect but that of his dying in the prison, as he
+            had been condemned for ten years, of which three yet
+            remained. Several were Englishmen, who were mostly
+            under feigned names, keeping their real names secret,
+            from a natural unwillingness to disgrace their families.
+            Some of these were men of education, and communicated
+            to me in confidence their family names. One referred to
+            gentlemen standing deservedly high in the estimation of
+            the British public, as well knowing him. Two or three
+            of this class wept much, when speaking of their situation,
+            and of the offences that had brought them there.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I gathered from the prisoners themselves that a great
+            change had been introduced, both in the affairs and in the
+            management of the prison, within the last eighteen months,
+            by the present excellent superintendent and chaplain and
+            their coadjutors, and with the happiest effects. The
+            former system was one of brutal severity; now, without
+            any relaxation of discipline, needless severity is discarded,
+            and the floggings have been reduced nine-tenths, the great
+            object being the reformation of the prisoners. One of
+            these, speaking of the superintendent and chaplain, said:
+            <a name="p_165"></a>
+            "there was not a prisoner in the jail, but rejoiced to hear
+            the sound of their feet."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            J.G. Seymour mentioned one of the English prisoners
+            to me, whose heart had been softened, and his reformation
+            commenced, through the kindness of his prosecutor,
+            who had spent both time and money in endeavoring to
+            procure his release. This statement was fully confirmed
+            in an interesting conversation I had with the individual
+            himself, who was subsequently permitted, as well as
+            another Englishman, to send letters by me to their relations
+            in this country.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            An extract from the correspondence of one of my
+            unfortunate fellow-countrymen, which I am permitted to
+            make, will afford an interesting view of the internal administration
+            of the Sing Sing prison, by one of its inmates.
+            After alluding to the absolute monotony of prison life, he
+            gives one day as a specimen of every day. "Monday
+            morning, the large prison bell rings at five o'clock, when
+            we all rise; half an hour after, we all go out to work, to
+            our respective shops, till breakfast, the keepers all the time
+            seated upon a high seat, overlooking&#8212;seeing that everything
+            is ordered and going on in a proper manner: no
+            talking allowed upon any occasion, or under any pretence
+            whatever. When the breakfast-bell rings, we all go in to
+            breakfast, each one to a separate room, (which are all
+            numbered, one thousand in all;) every man's breakfast is
+            ready for him in his room,&#8212;one pint of coffee, with
+            plenty of meat, potatoes, and rye bread. After one hour,
+            the prison opens again, and we work in a similar manner
+            till twelve&#8212;dinner hour&#8212;when we go in again. Dinner
+            is set ready as before,&#8212;an ample quantity of meat,
+            potatoes, and bread, with a cup of water, (the best beverage
+            <a name="p_166"></a>
+            in the world&#8212;would to God I had never drank any
+            thing else, and I should not have been here;) one hour
+            allowed for dinner, when we go out and work again till six
+            o'clock, when we come in and are locked up for the night,
+            with a large bowl of mush, (hasty pudding with molasses,)
+            the finest food in the world, made from Indian meal.
+            Thus passes each day of the week. Sundays we rise at
+            the same hour; each man has a clean shirt given him in
+            his room, then goes to the kitchen, brings his breakfast in
+            with him, the same as before, and is locked up till eight,
+            when Divine service is performed by a most worthy and
+            able chaplain. After service, through the pious and
+            benevolent efforts of Mr. Seymour, we have an excellent
+            Sabbath School. Bible classes, where from three to four
+            hundred attend, about half to learn to read, and the others
+            to receive instruction in the way to attain everlasting life,
+            under the immediate inspection of Mr. Seymour; and I
+            am happy to say, that the greatest attention is paid by
+            scholars of both classes: many, very many, know how to
+            appreciate the value of these privileges, and benefit by
+            them accordingly. Mr. Seymour has obtained a large
+            library for us, and one of the prisoners is librarian. At
+            eleven o'clock we are locked up for the day, with an extra
+            allowance of food and water sufficient. The librarian and
+            an assistant are left open, to distribute the books; that is
+            to go to each man's cell, get the book he had the previous
+            Sunday, and give him another in exchange, generally supplying
+            them with a small tract, of which we mostly have
+            a great plenty."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            A large proportion of the prisoners work in a stone
+            quarry without the walls; and the most painful sight
+            I saw at Sing Sing were the sentinels placed on prominent
+            <a name="p_167"></a>
+            points commanding the prison, with loaded muskets and
+            fixed bayonets, who have orders at once to shoot a convict
+            who may attempt to escape, if he does not obey the order
+            to return. I was told, however, an occurrence of the kind
+            had not happened for years.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            A number of the female domestics in different families
+            in the village of Sing Sing, have been prisoners, and are
+            now reformed and generally conducting themselves to the
+            entire satisfaction of their employers.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            There are few subjects more interesting to a civilized
+            and Christian community, than that of prison discipline.
+            It will scarcely, at the present day, be denied that the
+            only motives on which, in such a government, criminal
+            law can be administered, are the public safety, and the
+            reformation of the criminal himself. Vengeance has not
+            been delegated to man under the Christian dispensation.
+            It is too evident, nevertheless, that the principle of retaliatory
+            punishment, irrespective of any considerations of
+            public safety, or the benefit of the offender, pervades our
+            criminal jurisprudence, both in theory and practice, and
+            just so far as this is the case, is the last great object
+            defeated, for his feelings are deadened, and his heart hardened
+            by it. The most depraved wretch has that within
+            him which testifies that his fellow worm has no right to
+            inflict pain upon him solely as a <em>punishment</em>, and his
+            heart
+            rebels against what he feels to be oppression. On the
+            more enlightened, the effect is equally unfavorable, for
+            he contrasts the practice of his persecutors with their profession,
+            and is perhaps conducted thereby to infidelity and
+            despair. One of the prisoners at Sing Sing, while contrasting
+            the former with the present management, said,
+            "We used to hear the gospel preached to us on the Sabbath,
+            <a name="p_168"></a>
+            but see its doctrines trampled upon in all the conduct
+            pursued towards us the whole week besides." How
+            different the result where the law of love reigns! At
+            Sing Sing there are numerous recent instances where conviction
+            on the minds of the prisoners that the authorities
+            of the prison have no other object than their temporal and
+            spiritual benefit, has softened their hearts, and thereby
+            disposed them to the reception of that consoling faith in a
+            crucified Saviour, which is the only foundation of true
+            amendment of life. How important is it that all the offices
+            in a prison should be filled by persons of true piety; and
+            where can such be more usefully employed?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In a former part of this work, I have expressed a
+            somewhat unfavorable opinion on "the separate system,"
+            adopted in the Philadelphia Penitentiary. One of my
+            objections to this system is this, that to deprive man so
+            entirely of human society, is to do violence to the strongest
+            instinct of his nature, and thereby to inflict suffering
+            far more severe than corporeal pain or privation. If the
+            severity of this system does not obviously tend to carry
+            out the legitimate objects of prison discipline, it cannot be
+            defended. The small number of recommittals is no proof
+            of the efficacy of this system; since, in a country like
+            the United States, a liberated felon may very easily
+            choose another locality for his sphere of action. In favor
+            of the "separate system," it is occasionally pleaded that
+            the prisoner is under a veil of secresy; and that when he
+            goes forth, neither the censorious public, nor his fellow-prisoners,
+            can point him out; and thus, his character
+            being comparatively unblemished, he can, with less difficulty,
+            procure employment. It is obvious that this would
+            induce, in many cases, a degree of dishonest concealment
+            <a name="p_169"></a>
+            from an employer, and encourage dissimulation. It would
+            be much better that the prisoner should depend for a
+            situation on the good character which the superintendent
+            would give him if reformed; and I was glad to find at
+            Sing Sing guarded situations had been procured, in
+            numerous instances, for the liberated prisoners, and that
+            their employers, with very little exception, represented
+            them to be most valuable servants. I could hear of no
+            case, in either of the prisons I visited, of any permanent
+            injury to the health of a prisoner from the entire disuse of
+            intoxicating drinks, however intemperate their previous
+            habits might have been. The same remark is true with
+            regard to tobacco. I will only add, that it is notorious
+            that the prison discipline of Great Britain, notwithstanding
+            all its recent improvements, is yet lamentably deficient;
+            and that though the United States justly claim precedence
+            of us in this respect, they have, by no means reached
+            perfection. The greatest deficiency of all, however, in
+            each nation, is that of institutions like the Philadelphia
+            Refuge, co-extensive with the wants of the community,
+            for the reformation of juvenile delinquency; thus suppressing
+            crime in its small beginnings. So long as this want
+            is unsupplied, and the juvenile offender is contaminated by
+            contact with the hardened criminal, the statesmen and
+            those who control the legislatures of both countries, dishonor
+            their profession of Christianity.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 26th, I accompanied my friends, J. and M.
+            Candler, to the steamer which was to convey them on
+            board the "Roscius" packet, to sail for Liverpool this
+            afternoon. I afterwards called upon Charles Collins,
+            who, for many years past, has dealt exclusively in articles
+            of free labor produce, and for which he said he had found
+            <a name="p_170"></a>
+            the demand to increase of late. I am more and more
+            convinced that this branch of the abolition question has
+            not received the attention it deserves from the friends of
+            the cause. Before leaving New York, I ought not to
+            omit to record a visit that was on a previous occasion
+            paid us at our hotel, by William Cullen Bryant, whose
+            name on this side of the water is associated with some of
+            the most beautiful productions of American literature.
+            He is the editor of the <em>New York Evening Post</em>, a
+            leading democratic paper, and, to his credit be it said, he has
+            always advocated the rights of the abolitionists. He has
+            a thin, pale, thought-worn countenance, and his manner
+            is quiet and unassuming. I also formed an agreeable
+            acquaintance with Lydia Maria Child, known in both
+            hemispheres as one of the most pleasing of American
+            writers. She is editor of the <em>National Anti-Slavery
+               Standard</em>.
+             Her services in the cause of the slave have
+            been of great value, and have been given at the risk of
+            destroying her interests and popularity as an author.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I finally quitted this city, in the steamer, for Boston,
+            on the 24th, accompanied by John G. Whittier.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I remained in Boston till the first of the Eighth
+            Month, (August) when I embarked on board the "Caledonia"
+            steamer for England.&#8212;During the interval, I
+            made a number of calls upon the abolitionists in Boston;
+            and, among others, saw Henry and Maria Chapman and
+            Wendell Phillips; the former of whom had just returned
+            from a visit to Hayti, and the latter from Europe. I
+            had several interviews with Martha V. and Lucy M.
+            Ball, secretaries of the Boston Female Emancipation
+            Society, who have long been faithful and laborious abolitionists.
+            I also met, as at New York, a number of the
+            <a name="p_171"></a>
+            friends of the cause, again to consider the best time for
+            calling a second general Convention, to whom I read the
+            London minutes on that subject. A resolution was
+            unanimously passed, of the same tenor as those of New York,
+            lately noticed. While in this city, I had not only
+            the pleasure of renewing my intimacy with my friend,
+            Nathaniel Colver, who is known to many of the English
+            abolitionists as their valuable and cordial coadjutor at the
+            great Convention in London, but of becoming acquainted
+            with many zealous and able friends of the slave. One of
+            these was Amos A. Phelps, one of those who signed the
+            original declaration issued by the American Anti-Slavery
+            Society, on its foundation at Philadelphia, in 1833.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            We also went to Salem, and met a number of
+            "Friends" who were abolitionists, and who appeared
+            desirous to embrace every suitable opportunity of promoting
+            the cause.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Salem is a city of about fourteen thousand inhabitants,
+            and I was told that the number of its population who
+            went and returned to and from Boston, a distance of
+            fourteen miles, weekly, was about five hundred&#8212;a striking
+            proof of the locomotive energy of the Americans.
+            Their gratification, in this respect, has been much facilitated
+            of late by the rapid extension of railways. These,
+            with few exceptions, are by no means so completely
+            constructed as in England; but, owing to the cheapness
+            of land, timber, et cet., and by making the lines generally
+            single, and, on the average, the speed of travelling being
+            about one-fourth less than is common in England, they
+            answer the purpose of rapid transit, while the outlay is
+            about as many dollars per mile as it is sovereigns with us.
+            On this railway, and some others in New England, the
+            <a name="p_172"></a>
+            lines are double, and the construction and speed are
+            nearly equal to ours.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I was informed, the proportion of severe accidents is
+            not larger than in Great Britain. The carriages are
+            generally built to hold sixty or seventy persons, who are
+            seated two by two, one behind another, on double rows
+            of seats, ranged across the carriage, with room to walk
+            between, along the centre. The carriage in which we
+            returned from Salem had twenty-two seats on each side,
+            to contain two each, or, in the whole, eighty-eight
+            passengers. Yet the weight of this machine would be
+            little more than that of an English first-class carriage, to
+            hold eighteen persons, and it cost probably less. Their
+            carriages are well ventilated in summer, and warmed by
+            a stove in winter. Locomotive engines approach Boston
+            near enough to prevent the use of horses; but, on arriving
+            at the distance of a mile or two from New York,
+            Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the carriages and passengers
+            are drawn in by horses. One carriage is often specially
+            reserved for the ladies on the principal lines, into which
+            gentlemen do not usually intrude, unless they have ladies
+            under their care. It is common, however, for the latter
+            to take their seats in any of the carriages. There is no
+            distinction of price, and none of accommodation, except
+            that an inferior and more exposed carriage, at the same
+            fare, is purposely provided for persons of color; but this
+            disgraceful relic of past times cannot survive long. The
+            principal disadvantage that I observed on the American,
+            as compared with the English railways, was the delay on
+            meeting other trains, and on stopping for them at places
+            where they could pass, and also the sparks from the
+            wood, used for fuel instead of coke. On one occasion,
+            <a name="p_173"></a>
+            my coat was set on fire in this way, though I was seated
+            in a covered carriage. Very efficient locomotive engines
+            are made in the United States. I visited a celebrated
+            manufactory at Philadelphia, which has sent ten to
+            England, for the use of the Birmingham and Gloucester
+            Railway. At the time of my visit, they had many
+            orders unexecuted from several European governments.
+            As far as my inquiries went, the cost of making them is,
+            upon the whole, about the same as in England.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Having been, for several years, a director on the
+            Birmingham and London Railway, I felt some interest
+            in these inquiries, and came to the conclusion, that there
+            are several arrangements of economy, and some of convenience,
+            in the construction and working of railways,
+            which the English might borrow with advantage from the
+            United States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 29th instant, the secretary of the Peace
+            Society convened a meeting of the members of that
+            society, and of other influential gentlemen, including
+            Alden Bradford, late secretary of the State of Massachusetts;
+            Robert Rantoul, an eloquent and prominent member
+            of the legislature, and S.E. Coues, of New
+            Hampshire,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_29"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_29"></a> to take into consideration the best
+            means of securing permanent international peace. A very harmonious
+            and satisfactory discussion took place, and the
+            following statement of the proceedings was subsequently
+            handed to me by the gentleman who officiated as secretary
+            to the meeting:
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_29"></a><a href="#FootFN1_29">A</a>: Since elected President of the
+            American Peace Society.
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "A meeting of the friends of peace was held in the
+               city of Boston, on the evening of the 29th day of July,
+               1841.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_174"></a>
+               "The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting
+               Mr. Joseph Sturge, from England, and there were present
+               most of the active members of the American Peace Society.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Amasa Walker, Esq., was chosen chairman; and J.P.
+               Blanchard, secretary.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Mr. Sturge addressed the meeting, and suggested the
+               expediency of calling, at some future time, a Convention
+               of the friends of peace, of different nations, to deliberate
+               upon the best method of adjusting international disputes;
+               and, offered, for the consideration of the meeting, a plan
+               proposed by Judge Jay, in which all the friends of peace
+               could unite.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The meeting was then addressed by several gentlemen,
+               who cordially approved the plan proposed, and,
+               subsequently, the following resolutions were unanimously
+               adopted.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Resolved,&#8212;That this meeting receives with great
+               pleasure the suggestion of our friend Joseph Sturge, of
+               England, of a general conference of the friends of peace,
+               at the earliest practical opportunity, at London, to consult
+               on the measures which are best adapted to promote universal
+               peace among the nations of the earth; and they
+               respectfully refer the subject to the executive committee
+               of the American Peace Society, for their decision, on
+               correspondence and consultation with the friends of the
+               cause in this and other countries.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Resolved,&#8212;That the suggestion by Judge Jay, of
+               the insertion of a clause in all conventional treaties
+               between nations, mutually binding the parties to submit all
+               international disputes, during the continuance of such
+               treaties, to the arbitration of some one or more friendly
+               <a name="p_175"></a>
+               powers, presents a definite and practicable object of effort,
+               worthy of the serious attention of the friends of peace.
+               And this meeting recommends to the friends of the cause,
+               in different countries, to petition their respective Governments
+               in favor of the measure."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            On the 30th, in company with John G. Whittier and
+            C. Stewart Renshaw, I went over to Lowell, the chief
+            seat of the woollen and cotton manufacture in America.
+            Less than twenty years ago, there were not more than
+            forty or fifty houses on the site of this flourishing city,
+            which now contains upwards of twenty thousand inhabitants.
+            Its numerous mills are all worked by water power,
+            and belong to incorporated joint-stock companies. We
+            were obligingly shown over two of the largest woollen
+            and cotton factories, where every stage of the manufacture
+            was in process, from the cotton, or sheep's wool, to the
+            finished fabric. We also visited works, where the printing
+            of cottons is executed in a superior style, besides a
+            new process for dyeing cotton in the thread, invented by
+            an Englishman, now in the establishment. The following
+            abstract of the manufacturing statistics of Lowell, on
+            the first of January, 1841, will show the great importance
+            to which this new branch of industry has attained with
+            such unprecedented rapidity.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Ten joint-stock companies, with a capital of ten millions
+            of dollars, having thirty-two woollen and cotton factories,
+            besides print works, et cet., with one hundred and
+            seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight
+            spindles, and five thousand five hundred and eighty-eight
+            looms, employing two thousand one hundred and seventy-two
+            males, and six thousand nine hundred and twenty
+            females, who made, in 1840, sixty-five millions eight
+            <a name="p_176"></a>
+            hundred and two thousand four hundred yards of cotton
+            and woollen cloths, in which were consumed twenty-one
+            millions four hundred and twenty-four thousand pounds of
+            cotton alone.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The average amount earned by the male hands employed,
+            exclusive of their board, is four dollars and eighty
+            cents, or about twenty shillings sterling per week, and of
+            the females two dollars, or about eight shillings and sixpence
+            per week.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            But the most striking and gratifying feature of Lowell,
+            is the high moral and intellectual condition of its working
+            population. In looking over the books of the mills we
+            visited, where the operatives entered their names, I
+            observed very few that were not written by themselves;
+            certainly not five per cent. of the whole number were
+            signed with a mark, and many of these were evidently
+            Irish. It was impossible to go through the mills, and
+            notice the respectable appearance and becoming and modest
+            deportment of the "factory girls," without forming a
+            very favorable estimate of their character and position in
+            society. But it would be difficult indeed for a passing
+            observer to rate them so high as they are proved to be
+            by the statistics of the place. The female operatives are
+            generally boarded in houses built and owned by the "corporation"
+            for whom they work, and which are placed
+            under the superintendence of matrons of exemplary
+            character, and skilled in housewifery, who pay a low rent
+            for the houses, and provide all necessaries for their inmates,
+            over whom they exercise a general oversight, receiving
+            about one dollar and one-third from each per week.
+            Each of these houses accommodates from thirty to fifty
+            young women, and there is a wholesome rivalry among
+            <a name="p_177"></a>
+            the mistresses which shall make their inmates most comfortable.
+            We visited one of the hoarding houses, and
+            were highly pleased with its arrangement. A considerable
+            number of the factory girls are farmers' daughters, and
+            come hither from Vermont, New Hampshire, and other
+            distant States, to work for two, three, or four years, when
+            they return to their native hills, dowered with a little
+            capital of their own earnings. The factory operatives at
+            Lowell form a community that commands the respect of
+            the neighborhood, and of all under whose observation they
+            come. No female of an immoral character could remain
+            a week in any of the mills. The superintendent of the
+            Boott Corporation informed me, that, during the five and
+            a half years of his superintendence of that factory,
+            employing about nine hundred and fifty young women, he
+            had known of but one case of an illegitimate birth&#8212;and
+            the mother was an Irish "immigrant." Any male or
+            female employed, who was known to be in a state of
+            inebriety, would be at once dismissed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            At the suggestion of the benevolent and intelligent
+            superintendent of the Boott Company, we waited to see
+            the people turn out to dinner, at half-past twelve o'clock.
+            We stood in a position where many hundreds passed
+            under our review, whose dress, and quiet and orderly
+            demeanor would have done credit to any congregation
+            breaking up from their place of worship. One of the
+            gentlemen with me, who is from a slave State, where all
+            labor is considered degrading, remarked, with emotion,
+            "What would I give if, (naming a near relative in
+            the slave States,) could witness this only for a quarter of
+            an hour!" We dined with one of our abolition friends
+            at Lowell, who informed us that many hundreds of the
+            <a name="p_178"></a>
+            factory girls were members of the Anti-Slavery Society;
+            and that, although activity in this cause has been pretty
+            much suspended by the division in the ranks of its friends,
+            yet there is no diminution of good feeling on the subject.
+            The following extracts, from a pamphlet published by a
+            respectable citizen of Lowell, will further illustrate the
+            moral statistics of the place, which, I believe, can be
+            paralleled by no other manufacturing town in the world.
+            The work is dated July, 1839:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "There are now in the city fourteen regularly organized
+               religious societies, besides one or two others quite
+               recently established. Ten of these societies constitute a
+               Sabbath School Union. Their third annual report was
+               made on the fourth of the present month, and it has been
+               published within a few days. I derive from it the following
+               facts. The number of scholars connected with
+               the ten schools at the time of making the report, was four
+               thousand nine hundred and thirty-six, and the number of
+               teachers was four hundred and thirty-three, making an
+               aggregate of five thousand three hundred and sixty-nine.
+               The number who joined the schools during the year, was
+               three thousand seven hundred and seventy, the number
+               who left was three thousand one hundred and twenty-nine.
+               About three-fourths of the scholars are females.
+               A large proportion of the latter are over fifteen years of
+               age, and consist of girls employed in the mills. More
+               than five hundred of these scholars have, during the last
+               year, become personally interested in practical piety, and
+               more than six hundred have joined themselves to the
+               several churches. Now let it be borne in mind, that
+               there are four or five Sunday Schools in the city, some of
+               which are large and flourishing, not included in this
+               <a name="p_179"></a>
+               statement. Let it be borne in mind, too, that a great
+               proportion of these scholars are the factory girls, and
+               furthermore, that these most gratifying results just given,
+               have nothing in them extraordinary&#8212;they are only the
+               common, ordinary results of several of the past years.
+               There has been no unusual excitement; no noise, no
+               commotion. Silently, quietly, unobtrusively, from Sabbath
+               to Sabbath, in these little nurseries of truth, duty
+               and religion, has the good seed been sowing and springing
+               up&#8212;watered by the dews, and warmed by the smiles of
+               heaven&#8212;to everlasting life....
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "I shall now proceed to enumerate some of the
+               influences which have been most powerful in bringing
+               about these results. Among these are the example and
+               watchful care and oversight of the boarding house keepers,
+               the superintendents, and the overseers.... But
+               a power vastly more active, all pervading and efficient,
+               than any and all of these, is to be found in the jealous
+               and sleepless watchfulness, over each other, of the girls
+               themselves.... The strongest guardianship of
+               their own character, as a class, is in their own hands, and
+               they will not suffer either overseer or superintendent to
+               be indifferent to this character with impunity.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The relationship which is here established between
+               the Sunday school scholar and her teacher&#8212;between the
+               member of the church and her pastor&#8212;the attachments
+               which spring up between them, are rendered close and
+               strong by the very circumstances in which these girls are
+               placed. These relationships and these attachments take
+               the place of the domestic ties and the home affections,
+               and they have something of the strength and fervency of
+               these."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote><a name="p_180"></a><p>
+            The next extract shows their prosperity in a pecuniary
+            point.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The average wages, clear of board, amount to about
+               two dollars a week. Many an aged father or mother, in
+               the country, is made happy and comfortable, by the self-sacrificing
+               contributions from the affectionate and dutiful
+               daughter here. Many an old homestead has been cleared
+               of its incumbrances, and thus saved to the family by these
+               liberal and honest earnings. To the many and most
+               gratifying and cheering facts, which, in the course of this
+               examination I have had occasion to state, I here add a
+               few others relating to the matter now under discussion,
+               furnished me by Mr. Carney, the treasurer of the Lowell
+               Institution for Savings. The whole number of depositors
+               in this institution, on the 23d July, was nineteen
+               hundred and seventy-six; the whole number of deposits
+               was three hundred and five thousand seven hundred and
+               ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, (about &pound;60,000.)
+               Of these depositors, nine hundred and seventy-eight are
+               factory girls, and the amount of their funds now in the
+               bank, is estimated by Mr. Carney, in round numbers, at
+               one hundred thousand dollars, (about &pound;20,000.) It is a
+               common thing for one of these girls to have five hundred
+               dollars (about &pound;100 sterling) in deposit, and the only
+               reason why she does not exceed this sum is the fact, that
+               the institution pays no interest on any larger sum than
+               this. After reaching this amount, she invests her remaining
+               funds elsewhere."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In confirmation of this description of the state of the
+            Lowell population, I have obtained, through the kindness
+            of a friend in Massachusetts, the following parallel statistics
+            to a recent date:&#8212;
+
+         </p><a name="p_181"></a><blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.&#8212;By the report of the school
+               committee for the year ending on the 5th of Fourth
+               Month (April) 1841, it appears that the whole number
+               of pupils in the schools, who attended during the whole
+               or part of the year, was 5,830. The whole amount expended
+               by the city for these schools, during the year,
+               was 18,106 dollars, 51 cents.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "SABBATH SCHOOLS.&#8212;The number of scholars and
+               teachers in the Sabbath Schools, connected with the
+               various religious societies in Lowell, during the year
+               ending on the 5th of Seventh Month (July) 1841, was
+               5,493.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "SAVINGS BANK.&#8212;The Lowell Institution for Savings,
+               in its report of Fifth Month (May), 1840, acknowledges
+               328,395 dollars, 55 cents, deposits, from 2,137
+               persons; together with 16,093 dollars, 29 cents, nett
+               amount received for interest on loans and dividends in
+               stocks, less expense and dividends paid&#8212;making in all,
+               344,488 dollars, 84 cents; nett amount of interest, 24,714
+               dollars, 61 cents. Within the year, 120,175 dollars, 69
+               cents, had been deposited, and 70,384 dollars, 24 cents,
+               drawn out.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "PAUPERS.&#8212;The whole expense of the city for the
+               support of the poor, during the year ending on the 31st
+               of Twelfth Month (December) 1840, was 2,698 dollars,
+               61 cents."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            As a proof, slight yet significant, of the spread of intellectual
+            cultivation, I ought not to omit a notice of the
+            "Lowell Offering," a little monthly magazine, of original
+            articles, written exclusively by the factory girls. The
+            editor of the <em>Boston Christian Examiner</em> commends this
+            little periodical to those who consider the factory system
+            <a name="p_182"></a>
+            to be degrading and demoralizing; and expresses a doubt
+            "whether a committee of young ladies, selected from the
+            most refined and best educated families in any of our
+            towns and cities, could make a fairer appearance in type
+            than these hard-working factory girls."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The city of Lowell has been distinguished by British
+            tourists as the Manchester of the United States; but, in
+            view of the facts above related, an American has declared
+            it to be "<em>not</em> the Manchester of the United States."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Besides the general prosperity of the operatives, the
+            shareholders in the different corporations divide from
+            eight to fifteen per cent, per annum on their capital.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The inquiry naturally suggests itself, why the state
+            of things in the manufacturing districts of Great Britain
+            should be so widely different from this? Some may
+            satisfy themselves by recollecting that England is an old
+            and America a young country; though, to my mind, this
+            affords no reasonable explanation of the contrast&#8212;since,
+            from the possession of surplus capital, complete machinery,
+            and facility of communication, et cet., the advantages
+            for <em>commerce and manufactures</em>, under a system of
+            perfectly unrestricted exchange, must preponderate greatly
+            in favor of the former. But whatever the solution of the
+            difficulty, it is quite evident that the statesman who would
+            elevate the moral standard of our working population,
+            must begin by removing the physical depression and destitution
+            in which a large proportion of them, without any
+            fault of their own, are compelled to drag out a weary and
+            almost hopeless existence. To some peculiarly constituted
+            minds, "over-production" is the explanation of the present
+            appalling distresses of this country; and what they are
+            pleased to consider a healthy state of things, is to be restored
+            <a name="p_183"></a>
+            by a diminution of production;&#8212;yet nothing is
+            more certain, than that the largest amount of production
+            which has ever been reached, is not more than adequate
+            to supply our increasing population with the necessaries of
+            life, on even a very limited scale of comfort. A diminished
+            production implies the starving down of the population to
+            such a diminished number as may obtain leave to toil, and
+            leave to subsist, from legislators, who, either in ignorance
+            or selfishness, set aside nature's laws, and disregard the
+            plainly legible ordinances of Divine Providence. If we
+            reflect on the part which commerce is made to perform in
+            the moral government of the world, on the one hand as the
+            bond of peace between powerful nations, by creating a
+            perpetual interchange of temporal benefits; and, on the
+            other, as the channel for the diffusion of blessings of an
+            intellectual and spiritual kind; we are conducted irresistibly
+            to the conclusion, that any arbitrary interruption of
+            its free course must draw down its own punishment.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Though the laws of nature may not permit the limited
+            soil of this country to grow food enough for its teeming
+            population, yet while Great Britain possesses mineral
+            wealth, abundant capital, and the largest amount of skilled
+            industry of any nation in the world, the tributary supplies
+            of other countries would not only satisfy our present
+            wants, but would, I firmly believe, with an unfettered
+            commerce, raise our working population, the most numerous,
+            and by far the most important part of the community,
+            to the same level of prosperity as the same class in the
+            United States. Then would there be more hope for the
+            success of efforts to elevate the standard of moral and
+            intellectual cultivation among them, for as an improvable
+            material they are no way inferior to any population upon
+            <a name="p_184"></a>
+            earth. John Curtis of Ohio, a free trade missionary to
+            this country, has published a pamphlet full of important
+            statistical facts, illustrating the suicidal policy of Great
+            Britain, from which I venture to take the following
+            extracts:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "England already obtains luxuries in superabundance;
+               but these can never supply the wants of her artizans&#8212;they
+               demand substantial bread and meat, and a market
+               where their labor can procure these necessaries. Tropical
+               climates are not adapted to supply their wants. For this
+               reason trade either with the East or West Indies cannot
+               give effectual relief: it may furnish luxuries, but England
+               is overstocked with them already. The food of tropical
+               climates, with the exception of rice, is not calculated for
+               export. The people of England, if they are to import
+               food, need the production of a climate similar to their own.
+               In this respect America is well adapted to supply them.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "All parts of the United States between thirty-seven
+               and forty-four degrees of north latitude will produce
+               wheat. But that part of the country best adapted to
+               furnish an abundant supply is, beyond all question, the
+               northern part of the Mississippi valley, and the contiguous
+               country south of the great lakes. It has been styled
+               <i>par excellence</i> the wheat-growing region
+               of America. Within
+               its limits lie the six north-western States of the American
+               Union, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, and Wiskonsan
+               (including as States the two territories of Iowa
+               and Wiskonsan, about to be admitted into the Union.)
+               These States, exclusive of two hundred thousand square
+               miles, the title to which is yet mostly in the Indian tribes,
+               cover an area of two hundred and thirty-six thousand and
+               eleven square miles. The country is, generally, an undulating
+               <a name="p_185"></a>
+               prairie, interspersed with groves of trees, and
+               unbroken by hill or mountain. The soil commonly rests
+               upon a strata of limestone, is fertile beyond description,
+               and abundantly watered by the finest springs and streams.
+               Its climate is clear and salubrious, and the country as well
+               calculated as any other on the globe to minister to the
+               support and happiness of civilized man. As already
+               explained, for an inland country, it possesses unequalled
+               facilities for foreign intercourse and commerce, by means
+               of its great lakes and rivers. The most distant parts of
+               it are now reached in twenty days from Liverpool. The
+               energies of the American people have been chiefly
+               expended, during the last few years, in opening and taking
+               possession of this region, which they consider destined to
+               become the future seat of American wealth and greatness.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Wheat once formed a leading article in the exports
+               of the United States. The trade of that country with
+               Great Britain was then double the present amount in
+               proportion to the number of the population. Had the
+               trade of the two countries continued free, it would have
+               increased with the increase of population and capital.
+               The legitimate exchange trade has decreased between
+               England and America for thirty years. What part has
+               the restrictive system had in producing this result? A
+               few facts may enable us not only to answer this question,
+               but to anticipate the consequences of a continuance of the
+               same policy. From the time of the revolutionary war in
+               America until 1812, the trade between the two countries
+               regularly increased with the increase of the population.
+               The average annual consumption of foreign merchandise
+               in the United States for each inhabitant was,
+
+            </p>
+            <table summary="annual consumption">
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">From 1790 to 1800,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">39s. 4d.</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;"&nbsp;&nbsp;1800 to 1810,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">41s. 8d.</td>
+               </tr>
+            </table>
+            <p><a name="p_186"></a>
+               "In 1812 came the second American war, and in 1815 the
+               British corn law, which was promptly followed by the
+               high American tariff of 1816. For ten years prior to
+               1830, the annual average consumption of merchandize
+               had fallen to 22s. 6d., while the population of the States
+               was nearly double, and their capital treble that of the ten
+               years preceding 1810. Soon after 1830 followed the
+               modification of the American tariff, and the importations
+               based on the great transatlantic loans of that period. But,
+               notwithstanding the stimulation and extravagance of the
+               time, the average annual consumption amounted to only
+               31s. per head of foreign produce during the ten years prior
+               to 1840. Abating the importation based on the loans of
+               the last few years, and the trade of England with the
+               United States has not increased in amount for the last
+               thirty years, while the population of England has increased
+               from eighteen to twenty-seven millions, and that of the
+               States from seven to seventeen millions.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Let the reader observe this, that in the Eastern
+               States, in that of Massachusetts, for instance, in which
+               State Boston is situated, the people bring a large part of
+               their food from the Western States, where they obtain it
+               in exchange for their manufactures. If free trade were
+               allowed, is it possible for any man to give a reason why
+               the manufacturer and laborer of Manchester would not be
+               able to do as well as the manufacturer and laborer of
+               Boston now does, abating the difference of transporting
+               goods and grain across the Atlantic? At least, the consequence
+               would be an extension of trade, and employment
+               equal to the amount of food which would, in such case,
+               be brought from America; and the limit to this quantity
+               will be found only when the wants of Englishmen are
+               <a name="p_187"></a>
+               supplied, and their ability to pay exhausted. The ability
+               of America to supply any required quantity of food has
+               already been shown. There lie the broad lands, ready
+               for cultivation as soon as there shall be a demand for the
+               produce. And if seventeen millions of people, sent chiefly
+               from England, or descended from those who have been
+               sent, are not sufficient to raise the requisite quantity of
+               provisions demanded of them by those who remain in the
+               parent country, then let more be sent, for the land lies
+               equally open to the people of all nations.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Then, as to the ability of Englishmen to pay for all
+               they want, let us ask, what those who produce the food,
+               or those who bring it, can want in exchange that England
+               cannot furnish? Gold, it is said.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_30"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_30"></a> But for what do they
+               want gold but to purchase other supplies than food? and
+               as they would then have the means to pay, England
+               would be the very country which, of all others, could supply
+               them to advantage. Whatever was wanted which her
+               own artizans do not produce themselves, they could still
+               supply. Englishmen would not at all be confined to a
+               direct sale or exchange of their goods with the wheat
+               grower, but can give him the merchandize of India and
+               China, and the fruits of the tropics, for which English
+               manufactures would pay. If the idle mills and idle
+               laborers of England could at once be set at work to produce
+               <a name="p_188"></a>
+               food for the people, new activity would be imparted
+               to trade in every part of the world&#8212;from India to the
+               frozen regions of Greenland and Labrador. But, on the
+               other hand, how is it possible for England to extend her
+               foreign trade while the present restrictions continue?
+               Even with such a country as India, reduced under British
+               sway, it cannot be done except by diminishing the commerce
+               with other countries to the same extent. England
+               cannot, in her present condition, greatly increase her consumption
+               of such merchandize as India can furnish, or
+               dispose of such merchandize abroad, to any great extent,
+               for the reasons already given.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_30"></a><a href="#FootFN1_30">A</a>: "Englishmen,
+               reasoning from a restricted course of trade, are
+               constantly prone to the belief that the purchase of foreign corn,
+               from some unexplained necessity, must take away their gold.
+               Americans, from the same cause, reason in the same manner
+               respecting the purchase of foreign goods. Under the action of the
+               restrictive system, there may be some truth in the reasonings of
+               each party, but they certainly form a beautiful running commentary
+               upon each other."
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "As to any proposed gain by the Colonial trade, it is
+               the very thing rejected by the restrictions on the trade
+               with the United States. What are these States but the
+               greatest colonies ever planted by Great Britain? and their
+               independence does not at all prevent England from deriving
+               all the advantage from them ever to be derived from
+               colonies. The only good which England can derive from
+               her extensive colonization is not to be gained by swaying
+               a barren sceptre over distant colonies, but by spreading
+               abroad her race, her language, her civilization, and thus
+               enlarging the sphere of her commerce. Under a free
+               system of intercourse England would not derive less
+               benefit, at present, from the United States than if they had
+               remained a part of the British dominions, for if trade were
+               free, they would not trade the less because of their independence,
+               or furnish less food, or at higher prices. England,
+               however, seems determined to sacrifice all the
+               advantages which naturally accrue to her from having
+               colonized the finest part of the New World, and to refuse
+               the abundance and relief thus providentially prepared by
+               her own offspring."
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_189"></a>
+               The great importance of these extracts is the best
+               apology for their length&#8212;but there is yet another branch
+               of the subject. A country whose population is beyond
+               its means of supply from its own soil, has no resources but
+               that of her manufactures and foreign trade; if these be
+               dried up, her people must emigrate or starve. But the
+               United States has an alternative;&#8212;her first and best
+               resource,&#8212;and the most profitable application of her
+               industry is in her broad and fertile lands, the superabundant
+               produce of which would not only feed, but, by exchange,
+               clothe her population, and supply them with all the comforts
+               of civilized life. She cannot avail herself of this to
+               its full extent without our aid. But, if we refuse to trade
+               on equal terms, her wants will not, therefore, go unsupplied.
+               She can manufacture for herself&#8212;her resources
+               for manufactures and commerce are, at least, equal to our
+               own, with the exception of capital and population, which
+               the lapse of a few more years will supply.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The present may justly be considered a crisis in the
+               commercial policy of America. If it be decided that
+               foreign markets are to continue closed against American
+               corn&#8212;if England, which is the principal corn market of
+               the world, refuse to exchange the produce of her mills
+               and workshops for that of the fields of the Americans,
+               they have no other alternative than to erect mills and
+               workshops from which to supply themselves. The effect
+               of such a course would prove decisive on the trade with
+               England, and go far to complete the ruin so effectually begun
+               by the British corn law and corresponding restrictions.
+               If forced from employment on the land, which an abundant
+               and fertile soil has naturally made their most profitable
+               one, it will be found that the Americans lack neither the
+               <a name="p_190"></a>
+               talent, the energy, nor the means, at once to extend their
+               present manufactures to the full supply of their own
+               wants. They have water-power, coal, and iron, in greater
+               natural abundance and perfection than any other part of
+               the world."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_31"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_31"></a></p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_31"></a><a href="#FootFN1_31">A</a>: "The United States are computed
+               to contain not less than
+               eighty thousand square miles of coal, or sixteen times as much as
+               Europe. One of these coal fields extends nine hundred miles in
+               length. The State of Pennsylvania has ten thousand square miles
+               of coal and iron. Great Britain and Ireland have two thousand.
+               All the north-western States of America contain large quantities
+               of coal. The coal strata of the States generally lie above the level
+               of the streams, and the coal is taken from the hill sides. The beds
+               of coal and iron are to a great extent contiguous."
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            This is not mere theory. The developement is actually
+            begun:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "A few years since, the country smiths, and the
+               matrons with their daughters at the household wheel and
+               loom, were the principal manufacturers of America.
+               Now the cotton mills alone are computed at one thousand,
+               and the capital invested in manufacturing machinery at
+               &pound;23,500,000. The estimated value of some of the principal
+               articles of manufacture is as follows:
+
+            </p>
+            <table summary="estimated values">
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Woollens,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&pound;15,750,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Cotton,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;11,250,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Leather,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;9,000,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Hats and Caps,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;3,575,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Linen,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,350,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Paper,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,350,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Glass,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;1,125,000</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">Iron and Steel,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;11,250,000</td>
+               </tr>
+            </table>
+            <p>
+               "Some idea of the rapidity with which the American
+               manufactures are now capable of being extended, may be
+               <a name="p_191"></a>
+               formed from the past progress of the cotton manufacture.
+               The consumption of raw cotton was,
+
+            </p>
+            <table summary="consumption of raw cotton">
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">In 1833,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">196,000 bales.</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1835,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">236,700&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1837,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">246,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+               </tr>
+               <tr>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;1839,</td>
+                  <td valign="top" colspan="1" rowspan="1">276,000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"</td>
+               </tr>
+            </table>
+            <p>
+               "The United States already supply two-thirds of
+               their own consumption of cottons. At the above rate of
+               increase&#8212;of nearly fifty per cent, in five years&#8212;America
+               will much more than supply its own market in five
+               years to come. Never has the manufacturing interest of
+               the United States been in as prosperous and sound a condition
+               as at present. They need no high tariff to protect
+               them against British competition. <em>The English corn
+                  law is their best protection</em>."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            It is the restrictive policy of Great Britain that has
+            called into existence Lowell and the manufacturing cities
+            of the United States, producing an immense amount of
+            articles which were once the sole products of British
+            industry and skill. If the same policy is continued, the
+            prosperity of the United States will be impeded, but that
+            of England will be destroyed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following is an extract from the memorial of
+            Joshua Leavitt to Congress, on the wheat interests of the
+            North Western States:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no
+               foreign market for these products, the fine country under contemplation
+               is not, therefore, to be despaired of. Let the necessity once
+               become apparent, and there will be but one mind among the people
+               of the North-west. The same patriotism which carried our fathers
+               through the self-denying non-importation agreements of the
+               revolution, will produce a fixed determination to build up a home
+               <a name="p_192"></a>
+               market, at every sacrifice. And it can be done. What has been
+               done already in the way of manufactures, shows that it can be done.
+               The recent application of the hot-blast with anthracite coal to the
+               making of iron, and the discovery of a mine of natural steel, would
+               be auxiliaries of immense value. We could draw to our factories
+               the best workmen of Europe, attracted less by the temptation of
+               wages, than by the desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance
+               of their children. But it would take a long time to build up a
+               manufacturing interest adequate to supply the wants of the Northwest,
+               or to consume the produce of these wide fields; and the
+               burden of taxation for internal improvements, uncompleted and
+               unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear: and all the
+               population that is concentrated upon manufactures, is so much kept
+               back from the occupation of that noble domain; and the national
+               treasury would feel the effects of the curtailment of imports and
+               the cessation of land sales; and the amount of misery which the
+               loss of the American market would occasion to the starving
+               operatives and factory children on the other side of the Atlantic,
+               is worthy to be taken into the account, by every statesman who
+               has not forgotten that he is a man."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            If we refuse the Americans as customers, we compel
+            them to become our rivals; and, after supplying their own
+            wants, they will compete with us for the trade of the
+            world, on more than equal terms. Our statesmen may
+            yet employ America to build up the prosperity of our
+            country whilst increasing her own, or they may suffer its
+            rapidly developing and gigantic resources to work out
+            our ruin: the alternative is before them and before the
+            country&#8212;but decision must be prompt, for there is no
+            pause in the march of events. However unwise the
+            policy, we cannot be surprised that the American and
+            Continental manufacturer are each applying to his government
+            to follow our example, and protect home trade by
+            fiscal regulations.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            This question of trade with America has also most
+            <a name="p_193"></a>
+            important anti-slavery bearings&#8212;and here, again, I find
+            my own views anticipated by the able writer already
+            quoted:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The present policy of restricting the traffic with
+               America so closely to cotton, gives a deceitful appearance
+               to the stated imports and exports. From these statements
+               there should, in fairness, be deducted the value of all the
+               raw cotton which is returned to America; and, in fact,
+               if the true exchange trade would be seen, all should be
+               deducted that is exported from England. That portion
+               of cotton goods which is of English origin, that is, their
+               value above the raw material out of which they were
+               made, is, in fact, the only real part of English export.
+               Before exclusive importance was bestowed on cotton, the
+               exchange with America was in a large proportion of articles
+               not to be returned. It would be so again if trade
+               were free."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Again:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "To one effect which would be produced in America
+               by the repeal of the corn and provision laws, no party or
+               class in England can profess indifference, and that is, <em>its
+                  effect on slavery in the United States</em>. At the present
+               time, England gives a premium to American slavery by
+               admitting, at low duties, the cotton of the slave-holder,
+               which is his staple production, and refusing corn, which
+               is mostly the produce of free labor. The slave-holding
+               States, to the productions of which Great Britain confines
+               her American trade, are less populous and less wealthy than
+               the free; yet of their produce England received in 1839, according
+               to the American estimates, &pound;11,600,000, while of
+               that of the free States she received less than &pound;500,000."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "It should be remembered that the labor of the slave
+               <a name="p_194"></a>
+               States, is almost wholly expended in agriculture, under
+               the stimulus of a good market, while a large part of that
+               of the free States is otherwise employed, for the want of
+               such market. The effective laborers of the free States
+               are double the number of those in the slave States; and
+               were an opportunity given them, they would export in
+               as great a proportion. Thus England, by her laws, fosters
+               an odious institution abroad, which, in words, she loudly
+               condemns, and spends millions to rid the world of; whilst
+               she rejects more honorable, profitable, and wealthy customers,
+               the fruits of whose free and active industry are
+               in effect made contraband in England by law.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Not only would England escape this inconsistency
+               and reproach, by repealing the corn law, but she would
+               strike a most effectual blow at the existence of slavery in
+               the United States. Cotton, at present, from being made
+               by the corn law the principal exchangeable article in the
+               American trade, assumes an undue and unnatural importance
+               in American commerce, legislation, and home industry.
+               The slave-owner drives his slaves in its production,
+               and purchases supplies of the northern freeman, whose
+               interests are thus identified with those of the cotton
+               grower, and the slave-holding interest becomes predominant
+               in the country. From their habits, the people of the
+               slave-holding States are constantly contracting more debts
+               in the free States than they have the means of paying; so
+               that, under the present system of intercourse, the slaveholders
+               exercise over the free population of the north, the
+               same control which an insolvent debtor frequently has over
+               his creditor, by threatening to break and ruin him, if not
+               allowed his own way. A repeal of the corn laws would
+               release the free States from their present commercial and
+               consequent political vassalage to the southern slave-holders,
+               <a name="p_195"></a>
+               and thereby take from American slavery, the great citadel
+               of its strength, and insure its overthrow by the influences
+               which would arise to assail it from all quarters.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "But as free trade, in destroying the odious monopoly
+               of the haughty slave-holder, would benefit and not injure
+               him, so would its effects be found universally. It would
+               give peace and plenty to England and the world,&#8212;it
+               would enlarge and secure trade, bind the spreading
+               branches of the Anglo-saxon race by natural affinity to
+               England as their acknowledged head, and promote the
+               liberty and civilization of the human family at large."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            In view of the whole spirit of this discussion of one of
+            the most important questions bearing upon human interests,
+            I would simply add, that a wise Providence has
+            bound the duty and the interest, both of individual and
+            social man, firmly together, but for the trial of his virtue
+            the bands are concealed.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the 31st, I took my luggage on board the steam
+            packet "Caledonia," for Liverpool, via Halifax, which
+            was to sail the day following, although it was the first
+            day of the week. The proprietors of the packets are
+            bound in a heavy fine to sail on the appointed days,
+            whether those fall on the first day of the week or not. By
+            this arrangement the religious feelings of the people of
+            Boston are offended, which is the more inexcusable, on
+            the part of the British Government, as it does not suffer
+            its own mails to depart, either from London or Halifax,
+            on that day. Some gentlemen, who were interested in
+            the subject, placed in my hands a memorial addressed to
+            the Lords of the Admiralty in Great Britain, praying for
+            such an alteration of the arrangements as would prevent
+            this periodical violation of the first day of the week. A
+            <a name="p_196"></a>
+            gentleman, who was active in getting it signed, assured
+            me it was received with universal favor. The signatures,
+            obtained on very short notice, are those of the most influential
+            men in their respective stations in the city of Boston,
+            and include the names of the mayor of the city, an ex-lieutenant
+            governor of the State of Massachusetts, one
+            bishop, upwards of forty ministers of religion, of different
+            denominations, nine gentleman, upwards of one hundred
+            and twenty merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance
+            companies, the post-master of Boston, five physicians,
+            seven members of the legal profession, and two editors of
+            newspapers. After my arrival in this country, I presented
+            this document, through the Secretary of the Admiralty,
+            to the authorities to whom it is addressed, but regret to
+            state that the request was not complied with. The
+            memorial, and the reply of the Lords of the Admiralty
+            are given in the Appendix<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_32"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_32"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_32"></a><a href="#FootFN1_32">A</a>: .See Appendix L.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On leaving the shores of the United States, I left the
+            following letter for publication:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "<i>To the Friends of Immediate Emancipation in the
+                  United States</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Having visited your country as an humble fellow-laborer
+               in the great cause in which you are engaged, and
+               which, through trials and difficulties a stranger can
+               scarcely appreciate, you have so zealously maintained,
+               I have had a pleasing and satisfactory interview with
+               many of you, with reference to future exertions, in cooperation
+               with those of other lands, who unite with you in
+               regarding slave-holding and slave-trading as a heinous sin
+               <a name="p_197"></a>
+               in the sight of God, which should be immediately abolished.
+               It is the especial privilege of those who are laboring in
+               such a cause, to feel that 'every country is their country,
+               and every man their brother,' and to live above the atmosphere
+               of sectional jealousy and national hostility; and
+               hence I feel an assurance, that you will receive with
+               kindness a few lines from me on the eve of my departure
+               to my native land.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "You concur generally in opinion, that in endeavoring
+               to obtain the great object we have in view, it is very important
+               that the friends of the cause should be united, not
+               only in principle, but, as far as may be, in the character of
+               the measures which they pursue; and I have been much
+               encouraged in finding that you have generally adopted the
+               sentiment so rapidly spreading on the other side of the
+               Atlantic,&#8212;'That there is no reasonable hope of abolishing
+               the slave-trade, but, by the abolition of slavery, and that
+               no measures should be pursued for its attainment, but those
+               which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character.'
+               The progress of emancipation in Europe has been, beyond
+               a doubt, greatly retarded by leaving slavery and the slave-holder
+               unmarked by public reprobation, and concentrating
+               all the energies of philanthropy upon a fruitless effort to
+               abolish the slave-trade. And in this country the Colonization
+               scheme, with its delusive promise of good to
+               Africa, and its vague anticipations of putting an end to the
+               slave-trade by armed colonies on the coast of that ill-fated
+               continent, has been the means of obstructing emancipation
+               at home, of unprofitably absorbing the energies and
+               blinding the judgment of many sincere friends of the slave,
+               and of strengthening the unchristian prejudice against
+               color. The abolitionists of Europe, with few exceptions,
+               <a name="p_198"></a>
+               have seen the error of their former course of action, and
+               are now striking directly at the root, instead of lopping
+               the branches of slavery; and if further evidence of the
+               evil tendency and character of colonization is needed in
+               the United States, the recent proceeding of a meeting of
+               the Maryland Society at Baltimore, must convince all who
+               are friendly to the true interests of the people of color, that
+               it is a scheme deserving only the support of the enemies
+               of freedom.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_33"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_33"></a></p>
+            <p><a name="NoteFN1_33"></a><a href="#FootFN1_33">A</a>:
+               "The following resolution was passed at
+               the meeting of the Maryland Society above alluded to:&#8212;'That while it is
+               most earnestly hoped that the free colored people of Maryland may see
+               that their best and most permanent interests will be consulted by
+               their emigration from this State; and while this Convention would
+               deprecate any departure from the principle which makes colonization
+               dependent upon the voluntary action of the free colored people
+               themselves&#8212;yet, if, regardless of what has been done to provide
+               them with an asylum, they continue to persist in remaining in
+               Maryland, in the hope of enjoying here an equality of social and
+               political rights, they ought to be solemnly warned, that, in the
+               opinion of this Convention, a day must arrive when circumstances
+               that cannot be controlled, and which are now maturing, will
+               deprive them of choice, and leave them no alternative but
+               removal,'"
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The rapid progress of public opinion, as to the
+               iniquity of slavery, and the entire safety, as well as advantage,
+               of its immediate abolition&#8212;the attention which has
+               been awakened to it in all parts of the civilized world&#8212;the
+               movements in France, Spain, Brazil, and Denmark,
+               and other countries with slave-holding dependencies, all
+               indicating that the days of slavery are numbered, should
+               serve to encourage and stimulate us to increased exertions;
+               and while it is a cause of profound regret, that any thing
+               should have disturbed the harmony and unity of the real
+               <a name="p_199"></a>
+               friends of emancipation in this country&#8212;the hardest battle
+               field of our moral warfare&#8212;I am not without hope, that,
+               in future, those who,&#8212;from a conscientious difference of
+               opinion, not as to the object, but the precise mode of obtaining
+               it,&#8212;cannot act in one united band, will laudably
+               emulate each other in the promotion of our common
+               cause, and in Christian forbearance upon points of disagreement;
+               and that, where they cannot praise, they will
+               be careful not to censure those, who, by a different road,
+               are earnestly pursuing the same end. Without entering
+               into the controversies which have divided our friends on
+               this side the water, I believe it would be nothing more
+               than a simple act of justice for me to state, on my return
+               to Europe, my conviction that a large portion of the abolitionists
+               of the United States, who approve of the proceedings
+               of the late General Anti-Slavery Convention,
+               and are desirous of acting in unity with the British and
+               Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, from the general identity of
+               their practice, as well as principles, with those of the
+               British and Foreign Society, are entitled to the sympathies,
+               and deserving of the confidence and co-operation of
+               the abolitionists of Great Britain. It has been my pleasure
+               to meet, in a kindly interchange of opinion, many valuable
+               and devoted friends of emancipation; who, while dissenting
+               from the class above-mentioned in some respects, are
+               nevertheless disposed to cultivate feelings of charity and
+               good will towards all who are sincerely laboring for the
+               slaves. And in this connection I may state, that neither
+               on behalf of myself, or of my esteemed coadjutors in Great
+               Britain, am I disposed to recriminate upon another class
+               of abolitionists, who, on some points, have so far differed
+               from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee,
+               <a name="p_200"></a>
+               and the great majority of the Convention above mentioned,
+               as to sustain their representatives in refusing to act with
+               that Convention, and in protesting against its proceedings;
+               and who have seen fit to censure the committee in their
+               public meetings and newspapers in this country, as 'arbitrary
+               and despotic,' and their conduct as 'unworthy of
+               men claiming the character of abolitionists.'
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "As a corresponding member of the British and
+               Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and intimately acquainted
+               with its proceedings, I am persuaded that its
+               members have acted wisely, and consulted the best
+               interest of the cause in which they were engaged, in
+               generally leaving unnoticed any censures that have been
+               cast upon them while in the prosecution of their labors.
+               Yet, before leaving this country, I deem it right to bear
+               my testimony to the great anxiety of that committee
+               faithfully to discharge the duties committed to their trust;
+               and to state that it has never been my privilege to be
+               united to any body more desirous of keeping simply to the
+               one great object of their association&#8212;the total and immediate
+               abolition of slavery and the slave-trade. I am persuaded
+               that all candid minds, making due allowance for
+               the imperfection pertaining to human associations, will feel
+               their confidence in the future integrity of that committee
+               increased in proportion as they closely investigate their
+               past acts; and that, even when the wisdom of their course
+               may have been questioned, they will accord to them a
+               scrupulous honesty of purpose.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The first public suggestion of a General Anti-Slavery
+               Convention, like the one held last year in London,
+               originated, I believe, on this side of the Atlantic, although
+               the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+               <a name="p_201"></a>
+               Society took upon themselves the heavy responsibility of
+               convening it. At its close, they invited an expression of
+               the opinion of the delegates, as to the desirableness of
+               again summoning such an assembly. The expression was
+               generally in the affirmative; and, after discussion, a resolution
+               was passed, leaving it to the Committee of the British
+               and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, after consulting
+               with the friends of the cause in other parts of the world,
+               to decide this important question, as well as the time and
+               place of its meeting, should another Convention be
+               resolved upon.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Since I have been in the United States, I have
+               found those abolitionists who approved the principles and
+               proceedings of the late Convention so generally in favor
+               of another, and of London as its place of meeting, that the
+               only question seemed to be whether it should be held in
+               1842 or 1843. This expression of opinion is, I know,
+               so generally in accordance with the views of the British
+               and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and of many other
+               prominent abolitionists in Europe, that I have little doubt
+               they will feel encouraged to act upon it, probably at the
+               latter period. There is abundant and increasing evidence
+               of the powerfully beneficial influence of the late Convention
+               upon almost every part of the world where slavery is
+               still tolerated; and we are encouraged to hope that the
+               one in anticipation will be still more efficient for the
+               promotion of universal liberty.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Painful as has been to me the spectacle of many of
+               the leading influences of the ecclesiastical bodies in this
+               country, either placed in direct hostility to, or acting as a
+               drag upon, the wheel of the anti-slavery enterprise&#8212;and
+               of the manifest preponderance of a slave-holding influence
+               <a name="p_202"></a>
+               in the councils of the State&#8212;I am not one of those who
+               despair of a healthful renovation of public sentiment which
+               shall purify Church as well as State from this abomination.
+               There are decided indications that all efforts of
+               councils and synods to unite 'pure religion and undefiled,'
+               with a slave-trading and slave-holding counterfeit of Christianity,
+               must ere long utterly fail. And it is to me a
+               matter of joy, as it must be to every friend of impartial
+               liberty and free institutions, that the citizens of this republic
+               are more and more feeling that the plague-spot of slavery,
+               as with the increased facilities of communication its horrors
+               and deformity become more apparent in the eyes of the
+               world, is fixing a deep disgrace upon the character of their
+               country, and paralyzing the beneficial influence which
+               might otherwise flow from it as an example of a well-regulated
+               free government. May each American citizen
+               who is desirous of washing away this disgrace, to whatever
+               division of the anti-slavery host he may attach himself,
+               ever bear in mind that the cause is of too tremendous and
+               pressing a nature to admit of his wasting his time in censuring
+               and impeding the progress of those who may array
+               themselves under a somewhat different standard from his
+               own; and that any energies thus wasted, which belong to
+               the one great object, so far as human instrumentality is
+               concerned, is not only deferring the day of freedom to two
+               and a half millions of his countrymen, but inasmuch as the
+               fall of American slavery must be the death-blow to the
+               horrid system, wherever it exists, the result of the struggle
+               here involves the slavery or freedom of millions in other
+               parts of the world, as well as the continuance or suppression
+               of that slave-trade, to the foreign branch of which
+               alone more than <em>one thousand victims are daily sacrificed</em>;
+               <a name="p_203"></a>
+               and in reference to which it has justly been said, 'that all
+               that has been borne to Africa of the boasted improvements
+               of civilized life, is a masterly skill in the contrivance, and
+               an unhesitating daring in the commission of crimes, which
+               the mind of the savage was too simple to devise, and his
+               heart too gentle to execute.' There are no doubtful indications
+               that it is the will of Him, who has the hearts of
+               all at His disposal, that, either in judgment or in mercy,
+               this dreadful system shall ere long cease. It is not for us
+               to say why, in His inscrutable wisdom, He has thus far
+               permitted one portion of His creatures so cruelly to oppress
+               another; or by what instrumentality He will at length
+               redress the wrongs of the poor, and the oppression of the
+               needy; but should the worst fears of one of your most
+               distinguished citizens, who in view of this subject, acknowledged
+               that he 'trembled for his country, when he
+               remembered that God was just,' be finally realized, may
+               each one of you feel that no exertions on his part have
+               been wanting to avert the Divine displeasure, and preserve
+               your land from those calamities which, in all ages, have
+               rebuked the crimes of nations.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Your sincere friend,
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Boston, Seventh Month 31st, 1841."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            My dear friend John G. Whittier, whose pleasant
+            company and invaluable aid I had enjoyed, as much as his
+            health would permit, during my stay in the United States,
+            kindly accompanied me on board. Had he been less
+            closely identified with the transactions of which the present
+            volume is a record, I should have felt it due to his
+            station among the earliest and most distinguished advocates
+            <a name="p_204"></a>
+            of the anti-slavery cause in America, to attempt some delineation,
+            however imperfect, of that rare and consecrated
+            union of consistent Christian character, fine talents, and
+            sound and impartial judgment, which give him so much
+            weight in the councils of his fellow-laborers. We set sail
+            about noon on the 1st of the Eighth month, (August,) and
+            arrived off Liverpool about eleven o'clock, P.M. on the
+            13th, which interval included ten hours delay at Halifax.
+            We had about ninety passengers from Halifax to Liverpool,
+            and with the exception of a severe gale on the 10th,
+            almost amounting to a hurricane, we had a very favorable
+            voyage. The time from Halifax to within sight of the
+            light house off the south coast of Ireland was announced
+            to be only nine days and thirteen minutes.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            One of my fellow passengers had recently been traveling
+            in the southern States, and showed me a letter given
+            to him as a curiosity at the post office at Charleston, South
+            Carolina, which was addressed by a slave to her husband,
+            but from insufficient direction had never reached its destination.
+            It was to convey the tidings that she was about
+            to be sold to the South, and begging him, in simple and
+            affecting terms, to come and see her, as they would never
+            meet again. Another of the passengers, who had also
+            been a fellow voyager with my friend Joseph John Gurney,
+            had recently travelled in Texas. He was strongly
+            impressed with the evils likely to result from the proposed
+            recognition of that government by Great Britain. In consequence
+            of the promising aspect of these negotiations
+            between General Hamilton and Lord Palmerston in favor
+            of Texas, the paper money issued by that piratical government,
+            and which had not been previously negotiable
+            for more than one tenth of its nominal value, rapidly rose.
+            <a name="p_205"></a>
+            The Texas republic, in his opinion, could not secure a
+            permanence without British recognition.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Many planters, with their slaves, have emigrated thither
+            to escape their creditors from the border States, and
+            the republic has been lavish of grants of land to men of
+            capital and influence, to induce them to settle within its
+            limits. My informant considered the state of society to
+            be as bad as it well could be, and continue to exist. The
+            white inhabitants are living not only in fear of hostile Indians,
+            but in fear of each other.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            From a late letter of a friend in America, I make the
+            following extract relative to the present condition of Texas.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "To give thee some adequate idea of the importance
+               of that beautiful republic of Texas, which Lord Palmerston
+               and the late Whig government of England took under
+               their especial protection, I will just refer to the statistics
+               of the late election of its President. The successful
+               candidate, General Houston, a man notorious for his open
+               contempt for all the decencies of civilized society,&#8212;brutal,
+               brawling, profane, and licentious,&#8212;received somewhat
+               rising five thousand votes: his competitor, Judge Burnet,
+               between two and three thousand,&#8212;a vote smaller by thousands
+               than that of our little county of Essex, in Massachusetts.
+               Late accounts from Texas inform us that gangs
+               of organized desperadoes, under the names of moderators
+               and regulators, are traversing its territory, perpetrating
+               the most brutal outrages. In one instance they seized
+               a respectable citizen who dared to express his dissatisfaction
+               with their proceedings, hurried him into the forest,
+               and deliberately dug his grave before his eyes, <em>intending
+                  to bury him alive</em>! The miserable victim, horrified by
+               the prospect of such a fate, broke away from his tormentors,
+               <a name="p_206"></a>
+               and attempted to escape, but was shot down and
+               instantly killed! Such a congregation as Texas presents
+               was never, I suspect, known, save in that city into which
+               the Macedonian monarch gathered and garnered, in
+               one scoundrel community, the vagabond rascality of his
+               kingdom.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Thou would'st be amused to read an article, which has
+               made its appearance in the <em>Houston Telegraph</em>&#8212;a Texian
+               paper&#8212;in which the editor says, 'that while we deeply
+               commiserate the situation of our sister republic, in regard
+               to the political scourge of abolitionism, it is pleasing
+               to reflect that our country enjoys a <em>complete immunity
+                  from its effects</em>. Indeed we may with safety declare,
+               that throughout the whole extent of our country, not a
+               single abolitionist can be found.' He goes on to say that
+               this induces many of the southern planters to emigrate to
+               Texas, who, he remarks, '<em>will necessarily look to Texas,
+                  as the Hebrews did to the promised land, for a refuge
+                  and home</em>.' It will thus be seen that Texas is the promised
+               land of the patriarchal slave-holders of the southern
+               States. When hunted from every other quarter of the
+               globe by the inexorable spirit of abolition, when even
+               Cuba and Brazil cease to afford them an asylum&#8212;when
+               slave-holding shall be every where else as odious and detestable
+               as midnight larceny, or highway robbery,&#8212;Texas
+               alone, uninfected and secure, is to open its gates of refuge
+               to the persecuted Calhouns and McDuffies, and their
+               northern allies in church and state&#8212;the San Marino of
+               slavery, dissevered from the world's fanaticism&#8212;isolated
+               and apart, like the floating air-island of Dean Swift."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            The following extract from a recent New York paper
+            gives an equally deplorable representation of the society
+            in Texas.
+
+         </p><a name="p_207"></a><blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The pestilent influence of the recent horrible murders
+               on the Arkansas, and other United States' rivers, has
+               caused the practice of lynching to break forth with renewed
+               fury in Texas, where it had apparently slept for the
+               previous year. And we find recorded in the Texas papers
+               nearly a dozen of these murders that have occurred,
+               and undoubtedly there have been more than as many more.
+               In Shelby county two citizens have been shot down, and
+               several houses burned by a party of outlaws. In Red
+               River two men have been hanged as horse-thieves, without
+               judge or jury. In Washington county one man has
+               been shot down, under the pretence that he was a murderer.
+               In Austin county two men were killed, and two
+               hostile parties were in arms for several days, taking the
+               law into their own hands. In Jefferson county two men
+               have been killed, and the house of one of them burnt to
+               the ground by a party of self-styled 'regulators.' And
+               all this in the space of a year."
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Several of my fellow-passengers were from Cuba, and
+            some of them slave-holders by their own admission. With
+            one or two of those who could speak English, I had
+            much conversation on the abolition of slavery. They
+            concurred with apparent sincerity in the desire that the
+            slave trade might be effectually suppressed. They seemed
+            to consider that this trade was promoted by the mother
+            country as one means of preventing the colony from
+            aspiring to independence. They admitted the abstract
+            injustice of slavery, and one remarked, that a difference
+            of the color of the skin was a misfortune, not a crime.
+            They were not, however, disposed to entertain a thought
+            of emancipation, without being fully compensated for
+            their slaves.
+
+         </p><a name="p_208"></a><p>
+            I had again the pleasure of observing on this voyage,
+            the benefits of the change of system with regard to the
+            supply of wines and spirits, each passenger paying for
+            what he consumes, instead of his fare including the privilege
+            of drinking <i>ad libitum</i>. One of the
+            stewards told me the quantity consumed was little more than one-tenth
+            as much as under the former system.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I cannot conclude my narrative more gratefully to my
+            own feelings than by a tribute to the upright and conscientious
+            officer who commanded the vessel. On the first day
+            of the week, the only one we spent at sea, the passengers,
+            and as many of the servants as could conveniently attend,
+            assembled morning and evening in the saloon, for the purpose
+            of religious worship. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence,
+            one of the passengers, officiating as a minister of the English
+            Establishment; and every evening a similar opportunity
+            was offered in the fore cabin to all who were inclined
+            to be present. The captain firmly resisted the introduction
+            of cards on the first day of the week, and in his
+            whole conduct manifested an anxiety not only for the temporal
+            comfort and safety, but for the spiritual interests of
+            those under his care. Would that all captains of vessels,
+            invested as they are with such authority and influence over
+            the passengers and crews, were like-minded with my friend
+            Captain McKellar.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            I disembarked at Liverpool early in the morning on the
+            14th of Eighth month, (August,) 1841.
+
+         </p>
+      </div>
+      <div class="teidiv">
+         <h2><a name="genobs"></a>
+            GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+         </h2><a name="p_209"></a><p>
+            The reader who has accompanied me thus far, will
+            not need to be informed that I have designedly omitted
+            many of those remarks on scenery, manners, and institutions,
+            which were naturally suggested to my own mind
+            by a retrospect of my sojourn in the United States. On
+            various subjects of great interest and importance, it
+            would be difficult for me to add anything new or valuable
+            to the information contained in other and well
+            known works; while on those points to which my attention
+            was chiefly directed, I have endeavored, as far as
+            practicable, to incorporate the results of my inquiries in
+            the preceding narrative. There remain, however, a few
+            observations, for which, having found no appropriate
+            place, I would bespeak attention in a concluding chapter.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In the Northern States, education, in the common acceptation
+            of the term, may be considered as universal; in
+            illustration of which it may be mentioned, that on the
+            occasion of the late census, not a single American adult
+            in the State of Connecticut, was returned as unable to
+            read or write. Funds for education are raised by municipal
+            taxation in each town or district, to such an amount
+            as the male adults may decide. Their public schools are
+            universally admitted to be well conducted and efficient,
+            and combine every requisite for affording a sound, practical,
+            elementary education to the children of the less affluent
+            portion of the community. I need scarcely add
+            that in a republican government, this important advantage
+            <a name="p_210"></a>
+            being conceded, the road to wealth and distinction,
+            or to eminence of whatever kind, is thrown open to all of
+            every class without partiality&#8212;the colored alone excepted.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following extract from a letter received since my
+            return from a respected member of the Society of
+            Friends, residing in Worcester, Massachusetts, will give
+            a lively idea of the general diffusion and practical character
+            of education in the New England States.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "The public schools of the place, like those throughout
+            the State, are supported by a tax, levied on the people
+            by themselves, in their primary assemblies or town
+            meetings, and they are of so excellent a character as to
+            have driven other schools almost entirely out from among
+            us. They are so numerous as to accommodate amply all
+            the children, of suitable age to attend. They are graduated
+            from the infant school, where the A B C is
+            taught, up to the high school for the languages and mathematics,
+            where boys are fitted for the University, and advanced
+            so far, if they choose, as to enter the University
+            one or two years ahead. These schools are attended by
+            the children of the whole population promiscuously; and,
+            in the same class we find the children of the governor
+            and ex-governor of the State, and those of their day-laborers,
+            and of parents who are so poor that their children
+            are provided with books and stationery from the
+            school fund. Under this system, we have no children
+            who do not acquire sufficient school learning to qualify
+            them for transacting all the business which is necessary
+            in the ordinary pursuits of life. A child growing up without
+            school learning would be an anomaly with us. All
+            standing thus on a level, as to advantages, talent is developed,
+            <a name="p_211"></a>
+            wherever it happens to be; and neither wealth
+            nor ancestral honors give any advantage in the even-handed
+            contest which may here be waged for distinction.
+            It is thus that we find, almost uniformly, that our first
+            men, either in government or the professions, are the sons
+            of comparatively poor and obscure persons. In places
+            where the wealthier portion of the community have
+            placed their children in select schools, they are found
+            much less likely to excel, than when placed in contact
+            and collision with the mass, where they are compelled to
+            come in competition with those whose physical condition
+            prepares them for mental labor, and whose situation in
+            society holds forth every inducement to their exertions.
+            To this system, which is co-eval with the foundation of
+            the State, I attribute, in a great degree, that wonderful
+            energy of character which distinguishes the people of
+            New England, and which has filled the world with the
+            evidences of their enterprise."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The preceding statements refer to New England, the
+            oldest portion of the free States. The more recently settled
+            Northern and Western States are necessarily less
+            advanced, yet their educational statistics would probably
+            bear comparison with any country in the world, except
+            the most favored portion of their own. In the slave
+            States the aspect of things affords a striking contrast.
+            Not only is the slave population, with but few exceptions,
+            in a condition of heathen barbarism, a condition
+            which it is the express object of those laws of the slave
+            States, forbidding, under the heaviest penalties, the instruction
+            of the slaves, to perpetuate; but the want of
+            common elementary education among large numbers of
+            the privileged class is notorious. Compare Virginia with
+            <a name="p_212"></a>
+            Massachusetts,&#8212;"The American Almanac for the year
+            1841, states, (page 210) there are supposed to be hardly
+            fewer than 30,000 adult white persons in Virginia who
+            cannot read and write!" An able writer gives the following
+            facts.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "No one of the slave States has probably so much
+            general education as Virginia. It is the oldest of them&#8212;has
+            furnished one half of the Presidents of the United
+            States&#8212;has expended more upon her University than
+            any State in the Union has done during the same time
+            upon its colleges&#8212;sent to Europe nearly twenty years
+            since for her most learned professors; and in fine, has far
+            surpassed every other slave State in her efforts to disseminate
+            education among her citizens; and yet, the
+            Governor of Virginia in his message to the legislature,
+            (Jan. 7, 1839) says, that of four thousand six hundred
+            and fourteen adult males in that State, who applied to
+            the county clerks for marriage licences in the year 1837,
+            one thousand and forty seven were unable to write their
+            names." The governor adds, "these statements, it will
+            be remembered are confined to one sex: the education
+            of females, it is to be feared, is in a condition of <em>much
+               greater neglect</em>."&#8212;The editor of the Virginia Times
+            published at Wheeling, in his paper of January 23d,
+            1839, says,&#8212;"We have every reason to suppose that
+            one fourth of the people of the State cannot write their
+            names, and they have not of course any other species of
+            education."<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_34"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_34"></a></p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_34"></a><a href="#FootFN1_34">A</a>: "American Slavery as it is," page
+            187.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The destitution of the means of moral and religious
+            improvement is in like manner very great. A recent
+            number of the "Monthly Extracts from the correspondence
+            <a name="p_213"></a>
+            of the American Bible Society," contains the following
+            extract from the 28th annual report of the Virginia
+            Bible Society: "The sub-sheriff of one of our
+            Western Counties stated the following fact to your agent.
+            A jury was to be empannelled in a remote settlement of
+            this country&#8212;he happened to have left his home without
+            a Bible&#8212;there was no Bible in the house where the
+            jury was to sit, and the sheriff travelled fourteen miles
+            calling at every house, before he found a Bible. Pious
+            surveyors stated to your agent that they had traversed
+            every settlement in a remote section of one or two of our
+            south western counties, that they had frequently inquired
+            among the settlers for a Bible, but had never seen or
+            heard of one in a region, say sixty miles by fifty."
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            There are few things more striking in the free States
+            than the number and commodiousness of the places of
+            worship. In the New England States, however general
+            the attendance might be, none would be excluded for
+            want of room. The other means or accompaniments of
+            religious instruction are in the same abundance. How is
+            it possible to evade the conclusion that Christianity flourishes
+            most, when it is unencumbered and uncorrupted by
+            state patronage? What favored portion of the United
+            Kingdom could compare its religious statistics with New
+            England?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Religion and morality, viewed on the broad scale, are
+            cause and effect&#8212;a remark which is fully borne out in
+            the Northern States, and in no instance more remarkably
+            exemplified than in the spread of temperance. A few
+            years ago the consumption of ardent spirits, and other intoxicating
+            drinks, was as general as in England, and the
+            effects even more conspicuous and debasing. It is now
+            <a name="p_214"></a>
+            very rare, in the free States, to see a drunken person, even
+            in the most populous cities. At the large hotels, as far as
+            my observation extended, it is the exception, not the rule,
+            to take any spirituous or fermented beverage at or after
+            dinner; and no case of inebriety came under my notice in
+            any of these establishments. I have already remarked,
+            that some of the first hotels in the principal cities are established
+            on the strictest temperance principles. I believe,
+            in private hospitality, intoxicating drinks are, in like
+            manner, very much discarded. At the tables of members
+            of the Society of Friends, it is very rare to see either
+            wine or malt liquor introduced; while, as already noticed,
+            the selling, using, or giving ardent spirits is so great an
+            offence as to be made the subject of church discipline.
+            This is, by no means, one of the "peculiarities" of
+            "Friends," as I believe it may be generally stated that
+            the same practices, in most other Christian communities,
+            would be considered as quite incompatible with a profession
+            of religion.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The effects of this great reformation are not confined to
+            the United States, although the change hitherto has been
+            much more gradual in my native country; not so, however,
+            in Ireland, now, by a happy reverse, a scene of light
+            and promise, amidst surrounding gloom and depression.
+            Of the American facts I have to record, connected with
+            the temperance movement, the most grateful is the striking
+            contrast that is exhibited in the Irish emigrants.
+            By the divine blessing on Theobald Mathew's benevolent
+            labors, they have generally forsaken their besetting sin of
+            drunkenness in their native land, and if compelled to seek
+            the means of subsistence in another country, they now at
+            least do not carry with them habits that tend irresistibly to
+            <a name="p_215"></a>
+            destitution and degradation. The Irish movement is likewise
+            re-acting most beneficially on the native Irish, who
+            have long been settled in America, and who are joining
+            the total abstinence societies in great number, though
+            hitherto the most intemperate part of the community.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In short, whether I consider the religious, the benevolent,
+            or the literary institutions of the Northern States&#8212;whether
+            I contemplate the beauty of their cities, or the
+            general aspect of their fine country, in which nature every
+            where is seen rendering her rich and free tribute to industry
+            and skill&#8212;or whether I regard the general comfort
+            and prosperity of the laboring population,&#8212;my admiration
+            is strongly excited, and, to do justice to my feelings,
+            must be strongly expressed. Probably there is no country
+            where the means of temporal happiness are so generally
+            diffused, notwithstanding the constant flow of emigrants
+            from the old world; and, I believe there is no country
+            where the means of religious and moral improvement are
+            so abundantly provided&#8212;where facilities of education
+            are more within the reach of all&#8212;or where there is less
+            of extreme poverty and destitution.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            As morals have an intimate connection with politics, I
+            do not think it out of place here to record my conviction,
+            that the great principle of popular control, which is carried
+            out almost to its full extent in the free states, is not only
+            beautiful in theory, but that it is found to work well in
+            practice. It is true that disgraceful scenes of mob violence
+            and lynch-law have occurred; but perhaps not more frequently
+            than popular outbreaks in Great Britain; while,
+            generally, the supremacy of law and order have been restored,
+            without troops, or special commissions, or capital
+            punishments. It is also true, that these occurrences are,
+            <a name="p_216"></a>
+            for the most part, directly traceable, not to the celebrated
+            declaration of the equal and inalienable right of all men to
+            life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is the fundamental
+            principle of the constitution; but to the flagrant violation
+            of that principle in the persons of the colored population,
+            of whom those in most of the free states are actually or
+            virtually deprived of political rights; and the rest, constituting
+            a majority of the population in some of the Southern
+            States, are held in abject slavery. The corruptions
+            and disorders that obscure the bright example of the American
+            people, and detract from the estimation in which their
+            institutions and policy would otherwise be held, generally
+            spring from this source. So long as slavery and distinction
+            of color exist, America will always be pointed at with the
+            finger of scorn, for her flagrant violation of all truth and
+            consistency. But let us not forget that this odious institution
+            is the disgraceful legacy of a monarchy&#8212;that it is no
+            necessary effect of republican institutions, but the reverse.
+            Our quarrel, therefore, is not with the declaration of rights,
+            but that this celebrated declaration should be regarded,
+            in the instance of one class in the community, as a mere
+            rhetorical flourish, and should thus be deprived of its legitimate
+            practical effect.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The great feature of the political arrangements of the
+            free States is, the absence of the aristocratic element. A
+            pure despotism in the hands of one man has seldom been
+            seen, except in the instances of those renowned military
+            chiefs, whom a retributive Providence has at intervals employed
+            as the scourge of guilty nations. An aristocracy
+            under various forms and names, has usually been the governing
+            power, and as the too frequent result, laws have
+            been made and administered for the benefit of the few,
+            <a name="p_217"></a>
+            and not for the many. Yet the United States of North
+            America exhibit, however, notwithstanding their political
+            theory to the contrary, an aristocracy of the worst kind,
+            <em>an aristocracy of color</em>; in the free States of the many
+            against the few, in affirming these to be a degraded
+            race, as long as African blood runs in their veins; and in
+            the slave States, for a no better reason, reducing them even
+            when they are the majority; to the condition of brute beasts,
+            to be held and sold as goods and chattels. And this leads
+            me to observe that the writer who mistakes the general
+            government of the confederacy, with its limited scope and
+            powers, for the chief source of laws and administration in
+            the separate States will unavoidably present a confused
+            and distorted representation of existing facts. Each State
+            constitutes within itself a distinct republic, virtually independent
+            of the general government, so long as its legislation
+            does not conflict with the specific articles of the constitutional
+            compact; all the rights and powers of sovereignty,
+            not specifically delegated to the Government in that
+            instrument, being retained by the States. Hence nothing
+            can present a wider contrast than the slavery-blackened
+            code of South Carolina, and the statutes of Massachusetts,
+            characterized by republican simplicity and equality.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The preceding observations in favor of the democratic
+            institutions of the northern States, are therefore to be understood
+            as of local application; and I would explicitly
+            admit that a well-ordered and a well-working government
+            on such principles must in a great measure depend upon
+            the amount of virtue and intelligence in the community:
+            but while a government which is based upon the principles
+            of impartial justice requires a virtuous people properly
+            to administer it, it has, I believe, within itself one of the
+            <a name="p_218"></a>
+            most powerful elements for the formation of such a community.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            On the subject of peace my inquiries elicited an almost
+            uniformly favorable response. If we except those who
+            would encourage the war spirit, from hopes of sharing
+            in the plunder, or those to whom it would open up
+            the path to distinction and emolument, there are comparatively
+            few who do not desire the maintenance of peace.
+            In the religious part of the community, there is a rapidly
+            spreading conviction of the unchristian character of war,
+            in every shape; and the President, in his late message to
+            Congress, in stating that "the time ought to be regarded
+            as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed
+            as the only proper arbiter of national differences", has
+            expressed the sentiments of the great bulk of the intelligent
+            citizens of the United States. I believe also that
+            the majority would be found willing to assent to any reasonable
+            and practical measure that should preclude the
+            probability of an appeal to arms, or of keeping up what
+            are absurdly called "peace establishments" of standing
+            armies and appointed fleets for the protection of national
+            safety or honor. The late excitements on the Boundary
+            and McLeod questions were confined to comparatively
+            few of the population, and the report of them was magnified
+            by distance.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            But a far stronger guaranty for the permanence of international
+            peace than any treaties, will be found in the
+            interchange of mutual benefits by commerce. For this
+            reason he who is successful in promoting a free and unchecked
+            commerce, is the benefactor, not of his own country
+            alone, but of the world at large. There are few
+            countries where in practice free trade is more fully carried
+            <a name="p_219"></a>
+            out than in the United States, but in theory the true doctrine
+            of this subject is only in part adopted by her statesmen
+            and leading minds. They are willing to trade on
+            equal terms, but will meet prohibition with prohibition.
+            Here undoubtedly they mistake their real interests, but
+            though such a policy will not advance the prosperity of
+            America, it will inflict tremendous and lasting injury on
+            Great Britain. Whatever the event, <em>we</em> cannot complain.
+            The terms offered by the United States, though not wise, on
+            an enlarged view of her own interests, are yet <em>reciprocal</em>,
+            and therefore fair between nation and nation. If, however,
+            I possessed any influence with the enlightened citizens of
+            North America, I should be in no common degree anxious
+            to exert it against those false views of trade and commerce
+            which distort alike the maxims and the policy of her rulers.
+            Their manufactures flourish, not in consequence of
+            protection, but in defiance of it. With such an extended
+            coast, and such facilities of internal communication, prohibition
+            is impossible. The manufactures of England are
+            excluded, not by the revenue laws of the States, but by
+            the corn laws of Great Britain, which forbid the British
+            manufacturer to take in exchange the only article of value
+            his American customer has to spare; a prohibition which,
+            unhappily for the people of this country, our government
+            has power to enforce. The prohibitory system
+            is, to a great extent, impracticable in the United States;
+            and just so far as it should be found practicable, it would
+            prove injurious, by creating fictitious and dependent interests,
+            which, in the course of time, would become insupportably
+            burdensome to the commonwealth, and eventually
+            would have to be relinquished at the cost of a fearful
+            amount of individual distress and national suffering. Legitimate
+            <a name="p_220"></a>
+            commerce is that department of the national welfare,
+            in which it is the business of statesmanship to do
+            nothing but remove the impediments of its own creating
+            in past times. In all other respects, commercial legislation
+            is a nuisance; and if under some circumstances trade
+            is found to flourish concurrently with such interference, the
+            fact is due either to the restrictions and regulations being
+            practically inoperative, or more frequently, to the high
+            profits arising from unexhausted resources, in the absence
+            of competition, enabling commerce to advance in spite of
+            impediments; in the same way as cultivation by slave
+            labor, notwithstanding its expensiveness and inordinate
+            waste, enables the first planter on a virgin soil, and with
+            an open market for his produce, to roll in his carriage,
+            though beggary is to be the fate of the second or third
+            generation of his descendants.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In giving the preceding representation of the religious,
+            the moral, and the intellectual elevation of the population
+            of the Northern States of the Union, I have indicated the
+            source we must look to for the abolition of slavery, to
+            which it is now time to turn our attention, for no American
+            question can be discussed, into which this important subject
+            does not largely enter.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Light and darkness, truth and falsehood, are not more
+            in opposition than Christianity and slavery. If the religion
+            that is professed in the free States be not wholly a dead
+            letter,&#8212;if the moral and intellectual light which they
+            appear to enjoy be indeed light, and not darkness,&#8212;then
+            the abolition of slavery is certain, and cannot be long
+            delayed. In order to make this apparent, as well as to
+            vindicate my own proceedings in the United States, it is
+            incumbent on me to show, that the great contest, for the
+            <a name="p_221"></a>
+            abolition of American slavery, is to be decided in the <em>free</em>
+            States, by the power of public opinion. I have distinctly
+            admitted, that the confederated republics have each their
+            independent sovereignty. Neither the free States, nor the
+            general Government, can perhaps constitutionally abolish
+            slavery in any one of the existing slave States. Yet there
+            are certain objects clearly within the limits of the constitutional
+            power of the general Government, such as the
+            suppression of the internal slave-trade, and the abolition
+            of slavery in the district of Columbia, for which it is undeniably
+            lawful and constitutional for every American citizen
+            to strive; and the attainment of which would suffice to
+            cripple, and ultimately destroy slavery in every part of
+            the Union. The slave-holding power is so sensible of
+            this, that all its united strength is employed to retain that
+            control over the general Government, which it has exercised
+            from the date of the independence, and never more
+            despotically than at the present time. Amidst the difficulties
+            which beset, and the dangers which threatened the
+            country, at the period of the formation of the constitution,
+            the southern States dictated such a compromise as they
+            thought fit; and, with the great principles of liberty paraded
+            on the face of the declaration of independence, came
+            into the Union on the express understanding that those
+            principles should be perpetually violated in their favor.
+            Of the details of this compromise, by far the most important,
+            and one which has mainly contributed to consolidate
+            the political supremacy of the south, is the investiture of
+            the slave masters with political rights, in proportion to the
+            amount of their slave property. Every five slaves confer
+            three votes on their owner; though, in other points of
+            view, a slave is a mere chattel&#8212;an article of property
+            <a name="p_222"></a>
+            and merchandize,&#8212;yet, in this instance, and in <em>criminal
+               proceedings against him</em>, his <em>personality</em> is recognized,
+            for the express object of adding to the weight of his chains,
+            and increasing the power of his oppressor.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The North, in voting away the rights and freedom of
+            the laboring population of the South, surrendered its own
+            liberty. The haughty slave-holding masters of the great
+            confederacy have from the beginning chosen the Presidents,
+            and the high officers of state, and have controlled
+            the policy of the Government, from a question of peace or
+            war, to the establishment of a tariff or a bank. In the
+            executive department they have dictated all appointments,
+            from a letter-carrier to an ambassador; an amusing
+            illustration of which I find in my recent correspondence.
+            A late member of the Massachusetts legislature,
+            writes on the Eighth Month (August) 26, 1841:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "One instance of the all-pervading <i>espionage</i> of the
+               slave power I may mention. The newly appointed postmaster
+               of Philadelphia employed, among his numerous
+               clerks and letter-carriers, Joshua Coffin, who, some three
+               years ago, aided in restoring to liberty a free colored citizen
+               of New York, who had been kidnapped and sold
+               into slavery. The appointment of the postmaster not being
+               confirmed, he wrote to his friends in Congress to inquire
+               the reason, and was told that the delay was occasioned
+               by the fact that he had employed Coffin as one of
+               his letter-carriers! Coffin was immediately dismissed,
+               and the senate in a few days confirmed the appointment!
+               Is not this a pitiful business?"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            If the reader, who wishes further information, will consult
+            William Jay's work, entitled "A View of the Action
+            of the Federal Government in behalf of Slavery," he
+            <a name="p_223"></a>
+            will find ample historical proof that the internal and external
+            administration of the Union&#8212;legislative, executive,
+            and diplomatic&#8212;has been employed, without any
+            deviation from consistency, to subserve the interests of
+            the slave-holding States. Yet these States are, in population,
+            numerically weaker than those of the North, and
+            inferior, to a far greater degree, in wealth, intelligence,
+            and the other elements of political power. They are
+            strong only in the compactness of their union, while the
+            citizens of the free States are divided in interest and
+            opinion. Here, then, is presented a distinct and legitimate
+            object for those of the abolitionists who regard their
+            political rights as a trust for the benefit of the oppressed
+            and helpless, to combine the scattered and divided
+            power of the North into a united phalanx, which shall
+            wrest the administration of the Federal Union from the
+            slave-holding interest, and shall purify the general Government
+            from the contamination of slavery, by reversing
+            its general policy on that subject, and by the adoption of
+            the specific measures before mentioned; while, in the
+            States in which they respectively reside, the abolitionists
+            feel it to be their duty to exert themselves, to wipe away
+            from the statute book every vestige of that barbarism
+            which makes political, civil, or religious rights depend
+            upon the color of the skin.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Yet more important is it, however, to bring the moral
+            force of the North to bear against slavery, by reforming
+            the prevailing public sentiment of the religious, moral,
+            and intelligent portion of the community. Here again,
+            one of the most sagacious leaders of the pro-slavery party,
+            J.C. Calhoun, has descried the danger from afar, and
+            has publicly proclaimed it in the senate of the United
+            <a name="p_224"></a>
+            States, by vehemently deprecating the anti-slavery proceedings,
+            not as intended to provoke the slaves to a servile
+            war, but as a crusade against the <em>character</em> of the
+            slave-holders.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Although the different States are distinct governments,
+            their geographical boundaries are mere lines upon the
+            map; their inhabitants speak the same language, and enjoy
+            a communion of citizenship all over the Union. The
+            North Eastern States have by far the greater part of the
+            whole commerce of the Union, and are the medium
+            through which the planter exchanges his cotton for provisions
+            and clothing for his slaves, implements for his agriculture,
+            and his own family supplies. These commercial
+            ties create a direct and extensive pro-slavery interest
+            in the North. Again, the planter is yet more dependent
+            on the North for education for his children, and for the
+            gratification of his own intellectual wants, as the slave-holding
+            region has few colleges, and those of secondary
+            reputation; while I believe it has no periodical of higher
+            pretension than the political newspapers. The pro-slavery
+            re-action in this way, on the seminaries of the
+            North, and on the literature of the United States, is most
+            sensibly felt.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            Another powerful cause that contributes to leaven the
+            entire population into one mind on the subject of slavery,
+            is the double migration that annually takes place of people
+            of the Southern States to the North, in summer, and of the
+            inhabitants of the free States to the South in winter.
+            Hence follow family alliances, the interchange of hospitalities,
+            and a fusion of sentiments, so that the slavery
+            interest spreads its countless ramifications through every
+            corner of the free north.
+
+         </p><a name="p_225"></a><p>
+            Another cause, and perhaps the most powerful of all,
+            is the community of religious fellowship in leading denominations.
+            The Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Baptists,
+            and the Presbyterians of two schools, are severally
+            but one body, all over the Union, and as a matter of
+            course, all are tainted with slavery, and for consistency's
+            sake, make common cause against abolition. The
+            pamphlet of James G. Birney, entitled "The American
+            Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery,"<a class="notelink" href="#NoteFN1_35"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootFN1_35"></a> offers
+            the amplest proof that the Methodist Episcopal, the
+            Baptist, the Presbyterian, and the Anglican Episcopal
+            Churches are committed, both in the persons of their
+            eminent ministers, and by resolutions passed in a church
+            capacity, to the monstrous assertion that slavery, so far
+            from being a moral evil, which it is the duty of the church
+            to seek to remove, is a Christian institution resting on a
+            scriptural basis; this assertion is repeated in the numerous
+            quotations of the pamphlet, in a variety and force of expression
+            that show the utterers were resolved not to leave
+            their meaning in the smallest doubt. Indeed, it might be
+            supposed, from the perusal of this pamphlet, that the
+            suppression of abolitionism, if not the maintenance of
+            slavery, was one of the first duties of the Christian
+            churches in America.
+
+         </p>
+         <p><a name="NoteFN1_35"></a><a href="#FootFN1_35">A</a>: Published
+            by Ward &amp; Co., Paternoster-row, London.
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The following extracts are offered in illustration:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.&#8212;"Resolved,
+               That it is the sense of the Georgia Annual Conference,
+               that slavery, as it exists in the United States, <em>is not a
+                  moral evil</em>."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late President of the
+               <a name="p_226"></a>
+               (Methodist) Wesleyan University in Connecticut&#8212;'The
+               New Testament enjoins obedience upon the slave as an
+               obligation <em>due</em> to a present <em>rightful</em> authority.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Rev. E.D. Simms, Professor in Randolph Macon
+               College, a Methodist Institution&#8212;'Thus we see, that
+               the slavery which exists in America, <em>was founded in right</em>.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. William Winans, of Mississippi, in the
+               General Conference, in 1836&#8212;'Yes, sir, Presbyterians,
+               Baptists, Methodists, should be slaveholders,&#8212;yes, he
+               repeated it boldly&#8212;there should be members, and
+               <em>deacons</em>, and ELDERS and BISHOPS, too, who were slave-holders.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. J.H. Thornwell, at a public meeting,
+               held in South Carolina, supported the following resolution&#8212;'That
+               slavery, as it exists in the South, is no evil,
+               and is consistent with the principles of revealed religion;
+               and that all opposition to it arises from a misguided and
+               fiendish fanaticism, which we are bound to resist in the
+               very threshold.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Rev. Mr. Crowder, of Virginia, at the Annual
+               Conference in Baltimore, 1840&#8212;'In its <em>moral</em> aspect,
+               slavery was not only countenanced, permitted, and
+               regulated by the Bible, but it was positively <em>instituted</em>
+               by GOD HIMSELF&#8212;he had, in so many words, ENJOINED
+               IT.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            THE BAPTIST CHURCH&#8212;"Memorial of the Charleston
+            Baptist Association, to the Legislature of South Carolina:
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "'<em>The right of masters to dispose of the time of their
+                  slaves has been distinctly recognized by the Creator of
+                  all things</em>, who is surely at liberty to vest the right of
+               property over any object in whomsoever he pleases.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_227"></a>
+               "Rev. R. Furman, D.D., of South Carolina&#8212;'The
+               right of holding slaves is clearly established in the Holy
+               Scriptures, both by precept and example.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The late Rev. Lucius Bolles, D.D., of Massachusetts,
+               Cor. Sec. Am. Bap. Board for Foreign Missions,
+               (1834.)&#8212;'There is a pleasing degree of union among
+               the multiplying thousands of Baptists throughout the land....
+               Our Southern brethren are generally, both ministers
+               and people, slave-holders.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.&#8212;"Resolution of Charleston
+            Union Presbytery&#8212;'That, in the opinion of this Presbytery,
+            the holding of slaves, so far from being a SIN in
+            the sight of God, is no where condemned in his holy
+            word.'"
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "Rev. Thomas S. Witherspoon, of Alabama, writing
+            to the Editor of the <em>Emancipator</em>, says&#8212;'I
+            draw my warrant from the Scriptures of the Old and New Testament,
+            to hold the slave in bondage. The principle of
+            holding the heathen in bondage is recognized by God....
+            When the tardy process of the law is too long in
+            redressing our grievances, we of the South have adopted
+            the summary remedy of Judge Lynch&#8212;and really, I
+            think it one of the most wholesome and salutary remedies
+            for the malady of Northern fanaticism, that can be
+            applied.'"
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            "Rev. Robert N. Anderson, of Virginia&#8212;'Now
+            <em>dear Christian brethren</em>, I humbly express it as my earnest
+            wish, that you <em>quit yourselves like men</em>. If there be any
+            stray goat of a minister among you, tainted with the bloodhound
+            principles of abolitionism, let him be ferreted out,
+            silenced, excommunicated, and left to the <em>public to dispose
+               of him in other respects</em>.'"
+
+         </p><a name="p_228"></a><p>
+            THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.&#8212;"John Jay,
+            himself an Episcopalian&#8212;'She has not merely remained a
+            mute and careless spectator of this great conflict of truth
+            and justice with hypocrisy and cruelty, but her very
+            <em>priests and deacons may be seen ministering at the altar
+               of slavery</em>, offering their talents and influence at its unholy
+            shrine, and openly repeating the awful blasphemy, <em>that
+               the precepts of our Savior sanction the system of American
+               slavery</em>.'"
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            In page 25 is the following:&#8212;
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "The Rev. James Smylie, A.M., of the Amite Presbytery,
+               Mississippi, in a pamphlet, published by him a
+               short time ago, <em>in favor</em> of American slavery, says:&#8212;'If
+               slavery be a sin, and advertising and apprehending slaves,
+               with a view to restore them to their masters, is a direct
+               violation of the Divine law; and if <em>the buying, selling, or
+                  holding a slave, for the sake of gain</em>, is a heinous sin and
+               scandal; then, verily, <em>three-fourths of all the Episcopalians,
+                  Methodists, Baptists</em>, and <em>Presbyterians</em>, in
+               <em>eleven States of the Union</em>, are of the devil. They 'hold,' if
+               they do not buy and sell slaves, and, <em>with few exceptions</em>,
+               they hesitate not to 'apprehend and restore' runaway
+               slaves, when in their power.'"
+
+            </p>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            Yet, in the face of evidence so overwhelming as this,
+            showing how the whole moral atmosphere of the Northern
+            States is tainted with pro-slavery corruption, the abolitionists
+            are frequently taunted with the question, what has
+            the North to do with slavery? It is, however, a part of
+            their vocation to bear contempt and reproach. They
+            know they are at the right end of the lever, though at
+            some apparent distance from the object to be moved.
+            <em>Their mission is to correct public opinion in the free
+               <a name="p_229"></a>
+               States</em>. Let us suppose, for a moment, this object attained&#8212;the
+            whole slave-holding portion of the churches
+            cut off, as a diseased and corrupt excrescence; the national
+            literature purified, and the entire community pervaded by
+            sound Christian feeling&#8212;a feeling which should abhor all
+            participation, in word or deed, with the guilt of slavery;
+            and how could the South maintain, for a single day, the
+            perpetual warfare, which would be thus waged against
+            her from without, and seconded by alarmed consciences in
+            her own citadel?
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            The rise of the present abolition movement dates from
+            the year 1832, when a few persons met at Philadelphia,
+            and adopted and signed a declaration of their sentiments.
+            He, however, who would trace anti-slavery sentiments to
+            their source, must go back to the first era of Christianity,
+            and to the authoritative promulgation of the Divine law of
+            love by the lips of the Savior of mankind himself. In
+            the darkest times, since that period, the true doctrine of
+            the unlawfulness of slavery has never been wholly lost,
+            being in fact a part of the imperishable substance of vital
+            Christianity.
+
+         </p>
+         <p>
+            From 1832 until the division referred to in an early
+            portion of this work, the anti-slavery societies multiplied
+            with extraordinary rapidity. The following account of
+            the present state of the cause is furnished by my friend,
+            John G. Whittier.
+
+         </p>
+         <blockquote>
+            <p>
+               "He who, at the present time, judges of the progress
+               of the anti-slavery cause in the United States, by statistics
+               of the formation of new societies, or the activity and
+               efficiency of the old, will obtain no adequate idea of the
+               truth. The unfortunate divisions among the American
+               abolitionists, and, the difficulty of uniting, for any continuous
+               <a name="p_230"></a>
+               effort, those who differ widely as to the proper
+               means to be used, and measures to be pursued, have, in a
+               great measure, changed the direction and manifestation of
+               anti-slavery feeling and action. Thus, while public
+               opinion, in all the free States, is manifestly approximating
+               to abolition, and new converts to its principles are daily
+               avowing themselves, it is exceedingly rare to hear of the
+               formation of a new anti-slavery society, and there are few
+               accessions to those which are already in existence. Yet
+               the fresh recipients of the truths of anti-slavery doctrine
+               find abundant work for their hands to do, even without the
+               pale of organized societies, in purifying the churches with
+               which they are connected, and in counteracting the pro-slavery
+               politics of the country.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The two great political parties in the United States,
+               radically disagreeing in almost all other points, are of one
+               heart and mind, in opposing emancipation; not, I suppose,
+               from any real affinity to, or love for the 'peculiar
+               institution,' but for the purpose of securing the votes of
+               the slave-holders, who, more consistent than the Northern
+               abolitionists, refuse to support any man for office, who is
+               not willing to do homage to slavery. The competition
+               between these two parties for Southern favor is one of the
+               most painful and disgusting spectacles which presents itself
+               to the view of a stranger in the United States. To every
+               well wisher of America it must be a matter of interest and
+               satisfaction to know, that there is a growing determination
+               in the free States to meet the combination of slave-holders
+               in behalf of slavery, by one of freemen in behalf of liberty;
+               and thus compel the party politicians, on the ground of
+               expediency, if not of principle, to break from the thraldom
+               of the slave power, and array themselves on the side
+               of freedom.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_231"></a>
+               "It is an undoubted fact, that, at the present time,
+               the various denominations of professing Christians in the
+               United States are more deeply agitated by this question
+               than at any former period. The publication of such books
+               as Weld's 'Slavery as it is,' has unveiled the monstrous
+               features of slavery to the Christian public in the Northern
+               States. The blasphemous attempts of Southern professors
+               and ministers, to defend their abominable practices upon
+               Christian grounds, have powerfully re-acted against them
+               at the North; and church after church, especially in New
+               England, is taking the high stand of the late General
+               Convention in London, in withholding its fellowship from
+               slave-holders, and closing its pulpit against their preachers.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Recent movements in the slave States themselves
+               encourage the friends of freedom. In Kentucky, at the
+               late election for state officers, one of the candidates,
+               Cassius M. Clay, nephew of Henry Clay, avowed his
+               opposition to pro-slavery principles in the strongest terms,
+               and staked his election upon this avowal. He was
+               warmly supported, and his opponent only succeeded by a
+               small majority. Tennessee, in her mountain region, has
+               many decided, uncompromising abolitionists, whose encouraging
+               letters and statements have been published
+               within the last year, in the Northern anti-slavery papers.
+               The excellent work of Joseph John Gurney, on the West
+               Indies, and Dr. Channing's late pamphlet, entitled
+               "Emancipation," have been very widely circulated in
+               many of the slave States; and, so far as can be ascertained,
+               have been read with interest by the planters.
+               The movements of English and French abolitionists have
+               attracted general attention, and, in the Southern States,
+               have awakened no small degree of solicitude.
+
+            </p>
+            <p><a name="p_232"></a>
+               "That baleful American peculiarity, prejudice against
+               color, is evidently diminishing, under the influence of
+               anti-slavery principles and practice; and the laws which
+               have oppressed the free colored citizen are rapidly yielding
+               to the persevering action of the abolitionists. Dr.
+               Channing has not over-stated the fact, that the provision
+               in the Federal Constitution, relative to the reclaiming of
+               fugitive slaves, has been silently but effectually repealed
+               by the force of public opinion, and the interposition of
+               jury trial, in many of the free States. In Massachusetts,
+               Vermont, Maine, and New York, with the exception of
+               its slavery-ridden commercial emporium, the recovery of a
+               slave by legalized kidnappers is entirely out of the question.
+               In any one of these States, it would, to use the
+               language of a New York mechanic, be exceedingly difficult
+               to prove, to the satisfaction of a jury of honest freemen,
+               that a man had been born 'contrary to the Declaration
+               of Independence.' The frontiers of slavery are every
+               where very much exposed, and all along the line of
+               Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, and Missouri,
+               the tide of self-emancipated men and women is pouring in
+               upon the free States. I cannot give a better idea of the
+               extent of this peculiar emigration, than by copying extracts
+               from the <em>Centreville Times</em>, a paper published in
+               Maryland:&#8212;
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'<em>Free Negroes and Slaves</em>.&#8212;When it is too late,
+                  the people of Maryland will begin to look for the means
+                  of protection in their slave property. We still say slave
+                  property; although, notwithstanding slaves are recognized
+                  as property by the constitution, without which recognition
+                  this confederation never would have been formed: yet
+                  such has been the effect of fanaticism and emancipation,
+                  <a name="p_233"></a>
+                  of the intermeddling machinations of abolitionists, and the
+                  mischievous agency of free negroes&#8212;that <em>the very owners
+                     of this species of property seem to begin to doubt
+                     whether slaves are property or not</em>; and so much has its
+                  value become impaired, in the possession of those who
+                  reside contiguous to the non-slaveholding States, that the
+                  question has been raised, whether they are, in fact, worth
+                  keeping. Either discipline must be so much relaxed, as
+                  that the labor of the slave will scarcely pay for his support;
+                  or, if forced to labor no more than is even necessary
+                  to health and contentment, they abscond, and passing
+                  over the lines into a non-slaveholding State, are there
+                  concealed and protected. The number and the success
+                  of elopements leave no doubt of the establishment of a
+                  regular chain of posts, accessary to, and of systematic
+                  plans, deliberately organized, for their seduction and concealment.
+                  In these escapes, the free negroes are, for the
+                  most part, undoubtedly instrumental, as they are to most
+                  of the robberies committed by slaves. While at Easton,
+                  two weeks since, the slaves of two gentlemen made their
+                  escape, being each, if not recovered, a loss of one thousand
+                  dollars; and the firm persuasion was, that, in both
+                  cases, the runaways were furnished with passes by a free
+                  negro barber. Even if apprehended, these gentlemen will
+                  have been put to an expense of not less than three hundred
+                  dollars, and this without the slightest pretext of ill
+                  usage or unkindness.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The usual process is, when the owner is supposed
+                  to have despaired of his recovery, for some abolition or
+                  free negro lawyer to open a correspondence with the
+                  owner, representing the runaway to be in Canada, or otherwise
+                  beyond apprehension&#8212;coolly adding, with a highwayman's
+                  <a name="p_234"></a>
+                  impudence, "take that or nothing;" and the
+                  owner has to put up with a total loss, or compromise for
+                  a third of the value of his property&#8212;the result in either
+                  case, proving an incentive to others to be off in like manner"'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><br>
+                  &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+                  <br></p>
+               <p>
+                  "'There is not an interest that is not impaired, by the
+                  proximity of the free States, and the protection there
+                  afforded to slaves, and by the presence and intercommunion
+                  of the free with the slave negro. Even the value
+                  of land is diminished by it. Maryland suffers the disadvantages,
+                  without the advantages of a slave State. The
+                  disadvantage consists in the reputation, (the odium, north
+                  of the Delaware,) of being a slave State. <em>The capitalists
+                     of the North refuse, on that account, to invest in
+                     Maryland lands, though they could buy land in Maryland
+                     for twenty dollars an acre, which is intrinsically
+                     worth more than theirs, which they could sell for an hundred.</em>
+                  Our condition is, in fact, that of neither the one
+                  or the other; and, unless something can be done to counteract
+                  the progress of fanaticism on this subject, and that
+                  abuse of strength and heedless injustice which always follows
+                  irresponsible power, <em>slavery in Maryland must cease,
+                     either by sale, while that right remains to the slave-holder,
+                     or ere long, by forced emancipation</em>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Virginia&#8212;once proud and independent Virginia,
+                  already half captive to the North&#8212;will soon take her
+                  place as the frontier slave State;&#8212;Maryland, with her
+                  Southern principles, eaten out by Northern men, will then
+                  assume to her the relation that Pennsylvania now bears to
+                  Maryland;&#8212;nay, it is but too obvious that, as things are
+                  now working, in process of time, and that not slowly,
+                  <a name="p_235"></a><em>slavery must cease to exist in all the provision-growing
+                     States</em>,&#8212;its northernmost line will be the line of the
+                  sugar, the rice, and the cotton culture,&#8212;the climate alone
+                  affording to the slave-holder that shelter which justice
+                  could not offer from the rapacity of his pursuers. Will
+                  the Southern still accept the shadow without the substance
+                  of equal and confederate powers? Be his relation, then,
+                  what it may&#8212;independent, confederate, or colonial&#8212;for
+                  one, we say, let it be defined. To the misery of the
+                  slave, let him not add the meanness of the dupe. Let
+                  him remember, that time and corruption have often
+                  achieved what would have defied the power of the sword;&#8212;in
+                  a word, let the slave-holder think, while yet, if yet,
+                  he has power to act.'"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </blockquote>
+         <p>
+            I have now concluded an imperfect attempt to delineate
+            the present state of the anti-slavery cause, on the
+            North American continent, with incidental notices of the
+            past history of the efforts of its friends. In regard to the
+            future, my hopes are built on the continuance of these
+            efforts, and on the concurrent aid afforded by the march
+            of events, both in the United States and in the world at
+            large, under the manifestly over-ruling power of that gracious
+            Being, who sometimes employs human instrumentality
+            to accomplish His purposes of mercy; but who
+            works also Himself, by His immutable laws, and by the
+            dispensations of His providence.
+
+         </p>
+         THE END.
+         <a name="p_236"></a><a name="A_i"></a></div>
+      <div class="teidiv">
+         <h2><a name="APPs"></a>
+            APPENDIX.
+
+         </h2>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="A"></a>APPENDIX A. p. 30.<br><br><br>ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.<br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "From our Yearly Meeting held in London, by adjournment from the 20th
+                  of the 5th Month to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1840.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>To the Yearly Meetings of Friends on the Continent of North America</i>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "DEAR FRIENDS,&#8212;We think it a favor to us, and we accept
+                  it as an evidence that our Lord is mindful of us, that from one
+                  time to another, when thus assembled for mutual edification, and
+                  the renewing of our spiritual strength, we are in any small measure
+                  brought afresh to the enjoyment of that love which flows from
+                  God to man, through Jesus Christ our Savior; and under its
+                  blessed influence quickened to exercise of mind, not only for the
+                  health and prosperity of all those professing the same faith with
+                  ourselves, but for the coming of the kingdom of God upon earth,
+                  and the universal prevalence of righteousness and truth among
+                  men. This love has often brought us in Christian compassion
+                  and tenderness of spirit, deeply to feel for that portion of the
+                  great family of man subjected to the degradation and cruelty of
+                  slavery.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We do not cease to rejoice with reverent thanksgiving to
+                  Almighty God, for the termination of this system of iniquity in
+                  the British Colonies. It was an act of justice on the part of our
+                  Legislature, and it has removed an enormous load of guilt from
+                  our beloved country; but in our rejoicing, we cannot, nor would
+                  we wish, to forget the hundreds of thousands of our brethren and
+                  sisters on the continent of America, and elsewhere, still detained
+                  in this abject condition, and liable to all the misery and oppression
+                  which it entails upon its victims.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_ii"></a>
+                  "We have a strong conviction of the guilt and sinfulness of
+                  slavery, and its pernicious effects upon both the oppressed and
+                  the oppressor. That man should claim a right of property in the
+                  person of his fellow&#8212;that man should buy and sell his brother&#8212;that
+                  civil governments in their legislative enactments, should so
+                  far forget that 'God who giveth to all, life, and breath, and all
+                  things, and hath made of one blood all nations of men, for to
+                  dwell on all the face of the earth,' as to treat those who differ
+                  from them in the color of their skin, or any other external peculiarity,
+                  as beasts that perish, as chattels and articles of merchandise,&#8212;is
+                  in such direct violation of the whole moral law, and
+                  of the righteousness of the New Testament, and that in a day in
+                  which the principles of civil and religious liberty are so fully
+                  acknowledged in many of the nations of Christendom, may well
+                  excite both indignation and sorrow. And we cannot but regard
+                  it as such proof of hardness of heart, and perverted understanding,
+                  that we think it can be attributed to nothing short of the
+                  deceivableness of Satan working upon the fallen nature of man.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It was, dear friends, in the gradual unfolding of that light in
+                  which the things that are reproved are made manifest, that your
+                  forefathers and ours, were brought to see the criminality of
+                  slavery. Thus enlightened, they could find no peace with God,
+                  until they had put away this evil of their doings from before his
+                  eyes&#8212;until by a conscientious discharge of their individual
+                  religious duty, they had restored those whom they held in bondage,
+                  to the full enjoyment of unqualified freedom. Under the
+                  influence of Divine wisdom, and by this faithfulness on the part
+                  of upright Friends, our religious society were brought to a united
+                  and settled judgment as a body, that personal slavery, both in its
+                  origin and its results, was so great an evil, that it could be tolerated
+                  by no mitigation of its hardship; and they felt the demands
+                  of equity to be so urgent upon them, that they were concerned to
+                  enjoin it upon Friends every where, by a ready compliance with
+                  such reasonable duty, to cease to do evil, by immediately releasing
+                  those they held as slaves. Their own hands being cleansed
+                  from this pollution, they felt it to be laid upon them, plainly and
+                  faithfully, to labor with their countrymen to bring them to a full
+                  understanding of the requiring of the Divine law, and to press it
+                  upon them to act up to its commandments. In the love of God,
+                  <a name="A_iii"></a>
+                  they were bold, both in your country and in ours, to plead the
+                  cause of the oppressed with those in power. We believe, and
+                  we would wish to speak of it with modesty and humility, that
+                  their faithfulness, in connection with the exertions of humane and
+                  devoted men of other Christian communities, were instrumental
+                  to bring about the abolition of the slave trade, as well as the
+                  extinction of slavery.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We are reverently impressed with a sense of the prerogatives
+                  of the Great Head of the Church, to dispose of his servants, and
+                  to employ their time, and every talent which he has intrusted
+                  them, in such a way and manner as may consist with the purposes
+                  of his wisdom and love. It is the concern of this Meeting,
+                  that all our dear friends may carefully seek each to know his
+                  Lord's will, and to ascertain his individual path of duty; at the
+                  same time we desire to encourage one another to simple obedience
+                  to that which in the true light may be made manifest to
+                  them; and each to an unflinching and uncompromising avowal of
+                  his allegiance to his Lord in all things.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We observe with satisfaction and comfort, in the epistles
+                  from your Yearly Meetings, which have been read in this Meeting,
+                  that there is a very general acknowledgment of concern on this
+                  important subject. It has often been a prominent feature in the
+                  brotherly correspondence which subsists between us. The expression
+                  of your encouragement in times past, has been helpful
+                  to us, and in the trials and difficulties you have had to endure,
+                  our hearts have been brought into fellow feeling with you. In
+                  this work of justice and love, we have long labored together. It
+                  has helped to strengthen the bond of our union; and in the fresh
+                  sense of this Christian fellowship, as it is now renewed amongst
+                  us, we offer you, beloved friends, the warm expression of our
+                  sympathy, and our strong desire for your help and encouragement.
+                  So far removed as we are from the scene of slavery, we
+                  are aware that we can but imperfectly appreciate either the sufferings
+                  of the slave, or the trials of those who live in the midst of
+                  such oppression; nor do we believe that we can fully appreciate
+                  either the labors of faithful Friends in your land, or the obstacles
+                  and discouragements which have been thrown in their way.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The brief review we have taken of the history of our Society,
+                  in reference to this deeply interesting subject, and the feeling
+                  <a name="A_iv"></a>
+                  which prevails with us, under a sense of the enormity of the evil,
+                  urges us, and we desire that it may have the same effect upon
+                  you, still to persevere; and in every way that may be pointed out
+                  to us of the Lord, that we may continue to expose the evil of this
+                  unjust interference with the natural and social rights of man.
+                  Time is short, the day is spending fast with every one of us, and
+                  we had need to use diligence in the work of our day. We know
+                  the high authority under which we are commanded to 'love our
+                  neighbor as ourselves.' It is our desire on our own account, and
+                  in this exercise of mind we believe, dear friends, that you are one
+                  with us, that in our efforts to discharge the duties laid upon us,
+                  we may watch against a hopeless and distrustful spirit in times of
+                  discouragement. And O that in his great mercy and love towards
+                  his poor afflicted and helpless children, it might please Him
+                  to hasten the coming of that day, even to this generation of the
+                  enslaved in your land, in which every yoke shall be broken and
+                  the oppressed go free.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "If, in this righteous cause, we move in the leading of our
+                  Lord, we may humbly trust that he, with whom there is no respect
+                  of persons, who careth for the sparrows and feedeth the ravens,
+                  will grant to his dependent ones the help and support of his
+                  Holy Spirit, and enable them, in the face of every opposition, to
+                  do that which is made known to them as his will.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "With the enlarged views entertained by Friends of the
+                  mercy and love of our heavenly Father towards his children of
+                  every nation and tongue all the world over, we desire to press it
+                  upon you still to labor for the removal of all those unjust laws
+                  and limitations of right and privilege consequent upon the unwarrantable
+                  distinction of color&#8212;a distinction which has brought
+                  so much suffering upon those settled in different parts of the
+                  Union, and which we think must conduce to the strengthening
+                  of the prejudices of former years, and to retard the work of emancipation.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is affecting to us to think with what astonishing rapidity
+                  slavery is extending itself upon the Continent of North America,
+                  and how from year to year the slave population is increasing
+                  among you. Our spirits are oppressed with a sense of the magnitude
+                  of the evil; we tremble at the awful consequence which,
+                  in the justice and wisdom of Almighty God, may ensue to those
+                  <a name="A_v"></a>
+                  who persist in the upholding of it. We commend the whole subject
+                  to your most serious attention, and desiring that divine wisdom
+                  may be near to help in your deliberations upon it,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We bid you, affectionately, farewell.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Signed in and on behalf of the Meeting, by
+                  <br><br>
+                  "GEORGE STACEY,
+                  <br><br>
+                  "<i>Clerk to the Meeting this year</i>."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="B"></a>APPENDIX B. p. 30.<br><br><br>EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO
+               SLAVES.<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following extract from Clarkson's "Memoirs of the Public
+               and Private Life of William Penn," will show how the society
+               of Friends, at a very early period, became unwarily entangled
+               with the practice of slave holding; and also that the unchristian
+               nature of it was immediately perceived by the more spiritual
+               minded among them. It will serve also to prove that the testimony
+               of Friends against slavery is no novelty, but is coeval with
+               its rise as a distinct religious body. The measures proposed by
+               William Penn on this subject, are an honorable testimony to the
+               comprehensive benevolence of that truly great and magnanimous
+               legislator, yet they fell short of the exigencies of the case, and of
+               what Christian people required; consequently what good they
+               directly effected was local and temporary. Viewed as the germ
+               of subsequent anti-slavery enterprises of the last century, in Europe
+               and America, their interest and importance cannot be too
+               highly estimated.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "I must observe, that soon after the colony (Pennsylvania)
+                  had been planted, that is, in the year 1682, when William Penn
+                  was first resident in it, some few Africans had been imported, but
+                  that more had followed. At this time the traffic in slaves was not
+                  branded with infamy, as at the present day. It was considered,
+                  on the other hand, as favorable to both parties: to the American
+                  planters, because they had but few laborers, in comparison with
+                  the extent of their lands; and to the poor Africans themselves,
+                  <a name="A_vi"></a>
+                  because they were looked upon as persons redeemed out of superstition,
+                  idolatry, and heathenism. But though the purchase
+                  and sale of them had been admitted with less caution upon this
+                  principle, there were not wanting among the Quakers of Pennsylvania
+                  those who, soon after the introduction of them there, began
+                  to question the moral licitness of the traffic. Accordingly,
+                  at the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania, held in 1688, it had been
+                  resolved, on the suggestion of emigrants from Crisheim, who had
+                  adopted the principles of William Penn, that the buying, selling,
+                  and holding men in slavery, was inconsistent with the tenets of
+                  the Christian religion. In 1696, a similar resolution had been
+                  passed at the Yearly Meeting of the same religious society for
+                  the same province. In consequence, then, of these noble resolutions,
+                  the Quakers had begun to treat their slaves in a different
+                  manner from that of other people. They had begun to consider
+                  them as children of the same great Parent, to whom fraternal offices
+                  were due; and hence, in 1698, there were instances where
+                  they had admitted them into their meeting houses to worship in
+                  common with themselves.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppB_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppB_FN1"></a></p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppB_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppB_FN1">A</a>: "I cannot help copying into a
+                  note an anecdote from Thomas Story's
+                  Journal for this year (1698). 'On the 13th,' says he, 'we had a pretty large
+                  meeting, where several were tendered, among whom were some negroes.
+                  And here I shall observe, that Thomas Simons having several negroes, one
+                  of them, as also several belonging to Henry White, had of late come to
+                  meetings, and having a sense of truth, several others thereway were likewise
+                  convinced, and like to do well. And the morning that we came from
+                  Thomas Simons's, my companion speaking some words of truth to his negro
+                  woman, she was tendered; and as I passed on horseback by the place where
+                  she stood weeping, I gave her my hand, and then she was much more broken:
+                  and finding the day of the Lord's tender visitation and mercy upon
+                  her, I spake encouragingly to her, and was glad to find the poor blacks so
+                  near the truth and reachable.' She stood there, looking after us and weeping,
+                  as long as we could see her. I had inquired of one of the black men
+                  how long they had come to meetings, and he said 'they had always been
+                  kept in ignorance, and disregarded as persons who were not to expect any
+                  thing from the Lord, till Jonathan Taylor, who had been there the year before,
+                  discoursing with them, had informed them that the grace of God,
+                  through Christ, was given also to them; and that they ought to believe in
+                  and be led and taught by it, and so might come to be good Friends, and
+                  saved as well as others. And on the next occasion, which was when William
+                  Ellis and Aaron Atkinson were there, they went to meetings, and
+                  several of them were convinced.' Thus one planteth and another watereth,
+                  but God giveth the increase."
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_vii"></a>
+                  "William Penn was highly gratified by the consideration of
+                  what has been done on this important subject. From the very
+                  first introduction of enslaved Africans into this province, he had
+                  been solicitous about their temporal and eternal welfare. He
+                  had always considered them as persons of the like nature with
+                  himself; as having the same desire of pleasure and the same
+                  aversion from pain; as children of the same Father, and heirs of
+                  the same promises. Knowing how naturally the human heart
+                  became corrupted and hardened by the use of power, he was fearful
+                  lest, in time, these friendless strangers should become an oppressed
+                  people. Accordingly, as his predecessor, George Fox,
+                  when he first visited the British West Indies, exhorted all those
+                  who attended his meetings for worship there, to consider their
+                  slaves as branches of their own families, for whose spiritual instruction
+                  they would one day or other be required to give an account,
+                  so William Penn had, on his first arrival in America, inculcated
+                  the same notion. It lay, therefore, now upon his mind
+                  to endeavor to bring into practice what had appeared to him to
+                  be right in principle. One of them was to try to incorporate the
+                  treatment of slaves, as a matter of Christian duty, into <em>the discipline
+                     of his own religious society</em>; and the other, to secure it
+                  among others in the colony of a different religious description,
+                  <em>by a legislative act</em>. Both of these were necessary. The former,
+                  however, he resolved to attempt first. The Society itself had
+                  already afforded him a precedent, by its resolutions in 1688 and
+                  in 1696, as before mentioned, and had thereby done something
+                  material in the progress of the work. It was only to get a
+                  minute passed upon their books to the intended effect. Accordingly,
+                  at the very first Monthly Meeting of the Society, which
+                  took place in Philadelphia in the present year, he proposed the
+                  subject. He laid before them the concern which had been so
+                  long upon his mind, relative to these unfortunate people; he
+                  pressed upon them the duty of allowing them as frequently as
+                  possible to attend their Meetings for worship, and the benefit
+                  that would accrue to both, by the instruction of them in the principles
+                  of the Christian religion. The result was, that a Meeting
+                  was appointed more particularly for the negroes, once every
+                  month; so that besides the common opportunities they had of
+                  collecting religious knowledge, by frequenting the places of
+                  <a name="A_viii"></a>
+                  worship, there was one day in the month, in which, as far as the
+                  influence of the Monthly Meeting extended, they could neither
+                  be temporally nor spiritually overlooked. At this Meeting also,
+                  he proposed means, which were acceded to, for a more frequent
+                  intercourse between Friends and the Indians; he (William
+                  Penn,) taking upon himself the charge of procuring interpreters,
+                  as well as of forwarding the means proposed."&#8212;Vol. II. pp. 218-222.
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="C"></a>APPENDIX C. p. 34.<br><br><br>Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of Friends,
+               held in
+               Philadelphia, appointed for the Gradual Civilization, &amp;c., of the Indian
+               Natives, presented to the meeting, Fourth Month 21st, 1841, and directed to
+               be printed for the use of the members.<br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "TO THE YEARLY MEETING.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The Committee charged with promoting the Gradual
+                  Improvement and Civilization of the Indian Natives, report:&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "That although they have given attention to this interesting
+                  concern, there are but few subjects in their operations, since the
+                  last report, which require notice. The Indians have been in a
+                  very unsettled condition during the past year, in consequence of
+                  the embarrassment and distress produced by the ratification of
+                  the treaty, and their uncertainty as to the best course to be pursued
+                  by them in their trying and perplexing circumstances.
+                  They still cling to the hope that they shall be able to ward off
+                  the calamity which threatens them, either through the favorable
+                  disposition of the new Administration and Senate, to give their
+                  case a re-hearing, or by an Appeal to the Supreme Court of the
+                  United States. Small as the hope afforded by these sources may
+                  appear to a disinterested observer, they are buoyed up by it, and
+                  seem as unwilling as ever, to look toward relinquishing their
+                  present homes.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In a communication addressed to the committee, dated
+                  Tunesassah, Fifth Month 24th, 1840, signed by ten chiefs, they
+                  say, 'Although, the information of the ratification of the treaty is
+                  distressing to us, yet it is a satisfaction to hear from you, and to
+                  <a name="A_ix"></a>
+                  learn that you still remember us in our troubles, and are disposed
+                  to advise and assist us. The intelligence of the confirmation of
+                  the treaty caused many of our women to shed tears of sorrow.
+                  We are sensible that we stand in need of the advice of our
+                  friends. Our minds are unaltered on the subject of emigration.'
+                  Another dated Cold Spring, Twelfth Month 8th, 1840, holds this
+                  language: 'Brothers, we continue to feel relative to the treaty as
+                  we have ever felt. We cannot regard it as an act of our nation,
+                  or hold it to be binding on us. We still consider, that in justice,
+                  the land is at this time as much our own as ever it was. We
+                  have done nothing to forfeit our right to it; and have come to a
+                  conclusion to remain upon it as long as we can enjoy it in peace.'
+                  'We trust in the Great Spirit: to Him we submit our cause.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A letter from the Senecas, residing at Tonawanda, was
+                  addressed to the Committee, from which the following extracts
+                  are taken:
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'By the help of the Great Spirit we have met in open council
+                     this 23d day of the Fifth Month, 1840, for the purpose of
+                     deliberating on the right course for us to pursue under the late
+                     act of the government of the United States relating to our lands.
+                     Brothers, we are in trouble; we have been told that the President
+                     has ratified a treaty, by which these lands are sold from our
+                     possession. We look to you and solicit your advice and your
+                     sympathy under the accumulating difficulties that now surround
+                     us. We feel more than ever, our need of the help of the great
+                     and good Spirit, to guide us aright. May his council ever
+                     preserve and direct us all in true wisdom.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'It is known to you, brothers, that at different times our
+                     people have been induced to cede, by stipulated treaties, to the
+                     government of the United States, various tracts of our territory,
+                     until it is so reduced that it barely affords us a home. We had
+                     hoped by these liberal concessions to secure the quiet and unmolested
+                     possession of this small residue, but we have abundant
+                     reason to fear that we have been mistaken. The agent and
+                     surveyor of a company of land speculators, known as the Ogden
+                     Company, have been on here to lay out our land into lots, to be
+                     sold from us to the whites. We have protested against it, and
+                     have forbidden their proceeding.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Brothers, what we want, is that you should intercede with
+                     <a name="A_x"></a>
+                     the United States government on our behalf. We do not want
+                     to leave our lands. We are willing that the emigrating party
+                     should sell out their rights, but we are not willing that they
+                     should sell ours.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Brothers, we want the President of the United States to
+                     know that we are for peace; that we only ask the possession of
+                     our just rights. We have kept in good faith all our agreements
+                     with the government. In our innocence of any violation we ask
+                     its protection. In our weakness we look to it for justice and
+                     mercy. We desire to live upon our lands in peace and harmony.
+                     We love Tonawanda. It is the residue left us of the land of our
+                     forefathers. We have no wish to leave it. Here are our cultivated
+                     fields, our houses, our wives and children, and our firesides&#8212;and
+                     here we wish to lay our bones in peace.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Brothers, in conclusion, we desire to express our sincere
+                     thanks to you for your friendly assistance in times past, and at
+                     the same time earnestly solicit your further attention and advice.
+                     Brothers, may the Great Spirit befriend you all&#8212;farewell.'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Desirous of rendering such aid as might be in our power, a
+                  correspondence has been held with some members of Congress,
+                  on the subject of the treaty, and other matters connected with it;
+                  and recently, two of our number visited Washington, and were
+                  assured by the present Secretary of War, under whose immediate
+                  charge the Indian affairs are placed, that it was his determination,
+                  and that of the other officers of the government, to give to
+                  the treaty, and the circumstances attending its procurement, a
+                  thorough examination; and to adopt such a course respecting it,
+                  as justice and humanity to the Indians would dictate.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The friends who have for several years resided at Tunesassah
+                  still continue to occupy the farm, and have charge of the saw
+                  and grist mills and other improvements. The farm, during the
+                  past year, has yielded about thirty-five tons of hay, two hundred
+                  bushels of potatoes, one hundred bushels of oats, and one hundred
+                  bushels of apples. Notwithstanding the unsettlement produced
+                  by the treaty during the past season, the Indians have
+                  raised an adequate supply of provisions to keep them comfortably
+                  during the year; and they manifest an increased desire to avoid
+                  the use of ardent spirits, and to have their children educated. In
+                  their letter of the Twelfth Month last, the chiefs say, 'We are
+                  <a name="A_xi"></a>
+                  more engaged to have our children educated than we have heretofore
+                  been. There are at this time three schools in operation on
+                  this reservation, for the instruction of our youth.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Our friend, Joseph Batty, in a letter dated 28th of Second
+                  Month last, says, 'The Indians have held several temperance
+                  councils this winter. The chiefs&#8212;with the exception of two,
+                  who were not present&#8212;have all signed a pledge to abstain from
+                  the use of all intoxicating liquors, and appear engaged to bring
+                  about a reform among their people; but the influence of the
+                  whites among them is prejudicial to their improvement in this
+                  and other respects.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "By direction of the Committee,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "THOMAS WISTAR, <i>Clerk</i>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Philadelphia, 4th Month 15th, 1841</i>."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="D"></a>APPENDIX D. p. 44.<br><br><br>ELISHA TYSON.<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following particulars of this memorable person are chiefly
+               taken from a work, now very scarce, entitled "The Life of Elisha
+               Tyson, the Philanthropist, by a Citizen of Baltimore."
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The eldest known ancestor of Mr. Tyson was a German
+                  Quaker, converted to the faith of Fox by the preaching of William
+                  Penn. Persecuted by the government of his native country
+                  for his religion, he gathered up his all and followed Penn to England;
+                  with whom, and at whose request, he afterwards embarked
+                  for America, and was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania.
+                  He established himself within what are now called the environs
+                  of Philadelphia, married the daughter of an English settler, and
+                  became the happy father of sons and daughters. From these,
+                  many descendants have been derived.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Elisha Tyson was one of the great grandsons in direct
+                  descent of the German Quaker, and was born on the spot which
+                  he had chosen for his residence. The religion and virtues of this
+                  ancestor were instilled into the minds of his children and children's
+                  children, to the third and fourth generation&#8212;not by transmission
+                  <a name="A_xii"></a>
+                  of blood, but by the force of a guarded and a Christian
+                  education. In the subject of this memoir, they blazed forth with
+                  superior lustre. From his infancy he was conspicuous in his
+                  neighborhood for that benevolence of heart and intrepidity of
+                  soul, which so highly distinguished him in after life."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               In his early manhood he removed to Baltimore, in the slave
+               State of Maryland. Here, from his first residence, he took an
+               active part in various benevolent and public spirited enterprises,
+               although he had to struggle with early difficulties, having no resources
+               for his support but honesty, industry, and perseverance.
+               The cause of the oppressed slaves very soon engaged his attention,
+               and his unwearied exertions in their behalf ceased not till
+               the close of a long and energetic life. In the following quotation,
+               describing the American slave trade, although the past tense
+               is employed by his biographer, yet if Louisiana be substituted for
+               Georgia, the whole representation is true of the present time.
+               That dreadful traffic has increased many fold since the date here
+               alluded to, at which E. Tyson's career of benevolence commenced.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Even the most creditable merchants felt no compunction in
+               speculating in the flesh and blood of their own species. These
+               articles of merchandize were as common as wheat and tobacco,
+               and ranked with these as a staple of Maryland. This state of
+               things was naturally productive of scenes of cruelty. Georgia
+               was then the great receptacle of that portion of these unfortunate
+               beings, who were exported beyond the limits of their native soil;
+               and the worst name given to Tartarus itself could not be more
+               appalling to their imaginations than the name of that sister State.
+               And when we consider the dreadful consequences suffered by the
+               victims of this traffic; a separation like that of death between
+               the nearest and dearest relatives; a banishment for ever from the
+               land of their nativity and the scenes of their youth; the painful
+               inflictions by the hands of slave drivers, to whom cruelty was
+               rendered delightful by its frequent exercise; with many other
+               sufferings too numerous to mention, we cannot wonder at this
+               horror on the part of these unfortunate beings, and that it should
+               cause them to use all the means in their power to avoid so terrible
+               a destiny. The slave-trader, aware of all this, and fearful lest
+               his victims might seek safety by flight, became increasingly
+               <a name="A_xiii"></a>
+               careful of his property. With these men, and upon such subjects,
+               care is cruelty; and thus the apparent necessity of the case came
+               in aid of the favorite disposition of their minds. They charged
+               their victims with being the authors of that cruelty, which had its
+               true origin in their own remorseless hearts. Their plea for additional
+               rigor, being plausibly urged, was favorably received by a
+               community darkened by prejudice. Few regarded with pity,
+               and most with stoical indifference, this barbarous correction for
+               crimes anticipated, and rigorous penance for offences existing
+               only in the diabolical fancies of their tormentors. The truth is,
+               it was the love these poor wretches bore their wives, children,
+               and native soil, for which they were punished. They were commonly
+               bound two and two by chains, riveted to iron collars
+               fastened around their necks, more and more closely, as their
+               drivers had more and more reason to suspect a desire to escape.
+               If they were conveyed in wagons, as they sometimes were, additional
+               chains were so fixed, as to connect the right ancle of one
+               with the left ancle of another, so that they were fastened foot to
+               foot, and neck to neck. If a disposition to complain, or to grieve,
+               was manifested by any of them, the mouths of such were instantly
+               stopped with a gag. If, notwithstanding this, the overflowings
+               of sorrow found a passage through other channels, they were
+               checked by the 'scourge inexorable;'&#8212;the cruel monsters thus
+               endeavoring to lessen the appearance of pain, by increasing its
+               reality. These were scenes of ordinary occurrence; troops of
+               these poor slaves were continually seen fettered as before
+               described, marching two and two, with commanders before and
+               behind, swords by their sides, and pistols in their belts&#8212;the triumphant
+               victors over unarmed women and children. The sufferings
+               of their victims, were, if possible, increased, when they were
+               compelled to stop for the night. They were crowded in cellars,
+               and loaded with an additional number of fetters. On those
+               routes usually taken by them to the South, stated taverns were
+               selected as their resting places for the night. In these, dungeons
+               under ground were specially contrived for their reception. Iron
+               staples, with rings in them, were fixed at proper places in the
+               walls; to these, chains were welded; and to these chains the
+               fetters of the prisoners were locked, as the means of certain
+               safety. It was usual every day for these slave-drivers to keep a
+               <a name="A_xiv"></a>
+               strict record of the imagined offences of their slaves; which, if
+               not to their satisfaction expiated by suffering during the day,
+               remained upon the register until its close; when, in the midst of
+               midnight dungeon horrors, goaded with a weight of fetters, in
+               addition to those which had galled them during their weary
+               march, these reputed sins were atoned by their blood, which was
+               made to trickle down 'the scourge with triple thongs.'"
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Such was the evil with which Elisha Tyson, when "young,
+               solitary, and friendless," undertook to grapple; the means he
+               chiefly employed, were such as tended to purify and enlighten
+               public opinion.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "He had two principal modes of operating upon the public
+                  mind; by conversation in public and private places, and by the
+                  press. Through the means of the first, he worked upon the feelings
+                  and sentiments of the higher and more influential classes;
+                  by means of the latter, he influenced in a great degree, the mass
+                  of the community. In private conversation, his arguments were
+                  so cogent, his appeals so energetic, and his manner so sincere
+                  and disinterested, that few could avoid conviction. It is true,
+                  indeed, as it regards the press, that he did not publish very
+                  much of his own composing; but he procured the publication of a
+                  vast deal of his own dictating. By his arguments and entreaties,
+                  he aroused the zeal of many individuals, each of whom enlisted
+                  himself as a kind of voluntary amanuensis, who wrote and published
+                  his dictations. Many important essays have in this way
+                  been communicated to the public."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               But he undertook also, services requiring a yet sterner resolution,
+               and more heroic perseverance, services which demanded
+               that he himself should be in bondage neither to riches, honor, nor
+               reputation, since his exertions endangered all his personal interests
+               in such a community as that by which he was surrounded.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Of those held in servitude, two classes of beings felt in a
+                  peculiar manner the kindness and sympathy of Mr. Tyson&#8212;those entitled
+                  to their freedom, and illegally held in slavery&#8212;and
+                  those, who, though not illegally kept in bondage, yet were treated
+                  with inhumanity by their masters.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Where he had reason to believe that a person claimed as a
+                  slave was entitled to his freedom, he would, in the first place, in
+                  order to avoid litigation, lay before the reputed owner, the
+                  <a name="A_xv"></a>
+                  grounds of his belief. If these were disregarded, he then proceeded
+                  to employ counsel, by whom a petition for freedom was
+                  filed in the proper court, and the case prosecuted to a final determination.
+                  What excited most astonishment in these trials, was
+                  the extraordinary success which attended him. Very few were
+                  the cases in which he was defeated; and his failure even in these,
+                  was more generally owing to the want of testimony, than to the
+                  want of justice on his side. To enumerate his successes, would
+                  be as impossible, on account of their vast number, as it would be
+                  tedious on account of their similarity to each other. Whole families
+                  were often liberated by a single verdict, the fate of one
+                  relative deciding the fate of many. And often ancestors, after
+                  passing a long life in illegal slavery, sprung at last, like the
+                  chrysalis in autumn, into new existence, beneath the genial rays
+                  of the sun of liberty, which shed at the same time its benign
+                  influence upon their children, and children's children.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The titles of the individuals, thus liberated, to their freedom,
+                  were variously derived. Sometimes from deeds of manumission,
+                  long suppressed, and at last brought to light, by the searching
+                  scrutiny of Tyson&#8212;sometimes from the genealogy of the petitioner,
+                  traced by him to some Indian or white maternal ancestor&#8212;sometimes from
+                  the right to freedom, claimed by birth, but
+                  attempted to be destroyed by the rapacity of some vile kidnapper,
+                  and sometimes from the violation of those of our laws which
+                  manumitted slaves imported from foreign parts.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The labors of Mr. Tyson, were not confined to a single
+                  district&#8212;they extended over the whole of Maryland. There is
+                  not a county in it, which has not felt his influence, or a court of
+                  justice, whose records do not bear proud testimonials of his triumphs
+                  over tyranny. Throwing out of calculation the many
+                  liberations indirectly resulting from his efforts, we speak more
+                  than barely within bounds, when we say, that he has been the
+                  means, under Providence, of rescuing at least two thousand
+                  human beings from the galling yoke of a slavery, which, but for
+                  him, would have been perpetual.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And here let me join my readers in expressions of wonder
+                  and astonishment at this extraordinary display of human benevolence,
+                  in the person of a single individual&#8212;unsupported by
+                  <a name="A_xvi"></a>
+                  power, wealth, or title, beneath the frowns of society, and against
+                  a torrent of prejudice."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               In the year 1789 an "Abolition Society," (see antecedent
+               pages 23 and 24,) was formed in Baltimore, of which Elisha
+               Tyson was a member until its dissolution, seven years afterwards.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "From that time, Mr. Tyson supported alone the cause of
+                  emancipation in Maryland. Alone, I mean, as the sole director
+                  and prime mover of the machinery by which that cause was
+                  maintained. Assisted, he was, no doubt, from time to time; but
+                  that assistance was procured through his influence, or rendered
+                  effectual under his inspection and advice.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppD_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppD_FN1"></a></p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppD_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppD_FN1">A</a>: "One of the
+                  most active assistants was his brother Jesse, much younger
+                  than Elisha. He followed him to this State a few years after the arrival of
+                  the latter, was an active member of the Abolition Society, and continued,
+                  to the day of his death, to co-operate with Elisha."
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The slave traffic gave rise to an evil still greater&#8212;I mean
+                  the crime of <em>kidnapping</em>. If the horrors arising from the first
+                  were so great as I have described them, how shall I depict those
+                  of the other! Slaves only were the victims of the slave trade.
+                  In passing from hand to hand, they merely exchanged one condition
+                  of slavery for another. And though on such occasions they
+                  fell from a less degree of misery into a greater, they could not
+                  number among their privations any thing so bitter as the loss of
+                  liberty. It was this that made the difference between them and
+                  the victims of the kidnapper; not that they laid their hands exclusively
+                  upon the freeman, for sometimes their rapacity seized
+                  upon a slave. But this was very seldom, for the vigilance of
+                  slave owners was always alive to detect, and their vengeance to
+                  punish such daring felony. In almost all cases of man stealing,
+                  the stolen beings were of those who had tasted the sweets of liberty.
+                  To the kidnapper, who made these his prey, there were
+                  great facilities for escaping with impunity; not only because, in
+                  the depth and darkness of a dungeon, his limbs loaded with fetters,
+                  and utterance choked with a gag, his suffering could not be
+                  made visible or audible, but also because the deadness of sensibility
+                  on this subject, which still pervaded the public, though in a
+                  less degree than formerly, seemed to have unnerved every eye
+                  <a name="A_xvii"></a>
+                  and palsied every ear. Sights of misery passed darkly before the
+                  one and sounds of wo fell lifeless on the other.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On one occasion Mr. Tyson received intelligence that three
+                  colored persons, supposed to have been kidnapped, had been seen
+                  under suspicious circumstances, late in the evening, with a notorious
+                  slave-trader, in a carriage, which was then moving rapidly
+                  towards a quarter of the precincts of Baltimore in which there
+                  was a den of man-hunters. It was late in the day when he received
+                  the information, which was immediately communicated to
+                  the proper authorities. As the testimony offered to these was
+                  not, in their opinion, sufficiently strong to induce them to act
+                  instantaneously, Mr. Tyson was obliged to seek for aid in other
+                  quarters. He accordingly requested certain individuals, who had
+                  sometimes lent him their assistance, to accompany him to the
+                  scene of suspicion, in order to obtain, if possible, additional proof.
+                  One after another made excuse, (some telling him that the evidence
+                  was too weak to justify any effort, and others saying that
+                  it would be better to postpone the business for the next morning,)
+                  until Mr. Tyson saw himself without the hope of foreign assistance.
+                  But he did not yield or despair&#8212;one hope yet remained,
+                  and that rested on himself. Alone he determined to search out
+                  the den of thieves, to see and judge for himself. If there was no
+                  foundation for his suspicions, to dismiss them; if they were true,
+                  to call in the aid of the civil power, for the punishment of guilt
+                  and the rescue of innocence.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "So much time had been spent in receiving the excuses of his
+                  friends, that it was late at night when he set out, on foot and
+                  without a single weapon of defence. In the midst of silence and
+                  darkness, he marched along until he arrived at the place of destination.
+                  It was situated in the very skirts of the city&#8212;a public
+                  tavern in appearance, but almost exclusively appropriated to a
+                  band of slave-traders. Here they conveyed their prey, whether
+                  stolen or purchased; here they held their midnight orgies, and
+                  revelled in the midst of misery. The keeper of this place was
+                  himself one of the party, and therefore not very scrupulous about
+                  the sort of victims his companions chose to place beneath his
+                  care. Mr. Tyson ascended the door-sill, and, for a moment, listened,
+                  if perchance he might hear the sounds of wo. Suddenly a
+                  loud laugh broke upon his ears, which was soon lost in a chorus
+                  <a name="A_xviii"></a>
+                  of laughter. Indignant at the sound, he reached forth his hand
+                  and rapped with his whole might. No answer was received. He
+                  rapped again&#8212;all was silence. He then applied himself to the
+                  fastening of the door, and finding it unlocked, opened it and entered.
+                  Suddenly four men made their appearance. They had
+                  been carousing around a table which stood in the centre of a
+                  room, and when a little alarmed by the rapping at the door, they
+                  had gone in different directions to seize their weapons. Mr.
+                  Tyson immediately recognised in the countenance of one of
+                  these, who appeared to be their leader, the slave-trader whose
+                  conduct had given rise to the suspicions that had brought him
+                  thither. Nor was it many moments before the person and character
+                  of Mr. Tyson became known.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I understand,' said he, 'that there are persons confined in
+                  this place entitled to their freedom?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'You have been wrongly informed,' said the leader of the
+                  quartette; 'and, besides, what business is it of yours?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Whether I am wrongly informed,' said Mr. Tyson, calmly,
+                  'can be soon made to appear; and I hold it my business, as it is
+                  the business of every good man in the community, to see that all
+                  doubts of this kind are settled!'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'You shall advance no further,' rejoined the leader, swearing
+                  a tremendous oath, and putting himself in a menacing attitude.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "With the rapidity of lightning, and with a strength that
+                  seemed to have been lent him for the occasion, Mr. Tyson broke
+                  through the arms of his opponent. As he had been repeatedly at
+                  this house on similar errands, he knew the course he should steer,
+                  and made directly for the door of the dungeon. There he met
+                  another of the band, with a candle in one hand, and in the other,
+                  a pistol, which, having cocked, he presented full against the
+                  breast of Mr. Tyson, swearing that he would shoot him if he
+                  advanced a step further.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Shoot if thee dare,' said Mr. Tyson, in a voice of thunder,
+                  'but thee dare not, coward as thou art, for well does thee know,
+                  that the gallows would be thy portion.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Whether it was the voice and countenance of Mr. Tyson, or
+                  the terror of the word gallows, that affected the miscreant, his
+                  arm suddenly fell, and he stood as if struck dumb with amazement.
+                  Mr. Tyson taking advantage of the moment, in the twinkling
+                  <a name="A_xix"></a>
+                  of an eye, snatched the candle from the hand of the kidnapper,
+                  entered the dungeon door, which was providentially unlocked,
+                  and descended into the vault below.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "There he beheld a dismal sight; six poor creatures chained
+                  to each other by links connected with the prison wall! The
+                  prisoners shrunk within themselves at the sight of a man, and one
+                  of them uttered a shriek of terror, mistaking the character of
+                  their visitor. He told them that he was their friend; and his
+                  name was Elisha Tyson. That name was enough for them, for
+                  their whole race had been long taught to utter it. He inquired,
+                  'if any of them were entitled to their freedom?' 'Yes,' said one,
+                  'these two boys say that they and their, mother here are free, but
+                  she can't speak to you, for she is gagged.' Mr. Tyson approached
+                  this woman, and found that she was really deprived of her utterance.
+                  He instantly cut away the band that held in the gag, and
+                  thus gave speech to the dumb. She told her tale; 'she was
+                  manumitted by a gentleman on the eastern shore of Maryland;
+                  her sons were born after her emancipation, and of course
+                  free. She referred to persons and papers. She had come over
+                  the Chesapeake in a packet, for the purpose of getting employment;
+                  and was, with her children, decoyed away immediately on
+                  her arrival, by a person who brought her to that house. Mr.
+                  Tyson told her to be of good comfort, for he would immediately
+                  provide the means of her rescue. He then left the dungeon and
+                  ascended the stair way, when he reached the scene of his preceding
+                  contest; he, looked around, but saw no one save the
+                  keeper of the tavern. Fearing that the others had escaped, or
+                  were about to escape, he hastened out of the house, and proceeded
+                  with rapid strides in pursuit of a constable. He soon found
+                  one and entreated his assistance. But the officer refused, unless
+                  Mr. Tyson would give him a bond of indemnity against all loss
+                  which he might suffer by his interference. Mr. Tyson complied
+                  without hesitation. The officer, after summoning assistance, proceeded
+                  with Mr. Tyson to the scene of cruelty. There meeting
+                  with the tavern keeper, they compelled him to unlock the fetters
+                  of the three individuals claiming their freedom. They then
+                  searched the house for the supposed kidnappers, and found two
+                  of them; in, bed, whom, together with the women, and children,
+                  they conveyed that night to the jail of Baltimore county, to await
+                  <a name="A_xx"></a>
+                  the decision of a court of justice. The final consequence was,
+                  the mother and children were adjudged free. One of the two
+                  slave-traders, taken as afore-mentioned in custody, was found
+                  guilty of having kidnapped them, and was sentenced to the
+                  Maryland penitentiary, for a term of years.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On another occasion, Mr. Tyson having received satisfactory
+                  evidence that a colored person, on board a vessel about to sail for
+                  New Orleans, in Louisiana, was entitled to his freedom, hastened
+                  to his assistance. On reaching the wharf, where the vessel had
+                  lain, he learned that she had cleared out the day before, and was
+                  then lying at anchor, a mile down the river. He immediately
+                  procured two officers of the peace, with whom he proceeded in a
+                  batteau, with a full determination to board the suspected ship.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When he arrived alongside, he hailed the captain and asked
+                  him 'whether such a person, (naming him,) having on board negroes
+                  destined for the New Orleans market, was not among the
+                  number of passengers.' Before the captain had time to reply, the
+                  passenger alluded to, who had overheard the question, stepped to
+                  the side of the vessel, and recognising Mr. Tyson, asked what
+                  business <em>he</em> had with him. 'I understand,' said Mr. Tyson,
+                  'that a colored person,' describing him, 'now in thy possession, is entitled
+                  to his freedom.' 'He is my slave,' said the trader; 'I have
+                  purchased him by a fair title, and no man shall interfere between
+                  him and me.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'If these documents speak the truth,' said Mr. Tyson, holding
+                  certain papers in his hand, 'however fairly you have purchased
+                  him he is not your slave.' He then proceeded to read the
+                  documents. At the same time a light breeze springing up, the
+                  captain ordered all hands to hoist sail and be off. Mr. Tyson
+                  seeing that there was not a minute to be lost, requested the constables
+                  to go on board with him for the purpose of rescuing the
+                  free man who had been deprived of his rights. The trader immediately
+                  drew a dagger from his belt, (for this sort of men went
+                  always armed,) and swore that 'the first man that dared set his
+                  foot upon the deck of that ship was a dead man.' 'Then I will
+                  be that man,' said Mr. Tyson, with a firm voice and intrepid
+                  countenance, and sprang upon the deck. The trader stepped
+                  back aghast. The officers followed, and descended the hold of
+                  the ship. There they soon saw the object of their search.
+                  <a name="A_xxi"></a>
+                  Without any resistance being made on the part of a single person
+                  on board, they led their rescued prisoner along and safely
+                  lodged him in the boat below. Then Mr. Tyson, addressing the
+                  trader, said, 'If you have any lawful claim to this man, come along
+                  and try your title; if you cannot come, name your agent, and I
+                  will see that justice is done to all parties.' The trader, who
+                  seemed dumb with confusion, made no answer; and Mr. Tyson
+                  requested his boatmen to row off. Ere they had proceeded half
+                  their distance from the ship, her sails were spread and she began
+                  to ride down the stream. Had Mr. Tyson's visit been delayed
+                  half an hour longer, his benevolent exertions would have been in
+                  vain.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "No one appearing to dispute the right of the colored man to
+                  freedom, his freedom papers were given him and he was set at
+                  liberty.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The whole life of Mr. Tyson was diversified by acts such as
+                  we have just described. Those I have given to the reader may
+                  be considered as specimens merely, a few examples out of a vast
+                  many, which, if they were all repeated, would satiate by their
+                  number and tire by their uniformity.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The joy manifested by the poor creatures whom he thus rescued
+                  from misery, on their deliverance, may be imagined, but cannot
+                  well be described. Sometimes it broke forth in loud and
+                  wild demonstrations; sometimes it was deep and inexpressible,
+                  or expressed only by mingled tears of gratitude and ecstacy, rolling
+                  silently but profusely down their wo-worn cheeks.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Tyson, it is remarkable, would always turn his eyes from
+                  these manifestations. He would listen to no declarations of
+                  thanks. When these were strongly pressed upon him, he would
+                  usually exclaim, 'Well, that will do now; that is enough for this
+                  time.' And once when one of these creatures, fearful that Mr.
+                  Tyson would not consider him sufficiently grateful, cried out,
+                  'Indeed, master, I am very thankful, I would die to serve you,'
+                  Mr. Tyson exclaimed, 'Why, man, I have only done my duty; I
+                  don't want thy thanks;' and turned abruptly away.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Equalled only by the delight of the rescued victims, was the
+                  chagrin and vexation of the slave-traders, when they saw their
+                  prey torn from their grasp. They cursed the law; they cursed
+                  <a name="A_xxii"></a>
+                  its ministers; but above all, they invoked imprecations upon the
+                  head of Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "They swore that they would murder him, that they would
+                  fire his dwelling over his head, that they would do a thousand
+                  things, all full of vengeance. None of these threats were ever
+                  put into execution; for though a plot was once laid to take away
+                  his life, fear dispersed the actors long before the day of performance.
+                  Thus does it always happen that the wickedest of men
+                  are also the meanest, and therefore the most dastardly. And
+                  thus did the cowardice of Mr. Tyson's enemies shield him from
+                  the effects of their enmity. Nor did he profit less by that individual
+                  fear of him which these slave-traders were made to feel.
+                  They feared him because they deprecated his hostility. In order,
+                  if possible, to lessen this hostility, they frequently became
+                  informers on others engaged in the same traffic. This they were
+                  further inclined to do, in consequence of the jealousy that subsisted
+                  between them&#8212;a jealousy very natural to competitors in
+                  the same line of business. It was always a time of exultation
+                  with them when one of their number found his way into the penitentiary.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It sometimes happened that Mr. Tyson extracted from the
+                  mouths of these monsters, evidence which afterwards went to
+                  criminate those who had uttered it. It was usual with him when
+                  he could not obtain testimony against a suspected person, to send
+                  for such person and interrogate him. No one refused his summons&#8212;fear
+                  forbade the refusal; and after they had come, the
+                  very fear which brought them there sacrificed them to injured
+                  humanity. Sometimes those who came voluntarily for the purpose
+                  of criminating others, involved themselves in toils of their
+                  own weaving; where they were no sooner seen, by the penetrating
+                  eye of Tyson, than he reached forth his hands and secured
+                  his astonished prisoner, before he had a suspicion of his danger.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Tyson's knowledge of the sort of people with whom he
+                  had principally to deal was perfect. His quickness of perception
+                  and self-command were also remarkable. These qualifications
+                  gave him an extraordinary power in the examinations just alluded
+                  to.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "One evening the servant announced a stranger at the door,
+                  <a name="A_xxiii"></a>
+                  who wished to see Mr. Tyson privately. Mr. Tyson requested
+                  that he might be asked into the room where we were then sitting,
+                  and if further privacy were necessary he should have it.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When the door opened and the stranger appeared, he was no
+                  other than the slave-trader we have just alluded to.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Your humble servant,' said the man, casting off his hat and
+                  bowing profoundly; 'I hope you are well, sir; I have a few
+                  words for your private ear.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Every one present may be safely trusted,' said Mr. Tyson;
+                  'but sit down.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The man seated himself. 'Well,' said Mr. Tyson, 'what is
+                  there new in thy way of business; I suppose it continues as usual
+                  to be a good business?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Ah! sir,' said the man, 'I believe it to be a bad business in
+                  more ways than one. I am resolved to quit it.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Not while thee can get two hundred dollars profit per man,'
+                  said Mr. Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Notwithstanding that,' said the trader, 'it's a bad business;
+                  it's a hard business; I must quit it, and that very soon.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Hast thou heard of the old saying,' said Mr. Tyson, 'Hell
+                  is paved with good intentions? I fear,' said he, 'when thee goes
+                  there thee will find thine among the number.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I know,' said the trader, 'you think me very bad; but when
+                  you hear what I have to communicate, perhaps your opinion will
+                  alter a little.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I wish it may; but,' said Mr. Tyson, 'thy progress down
+                  hill has been so rapid, and thou hast got so far, that thee will find
+                  it rather hard to turn about and ascend.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "These doubtings, attended with a shrewd, suspicious, yet
+                  satirical look, had the effect intended; for the man became doubly
+                  anxious to do what he had come to do, and what he thought would
+                  be esteemed a great favor by Mr. Tyson. Accordingly, after a
+                  word or two of preface, he stated that he 'had reason to believe
+                  that ----', naming a certain trader, 'had kidnapped two free
+                  blacks.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Thee is certainly mistaken,' said Mr. Tyson, affecting great
+                  surprise; 'it is hardly possible that so worthy a man could have
+                  been guilty of so great a crime.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_xxiv"></a>
+                  "This apparent doubt on the part of Mr. Tyson, made the
+                  man more anxious to bring out all his testimony.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'But who told thee this piece of news?' said Mr. Tyson.
+                  There was a breach at once into the man's order and arrangement
+                  and he hesitated for a reply. 'Mr. ----, Mr. ----,
+                  Mr. ----, what do ye call him, spoke to me about it.' 'Who?'
+                  said Mr. Tyson. 'Mr. ----,' said the man; mentioning the
+                  name of a veteran dealer in human flesh.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Is he engaged in the traffic now?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes, sir; very deep in it.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'By himself, or in partnership?' asked Mr. Tyson carelessly.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Why, I believe he is in partnership with some body.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Is he not in partnership,' said Mr. Tyson, 'with ----?'
+                  naming the person whom the man was anxious to inculpate.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I believe he was, but I don't know that he is now.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Thee don't know of their having dissolved?' asked Mr.
+                  Tyson at the same time, as if thoughtlessly lighting his pipe.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No, I do not. But as I was going to say,' said the trader&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Ah, true,' said Mr. Tyson, 'we must not forget. Thee was
+                  talking about a case of kidnapping; well?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Last night,' said the trader, 'a hack drove up to the tavern
+                  where I lodge. The hackman inquired the way to ----'s
+                  tavern, which is the place of rendezvous for ---- and his gang;'
+                  naming the person whose guilt <em>seemed</em> to be the principal object
+                  of inquiry. 'I looked into the carriage, and saw two boys.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Did thee speak to them?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No, they were gagged, and that made me think they were
+                  kidnapped.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Was any body with them?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Nobody but the driver, and he was black.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Did thee direct him as he requested?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'And they arrived accordingly?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Did thee follow them?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No sir, not immediately&#8212;but I went this morning, and
+                  inquired whether a hack with two boys and a black driver, had
+                  not arrived late last night, and they said there had.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_xxv"></a>
+                  "'What o'clock last night was it when thee saw the carriage?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'About ten, sir.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Was the hack close, or were the curtains down?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The curtains were down, and that increased my suspicion.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Tyson had now heard enough to convince him that if
+                  there was any kidnapping in this case, the trader who stood before
+                  him had a much nearer connection with it than that of a
+                  mere spectator.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "He had said in the first place that he obtained his knowledge
+                  from a trader who had been partner with the party implicated.
+                  He then stated that he derived it from seeing the kidnapped
+                  persons in a hack. And though it was ten o'clock at
+                  night, (at a time, too, as Mr. Tyson knew, when there was no
+                  moon,) yet he could not only see that these two persons were in
+                  the hack, but that they were gagged. He could not have done
+                  this by the light of a candle or the moon, because 'the hack
+                  was tight, and the curtains were down.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Fearing lest the suspicions of the trader might be excited as
+                  to the sentiments of Mr. Tyson towards him, an end was put to
+                  the part of the dialogue which related to the kidnapping, by saying,
+                  'Well, I am much obliged to thee for thy information; we'll
+                  see this ----, and settle the matter with him;' and then turned
+                  the tide of conversation into a different direction.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The same day Mr. Tyson sent for the person who was first
+                  mentioned as the person communicating the knowledge of the
+                  transaction, and asked him as to the fact of such communication.
+                  It was positively denied. He had 'not seen the informer for six
+                  weeks, except the last evening, when he brought a hack load of
+                  negroes to the tavern where he and his partner were lodgers.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Were two boys among the number?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Were they gagged?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Yes.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The moment this man left his house, Mr. Tyson went in
+                  search of bailiffs and civil process. With these he proceeded to
+                  the place where the two boys were confined, and had them and
+                  all three of the traders taken into custody.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It turned out afterwards, in the further prosecution of this
+                  investigation, (by what testimony we do not distinctly recollect,)
+                  <a name="A_xxvi"></a>
+                  that the informer who first came to Mr. Tyson had himself kidnapped
+                  the two boys. He sold them to the person upon whom
+                  he had endeavored, in the manner we have detailed, to affix the
+                  whole crime; who, refusing afterward to pay their price, and yet
+                  determined to retain them, exasperated the seller to such a degree
+                  that he resolved to sacrifice him; in attempting which he
+                  sacrificed himself, for he was afterward convicted and sentenced
+                  to the penitentiary.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "During the progress of any investigation originated by Mr.
+                  Tyson in behalf of individual freedom, his anxiety about the final
+                  issue, though concealed from the world, burned with intensity.
+                  His days were restless, his nights were sleepless, and himself,
+                  except when in company, which he avoided at those times, lost in
+                  the abstractions of hope or of despondency.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When he succeeded, his joy was strong, but invisible or inaudible,
+                  save to the Father of all mercies. To him he never
+                  failed 'to pour out his soul' in pious thanksgivings for that he
+                  made him a humble instrument in the restoration of a fellow
+                  being to light and liberty.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When he failed, which was seldom, after he had seriously
+                  undertaken a case, his sorrow was equally great, and as inscrutable
+                  to human observation, excepting that of the unfortunate objects
+                  of his care, who saw him mingling tears of sympathy with
+                  theirs of suffering.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Though Mr. Tyson seldom failed in those cases which he
+                  had commenced in legal form, yet very many persons were turned
+                  hopelessly away whose cases were too groundless for adjudication;
+                  and often those who knew they had no cause for hope,&#8212;condemned
+                  to be torn from their connections and sold, as if to
+                  death, never to be heard of more,&#8212;would call merely to obtain
+                  his sympathies, as if the universe had no other friend for them.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A man who lived with his master, in Anne Arundel county,
+                  came late one evening to Mr. Tyson, and begged that he would
+                  listen to his case. His master had promised him his freedom,
+                  provided he would raise and pay him the sum of five hundred
+                  dollars in six years; and he had earned half of the money, which
+                  he had given his master. The six years were not expired, yet he
+                  was about to be sold to Georgia. Mr. Tyson asked if 'there was
+                  any receipt for the money.' 'No.' 'Was there any witness who
+                  <a name="A_xxvii"></a>
+                  could prove its payment?' 'Nobody but his master's wife.'
+                  'Then,' said Mr. Tyson, 'the law is against thee, and thou must
+                  submit. I can do nothing for thee.' Never, said Mr. Tyson,
+                  when relating this story, shall I forget the desperate resolution
+                  which showed itself in the countenance and manner of this man
+                  when he said, with clenched fist, his eyes raised to Heaven, his
+                  whole frame bursting with the purpose of his soul, while a smile
+                  of triumph played around his lips, 'I will die before the Georgia
+                  man shall have me.' And then suddenly melting into a flood of
+                  tears, he said, 'I cannot live away from my wife and children.'
+                  After this poor fellow had left me, said Mr. Tyson, I said to a
+                  person present, 'That is no common man; he will do what he
+                  has resolved.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A short time afterwards, the remains of a colored person who
+                  had been drowned in the basin at Baltimore were discovered.
+                  The fact coming to the knowledge of Mr. Tyson, he went to see
+                  the body, and recognized in its features and from its dress, the
+                  remains of the unfortunate man who, a short time before, had
+                  breathed the dreadful resolution in his presence."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               Such are a few of the memorials which this friend of the human
+               race has left behind him. He was not less persevering, and
+               scarcely less successful in his endeavors to obtain the mitigation
+               of the slave laws in Maryland. Some of the most repulsive of
+               these were repealed or altered, particularly those restricting manumissions.
+               Thus the condition and the prospects of the whole
+               body of slaves was improved, in addition to <em>more than two
+                  thousand</em> delivered by his immediate instrumentality from illegal
+               bondage. Hundreds of free and happy families have cause at
+               this day to bless the memory of "Father Tyson."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               He also deeply interested himself on behalf of the Indian
+               tribes; and once in company with another individual, as a deputation
+               from the Society of Friends in Baltimore, undertook a dangerous
+               journey to visit several tribes 1000 miles distant, to the
+               north-west of the Ohio. The main object of the mission was to
+               induce the Indians to refrain from the use of ardent spirits&#8212;of
+               whose destructive effects the chiefs were themselves fully sensible.
+               The following affecting address was made to an assembly
+               of "Friends" in Baltimore, by Little Turtle, a chief famous for
+               courage, sagacity and eloquence:
+
+            </p><a name="A_xxviii"></a><blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers and Friends:&#8212;When our forefathers first met on
+                  this great Island, your red brethren were very numerous! But
+                  since the introduction among us of what you call spirituous
+                  liquors, and what we think may justly be called poison, our numbers
+                  are greatly diminished. It has destroyed a great part of
+                  your red brethren.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "My Brothers and Friends:&#8212;We plainly perceive, that you
+                  see the very evil which destroyed your red brethren; it is not an
+                  evil of our own making; we have not placed it among ourselves;
+                  it is an evil placed among us by the white people; we look to
+                  them to remove it out of our country. We tell them, 'Brethren,
+                  bring us useful things; bring goods that will clothe us, our women
+                  and our children; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our
+                  reason, that destroys our health, and destroys our lives.' But all
+                  we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives relief to
+                  your red brethren.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "My Brother and Friends:&#8212;I rejoice to find that you agree in
+                  opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if possible, of service
+                  to us, in removing this great evil out of our country; an evil
+                  which has had so much room in it; and has destroyed so many of
+                  our lives, that it causes our young men to say, 'we had better be
+                  at war with the white people.' This liquor, which they introduce
+                  into our country, is more to be feared than the gun and the tomahawk.
+                  There are more of us dead, since the treaty of Greenville,
+                  than we lost by the six years war before. It is all owing to the
+                  introduction of this liquor amongst us.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;When our young men have been out hunting,
+                  and are returning home, loaded with skins and furs, on their way
+                  if it happens that they come along where some of this whiskey
+                  is deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take a little
+                  drink; some of them will say 'no, I do not want it;' they go on
+                  till they come to another house, where they find more of the same
+                  kind of drink; it is there offered again; they refuse; and again
+                  the third time. But finally, the fourth or fifth time, one accepts
+                  of it and takes a drink; and getting one, he wants another; and
+                  then a third, and a fourth, till his senses have left him. After his
+                  reason comes back to him again, when he gets up and finds where
+                  he is, he asks for his peltry. The answer is, 'You have drank
+                  them,' 'Where is my gun?' 'It is gone?' 'Where is my
+                  <a name="A_xxix"></a>
+                  blanket?' 'It is gone.' 'Where is my shirt?' 'You have sold
+                  it for whiskey!!' Now, Brothers, figure to yourselves, the condition
+                  of this man. He has a family at home; a wife and children,
+                  who stand in need of the profits of his hunting. What
+                  must be their wants, when he himself is even without a shirt?"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The journey of Elisha Tyson and his companion, James Gillingham,
+               occurred a few years subsequent to the interview at
+               which the preceding speech was made. They met a council of
+               the Indians at Fort Wayne, whom Elisha Tyson addressed to the
+               following effect:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "He painted in glowing colors the dreadful effects of intemperance&#8212;both
+                  upon civilized and savage life&#8212;told them that
+                  they must resolve to abstain entirely from it. If they admitted it
+                  at all among them, it would soon conquer them, and reduce them
+                  to a condition worse than that of the brute creation. That not
+                  until they abandoned altogether the use of ardent spirits would
+                  they be fit subjects for civilization. If they were ready to do this
+                  he would then unfold to them the blessings of civilization&#8212;the
+                  superiority of such a condition over the one in which they then
+                  subsisted. He traced their history from the earliest period to the
+                  present time&#8212;shewed them how, as the white population had expanded
+                  itself, they had retreated into the western wilderness&#8212;that
+                  if they did not remain, but continued to retreat, in a few
+                  years they would have no territory upon this continent. In order,
+                  therefore, to their permanent establishment, he recommended to
+                  them the practice of agriculture, as a substitute for hunting.
+                  He advised them to mark out their lands, and ask advice of the
+                  agents established by the Society of Friends among them, with
+                  respect to their cultivation. They stood ready, not only with their
+                  advice, but with their assistance; they were furnished for their
+                  use with all the necessary implements of husbandry, with beasts
+                  of the plough also, and beasts of burden.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "They had come a great distance, endured much privation
+                  and fatigue in order to see them, and must endure a great deal
+                  more before they could again behold their wives and their children.
+                  But they could bear it all with patience, nay with joy, if
+                  they could only have the satisfaction of seeing them adopt the
+                  disinterested advice which he had thus given them."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote><a name="A_xxx"></a><p>
+               The following is one of the speeches made in reply, by White
+               Loon, an influential chief:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;Ever since your great father Onas, (William
+                  Penn,) came upon this great island, the Quakers have been the
+                  friends of red men. They have proved themselves worthy of
+                  being the descendants of their great father. And now, when all
+                  the whites have forgotten that they owe any thing to us, the Quakers
+                  of Baltimore, though so far distant from us, have remembered
+                  the distressed condition of their red brethren, and interceded
+                  with the Great Spirit in our behalf.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;You have travelled very far to see us&#8212;you
+                  have climbed over mountains&#8212;you have swam over deep and
+                  rapid torrents&#8212;you have endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue,
+                  in order that you might have an opportunity of seeing your red
+                  brethren. For this, so long as life exists within us, we shall be
+                  very grateful.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;That wide region of country over which you
+                  have passed, was once filled with red men. Then was there a
+                  plenty of deer and buffalo, and all kinds of game. But the white
+                  people came from beyond the great water; they landed in multitudes
+                  on our shores; they cut down our forests; they drove our
+                  warriors before them, and frightened the wild herds, so that they
+                  sought security in the deep shades of the west.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;These white men were not your grandfathers;
+                  for, as I said before, the sons of Onas were always the friends of
+                  red men.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;The whites are still advancing upon us. They
+                  have reached our territory, and have built their wigwams within
+                  our very hunting grounds. Our game is vanishing away.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;Formerly our hunters pursued the wild deer,
+                  and the buffalo, and the bear; and when they killed them they
+                  ate their flesh for food, and used their skins as covering for themselves,
+                  their old men, their women, and their children. But now,
+                  they kill them that they may have plenty of skins and furs to sell
+                  to the white men. The consequence of this is, the game is destroyed
+                  wantonly, and faster than our necessities require.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;We would not mind all this, provided these
+                  skins and furs were exchanged for useful articles&#8212;for implements
+                  of husbandry, or clothes for our old men, our women, and
+                  <a name="A_xxxi"></a>
+                  our children. But they are too often bartered away for whiskey,
+                  that vile poison, which has sunk even Wapakee into the dust.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;We shall soon be under the necessity either of
+                  leaving our hunting grounds or of converting them into pastures
+                  and fields of corn. Under the kind assistance of our brothers, the
+                  Quakers, we have already proceeded a great way. You have
+                  witnessed, as you have passed among us, the good effects of the
+                  kindness of our brothers. We are disposed to go on as we have
+                  begun, until our habits and manners, as well as the face of our
+                  country, shall be changed and look like those of the white people.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Brothers:&#8212;Accept from us this belt of wampum and pipe
+                  of peace. And may the Great Sasteretsy, who conducted you
+                  here in safety, still go with you and restore you in peace and
+                  happiness to the arms of your women and children."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               After this, with ceremonies such as those already described,
+               but, if possible, accompanied with more solemnity, the chiefs dissolved
+               the council.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               It is a melancholy reflection, that soon such memorials as
+               these will be the only remains of that noble but unfortunate race
+               who once peopled the continent of North America. <em>War</em> has
+               slain its thousands, but <em>alcohol</em> its tens of thousands; and the
+               fortitude which could bear without shrinking the most cruel inflictions
+               of torture, has proved powerless to resist the seductions of
+               strong drink. It is to be feared a heavy retribution awaits the
+               white man, the pitiless author of their extermination.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The biographer of E. Tyson has taken great pains to represent
+               him as a friend to the Colonization Society, but in this
+               respect I am informed, by one who well knew him, he has done
+               him great injustice. It is confessed, indeed, that for a long period
+               E. Tyson viewed this scheme with great jealousy. "When we
+               saw," remarks this writer, "domestic tyrants, and men who had
+               actually, in the southern slave-trade, speculated in the flesh and
+               blood of their fellow creatures, united with their betters in a society,
+               the professed object of which was the peopling of a continent
+               with freemen by the depopulation of a continent of slaves,
+               he argued, as he had a right to argue, mischief to the cause."
+               No evidence is adduced to show that this same distrust of the
+               Colonization Society was ever removed, beyond the fact that,
+               having been the means of liberating eleven native Africans from
+               <a name="A_xxxii"></a>
+               a slave-ship, he cooperated with Gen. Harper, an influential colonizationist,
+               in restoring them to their native country, which bordered
+               upon the colony of Liberia. This was the last public act
+               of his life.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The great concern in which he had spent his life was the
+                  constant topic of his conversation; and he continued with his
+                  latest breath to enforce the claims of the unhappy sons of slavery
+                  upon the humanity of their brethren. It was natural that he
+                  should feel a strong anxiety about the fate of those who, through
+                  his exertions, had been restored to their friends in Africa. He
+                  was on the alert to hear intelligence of their fate&#8212;his spirit
+                  seemed to follow them across the mighty waters. On one occasion
+                  he was heard to say, 'If I could only hear of their safe arrival
+                  I should die content;' and on another, that he 'had prayed
+                  to the Father of Mercies that he would be pleased to spare his
+                  life until he could receive the pleasing intelligence.' His prayer
+                  was heard. The news reached his ears amid the last lingerings
+                  of life. He shed tears of joy on the occasion; and when he had
+                  sufficiently yielded to the first burst of feeling, exclaimed, like
+                  one satiated with earthly happiness, 'Now I am ready to die; my
+                  work is done.' His expressions were prophetic; for in the short
+                  space of forty-eight hours, on the 16th of February, 1824, at the
+                  age of 75 years, he breathed his soul into the hands of God Almighty."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The following are some notices of his personal appearance
+               and mental characteristics:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The person of Mr. Tyson was about six feet in height,
+                  though the habit of leaning forward as he walked, gave a less
+                  appearance to his stature. The rest of his frame was suited to
+                  his height.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The features of his countenance were strong. His forehead
+                  was high; his nose large, and of the Roman order; his eyes
+                  were dark and piercing; his lips so singularly expressive, that
+                  even in their stillest mood they would almost seem to be uttering
+                  the purposes of his mind. Indeed his whole face was indicative,
+                  to a striking degree, of the passions and feelings of his soul.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The mind of Mr. Tyson was strong, rather than brilliant.
+                  With scarcely any imagination, he possessed a judgment almost
+                  infallible in its decisions; great powers of reason, which were
+                  <a name="A_xxxiii"></a>
+                  more conspicuous for the certainty of its conclusions than remarkable
+                  for displaying the train of inferences by which it arrived at
+                  them. He possessed wonderful acuteness of understanding,
+                  quickness of perception, and readiness of reply.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "For these qualities he was indebted more to nature than to
+                  art. He was not educated for the exalted station of a philanthropist,
+                  but for the business of the world; and yet he seemed fitted
+                  exactly for the part he acted. He possessed not the refinements
+                  of education; he had not learned to soar into the regions of fancy,
+                  his destiny was upon the earth; and he knew no flight but
+                  that which bears the soul to heaven."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="E"></a>APPENDIX E. p. 68.
+               <br><br><br>
+               THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES."<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following statements are drawn from a "History of the
+               Amistad Captives, &amp;c., by John W. Barber, member of the Connecticut
+               Historical Society;" from the authentic reports of the
+               proceedings in the courts of law, and from a letter of my friend,
+               Lewis Tappan, to the public papers.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "During the month of August, 1839, the public attention was
+               somewhat excited by several reports stating that a vessel of suspicious
+               and piratical character had been seen near the coast of
+               the United States, in the vicinity of New York. This vessel was
+               represented as a 'long, low, black schooner,' and manned by
+               blacks. The United States steamer Fulton and several revenue
+               cutters were despatched after her, and notice was given to the
+               collectors at various sea ports."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               This suspicious looking schooner proved to be the "Amistad,"
+               which was eventually captured off Culloden Point, by Lieut. Gedney,
+               of the U.S. brig "Washington." At this time, however,
+               the Africans, who were in possession of the vessel, were in communication
+               with the shore, and peaceably trafficking with the inhabitants
+               for a supply of water for their intended voyage to their
+               own country. They had spontaneously submitted to the command
+               of one of their number, Cinque, a man of extraordinary
+               <a name="A_xxxiv"></a>
+               natural capacity. When they were taken, he was separated from
+               his companions and conveyed on board the brig.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "Cinque having been put on board of the 'Washington,' displayed
+               much uneasiness, and seemed so very anxious to get on
+               board the schooner that his keepers allowed him to return. Once
+               more on the deck of the 'Amistad,' the blacks clustered around
+               him, laughing, screaming, and making other extravagant demonstrations
+               of joy. When the noise had subsided, he made an address,
+               which raised their excitement to such a pitch, that the
+               officer in command had Cinque led away by force. He was
+               returned to the 'Washington,' and was manacled to prevent his
+               leaping overboard. On Wednesday, he signified by motions that
+               if they would take him on board the schooner again, he would
+               show them a handkerchief full of doubloons. He was accordingly
+               sent on board. His fetters were taken off, and he once
+               more went below, where he was received by the Africans in a
+               still more wild and enthusiastic manner than he was the day previous.
+               Instead of finding the doubloons, he again made an address
+               to the blacks, by which they were very much excited.
+               Dangerous consequences were apprehended. Cinque was seized,
+               taken from the hold, and again fettered. While making his
+               speech, his eye was often turned to the sailors in charge: the
+               blacks yelled, leapt about, and seemed to be animated with the
+               same spirit and determination of their leader. Cinque, when
+               taken back to the 'Washington,' evinced little or no emotion, but
+               kept his eye steadily fixed on the schooner."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               An event so extraordinary and unprecedented as the capture
+               of the "Amistad," excited the most lively interest among all
+               classes. The Africans, forty-four in number, were brought to
+               New Haven and secured in the county jail. A number of gentlemen
+               formed themselves into a committee to watch over their
+               interests, and immediately there was begun a long and complicated
+               series of judicial proceedings, to determine how they
+               should be disposed of. Ruiz and Montez, the two white men,
+               late the prisoners, but claiming to be the owners of the Africans,
+               caused them to be indicted for piracy and murder. This was
+               almost immediately disposed of, on the ground that the charges,
+               if true, were not cognizable in the American courts, the alleged
+               offences having been perpetrated on board a Spanish vessel.
+               <a name="A_xxxv"></a>
+               The Africans therefore were in no immediate danger of capital
+               punishment. Ruiz and Montez on their part seem to have met
+               with sympathy and kindness, and to testify their gratitude caused
+               the following to be inserted in the New York papers:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "A CARD.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "NEW LONDON, AUGUST 29, 1839.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The subscribers, Don Jose Ruiz, and Don Pedro Montez, in
+                  gratitude for their most unhoped for and providential rescue from
+                  the hands of a ruthless gang of African bucaneers and an awful
+                  death, would take this means of expressing, in some slight degree,
+                  their thankfulness and obligation to Lieut. Com. T.R. Gedney,
+                  and the officers and crew of the U.S. surveying brig Washington,
+                  for their decision in seizing the Amistad, and their unremitting
+                  kindness and hospitality in providing for their comfort on
+                  board their vessel, as well as the means they have taken for the
+                  protection of their property.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We also must express our indebtedness to that nation whose
+                  flag they so worthily bear, with an assurance that this act will be
+                  duly appreciated by our most gracious sovereign, her Majesty
+                  the Queen of Spain.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                        DON JOSE, RUIZ,
+                  <br>
+                        DON PEDRO MONTEZ."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               Ruiz and Montez are thus described by a correspondent of the
+               New London Gazette, who visited the Amistad immediately after
+               its capture:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Jose Ruiz, is a very gentlemanly and intelligent young man,
+                  and speaks English fluently. He was the owner of most of the
+                  slaves and cargo, which he was conveying to his estate on the
+                  Island of Cuba. The other, Pedro Montez, is about fifty years of
+                  age, and is the owner of three of the slaves. He was formerly a
+                  ship master, and has navigated the vessel since her seizure by the
+                  blacks. Both of them, as may be naturally supposed, are most
+                  unfeignedly thankful for their deliverance. Pedro is the most
+                  striking instance of complacency and unalloyed delight we have
+                  ever witnessed, and it is not strange, since only yesterday his
+                  sentence was pronounced by the chief of the bucaneers, and his
+                  death song chanted by the grim crew, who gathered with uplifted
+                  sabres around his devoted head, which, as well as his arms, bear
+                  <a name="A_xxxvi"></a>
+                  the scars of several wounds inflicted at the time of the murder of
+                  the ill-fated captain and crew. He sat smoking his Havana on
+                  the deck, and to judge from the martyr-like serenity of his countenance,
+                  his emotions are such as rarely stir the heart of man.
+                  When Mr. Porter, the prize master, assured him of his safety, he
+                  threw his arms around his neck, while gushing tears coursing
+                  down his furrowed cheek, bespoke the overflowing transport of his
+                  soul. Every now and then he clasped his hands, and with uplifted
+                  eyes, gave thanks to 'the Holy Virgin' who had led him out
+                  of his troubles."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               It will be necessary to contrast the deeds of these "gentlemanly
+               and intelligent" <em>Christians</em> with that of the "ruthless gang
+               of African bucaneers," from whose grasp they were so providentially
+               rescued. In giving the subsequent detail, I would not be
+               understood as compromising for a single instant my belief in the
+               inviolability of human life, though it must I think be confessed
+               that in the instance related below, the heathen and barbarous negroes
+               contrast very favorably with the civilized and Christian
+               Spaniards.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The following communication from Mr. Day, of New Haven,
+                  gives a summary account of the African captives, as stated
+                  by themselves, from the time they left Africa, till the time they
+                  obtained possession of the Amistad:
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "NEW HAVEN, OCT. 8, 1839.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  [To the Editor of the Journal of Commerce.]
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Gentlemen&#8212;The following short and plain narrative of one
+                  or two of the African captives, in whose history and prospects
+                  such anxious interest is felt, has been taken at the earliest opportunity
+                  possible, consistently with more important examinations.
+                  It may be stated in general terms, as the result of the investigations
+                  thus far made, that the Africans all testify that they left Africa
+                  about six months since; were landed under cover of the night
+                  at a small village or hamlet near Havana, and after ten or twelve
+                  days were taken through Havana by night by the man who had
+                  bought them, named Pipi, who has since been satisfactorily proved
+                  to be Ruiz; were cruelly treated on the passage, being beaten
+                  and flogged, and in some instances having vinegar and gunpowder
+                  rubbed into their wounds; and that they suffered intensely
+                  <a name="A_xxxvii"></a>
+                  from hunger and thirst. The perfect coincidence in the testimony
+                  of the prisoners, examined as they have been separately,
+                  is felt by all who are acquainted with the minutes of the examination,
+                  to carry with it overwhelming evidence of the truth of their
+                  story.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  Yours respectfully,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                                                        "GEORGE E. DAY."
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                                                        "MONDAY, OCT. 7.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "This afternoon, almost the first time in which the two interpreters,
+                  Covey and Pratt, have not been engaged with special reference
+                  to the trial to take place in November, one of the captives
+                  named Grabeau, was requested to give a narrative of himself
+                  since leaving Africa, for publication in the papers. The interpreters,
+                  who are considerably exhausted by the examinations
+                  which have already taken place, only gave the substance of what
+                  he said, without going into details, and it was not thought advisable
+                  to press the matter. Grabeau first gave an account of the
+                  passage from Africa to Havana. On board the vessel there was
+                  a large number of men, but the women and children were far the
+                  most numerous. They were fastened together in couples by the
+                  wrists and legs, and kept in that situation day and night. Here
+                  Grabeau and another of the Africans named Kimbo, lay down
+                  upon the floor, to show the painful position in which they were
+                  obliged to sleep. By day it was no better. The space between
+                  decks was so small,&#8212;according to their account not exceeding
+                  four feet,&#8212;that they were obliged, if they attempted to stand, to
+                  keep a crouching posture. The decks fore and aft were crowded
+                  to overflowing. They suffered (Grabeau said) terribly. They
+                  had rice enough to eat, but had very little to drink. If they left
+                  any of the rice that was given to them uneaten, either from sickness
+                  or any other cause, they were whipped. It was a common
+                  thing for them to be forced to eat so much as to vomit. Many of
+                  the men, women, and children died on the passage.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "They were landed by night at a small village near Havana.
+                  Soon several white men came to buy them, and among them was
+                  the one claiming to be their master, whom they call Pipi, said to
+                  be a Spanish nick-name for Jose. Pipi, or Ruiz, selected such
+                  as he liked, and made them stand in a row. He then felt each of
+                  them in every part of the body; made them open their mouths
+                  <a name="A_xxxviii"></a>
+                  to see if their teeth were sound, and carried the examinations to
+                  a degree of minuteness of which only a slave dealer would be
+                  guilty.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When they were separated from their companions who had
+                  come with them from Africa, there was weeping among the women
+                  and children, but Grabeau did not weep, 'because he is a
+                  man.' Kimbo, who sat by, said that he also shed no tears&#8212;but
+                  he thought of his home in Africa, and of friends left there whom
+                  he should never see again.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The men bought by Ruiz were taken on foot through Havana
+                  in the night, and put on board a vessel. During the night they
+                  were kept in irons, placed about the hands, feet and neck. They
+                  were treated during the day in a somewhat milder manner, though
+                  all the irons were never taken off at once. Their allowance of
+                  food was very scant, and of water still more so. They were very
+                  hungry, and suffered much in the hot days and nights from thirst.
+                  In addition to this there was much whipping, and the cook told
+                  them that when they reached land they would all be eaten. This
+                  'made their hearts burn.' To avoid being eaten, and to escape
+                  the bad treatment they experienced, they rose upon the crew with
+                  the design of returning to Africa.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Such is the substance of Grabeau's story, confirmed by Kimbo,
+                  who was present most of the time. He says he likes the
+                  people of this country, because, to use his own expression, 'they
+                  are good people&#8212;they believe in God, and there is no slavery
+                  here.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The story of Grabeau was then read and interpreted to
+                  Cinque, while a number of the other Africans were standing
+                  about, and confirmed by all of them in every particular. When
+                  the part relating to the crowded state of the vessel from Africa to
+                  Havana was read, Cinque added that there was scarcely room
+                  enough to sit or lie down. Another showed the marks of the
+                  irons on his wrists, which must at the time have been terribly
+                  lacerated. On their separation at Havana, Cinque remarked that
+                  almost all of them were in tears, and himself among the rest, 'because
+                  they had come from the same country, and were now to be
+                  parted for ever.' To the question, how it was possible for the
+                  Africans when chained in the manner he described, to rise upon
+                  the crew, he replied that the chain which connected the iron collars
+                  <a name="A_xxxix"></a>
+                  about their necks was fastened at the end by a padlock, and
+                  that this was first broken, and afterwards the other irons. Their
+                  object, he said, in the affray, was to make themselves free. He
+                  then requested it to be added to the above, that 'if he tells a lie,
+                  God sees him by day and by night.'"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The interpreters alluded to in the preceding extract were two
+               Africans belonging to the crew of the British brig of war Buzzard,
+               which providentially arrived at New York, from a cruise on
+               the coast of Africa. They were found to speak the same language
+               as the prisoners, and with the consent of Captain Fitzgerald,
+               their services were immediately secured by the indefatigable
+               committee for the African captives. By their aid much information
+               was elicited respecting the native country and previous history
+               of these negroes, with many incidental particulars of great
+               interest, some of which will appear in the following account.
+               The criminal proceedings against the Mendians being quashed,
+               there remained the claim of Ruiz and Montez to have the negroes
+               returned to them as their property. To sustain this claim they
+               produced the license, signed by the proper authorities at Havana,
+               permitting the removal of these negroes from that port to Principe,
+               in the same island. This document is signed by General
+               Espelata, Captain-General of Cuba, and countersigned by Martinez,
+               one of the most extensive slave-traders in the known world.
+               This pass or license described the negroes as
+               <i>ladinos</i>, a term used to designate Africans who have
+               been long settled in Cuba. It was proved, however, that they were
+               <i>Bozal</i> negroes, that is, such as
+               had been very lately introduced, and the testimony on both sides,
+               on this point, established a fact that is but too notorious, that the
+               slave trade to Cuba is openly carried on with the connivance, and
+               even with the corrupt participation of the authorities. One of the
+               witnesses, D. Francis Bacon, gives the following account of the
+               slave trade:&#8212;
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Mr. Bacon stated that he left the coast of Africa on the 13th
+                  of July, 1839. He knew a place called Dumbokoro [Lomboko]
+                  by the Spaniards: it was an island in the river or lagoon of Gallinas.
+                  There is a large slave factory or depot at this place,
+                  which is said to belong to the house of Martinez in Havana;
+                  there are also different establishments on different islands. Mr.
+                  <a name="A_xl"></a>
+                  Bacon stated that he had seen American, Russian, Spanish, and
+                  Portuguese vessels at Gallinas. The American flag was a complete
+                  shelter; no man-of-war daring to capture an American vessel.
+                  The slave trade on that part of the coast is the universal
+                  business of the country, and by far the most profitable, and all
+                  engaged in it who could raise the means. Extensive wars take
+                  place in Africa, for obtaining slaves from the vanquished. Different
+                  towns and villages make war upon each other for this purpose.
+                  Some are sold on account of their crimes, others for debts.
+                  The slaves are all brought on to the coast by other blacks, and
+                  sold at the slave factories, as no white man dare penetrate into
+                  the interior. Some of the blacks who have been educated at
+                  Sierra Leone, have been principal dealers in the slave trade."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The decision of the District Court of Connecticut on this
+               question of property, was to the effect that since their original
+               introduction into Cuba was plainly illegal, they were free by the
+               law of Spain, and of course could not be the property of Spanish
+               subjects.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The subsequent proceedings were undertaken on behalf of
+               the United States' Government. "The District Attorney, Mr.
+               Holabird, filed his claim under Lieut. Gedney's libel, on two distinct
+               grounds; one that these Africans had been claimed by the
+               Government of Spain, and ought to be retained till the pleasure
+               of the Executive might be known, as to that demand; and the
+               other, that they should be held subject to the disposition of the
+               President, to be re-transported to Africa, under the act of 1819."
+               The Court finally decreed that the Africans should be delivered
+               to the President of the United States, to be transported to Africa,
+               there to be delivered to an agent appointed to receive and conduct
+               them home. Against this decision, though it is what he had
+               asked for, Holabird appealed on behalf of the United States'
+               Government, and through a protracted series of law proceedings,
+               it was finally carried before the Supreme Court of the United
+               States, the highest tribunal in the nation. The counsel employed
+               on both sides, in the different stages, were of the highest
+               reputation; and finally the venerable John Quincy Adams, after
+               an absence from the Courts of nearly forty years, during which
+               interval he had filled the highest offices of state, at home and
+               <a name="A_xli"></a>
+               abroad, in the service of his country, did not think it beneath him
+               to defend the Mendians before the Supreme Court, against the
+               <em>conspiracies</em> of Forsyth, the Secretary of State, and the Spanish
+               Ambassador. In his first communication to the latter, Forsyth
+               says:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "All the proceedings in the matter, on the part of both the
+                  executive and judicial branches of the government, have had their
+                  foundation in the assumption that Montez and Ruiz alone were
+                  the parties aggrieved; and that their claim to the surrender of the
+                  property was founded in fact and in justice."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The Spanish minister and his successor, complained bitterly,
+               in the course of a long correspondence, of the delay in giving up
+               the Africans, on the ground, as emphatically stated in one of their
+               letters to the Department of State, that "the public vengeance
+               had not been satisfied; for be it recollected that the legation of
+               Spain does not demand the delivery of slaves, but of assassins."
+               In a previous communication it was intimated that "the infliction
+               of capital punishment in this case (in the United States,) would
+               not be attended with the salutary effects had in view by the law,
+               when it resorts to this painful and terrible alternative, namely, to
+               prevent the commission of similar offences." Notwithstanding
+               these dreadful intimations of the fate awaiting the Africans in
+               Cuba, the American Government deliberately adopted the design
+               of delivering them up, either as <i>property</i> or as
+               assassins. That Government found willing agents in the United States' Marshal,
+               and the District Attorney of Connecticut. The following extracts
+               from the argument of John Quincy Adams, will explain
+               these disgraceful transactions:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "On the 7th of January, the Secretary of State writes to the
+                  Secretary of the Navy, acknowledging the receipt of his letter of
+                  the 3d, informing him that the schooner Grampus would receive
+                  the negroes of the Amistad, 'for the purpose of conveying
+                  them to Cuba, in the event of their delivery being adjudged by
+                  the Circuit Court, before whom the case is pending.' This singular
+                  blunder, in naming the Court, shows in what manner and
+                  with how little care the Department of State allowed itself to
+                  conduct an affair, involving no less than the liberties and lives of
+                  every one of my clients. This letter enclosed the order of the
+                  <a name="A_xlii"></a>
+                  President to the Marshal of Connecticut for the delivery of the
+                  negroes to Lieut. Paine. Although disposing of the lives of forty
+                  human beings, it has not the form or solemnity of a warrant, and
+                  is not even signed by the President in his official capacity. It is
+                  a mere order.
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'The Marshal of the United States for the District of Connecticut
+                     will deliver over to Lieut. John S. Paine, of the United
+                     States Navy, and aid in conveying on board the schooner Grampus,
+                     under his command, all the negroes, late of the Spanish
+                     schooner Amistad, in his custody, under process now pending
+                     before the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of
+                     Connecticut. For so doing, this order will be his warrant.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this 7th
+                     day of January, A.D. 1840.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'M. VAN BUREN.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'By the President:
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'JOHN FORSYTH, Sec. of State.'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "That order is good for nothing at all. It did not even describe
+                  the Court correctly, under whose protection those unfortunate
+                  people were. And on the 11th of January, the District Attorney
+                  had to send a special messenger, who came, it appears, all
+                  the way to Washington in one day, to inform the Secretary
+                  that the negroes were not holden under the order of the Circuit
+                  Court, but of the District Court. And he says, 'Should the pretended
+                  friends of the negroes'&#8212;the pretended friends!&#8212;'obtain
+                  a writ of Habeas Corpus, the Marshal could not justify under that
+                  warrant.' And he says, 'the Marshal wishes me to inquire'&#8212;a
+                  most amiable and benevolent inquiry&#8212;'whether in the event of
+                  a decree requiring him to release the negroes, or in case of an
+                  appeal by the adverse party, it is expected the Executive warrant
+                  will be executed'&#8212;that is, whether he is to carry the negroes
+                  on board of the Grampus in the face of a decree of the Court.
+                  And he requests instructions on the point."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               On the 12th of January, the very next day after the letter of
+               the District Attorney was written at New Haven, the Secretary
+               of State replies in a despatch which is marked 'confidential.'
+
+            </p><a name="A_xliii"></a><blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'[CONFIDENTIAL.]
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                              "'DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jan. 12,1840.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'SIR,&#8212;Your letter of the 11th inst. has just been received.
+                  The order for the delivery of the negroes of the Amistad is herewith
+                  returned, corrected agreeably to your suggestion. With
+                  reference to the inquiry from the Marshal, to which you allude,
+                  I have to state, by direction of the President, that if the decision
+                  of the Court is such as is anticipated, the order of the President
+                  is to be carried into execution, unless an appeal shall actually
+                  have been interposed. YOU ARE NOT TO TAKE IT FOR GRANTED
+                  THAT IT WILL BE INTERPOSED. And if, on the contrary, the decision
+                  of the Court is different, you are to take out an appeal, and
+                  allow things to remain as they are until the appeal shall have
+                  been decided.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  I am, sir, your obedient servant
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'JOHN FORSYTH.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'W.S. HOLABIRD, Esq.,
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'<i>Attorney U.S. for District of Conn.</i>'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "But after all the order did not avail. The District Judge,
+                  contrary to all these anticipations of the Executive, decided that
+                  the thirty-six negroes taken by Lieut. Gedney and brought before
+                  the Court on the certificate of the Governor-General of Cuba,
+                  were FREEMEN; that they had been kidnapped in Africa; that they
+                  did not own these Spanish names; that they were not
+                  <i>ladinos</i>;
+                  and were not correctly described in the passport, but were new
+                  negroes bought by Ruiz in the depot of Havana, and fully entitled
+                  to their liberty."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               At a public meeting held subsequent to their liberation, the
+               teacher of the Africans made a statement as follows:&#8212;Their
+               ruling passion was a love for home; and their desire to return
+               thither was constantly manifesting itself. One day, a short time
+               ago, Fohlee came to his teacher, with his cap in his hand, and
+               said, "If Merican men offer me as much gold as fill this cap full
+               up, and give me houses, land and every ting, so dat I stay in dis
+               country, I say no! Is dat like my father? Is dat like my mother?
+               Is dat like my sister? Is dat like my brother? No! I
+               want to see my father, my mother, my brother and sister." This
+               feeling manifested itself in many ways; and they expressed
+               themselves willing to undergo any thing short of losing their
+               <a name="A_xliv"></a>
+               lives, if by so doing they could be at liberty to return to the
+               Mendi country.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               I now introduce the lively narrative of my friend Lewis
+               Tappan:
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "EXCURSION WITH THE AMISTAD AFRICANS.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>On board Steam Boat, L.I. Sound, Nov</i>. 15, 1841.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "BROTHER LEAVITT:&#8212;As the committee had chartered a
+                  ship to take the Mendians to Sierra Leone about the middle of
+                  this month, and as the funds contributed by a benevolent public
+                  were about all expended, it appeared necessary, in addition to an
+                  appeal published in the newspapers, to take some prompt and
+                  efficient measures to procure funds sufficient to pay for their outfit
+                  and passages, and, if possible, something to sustain the contemplated
+                  mission in Mendi. One of the committee being sick and
+                  another absent, it devolved upon me to perform the excursion. I
+                  was assisted essentially by Mr. Samuel Deming, one of the committee
+                  at Farmington, and by Mr. William Raymond and Mr.
+                  Needham. On arriving at Hartford, the third instant, I learned
+                  that Mr. Deming had proceeded to Boston, accompanied by ten
+                  of the Mendians, viz., Cinque, Banna, Si-si, Su-ma, Fu-li, Ya-bo-i,
+                  So-ko-ma, Kin-na, Ka-li and Mar-gru. These were selected not
+                  on account of being the best scholars, but with reference to their
+                  being the best singers, although some of them are among the
+                  best scholars. None of them, however, have had instruction in
+                  music. Arriving in Boston, the city was, as I anticipated, full of
+                  excitement, on account of the approaching election,&#8212;a circumstance
+                  unknown to the committee at Farmington, who had sent
+                  off the Mendians sooner than we had calculated,&#8212;and it seemed
+                  almost impossible to procure a suitable place in which to hold
+                  meetings, or to arrest the attention of the people, as the
+                  whole&#8212;democrats, whigs and abolitionists&#8212;had every nerve strained
+                  for the political contest. However, preparation had been made for a
+                  meeting at the Melodeon, late Lion Theatre, on Thursday evening.
+                  A few hundreds assembled, and appeared to be highly gratified
+                  with the performances. It seemed to them marvellous that
+                  these men and children, who, less than three years since, were
+                  almost naked savages in the interior of Africa, should, under the
+                  <a name="A_xlv"></a>
+                  untoward circumstances in which they have been placed for the
+                  largest part of the time since they have been in a civilized and
+                  Christian country, appear so far advanced in civilization and
+                  knowledge. Only forty-six dollars were received, the proceeds
+                  of tickets and a collection, but a strong desire was expressed that
+                  there should be another meeting.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Saturday evening was the only evening we could have
+                  Marlboro' Chapel, the largest church in the city. Preliminary
+                  to this meeting, a private meeting of invited gentlemen was held
+                  during the afternoon, at the Marlboro' Hotel, the Mendians being
+                  present. The meeting was well attended and a good impression
+                  was made. In the evening there was a large meeting in the
+                  Chapel; Rev. Dr. Anderson opened it with prayer, concluding
+                  with the Lord's prayer, each sentence being repeated in our language
+                  by the Mendians. A statement was then made of their
+                  past and present condition, of their good conduct, their proficiency,
+                  of their ardent desire to return to Mendi, and the favorable
+                  prospects of establishing a mission in their country. Three or
+                  four of the best readers were then called upon to read a passage
+                  in the New Testament. They then read and spelled a passage
+                  named by the audience. One of the Africans next related, in
+                  'Merica language,' their condition in their own country, their
+                  being kidnapped, the sufferings of the middle passage, their stay
+                  at Havana, the transactions on board the Amistad, &amp;c. The
+                  story was intelligible to the audience, with occasional explanations.
+                  They were next requested to sing two or three of their
+                  native songs. The performance afforded great delight to the audience.
+                  As a pleasing contrast, however, they sang immediately
+                  after, one of the songs of Zion:
+
+               </p>
+               <div class="lg">"'When I can read my title clear<br>To mansions in. the skies,<br>I'll bid farewell to every fear,<br>And wipe my weeping eyes.'<br><br></div>
+               <p>
+                  "This produced a deep impression upon the audience; and
+                  while these late pagans were singing so correctly and impressively
+                  a hymn in a Christian church, many 'weeping eyes,' bore
+                  testimony that the act and its associations touched a chord that
+                  vibrated in many hearts. Cinque was then introduced to the
+                  audience, and addressed them in his native tongue. It is impossible
+                  <a name="A_xlvi"></a>
+                  to describe the novel and deeply interesting manner in
+                  which he acquitted himself. The subject of his speech was similar
+                  to that of his countryman who had addressed the audience in
+                  English, but he related more minutely and graphically the occurrences
+                  on board the Amistad. The easy manner of Cinque, his
+                  natural, graceful and energetic action, the rapidity of his utterance,
+                  and the remarkable and various expressions of his countenance,
+                  excited the admiration and applause of the audience. He
+                  was pronounced a powerful natural orator, and one born to sway
+                  the minds of his fellow men. Should he be converted and become
+                  a preacher of the cross in Africa, what delightful results
+                  may be anticipated!
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The amount of the statements made by Kin-na, Fu-li and
+                  Cinque, and the facts in the case, are as follows:&#8212;These Mendians
+                  belong to six different tribes, although their dialects are not
+                  so dissimilar as to prevent them from conversing together very
+                  readily. Most of them belong to a country which they call Mendi,
+                  but which is known to geographers and travellers as Kos-sa,
+                  and lies south-east of Sierra Leone; as we suppose, from sixty to
+                  one hundred and twenty miles. With one or two exceptions,
+                  these Mendians are not related to each other; nor did they know
+                  each other until they met at the slave factory of Pedro Blanco,
+                  the wholesale trafficker in men, at Lomboko, on the coast of Africa.
+                  They were stolen separately, many of them by black men,
+                  some of whom were accompanied by Spaniards, as they were
+                  going from one village to another, or were at a distance from
+                  their abodes. The whole came to Havana in the same ship, a
+                  Portuguese vessel named Tecora, except the four children, whom
+                  they saw, for the first time, on board the Amistad. It seems that
+                  they remained at Lomboko several weeks, until six or seven hundred
+                  were collected, when they were put in irons and placed in
+                  the hold of a ship, which soon put to sea. Being chased by a
+                  British cruiser, she returned, landed the cargo of human beings,
+                  and the vessel was seized and taken to Sierra Leone for adjudication.
+                  After some time, the Africans were put on board the
+                  Tecora. After suffering the horrors of the middle passage, they
+                  arrived at Havana. Here they were put into a barracoon, one of
+                  the oblong enclosures, without a roof, where human beings are
+                  kept, as they keep sheep and oxen near the cattle markets, in the
+                  <a name="A_xlvii"></a>
+                  vicinity of our large cities, until purchasers are found, for ten
+                  days, when they were sold to Jose Ruiz, and shipped on board
+                  the Amistad, together with the three girls and a little boy who
+                  came on board with Pedro Montez. The Amistad was a coaster,
+                  bound to Principe, in Cuba, distant some two or three hundred
+                  miles. The Africans were kept in chains and fetters, and were
+                  supplied with but a small quantity of food or water. A single
+                  banana, they say, was served out as food for a day or two, and
+                  only a small cup of water for each daily. When any of them
+                  took a little water from the cask, they were severely flogged.
+                  The Spaniards took Antonio, the cabin-boy and slave to Captain
+                  Ferrer, and stamped him on the shoulder with a hot iron; then
+                  put powder, palm oil, &amp;c. upon the wound, so that they 'could
+                  know him for their slave.' The cook, a colored Spaniard, told
+                  them that on their arrival at Principe, in three days, they would
+                  have their throats cut, be chopped in pieces, and salted down for
+                  meat for the Spaniards. He pointed to some barrels of beef on
+                  the deck, then to an empty barrel, and by significant
+                  gestures,&#8212;as the Mendians say, by 'talking with his
+                  fingers,'&#8212;he made
+                  them understand that they were to be slain, &amp;c. At four o'clock
+                  that day, when they were called on deck to eat, Cinque found a
+                  nail, which he secreted under his arm. In the night they held a
+                  counsel as to what was best to be done. 'We feel bad,' said Kin-na,
+                  'and we ask Cinque what we had best do. Cinque say, "Me
+                  think, and by and by I tell you."' He then said, 'If we do nothing,
+                  we be killed. We may as well die in trying to be free as to
+                  be killed and eaten.' Cinque afterwards told them what he would
+                  do. With the aid of the nail and the assistance of Grabeau, he
+                  freed himself from the irons on his wrists and ancles, and from
+                  the chain on his neck. He then, with his own hands, wrested
+                  the irons from the limbs and necks of his countrymen. It is not
+                  in my power to give an adequate description of Cinque when he
+                  showed how he did this and led his comrades to the conflict and
+                  achieved their freedom. In my younger years I saw Kemble and
+                  Siddons, and the representation of Othello, at Covent Garden, but
+                  no acting that I ever witnessed came near that to which I allude.
+                  When delivered from their irons, the Mendians, with the exception
+                  of the children, who were asleep, about four or five o'clock
+                  in the morning, armed with cane-knives, some boxes of which
+                  <a name="A_xlviii"></a>
+                  they found in the hold, leaped upon the deck. Cinque killed the
+                  cook. The captain fought desperately. He inflicted wounds on
+                  two of the Africans, who soon after died, and cut severely one or
+                  two of those who now survive. Two sailors leaped over the side
+                  of the vessel. The Mendians say 'they could not catch land&#8212;they
+                  must have swum to the bottom of the sea,' but Ruiz and
+                  Montez supposed they reached the island in a boat. Cinque now
+                  took command of the vessel; placed Si-si at the helm; gave his
+                  people plenty to eat and drink. Ruiz and Montez had fled to the
+                  hold. They were dragged out, and Cinque ordered them to be
+                  put in irons. They cried and begged not to be put in chains,
+                  but Cinque replied, 'You say fetters good for negro&#8212;if good for
+                  negro good for Spanish man too: you try them two days, and see
+                  how you feel.' The Spaniards asked for water, and it was dealt
+                  out to them in the same little cup with which they had dealt it
+                  out to the Africans. They complained bitterly of being thirsty.
+                  Cinque said, 'You say little water enough for nigger. If little
+                  water do for him, a little do for you too.' Cinque said the Spaniards
+                  cried a great deal; he felt very sorry; only meant to let
+                  them see how good it was to be treated like the poor slaves. In
+                  two days the irons were removed; and then, said Cinque, we give
+                  them plenty water and food, and treat them very well. Kin-na
+                  stated that as the water fell short, Cinque would not drink any,
+                  nor allow any of the rest to drink any thing but salt water, but
+                  dealt out daily a little to each of the four children, and the same
+                  quantity to each of the two Spaniards! In a day or two Ruiz
+                  and Montez wrote a letter, and told Cinque that when they spoke
+                  a vessel, if he would give it to them, the people would take them
+                  to Sierra Leone. Cinque took the letter and said, 'Very well;'
+                  but afterwards told his brethren, 'We have no letter in Mendi.
+                  I don't know what is in that letter&#8212;there may be death in it.
+                  So we will take some iron and a string, bind them about the
+                  letter, and send it to the bottom of the sea.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When any vessel came in sight, the Spaniards were shut
+                  down in the hold, and forbidden to come on deck on pain of death.
+                  One of the Africans, who could talk a little English, answered
+                  questions when they were hailed from other vessels.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is unnecessary to narrate here subsequent facts, as they
+                  have been published throughout the country. After Cinque's
+                  <a name="A_xlix"></a>
+                  address a collection was taken, and the services were concluded
+                  by the Mendians singing Bishop Heber's missionary hymn:
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'From Greenland's icy mountains.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "At the conclusion of the meeting some linen and cotton table
+                  cloths and napkins, manufactured by the Africans, were exhibited,
+                  and eagerly purchased of them by persons present, at liberal
+                  prices. They are in the habit of purchasing linen and cotton at the
+                  shops, unravelling the edges about six to ten inches, and making,
+                  with their fingers, neat fringes, in imitation, they say, of 'Mendi
+                  fashion.' Large numbers of the audience advanced, and took
+                  Cinque and the rest by the hand. The transactions of this meeting
+                  have thus been stated at length, and the account will serve to
+                  show how the subsequent meetings were conducted, as the services
+                  in other places were similar.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "These Africans, while in prison, (which was the largest part
+                  of the time they have been in this country) learned but little comparatively,
+                  but since they have been liberated, they have been
+                  anxious to learn, as they said 'it would be good for us in our own
+                  country.' Many of them write well, read, spell and sing well, and
+                  have attended to arithmetic. The younger ones have made great
+                  progress in study. Most of them have much fondness for arithmetic.
+                  They have also cultivated as a garden fifteen acres of
+                  land, and have raised a large quantity of corn, potatoes, onions,
+                  beets, et cet., which will be useful to them at sea. In some
+                  places we visited, the audience were astonished at the performance
+                  of Kali, who is only eleven years of age. He would not
+                  only spell any word in either of the Gospels, but spell sentences,
+                  without any mistake, such sentences as 'Blessed are the meek,
+                  for they shall inherit the earth,' naming each letter and syllable,
+                  and recapitulating as he went along, until he pronounced the
+                  whole sentence. Two hundred and seven dollars were received
+                  at this meeting.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'On Sabbath evening a meeting was attended in Rev. Mr.
+                  Beman's Church, (colored.) It was impossible for all to gain
+                  admittance--collected sixteen dollars and fifty-one cents. The
+                  same evening a meeting was held at Elder N. Colver's. A very
+                  warm interest was manifested by this congregation, and the sum
+                  of ninety dollars was contributed. The next morning a respectable
+                  <a name="A_l"></a>
+                  mechanic, a member of this church, offered to go to Mendi
+                  with his wife and child, to take up their permanent abode there.
+                  On Monday we proceeded to Haverhill. It was a rainy day, and
+                  town meeting was held at the same hour. The audience was
+                  small, but a deep interest was felt, and fifty-six dollars contributed.
+                  Rev. Charles Fitch opened the meeting with prayer.
+                  The Mendians and their friends will long remember the hospitality
+                  and generosity of their friends in this place. After a stay of
+                  two hours, we proceeded to Lowell. The heavy rain prevented a
+                  general attendance. Only thirty-one dollars was collected, beside
+                  some private donations. Mr. John Levi, a colored citizen,
+                  rendered important services to us, and several of the clergymen
+                  and other inhabitants rendered efficient aid. On Tuesday we
+                  went to Nashua, N.H., and remained two hours. Owing to some
+                  untoward circumstances, the inhabitants generally had not been
+                  notified of the meeting. A small number only attended. The
+                  collection was twenty-seven dollars. In the evening at Lowell,
+                  the large Methodist Church, St. Paul's, was crowded, one thousand
+                  five hundred people being present, it was said, and many
+                  hundreds unable to get admission. The meeting was opened
+                  with an appropriate prayer by Rev. Luther Lee. In order to give
+                  an opportunity to the audience to see and hear Cinque, he was
+                  invited into the pulpit, where he made an energetic address. One
+                  hundred and six dollars were collected. At the close of the services,
+                  nearly the whole congregation came forward and took the
+                  Mendians by the hand, with kind words and many presents. The
+                  ministers of all denominations attended the meeting, with many of
+                  the most respectable citizens. During the day the Africans were
+                  invited to visit the 'Boott Corporation,' and were conducted over
+                  the whole establishment (cotton mills,) by the agent, Mr. French.
+                  As might be supposed, they were astonished beyond measure.
+                  After inspecting the machinery, the fabrics, and the great wheel,
+                  one of them turned to me and said, 'Did man make this?' On
+                  receiving a reply, he said, 'He no live now&#8212;he live a great
+                  while ago.' Afterwards they visited the carpet factory, and expressed
+                  great delight at the beauty and excellence of the carpets
+                  and rugs. Cinque wished to purchase a miniature hearth rug,
+                  but the agent allowed him to select one of the large and beautiful
+                  rugs to take to Mendi, which he generously presented to him.
+                  The workmen here&#8212;chiefly Englishmen&#8212;made a collection of
+                  <a name="A_li"></a>
+                  fifty-eight dollars and fifty cents on the spot, and presented it to
+                  the Mendi Fund.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In pursuance of previous arrangements, we turned aside,
+                  Wednesday, November 12, to attend a meeting in the large South
+                  Church in Andover, at 9 o'clock, A.M. The house was crowded
+                  in every part. Dr. Edwards led in prayer, and Dr. Woods interrogated
+                  some of the Mendians. After a stay of two hours we
+                  returned to the cars, followed by a large multitude. Collected
+                  eighty-four dollars. It was remarked at the meeting here, as in
+                  other places, that the contemplated mission to Mendi was to be
+                  an anti-slavery mission; that no money would be solicited or received
+                  of slave holders; that the committee were not connected
+                  with any other missionary associations, and would not assume a
+                  hostile attitude towards any. A young gentleman here offered to
+                  go to Mendi as a teacher.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In the afternoon a meeting was held in Boston, at the Marlboro'
+                  Chapel. The scholars in the Sabbath and week-day schools
+                  had been notified of it and attended in large numbers, together
+                  with several respectable inhabitants of Boston and the neighboring
+                  towns. The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. W.B.
+                  Tappan. The collection was one hundred and ten dollars. In
+                  the evening a meeting was held at the Melodeon, and was attended
+                  by a large number of persons. Collection one hundred and
+                  thirty-three dollars. The next day, Thursday the 11th, we left
+                  for Springfield. The meeting was held in the evening, at the
+                  Town Hall, as some of the Parish committee objected to its being
+                  held in the church, fearing it would desecrate the place. The
+                  Hall was crowded, and many could not gain admittance. Dr. Osgood
+                  opened the meeting with prayer, took several of the Mendians
+                  to his own house, and manifested a deep interest on their
+                  behalf, as did many of the other inhabitants. The Mendians
+                  were all hospitably entertained in this place without expense.
+                  Some 'fellows of the baser sort' insulted Kin-na and others as
+                  they went to the Hall; and in the introduction of his speech,
+                  Kin-na spoke of the treatment he had received. But there are
+                  many warm-hearted and generous friends of the colored race in
+                  this town. 'We said nothing to them,' said Kin-na; 'why did
+                  they treat us so? What can we do? We are few and feeble.
+                  What can the dog do when the lion attacks him; or what can be
+                  <a name="A_lii"></a>
+                  done when the cat and the mouse come together!' Collection
+                  seventy-three dollars. The Mendians were invited by Mr. Burleigh
+                  to see a large picture exhibiting here&#8212;'The Descent of
+                  Christ from the Cross,' copied from Rubens&#8212;and were highly
+                  gratified.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Here we received a cordial invitation from two of the ministers
+                  of Northampton and several of their people to visit that place,
+                  with the assurance that the First Church, the largest in the county,
+                  should be opened for the Mendians. On the 12th we rode to
+                  N. in the rain. Mount Tom and the Connecticut River were
+                  pointed out to Cinque, who said, 'In my country we have very
+                  great mountain&#8212;much bigger than that&#8212;and river about so
+                  wide, but very deep.' The weather cleared away towards night,
+                  and the church was nearly filled. Rev. Mr. Pennington, colored
+                  minister of Hartford, opened the meeting with prayer. Collection
+                  seventy-five dollars, in addition to seventeen dollars from the
+                  Female Abolition Society; fifty-three dollars collected before we
+                  arrived, and eighty-five contributed by 'a friend,' a short time
+                  since. The reception here was warm-hearted. Mr. Warner,
+                  keeper of the principal hotel in that place, furnished the Mendians
+                  with one of his best rooms, seated them at the table with his
+                  family and boarders, and, on being asked for his bill the next day,
+                  he replied, 'There is nothing to pay!' The agents of the Nashua
+                  and Andover rail roads also declined taking pay for the passages
+                  of the Mendians. On Saturday, we rose at 3 o'clock, P.M.,
+                  and returned to Springfield. Here we took the steam boat for
+                  Hartford. On arriving, application was made to Mr. Colton,
+                  keeper of the Temperance Hotel, to accommodate the Mendians.
+                  He demurred. Mr. Warner's noble treatment of them was mentioned.
+                  Mr. C. said he could not place them at his table. He
+                  was told that this was not insisted upon; that if he would furnish
+                  me a room they could eat there, and sleep wherever it was convenient
+                  to Mr. C. But he absolutely refused to entertain them
+                  any how. As this house has been patronized by abolitionists,
+                  they ought to know this fact. After remaining in the cold on the
+                  wharf about an hour, the Mendians were received and hospitably
+                  entertained by several families without charge.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On the Sabbath, November 14, they attended public worship
+                  in Rev. Mr. Pennington's church. In the afternoon the church
+                  <a name="A_liii"></a>
+                  was filled. An address was made by the writer, and the Mendians
+                  read in the Testament and sang a hymn. Collection eight
+                  dollars. In the evening a meeting was held in the Centre Church,
+                  Rev. Dr. Hawes's. Notices were read in the other churches, and
+                  handbills had been posted the previous day. The church, in every
+                  part, was crowded, and large numbers were unable to obtain admittance.
+                  Dr. Hawes opened the meeting with prayer. The
+                  services were of an interesting character. Collection eighty
+                  dollars. Dr. Hawes interrogated Kin-na. He said, 'The Mendi
+                  people believe in a Great Spirit, although they do not worship
+                  him. They know they have souls. We think,' said Kin-na, 'we
+                  make clothes. Dog can't do this. He no soul, but we have.'
+                  He said on another occasion, when asked if his people believed
+                  in a future state, 'The Mendi people all Sadducees.' Kin-na
+                  said that they 'owe every thing to God. He keep them alive,
+                  and give them free. When he go home to Mendi, they tell their
+                  brethren about God, Jesus Christ, and heaven.' Fu-li, on a former
+                  evening, being asked, 'What is faith?' replied, 'Believing in
+                  Jesus Christ, and trusting in him.' Their answers to questions
+                  show that they have read and that they understand the Scriptures,
+                  and hopes are entertained that one or two at least know experimentally
+                  the value of religion. The fact that there is no system
+                  of idolatry in Mendi for missionaries to oppose and the natives
+                  technically to adhere to, is an encouraging fact with regard to
+                  the contemplated mission. Another pleasing and remarkable fact
+                  exists: labor is suspended every seventh day, and has been from
+                  time immemorial. They do not engage in any religious services,
+                  but dress in their best apparel, feast on that day,&#8212;as some do
+                  here,&#8212;visit, &amp;c. This day, 15th, Rev. Mr. Gallaudet and Mr.
+                  Brigham have invited the Mendians to visit the Deaf and Dumb
+                  Asylum and the Insane Institution. On a person's giving, by
+                  signs, the deaf and dumb alphabet to Mar-gru, one of the girls,
+                  she, in a few minutes, repeated nearly the whole. They told Mr.
+                  Brigham that there were insane people and idiots in Mendi, and described
+                  their actions and the treatment of them. Two of the Mendians
+                  will be detained as witnesses in Hartford this day, in a
+                  cause appealed from a lower court. Some of the Mendians were
+                  grossly assaulted at Farmington some time since, on a training
+                  day; and those who committed the assault and battery were convicted
+                  <a name="A_liv"></a>
+                  and fined. An appeal was taken. When thus assailed,
+                  the Mendians, as usual, exhibited their peaceful disposition, and
+                  said, 'We no fight.' On Wednesday there is to be a large fare
+                  meeting at Farmington&#8212;on which occasion Dr. Hawes is
+                  to preach. In a few days the Mendians will embark from New
+                  York. May the Lord preserve them, and carry them safely to
+                  their native land, to their kindred and homes. Su-ma, the eldest,
+                  has a wife and five children. Cinque has a wife and three children.
+                  They all have parents or wives, or brothers and sisters.
+                  What a meeting it will be with these relations and friends, when
+                  they are descried on the hills of Mendi! We were invited to
+                  visit other places, but time did not allow of longer absence. I
+                  must not forget to mention that the whole band of these Mendi
+                  are teetotallers. At a tavern where we stopped, Ban-na took
+                  me aside, and with a sorrowful countenance, said, 'This bad
+                  house&#8212;bar house&#8212;no good.' But the steam boat is at the
+                  wharf, and I must close. The collections in money, on this excursion
+                  of twelve days, is about one thousand dollars, after deducting
+                  travelling expenses. More money is needed to defray the expenses
+                  of the Mendians to their native land, and to sustain their religious
+                  teachers. Very truly yours,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "LEWIS TAPPAN."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               But to conclude the narrative of these interesting Africans.
+               After all the trickery on the part of the U.S. government, it was
+               finally decreed by the Supreme Court, that the Mendians were
+               free persons, and might go whither they pleased. They were
+               unanimous for returning to their native country. The Mendian
+               negroes, thirty-five in number, embarked from New York for
+               Sierra Leone, on the 27th of the 11th month, (November,) 1841,
+               on board the barque Gentleman, Captain Morris, accompanied by
+               five missionaries and teachers. The British government has
+               manifested a praiseworthy interest in their welfare, and will assist
+               them to reach their own country from Sierra Leone. Their stay
+               in the United States has been of immense service to the anti-slavery
+               cause, and there is reason to hope that under their auspices,
+               Christianity and civilization may be introduced into their
+               native country.
+
+            </p>
+         </div><a name="A_lv"></a><div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="F"></a>APPENDIX F. p. 76.<br><br><br>Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY, "On the
+               Folly and Evils of War, and the Means of Preserving Peace."
+               <br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "But, after all that can be said against war, and after the
+                  fullest admission of its folly, cruelty, and wickedness, still the
+                  question recurs, how can it be prevented? It would be an impeachment
+                  of the Divine economy to suppose that an evil so
+                  dreadful was inseparably and inevitably connected with human
+                  society. We are informed, by Divine authority, that wars proceed
+                  from our lusts; but our lusts, although natural to us, are not
+                  invincible. He who admits the free agency of man, will not
+                  readily allow that either individuals or nations are compelled to
+                  do evil. The universal prevalence of Christian principles must,
+                  of necessity, exterminate wars; and hence we are informed, by
+                  revelation, that when righteousness shall cover the earth, 'the
+                  nations shall learn war no more.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And are we to wait, it will be inquired, till this distant and
+                  uncertain period for the extinction of war? We answer, that
+                  revelation affords us no ground to expect that all mankind will
+                  previously be governed by the precepts of justice and humanity;
+                  but that experience, reason, and revelation, all unite in leading
+                  us to believe that the regeneration of the world will be a gradual
+                  and progressive work. Civilization and Christianity are diffusing
+                  their influence throughout the globe, mitigating the sufferings
+                  and multiplying the enjoyments of the human family. Free institutions
+                  are taking the place of feudal oppressions&#8212;education
+                  is pouring its light on minds hitherto enveloped in all the darkness
+                  of ignorance&#8212;the whole system of slavery, both personal
+                  and political, is undermined by public opinion, and must soon be
+                  prostrated; and the signs of the times assure us that the enormous
+                  mass of crime and wretchedness, which is the fruit of
+                  drunkenness, will, at no very remote period, disappear from the
+                  earth.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And can it be possible, that, of all the evils under which humanity
+                  groans, war is the only one which religion and civilization,
+                  and the active philanthropy of the present day, can neither remove
+                  <a name="A_lvi"></a>
+                  nor mitigate? Such an opinion, if general, would be most
+                  disastrous to the world, and it will now be our endeavor to prove
+                  that it is utterly
+                  groundless.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We have often seen extensive national alliances for the
+                  prosecution of war, and no sufficient reason can be assigned why
+                  such alliances might not be formed for the preservation of peace.
+                  It is obvious that war might instantly be banished from Europe,
+                  would its nations regard themselves as members of one great Society,
+                  and erect a court for the trial and decision of their respective
+                  differences.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But we are told that such an agreement among the nations
+                  is impossible. It is unquestionably so at present, for the obvious
+                  reason, that time is necessary to enlighten and direct public
+                  opinion, and produce a general acquiescence in the plan, as well
+                  as to arrange the various stipulations and guaranties that would
+                  be requisite. It is certainly not surprising, that those who suppose
+                  a congress of nations for the maintenance of peace, can only
+                  be brought about by a simultaneous movement of the various
+                  states and kingdoms of the earth, who are to continue to battle
+                  with each other till the signal is given for universal peace and
+                  harmony, should be startled at the boldness and absurdity of the
+                  project. But this boldness and absurdity belong not to the project
+                  we advocate. We have no expectation whatever of any general,
+                  much less simultaneous effort of mankind in behalf of peace.
+                  A congress for the decision of national differences, instead of
+                  arising in the midst of the present military policy of Europe, must
+                  be preceded by an extensive, although partial abandonment of
+                  war, and will be the <em>effect</em> and not the cause of the general
+                  diffusion of pacific sentiments.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Hence it is in vain to look for a sudden and universal cessation
+                  of war, even among civilized and Christian nations. But reason
+                  and experience warrant the hope that some one State may be
+                  led to adopt a pacific policy, and thus set an example which
+                  through the blessing of Providence, and the prevalence of Christian
+                  principles, may usher in the reign of universal peace.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But by whom, and in what way it will be asked, is this example
+                  to be set? It may be a feeling of national vanity, and it
+                  may be a reference to the peculiarities of our local, social, and
+                  <a name="A_lvii"></a>
+                  political condition, that inspires the hope, that to the United
+                  States is to be reserved the glory of teaching to mankind the
+                  blessings of peace, and the means of preserving them.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But in <em>what way</em> are we to make the experiment? Certainly
+                  in the way least likely to excite alarm and opposition. In every
+                  effort to promote the temporal or spiritual welfare of others, we
+                  should consider things as they really are, and not merely as they
+                  ought to be, and we should consult expediency as far as we can
+                  do so, without compromising principle.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Of all the nations with whom we have relations, none probably
+                  enjoy in an equal degree our good will, as France. No spirit
+                  of rivalry in commerce or manufactures exists between us, no adjacent
+                  territory furnishes occasion for border aggressions and mutual
+                  criminations, while our past relations afford subjects of pleasing
+                  and grateful recollection, and at present we see no prospect
+                  of the interruption of that harmony which has so long subsisted
+                  between the two nations.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Let us suppose that under these propitious circumstances, a
+                  convention should now be concluded between the two governments,
+                  by which it should be agreed, that if unhappily any difference
+                  should hereafter arise between us, that could not be adjusted
+                  by negociation, neither party should resort to arms, but that they
+                  should agree on some friendly power, to whom the matter in difference
+                  should be referred, and whose decision should be final;
+                  or that if it should so happen that the parties could not concur in
+                  selecting an umpire, that then each party should select a friendly
+                  power, and that the sovereigns or states thus selected, should, if
+                  necessary, call to their aid the assistance of a third.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "To what well founded objections would such a treaty be
+                  subject? It is true that treaties of this kind have been of rare
+                  occurrence, but all experience is in their favor. Vattel remarks
+                  (Law of Nations, book II., chap. 18,) 'Arbitration is a method
+                  very reasonable, very conformable to the law of nature, in determining
+                  differences that do not directly interest the safety of the
+                  nation. Though the strict right may be mistaken by the arbitrator,
+                  <em>it is still more to be feared that it will be overwhelmed by the
+                     fate of arms</em>. The Swiss have had the precaution in all their alliances
+                  among themselves, and even in those they have contracted
+                  with the neighboring powers, to agree beforehand on the
+                  <a name="A_lviii"></a>
+                  manner in which their disputes were to be submitted to arbitrators,
+                  in case they could not adjust them in an amicable manner.
+                  <em>This wise precaution has not a little contributed to maintain the
+                     Helvetic Republic in that flourishing state which secures its liberty,
+                     and renders it respectable throughout Europe</em>.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But it may be said, a nation ought not to permit others to
+                  decide on her rights and claims. Why not? Will the decision
+                  be less consistent with justice, from being impartial and disinterested?
+                  It is a maxim confirmed by universal experience, that no
+                  man should be judge in his own cause; and are nations less under
+                  the influence of interest and of passion than individuals? Are
+                  they not, in fact, still less under the control of moral obligation?
+                  Treaties have often been violated by statesmen and senators, who
+                  would have shrunk from being equally faithless in their private
+                  contracts. Is it to be supposed that the government of a friendly
+                  power, in a controversy between us and France, in which it had
+                  no interest, and with the observation of the civilized world directed
+                  to its decision, would be less likely to pronounce a fair and
+                  impartial judgment than either France or ourselves?
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But we can decide our own controversies for ourselves, it is
+                  said; that is, we can go to war and take our chance for the result.
+                  Alas, 'it is an error,' says Vattel, 'no less absurd than pernicious,
+                  to say that war is to <em>decide</em> controversies between those who, as
+                  in the case of nations, acknowledge no judge. It is <em>power</em> or
+                  <em>prudence</em> rather than right that victory usually declares
+                  for.'&#8212;Book III. Chap. 3.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The United States chose to decide for themselves the controversy
+                  about impressment, by appealing to the sword. In this
+                  appeal they of course placed no reliance on the propriety and justice
+                  of their claims, since such considerations could have no influence
+                  on the fate of battle; but they depended solely on their
+                  capacity to inflict more injury than they would receive themselves,
+                  and this difference in the amount of injury was to turn the
+                  scale in our favor. Our expectations, however, were disappointed.
+                  Our commerce was annihilated, our frontier towns were laid in
+                  ashes, our capital taken, our attempts upon Canada were repulsed,
+                  with loss and disgrace; our people became burthened with taxes,
+                  and we were at last glad to accept a treaty of peace which, instead
+                  of containing, as we had fondly hoped, a formal surrender
+                  <a name="A_lix"></a>
+                  on the part of Great Britain of the right of impressment, made not
+                  the slightest allusion to the subject.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Let us now suppose that a treaty similar to the one we have
+                  proposed with France had, in 1812, existed between Great Britain
+                  and the United States; the question of impressment would then
+                  have been submitted to one or more friendly powers.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is scarcely possible that the umpires could have given
+                  any decision of this question that would have been as injurious to
+                  either party as was the prosecution of the war. Had the claims
+                  of Great Britain been sanctioned, some American seamen would,
+                  no doubt, have been occasionally compelled to serve in the British
+                  navy; but how very small would have been their number compared
+                  with the thousands who perished in the war; and how
+                  utterly insignificant would have been their sufferings resulting
+                  from serving on board a British instead of an American vessel,
+                  when weighed against the burdens, the slaughters, the conflagrations,
+                  inflicted on their country in the contest? If, on the other
+                  hand, the decision had been in our favor, Great Britain would
+                  have lost a few seamen from her navy, but she would have saved
+                  the lives of a far greater number, and she would have been spared
+                  an amount of treasure which would have commanded the services
+                  of ten times as many sailors as she could ever hope to recover by
+                  impressment.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is not, however, probable, that the umpires, anxious to do
+                  right, and having no motive to do wrong, would have sanctioned,
+                  without qualification, the claims of either party.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We can scarcely anticipate any future national difference
+                  which it would not be more prudent and expedient to submit to
+                  arbitration than to the chance of war. However just may be our
+                  cause, however united our people, we cannot foresee the issue of
+                  the contest, nor tell what new enemies we may be called to encounter,
+                  what sacrifices to bear, what concessions to make.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We have already partially commenced the experiment of
+                  arbitrament, by referring no less than three of our disputes to the
+                  determination of as many friendly powers. A difference as to the
+                  meaning of an article, in our last treaty of peace with Great Britain,
+                  was referred to the Emperor of Russia, who decided it in
+                  our favor. The question of our northern boundary was referred
+                  to the King of the Netherlands; and although the line he assigned
+                  <a name="A_lx"></a>
+                  was not the one claimed by either party, it was vastly less
+                  injurious to each, than would have been one month's hostility on
+                  account of it. Our disputes with Mexico were verging rapidly
+                  to open war, when they were happily submitted to the King of
+                  Prussia, and are now in the course of satisfactory adjustment.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A treaty with France of the character proposed, would
+                  greatly increase our importance in the estimation of all Europe&#8212;as
+                  it would permanently secure us from her hostility. It would
+                  be seen and felt, that whatever other nation might enter into collision
+                  with us, it could not expect the aid of France, but that under
+                  all circumstances we should enjoy the friendship and commerce
+                  of our ancient ally. These considerations would not be
+                  without their influence on England. She has colonies near us
+                  which we may capture, or essentially injure, and which cannot
+                  be defended by her, but at very inconvenient expense. A war
+                  with us must ever be undesired by her, for the obvious reason
+                  that in such a contest she has little to gain and much to lose.
+                  Our treaty also with France would deprive England of the aid of
+                  the only nation that could afford her effectual assistance in a war
+                  against us. She would therefore, find it her interest to avail herself
+                  of a similar treaty, and thus to secure herself from hostilities
+                  which on many accounts she must wish to avoid. Once assured
+                  by such treaties of permanent peace with France and England,
+                  we should find our alliance courted by the other powers of Europe,
+                  who would not readily consent that those two nations should
+                  have exclusively the uninterrupted enjoyment of our great and
+                  growing commerce. They would think it a matter of prudence
+                  also, to avoid the risk of collision with a powerful republic, that
+                  had already secured the permanent friendship of France and
+                  England; and they would hasten to contract similar treaties.
+                  Under such circumstances, every consideration of policy would
+                  prompt our South American neighbors to desire that their amicable
+                  relations with us might remain uninterrupted; and to them
+                  we might offer the same stipulations with full confidence of their
+                  cordial acceptance.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "And will it be said that all this is visionary and impossible?
+                  The plan we propose rests on no supposed reformation in the passions
+                  and propensities of mankind; but upon obvious principles
+                  of national interest, deduced from reason and experience, and
+                  <a name="A_lxi"></a>
+                  susceptible of the plainest demonstration. It is a plan adapted to
+                  the existing state of civilized society, and accommodated to the
+                  passions and prejudices by which that society is influenced. It
+                  is indeed perfectly consistent with the precepts of Christianity,
+                  but it is also in accordance with the selfish dictates of worldly
+                  policy.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "To this plan we can imagine only one plausible objection,
+                  which is, that the treaties would not be observed. It is readily
+                  admitted that if the only guaranty for the faithful observance of
+                  these treaties consisted in the virtue and integrity of those who
+                  signed them, the confidence to be reposed in them would be faint
+                  indeed. Happily, however, we have a far stronger guaranty in
+                  national interest and in public opinion.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Dismissing then all idle fears that these treaties, honestly
+                  contracted and obviously conducive to the highest interests of the
+                  parties, would not be observed, let us contemplate the rich and
+                  splendid blessings they would confer on our country. Protected
+                  from hostile violence and invasion by a moral defence, more powerful
+                  than armies and navies, we might indeed beat our swords
+                  into ploughshares and our spears into pruning hooks. The millions
+                  now expended in our military establishments could be applied
+                  to objects directly ministering to human convenience and
+                  happiness. Our whole militia system, with its long train of vices
+                  and its vexatious interruptions of labor, would be swept away.
+                  The arts of peace would alone be cultivated, and would yield
+                  comforts and enjoyments in a profusion and perfection of which
+                  mankind have witnessed no example. In the expressive language
+                  of Scripture, our citizens would each 'sit under his own vine and
+                  under his own fig tree, with none to make him afraid,' and our
+                  peaceful and happy republic would be the praise and glory of all
+                  lands.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is impossible that a scene so bright and lovely should not
+                  attract the admiration and attention of the world. The extension
+                  of education in Europe, and the growing freedom of her institutions,
+                  are leading her population to think, and to express their
+                  thoughts. The governments of the eastern continent, whatever
+                  may be their form, are daily becoming more and more sensitive
+                  to public opinion. The people already restive under their burdens,
+                  would soon discover that those burdens would be greatly
+                  <a name="A_lxii"></a>
+                  diminished by the adoption of the American policy. Before long,
+                  some state would commence the experiment on a small scale, and
+                  its example would be followed by others. In time these conventions
+                  would give way to more extended pacific alliances, and a
+                  greater number of umpires would be selected; nor is it the vain
+                  hope of idle credulity, that at last a union might be formed, embracing
+                  every Christian nation, for guarantying the peace of
+                  Christendom, by establishing a tribunal for the adjustment of national
+                  differences, and by preventing all forcible resistance to its
+                  decrees.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "It is unnecessary to discuss, at this time, the character and
+                  powers with which such a tribunal should be invested. Whenever
+                  it shall be desired, little difficulty will be experienced in devising
+                  for it a satisfactory organization; that it is possible to
+                  form such a court, and that next to Christianity it would be the
+                  richest gift ever bestowed by Heaven upon our suffering world,
+                  will be doubted by few who have patiently and candidly investigated
+                  the subject.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But many who admit the advantages and practicability of
+                  the plan we have proposed, will be tempted to despair of success,
+                  by the apparent difficulty of inducing an effort for its accomplishment.
+                  Similar difficulties, however, have been experienced and
+                  overcome. The abolition of the slave trade, and the suppression
+                  of intemperance were once as apparently hopeless as the cessation
+                  of war. Let us again recur for instruction and encouragement
+                  to the course pursued by the friends of freedom and temperance.
+                  Had the British abolitionists employed themselves in addressing
+                  memorials to the various courts of Europe, soliciting
+                  them to unite in a general agreement to abandon the traffic, they
+                  would unquestionably have labored in vain, and spent their
+                  strength for nought. They adopted another and a wiser course.
+                  They labored to awaken the consciences of their own countrymen,
+                  and to persuade them to do justice and to love mercy; and
+                  thus to set an example to the rest of Europe, infinitely more efficacious
+                  than all the arguments and remonstrances which reason
+                  and eloquence could dictate.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In vain might moralists and philanthropists have declaimed
+                  for ages on the evils of drunkenness, had no temperance society
+                  been formed till all mankind were ready to adopt a pledge of total
+                  <a name="A_lxiii"></a>
+                  abstinence. The authors of the temperance reformation did not
+                  lavish their strength and resources in attempting to convince the
+                  world of the blessings of temperance, but forming themselves into
+                  a temperance society, gave a visible and tangible proof that the
+                  principle they recommended was not merely expedient but practicable.
+                  And surely if we desire to persuade mankind that war
+                  is an unnecessary evil, it is indispensable that we should be able
+                  to point them to some instance in which it has been safely dispensed
+                  with; nor can we hope to effect a change in the opinion
+                  of Europe, while our own people remain unaffected by our assertions
+                  and arguments.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Here then must be the field of our labors; and let those
+                  labors be quickened by the reflection, that while they are aimed
+                  at the happiness of the human race, they are calculated to confer
+                  on our beloved country a moral sublimity which no worldly glory
+                  can approach.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "But what are the means we shall use? The same by which
+                  the commerce in human beings was destroyed, and which are now
+                  driving intemperance from the earth&#8212;<em>voluntary associations and
+                     the press</em>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Let the friends of peace concentrate their exertions in Peace
+                  Societies; and let the press proclaim throughout our land, in all
+                  its length and breadth, the folly, the wickedness, and the horrors
+                  of war; and call on our rulers to provide for the amicable adjustment
+                  of national differences. In the first treaty that shall be
+                  formed for this purpose we shall behold the dawn of that glorious
+                  day, the theme of prophets and the aspirations of saints, when nation
+                  shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn
+                  war any more.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The present age is propitious to the enterprise. It is an age
+                  of energy and of freedom. All the powers of mind are in full activity,
+                  and every eye and every ear is open to the reception of
+                  new truths. Science and philanthropy are daily achieving triumphs
+                  which the past century dared not imagine. The world is
+                  no longer governed by princes and senates, but by public opinion,
+                  and at the fiat of this mighty potentate, ancient institutions are
+                  levelled in the dust. Let this despot wield only a delegated authority,
+                  and each individual, however humble, can enhance or
+                  <a name="A_lxiv"></a>
+                  diminish his power. Who, then, will refuse to lend his assistance
+                  to enable public opinion to say to the troubled nations, 'peace&#8212;be
+                  still;' and to compel the rulers of the earth to refer their disputes
+                  to another tribunal than the sword.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In this cause every man can labor, and it is a cause in which
+                  every man is called to labor, by interest and by duty. But it is a
+                  cause that peculiarly claims the zeal and devotion of Christians.
+                  They are the servants of Him who is not only the mighty God
+                  and the everlasting Father, but the Prince of Peace. They know
+                  that war is opposed to all his attributes, and contradicts the precepts
+                  of his word. Conscience gives her sanction to the means
+                  we have proposed, and prophecy assures us of the accomplishment
+                  of the object to which they are directed. Why, then, will
+                  not Christians use the talents and influence given them from
+                  above to effect this consummation? Let them not plead, in excuse
+                  for listlessness and indifference, that it is God alone who 'maketh
+                  wars to cease to the end of the earth.' In the moral government
+                  of the world, the purposes of its Almighty Ruler are accomplished
+                  by his blessing upon human means. He has promised that righteousness
+                  shall cover the whole earth; and in reliance on this
+                  promise, his servants are now bearing the everlasting Gospel to
+                  every nation and kindred, and tongue and people. He has also
+                  promised that nations shall learn war no more, and in his faithfulness
+                  we have all the incentive which certainty of ultimate success
+                  can give to human exertion. And in what cause can the energies
+                  of Christian benevolence be more appropriately exercised? To
+                  prevent war is to avoid the effusion of human blood, and the commission
+                  of innumerable crimes and atrocities;&#8212;it is to diffuse
+                  peace, and comfort, and happiness, through the great family of
+                  man,&#8212;it is to foster the arts and sciences which minister to the
+                  wants of society,&#8212;it is to check the progress of vice,&#8212;to speed
+                  the advance of the gospel,&#8212;to rescue immortal souls from endless
+                  misery,&#8212;and to secure to them a felicity as durable as it is
+                  inconceivable.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "To him who in faith and zeal labors in this great and holy
+                  cause a rich reward is secured. While doing good to others, he
+                  is himself a sharer in the blessing he bestows. The very exercise
+                  of his benevolent affections affords a pure and exquisite delight,
+                  <a name="A_lxv"></a>
+                  and when he enters the world of peace and love, he shall
+                  experience the full import of those cheering, but mysterious
+                  words&#8212;Blessed are the peace makers, for they shall be called
+                  the children of God."'
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="G"></a>APPENDIX G. p. 89.<br><br><br>OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.<br></h3>
+            <p><b>"TO THE CHRISTIAN PUBLIC OF GREAT BRITAIN.</b></p>
+            <p>
+               "In again appealing to you in reference to the opium war in
+               China, I will begin by quoting the following extracts from a letter
+               which I addressed to you on the 19th of the Third Month, 1840.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "'It is now too notorious to render needful entering at large
+                  into the subject, that the guilty traffic in opium, grown by the
+                  East India Company, to be smuggled into China, at length compelled
+                  the Chinese Government to vindicate the laws of the Empire,
+                  which prohibit its introduction, and to take decisive measures
+                  for the suppression of the traffic, by the arrest of the parties concerned
+                  in it at Canton, and the seizure and destruction of the
+                  opium found in the Chinese waters.<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN1"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN1"></a> It is also
+                  well known that
+                  the superintendent of the British trade, (Capt. Elliott) so far compromised
+                  his official character and duty, as to take under his protection
+                  one of the most extensive opium smugglers, and thus rendered
+                  himself justly liable to the penalties to which they were
+                  obnoxious; and at the same time gave, as far as was in his power,
+                  the sanction of the British nation to this unrighteous violation of
+                  the Chinese laws.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN1"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN1">A</a>: "See 'Thelwall's
+                  Iniquities of the Opium Trade,' and 'King's Opium Crisis,'"
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'The following fact is, however, not so generally known.
+                  An individual,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN2"><sup>B</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN2"></a> now in this country, who has acquired immense
+                  wealth by this unlawful trade, has been in communication with
+                  the Government, and his advice, it is presumed, has in no small
+                  <a name="A_lxvi"></a>
+                  degree influenced the measures they have adopted; though a
+                  leading partner in a firm to which a large proportion of the opium
+                  that was destroyed belonged; and at the very time he was claiming
+                  compensation, or urging a war with China, his house in India
+                  was sending armed vessels loaded with opium, along the coast of
+                  China, and selling it in open defiance of the laws of that Empire.
+                  This information, with the names of the vessels and the parties
+                  concerned, the number of chests of opium on board, the enormous
+                  profits they were realizing, et cet., was some time ago communicated
+                  to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, on authority
+                  which he did not and could not dispute.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN2"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN2">B</a>: "This individual is in the new House
+                  of Commons, professedly as a reformer, and represents a borough which
+                  formerly sent to that House one of its most upright members, who has now
+                  retired from public life.
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On the 7th of April, Sir James Graham brought forward a
+                  motion in the House of Commons, in reference to this subject,
+                  but in a manner which gave it so much of a party character, that
+                  our cruel injustice to the Chinese, and the disgraceful conduct of
+                  our Government in attacking them, was lost sight of by many,
+                  whose professed principles ought to have made them foremost in
+                  condemning these proceedings. The Whig Ministry having intimated
+                  they would resign if Sir J. Graham carried his motion,
+                  every other consideration was forgotten in anxiety lest a political
+                  party should be injured or lose office.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "This feeling not only pervaded the supporters of the Government
+                  in the House of Commons, but also extended to many leading
+                  religious professors of various denominations; and thus no
+                  public feeling sufficiently strong could be raised to counteract in
+                  Downing-street, the combined and powerful influence of the East
+                  India Company and the wealthy opium smugglers; though public
+                  meetings were held in London and many places in the country,
+                  and petitions forwarded justly deprecating this war, as one of
+                  almost unparalleled iniquity. At the meeting in the metropolis,
+                  which was held at Freemason's Hall, and at which the Earl of
+                  Stanhope presided, the following resolutions were passed:&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <blockquote>
+                  <p>
+                     "'1. That this meeting, whilst it most distinctly disavows any
+                     party or political objects, and deprecates most strongly any such
+                     construction being put upon its efforts, deeply laments that the
+                     moral and religious feeling of the country should be outraged&#8212;the
+                     character of Christianity disgraced in the eyes of the world&#8212;and
+                     this kingdom involved in war with upwards of three hundred
+                     and fifty millions of people, in consequence of British subjects introducing
+                     <a name="A_lxvii"></a>
+                     Opium into China, in direct and known violation of the
+                     laws of that Empire.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'2. That, although the Chinese have not been heard in their
+                     defence, the statements adduced by the advocates of the war,
+                     clearly establish the fact, that the East India Company, the
+                     growers of and traffickers in opium, and British subjects who received
+                     the protection of the laws of China, have been, throughout,
+                     the wrong doers; therefore this meeting (without reference to the
+                     conviction of many, that all war is opposed to the spirit and precepts
+                     of the gospel,) holds it to be the bounden duty of the government
+                     immediately to effect an equitable and pacific settlement
+                     of the existing differences with China.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'3. That all traffic in opium with the Chinese being contraband,
+                     the opium which was surrendered to their government was
+                     justly confiscated; and that to demand payment from the Chinese,
+                     to make reprisals upon them, or, for this country to give compensation
+                     to the British merchants thus engaged in smuggling, would
+                     be to sanction and even grant a premium on crime.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'4. That the petition now read be adopted by this meeting,
+                     and presented to both Houses of Parliament; and that the Right
+                     Honorable Earl Stanhope be requested to present the same to
+                     the House of Lords, and Lord Sandon to the House of Commons.
+
+                  </p>
+                  <p>
+                     "'5. That the resolutions of this meeting be published at the
+                     discretion of the Committee; and that a copy of them in the Chinese
+                     language be transmitted, through the High Commissioner
+                     Lin, to the Emperor of China.'
+
+                  </p>
+               </blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Since this period, I have been in company with several Englishmen
+                  who were at Canton at the time of the seizure of the opium;
+                  and though some of them were concerned in the trade themselves,
+                  and were naturally biassed in favor of their own country,
+                  they all agreed in condemning the proceedings of the English.
+                  I have recently spent some time in the United States, whose intercourse
+                  with China is extensive and frequent, and where the
+                  merits of this case are clearly understood by many of the most
+                  intelligent and candid-minded citizens; and these, without any
+                  exception, considered the acts of the British government in this
+                  matter as some of the most flagrant that ever disgraced a civilized,
+                  much less a Christian people.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_lxviii"></a>
+                  "On my return to this country I found a new administration
+                  entering upon office; the members of which have, for the most
+                  part, condemned the conduct of their predecessors in relation to
+                  this war; and I again, therefore, venture to appeal to the
+                  <em>Christian</em>
+                  public of my country that they may, without delay, forward
+                  petitions, or memorials, strongly urging a reference of the existing
+                  differences with China to commissioners mutually appointed,
+                  who shall be authorized to adjust them, and also to determine
+                  upon the best means of entirely suppressing the guilty traffic in
+                  opium. The present government are not yet committed to this
+                  cruel war; and may no difference of political views deter you
+                  from the faithful discharge of this Christian duty! Even should
+                  you not succeed in inducing our rulers to adopt this course, or
+                  the overtures of this country be rejected by the Chinese, you will
+                  have satisfaction in having made the attempt.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "One-third of the human race are now receiving their impressions
+                  of the Christian religion, by its professors waging a murderous
+                  war to compel them to make restitution to the contraband
+                  opium dealers, for the destruction of this deadly poison, which
+                  continues to be grown by the East India Company, and poured
+                  into China in defiance of all laws, human and divine. Besides
+                  the loss of life sustained by the Chinese, and the fearful mortality
+                  amongst the British troops, from the unhealthiness of the climate,
+                  it is probable that little short of ten millions sterling has already
+                  been expended in naval and military armaments, and the enhanced
+                  price of tea and sugar,<a class="notelink" href="#NoteAppG_FN3"><sup>A</sup></a><a name="FootAppG_FN3"></a> in the monstrous attempt to
+                  force the Chinese to pay about two millions to those opium smugglers.
+                  All this, be it remembered, is added to the burdens upon the industry
+                  of our own oppressed population.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="NoteAppG_FN3"></a><a href="#FootAppG_FN3">A</a>: It is well known that
+                  the high rate of freights from Calcutta, in consequence
+                  of the shipping required for the Chinese expedition, greatly contributed
+                  to the late extravagant price of sugar.
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Earnestly desiring that you may be induced to discharge
+                  your duty as Christians, and whatever may be the result, acquit
+                  yourselves of your share of the national guilt, I conclude with the
+                  words of a friend: 'For my own part, I think the present distress
+                  of the nation may be the retributive chastisement of our recent
+                  atrocious war in China and the East.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;All history, and
+                  <a name="A_lxix"></a>
+                  the daily march of events, demonstrate the perpetual retributive
+                  interference of an overruling providence. Yet this doctrine,
+                  proclaimed as loudly by experience as by revelation, and as legibly
+                  written on the page of history as in the Bible, appears to have
+                  not the smallest practical influence on the most enlightened statesmen,
+                  and the most Christian and enlightened nation in the world.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Very respectfully,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Birmingham, 9th Month 30th</i>, 1841."
+                  <br>
+                  "<i>10th Month 9th</i>, 1841.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Since writing the foregoing, the intelligence has arrived that
+                  Canton has been seized; that 'Gen. Sir Hugh Gough calculates
+                  the loss of the Chinese, in the different attacks, at one thousand
+                  killed and three thousand wounded;' that the British have extracted
+                  six millions of dollars as a ransom for evacuating the city,
+                  which the Chinese call 'opium compensation;' and it is but too
+                  evident that the work of the wholesale murder of this unoffending
+                  people has but begun, for Capt. Elliot, who appears to have been
+                  too tender of shedding human blood to please his employers, is
+                  recalled, and is succeeded by Sir H. Pottenger, who, it is reported,
+                  has instructions from Lord Palmerston to demand <em>fifteen millions</em>
+                  of dollars for the opium smugglers, and the whole of the expenses
+                  of the war, and to secure the right to the British of planting
+                  armed factories in the different Chinese ports.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Shall history record that no voice was raised by the Christians
+                  of Britain against the employment of their money, and that of
+                  their starving countrymen, in deeds like these!!"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="H"></a>APPENDIX H. p. 119.
+               <br><br><br>
+               LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.<br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The following letter was addressed by Abraham L. Pennock,
+               conveying his resignation of the office of Vice President of the
+               American Anti-Slavery Society, (old organization,) after the occurrence
+               of the painful divisions in the anti-slavery body, which
+               <a name="A_lxx"></a>
+               have been already noticed. This letter is written in an excellent
+               spirit, and clearly developes the cause of the separation.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY
+                  SOCIETY.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Other reasons than those which will be presented in this letter,
+                  made it desirable to me to be released from any official connection
+                  with the Anti-Slavery Society. I thought those reasons
+                  so well known to some of the delegates from the Pennsylvania
+                  Society, and withal they were deemed by me of so much value,
+                  that I felt both surprise and regret at understanding that my
+                  name was continued as one of the vice presidents of the Parent
+                  Society. Thus saying, I am, nevertheless, bound to express my
+                  indebtedness for the kind feeling toward me, and confidence in
+                  my love for the slave, which, doubtless, induced the appointment.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "By an accident to my anti-slavery newspapers, I have just
+                  received the proceedings of the society at the above meeting. I
+                  am sorry to find in them superadded reasons for regret at my appointment,
+                  as that appointment seems to place me in the false
+                  position of appearing to be in favor of its leading measures; some
+                  of which, denunciatory of co-laborers in the abolition cause, have
+                  not my unity.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In the heavy responsibilities of the former Executive Committee,
+                  I find a sufficient reason for their transfer of the 'Emancipator'
+                  and other property for which they stood personally engaged;
+                  and I therefore cannot join in affirming such transfer to
+                  be 'a flagrant breach of trust;' and their answer in justification
+                  of their course, 'an attempt to defend which betrays an utter disregard
+                  of the rights of abolitionists.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Believing in the intellectual equality of the sexes, I go fully
+                  for women's rights and duties. They possess a moral force of
+                  immense power, which they are bound to exert for the good of
+                  mankind; including emphatically so, those who are in the hopeless
+                  and most wretched condition of slaves. The belief of the
+                  value of female co-operation is common to the anti-slavery community;
+                  and the only question regarding it which has arisen, is,
+                  whether it shall be exerted in societies and conventions of women,
+                  or in societies and conventions of men and women, irrespective
+                  <a name="A_lxxi"></a>
+                  of sex. The question is of recent date, not even coeval
+                  with the modern anti-slavery enterprise; and the practice, at the
+                  origination of this enterprise, that of separate action. We can
+                  all bear testimony to the powerful impression upon the public
+                  mind, made by women, acting singly or in societies and conventions,
+                  before it was thought of merging their influence in a joint
+                  stock community with their brethren. Where can we find an
+                  anti-slavery organization more potential, and so dignified, as was
+                  the convention of American women? Is it therefore surprising
+                  that the question has not been conclusively settled by American
+                  abolitionists, that women ought to act identically on the same
+                  platform and in the same society with men; and that the practice,
+                  founded on this plan, still remains measurably local, and, by many
+                  conforming to it, is deemed experimental?
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In convening a World's Convention, no innovation upon the
+                  general social usages was contemplated by our brethren in England
+                  who called it. The convention was meant to be a convention
+                  of men; and what was deficient of explicitness in the first
+                  notice was amply made up in the reiteration of the call. It was
+                  fully known before the appointment of delegates by the American
+                  Anti-Slavery Society that the intention of the committee of the
+                  British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was such as is above
+                  explained. The views of the inviting party being known, it was
+                  competent to the invited to accept or reject the invitation, but not
+                  to modify its terms. The American Society, however, in face of
+                  the invitation, with a knowledge of the extreme sensitiveness of
+                  that portion of the British people whom the Convention would
+                  deem it important to conciliate, to any innovation upon established
+                  forms, and itself not united in discarding the distinctions of sex,
+                  resolved to send female delegates to the Convention, and thus, in
+                  effect, to appeal from the Committee to the paramount authority
+                  of the Convention, and with it to settle the American question.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "In exercising this authority we are to suppose, from the high
+                  moral, intellectual, and philanthropic standing of its members, the
+                  Convention, in adhering to the general usages of society, meant
+                  to perpetuate no injustice; and we know, from their very respectful
+                  attention to the rejected delegates, that they were influenced
+                  by no want of courtesy&#8212;I am satisfied that they acted according
+                  to their best impressions of duty, the carrying out of which was
+                  <a name="A_lxxii"></a>
+                  their high aim; and that the Convention was not the less a
+                  World's Convention because it did not embrace both sexes as its
+                  members, or any reforms without the scope of its call. I cannot
+                  unite, therefore, in the resolutions declaring the proceedings of
+                  the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society 'arbitrary and despotic;'
+                  or the act of the London Conference, excluding the female
+                  delegates of the American Society appointed in contradiction
+                  to the terms of the invitation, as 'highly disrespectful to the
+                  delegates, and to us, their constituents, tyrannical in its nature,
+                  mischievous in its tendencies, and unworthy of men claiming the
+                  character of abolitionists.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Thus my views not being in harmony with the action of the
+                  society, in the particulars above referred to, my duty to it and
+                  myself is, to tender you this as my resignation of the office of
+                  Vice President for Pennsylvania, and not to await another election
+                  for withdrawing from it.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "With no heart for the controversies which have got in among
+                  my brethren, the common friends of the enslaved, and which are
+                  sadly wasting their anti-slavery strength, but with a warm heart
+                  for the legitimate objects of the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+                  I shall not cease anxiously to desire its prosperity and speedy
+                  triumph with these just limitations.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Your friend,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "(Signed) ABRAHAM L. PENNOCK.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Haverford, 6th Month 28th</i>, 1841."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="I"></a>APPENDIX I. p. 146.<br><br><br>GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.<br></h3>
+            <p><i>Extract of a Letter from James Cannings Fuller to Joseph
+                  Sturge</i>.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "DEAR FRIEND,&#8212;Doubtless thou hast often thought of the
+                  visit to our mutual friend, Gerrit Smith, and dwelt on the recollection
+                  with pleasure. As thou requested me to furnish thee with
+                  the result of the case which was brought under our notice from
+                  the correspondence in the case of Sam and Harriet, I cheerfully
+                  comply, by giving thee a somewhat detailed account, believing
+                  <a name="A_lxxiii"></a>
+                  it may be interesting to thee, and not unproductive of benefit to
+                  others.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "There are in America no small number of individuals whose
+                  circumstances, by parental gift or marriage endowments, are
+                  similar to those of our dear friend, Ann Carroll Smith. I would
+                  there were a host prepared, like her and her noble husband, to do
+                  sacrifice of their substance on the altar of human rights.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Ann Carroll Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Col. Wm.
+                  Fitzhugh, a slaveholder, who formerly resided in Hagerstown,
+                  Maryland. About twenty-three years ago, he removed to Geneseo,
+                  New York. Twenty human chattels, whom he brought with
+                  him, became free by the law of 1817; the remainder were left
+                  on his plantation, in Maryland. Mammy Rachael, who nursed
+                  the Colonel's wife, on the births of James Fitzhugh and his sister
+                  Ann, gave to the former a boy, who was named Sam; and to the
+                  latter a girl, called Harriet. They grew up together, and ultimately
+                  formed a strong attachment. When Ann Fitzhugh was
+                  about eighteen years old, her brother wrote to inquire if she
+                  would give him Harriet, that she might become Sam's wife.
+                  When it is considered that Ann was young and inexperienced;
+                  that she had been educated to consider slavery right; that the
+                  doctrine of inalienable personal ownership had not then been
+                  urged; and that the idea of bestowing a wife on her brother's
+                  slave was naturally pleasing, it is no marvel that she cheerfully
+                  granted the request.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "James Fitzhugh removed from Maryland to Kentucky. In
+                  the course of events, his pecuniary affairs became embarrassed,
+                  and creditors grew clamorous for the adjustment of their claims.
+                  His effects were likely to be sold by the sheriff, and it was reported
+                  he had no legal title to Harriet. Under these circumstances,
+                  Gabriel Jackson prevailed on him to transfer Sam, his
+                  wife, and first-born child, to him, in payment of his debt. This
+                  man afterwards sold them to Samuel Worthington, a cotton
+                  planter of Mississippi; whose letter, in reply to Gerrit Smith, arrived
+                  the day we were at his house; and he being in doubt how
+                  to effect the redemption of the family, and their safe transportation,
+                  thou wilt remember that I agreed to effect both, to what I
+                  shall call the Elysian Fields, or, more properly, Eden. I started
+                  on the 26th of Seventh Month, via Lake Erie and the Erie Canal,
+                  <a name="A_lxxiv"></a>
+                  which extends from north to south three hundred and nine miles
+                  through the State of Ohio. From the canal I took steam-boat
+                  down the Ohio, to Maysville, Kentucky. The mistress of the
+                  Eagle Hotel sat at her table as a queen, surrounded by many
+                  slaves. There seemed to be twice as many hands to do the work
+                  as were needful.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "From Maysville to Lexington (sixty-five miles) is the best
+                  road I ever travelled, not excepting the English roads. It is
+                  made and repaired with whitish limestone, from beginning to end.
+                  They told me the repairs were principally made by Irishmen, as
+                  slaves were not to be trusted to do the work. At starting, I observed
+                  that the mail bags were nearly empty; and the driver
+                  being questioned, informed me, that I could carry the whole mail
+                  in my coat pockets. When he told me he was a Pennsylvanian,
+                  I asked whether he could not earn as much in a free, as in a slave
+                  State. He said that eighteen dollars a month was the most he
+                  ever received for driving a team in a free State, and that now he
+                  received thirty dollars a month. This opened the way for a little
+                  anti-slavery talk. 'Last Sunday night,' said he, 'I saw a big
+                  black man making the best of his way for Canada; I might have
+                  stopped him, and had the reward of two hundred dollars, which
+                  was offered.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I asked him whether it was best to have God's blessing,
+                  with the fruits of his honest industry, or his curse, with two hundred
+                  dollars blood money. He answered, with moistened eyes,
+                  'I wish all the slaves were free,' to which I responded, 'Amen.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Some incidents connected with the escape of this negro, go
+                  to prove that slaves can 'take care of themselves,' by a little ingenuity,
+                  when occasion requires. Thinking it would be more
+                  expeditious, as well as more agreeable, to ride from slavery than
+                  to run from it, he took a horse; whether his master's or not, I did
+                  not ascertain. The turnpike gates were a great hindrance, and
+                  greatly increased the risk of apprehension. To avoid this, just
+                  before reaching a turnpike gate, he let down a fence, carefully put
+                  it up again, to avoid pursuit, passed round the back of the keeper's
+                  house, and came out through the fence beyond. As he was remounting
+                  his horse on one of these occasions, the driver came up
+                  with him. Supposing him to be one of the keeper's family, he
+                  wished him good night, but instantly discovered by his voice that
+                  <a name="A_lxxv"></a>
+                  he was a colored man, putting his horse to full speed. When he
+                  returned to Paynestown, he heard people talking about a runaway,
+                  and told Dr. Whitehead he believed he had seen the man
+                  the night before: 'I hope that he'll get safe into Canada,' was
+                  the reply.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'How can you say that, and be a slave-holder?' asked the
+                  coachman.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'I wish there were no slaves,' replied he; 'and as soon as
+                  others will liberate theirs, mine shall go free.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Stage coaches afford no facilities to the poor fugitives. By
+                  the law of the United States' Government, no colored man can
+                  drive a mail stage; neither can any colored man ride on one,
+                  unless he is known to be free, or is a slave travelling with his
+                  master. Stage owners incur heavy penalties if they infringe
+                  these rules. A verdict of one thousand six hundred dollars was
+                  lately recovered by a slave-master against the company.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "At Washington the stage was stopped to know if a colored
+                  boy could be put on. 'Yes; where is he?' 'Up at the jail
+                  yonder.' The querist took a seat inside; and soon after I spied
+                  a colored man on the outside, with keepers. He was a re-captured
+                  runaway, who had taken a horse with him, and imitated the
+                  Israelites, in borrowing various other articles, when he escaped
+                  from bondage. He assumed false whiskers and a pair of spectacles;
+                  and on reaching the Ohio river, produced free papers duly
+                  stamped with the county seal. But, unfortunately, when questioned
+                  where he had staid the preceding night, he foolishly attempted
+                  to describe the place, and was thus detected; two hundred
+                  dollars had been offered for him if taken out of the State,
+                  and one hundred dollars if taken in the State. To ride in a stage,
+                  with a man behind, whose legs and arms were fastened together
+                  with rivetted chains and padlocks, was enough to make one feel
+                  the force of Patrick Henry's exclamation, 'Give me liberty, or
+                  give me death!' It was a poor consolation to administer to the
+                  gnawings of his hunger, while beholding his manly frame thus
+                  manacled: but I thought he seemed to eat my gingerbread with
+                  a better relish, when I told him it was made where colored men
+                  were free. At Payne's tavern, in Fairview, the poor fellow had
+                  to undergo an examination from the landlord, and listen to a
+                  homily about truth-telling; so little do slave-holders seem aware
+                  <a name="A_lxxvi"></a>
+                  that stealing and lying are constituent parts of their own system.
+                  In the stage office at Lexington, we encountered the man who
+                  claimed this poor fugitive. The driver, who had come with us
+                  the two last stages, was a native of Duchess Co., N.Y.; and he
+                  began to plead with the slave-holder in behalf of the slave. I
+                  heard of another case where the angry master threatened to flog
+                  and sell a recovered runaway, whom he had with him; but the
+                  stage driver remonstrated with him so effectually, that he wept
+                  like a child, and promised forgiveness to his slave.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Having a great desire to see the imported cattle on Henry
+                  Clay's plantation, I went thither. On approaching the house I
+                  saw a colored man, to whom I said, 'Where wert thou raised?'
+                  'In Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Wilt
+                  thou shew me his improved cattle?' He pointed to the orchard,
+                  and said the man who had charge of them was there. As I followed
+                  his direction, I encountered a very intelligent-looking boy,
+                  apparently eight or nine years old. I said to him, 'Canst thou
+                  read?' 'No.' 'Is there a school for colored people on Henry
+                  Clay's plantation?' 'No.' 'How old art thou?' 'Don't know.'
+                  In the orchard I found a woman at work with her needle. I
+                  asked 'How old art thou?' 'A big fifty.' 'How old is that?'
+                  'Near sixty.' 'How many children hast thou?' 'Fifteen or sixteen.'
+                  'Where are they?' 'Colored folks don't know where
+                  their children is; they are sent all over the country.' 'Where
+                  wert thou raised?' 'Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee
+                  there?' 'Yes.' 'How many children hadst thou then?' 'Four.'
+                  'Where are they?' 'I don't know. They tell me they are
+                  dead.' The hut, in which this '<em>source of wealth</em>' lives, was
+                  neither as good, nor as well floored as my stable. Several slaves
+                  were picking fruit in the orchard. I asked one of the young men
+                  whether they were taught to read on this plantation, and he
+                  answered, 'No.' I found the overseer of the cattle with a short
+                  handled stout whip, which had been broken. He said it answered
+                  both for a riding whip, and occasionally 'to whip off the slaves.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "What, my friend, is to be learned from these gleanings at
+                  Ashland?&#8212;from the doings of our mutual friend, Joseph John Gurney's
+                  'dear friend,' Henry Clay: the man who boasts that 'every
+                  pulsation of his heart beats high for liberty,' yet is not ashamed
+                  to buy men and women at the Capitol!&#8212;that place which, above
+                  <a name="A_lxxvii"></a>
+                  all others, ought not to be cursed by the footsteps of a slave.
+                  Yet I fear there are not wanting in the abolition ranks men so
+                  wedded to political party, that they may be tempted to vote for
+                  Henry Clay; serving their party and themselves thereby, and
+                  perchance thinking they serve their country.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Do not think Clay a sinner above all other men. His
+                  slaves appeared to be well fed and well clothed. Indeed, the
+                  general superiority of condition in Kentucky slaves, over those of
+                  Maryland and Virginia, cannot fail to strike the most superficial
+                  observer.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Pursuing my journey, I came to Blue Lick, whose waters
+                  are celebrated throughout the United States. At the spring I
+                  found several men, white and colored. I asked if I could have a
+                  drink. A white man said the waters were free to all. I asked,
+                  'Will they make all free?' They again replied that the spring
+                  was free to all. 'I perceive thou dost not understand my question,'
+                  said I. But the countenances of the colored men brightened,
+                  and, with a cheerful tone, they answered significantly, 'We
+                  know what you mean.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I found Samuel Worthington quite a different person than
+                  his letters had led me to imagine. When I introduced myself he
+                  appeared nervous and embarrassed. He was a Kentuckian by
+                  birth, but having met with reverses in fortune he went to Mississippi,
+                  and became an overseer; first on a salary of six hundred
+                  dollars, and afterwards two thousand dollars. He now owns a
+                  cotton plantation, with about one hundred and twenty slaves, and
+                  is reputed wealthy. He is considered an accomplished gentleman,
+                  of sound, discriminating, and feeling mind. I believe he is
+                  a kind master, in the common acceptation of the term; that is, he
+                  feeds and clothes his slaves well, and does not overwork them,
+                  though the overseer's whip is the stimulus to labor. He gave me
+                  some account of provision; but the only item I remember is, that
+                  he cured twenty-five thousand pounds of pork annually, for his
+                  slaves. Far be it from me to say any thing disrespectful of him,
+                  except that he is a slave-holder; a word which, in my view, comprises
+                  'the sum of all villany,' In my transactions with him, I
+                  found him fair and honorable, as far as it can be honorable to sell
+                  human flesh.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "He said he had long since received a letter from J. Fitzhugh,
+                  <a name="A_lxxviii"></a>
+                  concerning Sam's family; but as he knew their situation
+                  would not be bettered by being transferred to him, he had taken
+                  no notice of the application. When Gerrit Smith's letter came,
+                  he supposed that the writer was not in earnest, 'that it was all
+                  done for effect, and would end in smoke.' He was surprised to
+                  learn, by G. Smith's reply to him, that it was my intention to
+                  come to Harrodsburg; he regretted that it was so, as it disturbed
+                  him, and might break up his family arrangements. His wife had
+                  three small children, one of them a babe, and the proposed arrangements
+                  would leave her without assistance. He told me he
+                  was not a man to be driven; and I answered that we were well
+                  matched on that point, it would, however, be better for us both
+                  to ascertain coolly how far we could agree. He began by saying
+                  that he did not feel bound to sell the family, in consequence of
+                  what he had written to G. Smith; for he had only said that he
+                  might be induced to take four thousand dollars for them. After
+                  some preliminaries, he proposed that I should have a conversation
+                  with Sam; for he did not think he could be prevailed upon to
+                  leave him. I assured him I should do no such thing, until he and
+                  I had settled the question of dollars and cents. I had no idea of
+                  presenting the cup of freedom to Sam's lips, and then having it
+                  dashed to the ground. 'I do not believe,' said I, 'that there is a
+                  man on these grounds whom I could not induce to go with me
+                  from slavery; but if Sam has objections, let me talk with his wife.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'No, that will not do,' replied he; 'she would go with you.'
+                  'Yes,' said I, 'let me talk to your women of a mother's right to
+                  herself and her offspring, and then see how many of them you
+                  would find willing to remain in bondage!'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "After various pros and cons, we concluded a bargain, subject
+                  of course to the parties being <em>willing</em> to leave the 'patriarchal
+                  institution.' Three thousand five hundred dollars were to be
+                  paid, and both of us together were to have an opportunity of conversing
+                  with Sam and his wife. The master probably felt so
+                  confident that his slave would not leave him, that he had not patience
+                  to wait the promised interview; for he popped the delicate
+                  question to him alone. Sam had been informed of the whole
+                  progress of the affair, from the time of G. Smith's first letter;
+                  and he answered promptly that he would go so that before I
+                  met him, that <em>difficult</em> part of the business had 'ended in
+                  smoke.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_lxxix"></a>
+                  "S. Worthington's disappointment was the greater because I
+                  had told him that I had felt like one of old: 'If the woman will
+                  not be <em>willing</em> to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from
+                  this;' that I could go back with a quiet mind; and that the consciences
+                  of my friends in Peterboro' would doubtless be satisfied, having
+                  given Harriet and her family the liberty of choice, and thus made
+                  all the reparation in their power for having ever held her in
+                  slavery.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The large price paid for the redemption of this family may
+                  surprise thee, especially if thou hast not forgotten that passage in
+                  Worthington's letter where he says, 'I am, to some extent, opposed
+                  to slavery; nor do I object to the efforts of abolitionists
+                  when done in a good spirit.' It is, however, but justice to say
+                  that the description he gave of the family is strictly correct
+                  'They are all sprightly, remarkable for good character, and of
+                  course most valuable for house servants.' He said he had repeatedly
+                  been offered two thousand dollars for Sam, and he believed
+                  he would command that sum any day from those who knew his
+                  worth; that his old master prised him very highly, particularly
+                  for his moral excellence; and, speaking of his conduct, described
+                  him as a 'gentleman.' Yet he talked as if he were certain that
+                  Sam and his family would be reduced to beggary if left to themselves
+                  at the North! The children, it is true, have had little
+                  preparation in slavery for self reliance; for the most favored of
+                  them cannot spell their own names.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "S. Worthington said many had inquired of him what business
+                  brought me there; and being informed of the object of my
+                  mission, they advised him to have nothing to do with me. 'But,'
+                  said he, 'though I am certain the condition of Sam and his wife
+                  cannot be bettered, I do not think the same with regard to their
+                  children; and as Mr. Smith seems disposed to do a kind action, I
+                  cannot, in conscience, attempt to frustrate it. If I were to send
+                  you home without this family, I should have a troubled mind.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "One of Worthington's greatest difficulties in parting with
+                  these slaves was, that it would leave his wife destitute of servants.
+                  I pitied her, and felt it right to express my sympathy. I told her
+                  my compassion was increased, because I apprehended there was
+                  a struggle in her own breast between duty and interest; and I
+                  appealed to her whether she did not know it was a duty to let
+                  <a name="A_lxxx"></a>
+                  them go, though personal interest would induce her to keep them
+                  in her service. I was glad to perceive that these remarks enabled
+                  her to relieve herself of a weight&#8212;her countenance brightened
+                  up, and she appeared quite willing I should take them away. She
+                  showed great kindness to Harriet and her children, and evidently
+                  felt deeply moved at parting with the nurse, who had thrice been
+                  with her through nature's sorest trials. She appeared to me to be
+                  a nice lady-like person; and, if I judge aright, she knows what
+                  estimate ought to be placed upon slavery in a woman's mind.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Those who know me will not suspect that I sought to conceal
+                  my abolition, even in the hot-bed of slavery. Yet I assure
+                  thee I had no intention of making it a common topic of conversation,
+                  unless the way appeared to open; but thy experience, I
+                  doubt not, as well as mine, proves that it is ever opening. The
+                  most we need to do is to embrace opportunities, without seeking
+                  to make them. I had not expected to say as much as I did, but
+                  it was such a curiosity for a Quaker to be seen in such company,
+                  that it was soon universally known why I had come and what I
+                  had done. This gave rise to many conversations with slave holders,
+                  which I trust did some good. I was astonished at their extreme
+                  ignorance concerning the laboring population of the North.
+                  Thou wilt perhaps be surprised to hear me assert that slave holders
+                  do not know what slavery is. Still more strange will it seem
+                  when I tell thee that thy old friend was highly complimented by
+                  them for his prudence and discretion! The story had become
+                  current that I would not talk to Sam till I had settled the business
+                  with his master; and as they generally professed to believe
+                  that abolitionists wished to incite the slave against their master,
+                  by every mischievous incentive they could devise, my conduct
+                  naturally enough seemed to them remarkable. I told them I
+                  must honestly abjure such complimentary language; for, so far
+                  from being what they would consider discreet, I was in fact an
+                  abolitionist of the most ultra school. I assured them that most of
+                  my associates at the North would have proceeded as I had done,
+                  and some of them probably with more discretion. I like much
+                  better to talk to a southerner on slavery than with a northern
+                  apologist. I regard him as far less mean. There is a mind to be
+                  appealed to for <em>facts</em>, and there is a feeling that can be reached
+                  by a simple testimony of republican truth. In this, the slave
+                  <a name="A_lxxxi"></a>
+                  holder sometimes 'sees his face as in a glass; but he goeth away
+                  and forgetteth what manner of man he is.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "As my prudence and discretion had excited observation, I
+                  ventured to remark that it would be a great gratification to me, if
+                  the slave holders would meet together and let me occupy an hour
+                  or so in defining the true position and principles of the abolitionists;
+                  but this, as I had expected, was declined.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When I paid the money, I felt constrained to testify that I
+                  could in no degree sanction the principle that man could hold
+                  property in man; that the slaves were our equals by creation, and
+                  for their salvation, equally with ours, did Christ leave the right
+                  hand of the Father to suffer on the cross. I told them that contradictory
+                  as it might seem to them, the man who was now paying
+                  money for slaves, had such a detestation of the system, that he
+                  deemed it a duty to abstain from eating or wearing any of the
+                  products of slavery. This seemed to them wondrous strange, and
+                  they inquired if there were many at the North who agreed with
+                  me in this scruple. I told them yes; that the number was increasing,
+                  and that my friend, Gerrit Smith, had abstained from
+                  slave produce for many years.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A few hours previous to my final departure one after another
+                  gathered around me, and as we stood in the open piazza, I said
+                  what I could to explain the principles and practice of abolitionists.
+                  I think S. Worthington felt a little hurt at my being thus engaged,
+                  for when the stage drove up, he came in great haste to
+                  inform me that it was ready. I found it surrounded by many persons,
+                  principally colored, who had assembled to bid farewell to
+                  the objects of my charge. Their master shook each slave by the
+                  hand and bade them farewell. I observed him as we moved
+                  away, and thought he seemed to be a good deal moved from some
+                  cause or other.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I took care that coachman and passengers should be informed
+                  of the history of Sam and his wife; and some one or other
+                  of them was sure to make it a subject of conversation wherever
+                  we stopped. At Lawrenceburg, where we put up for the night,
+                  the landlord was also stage proprietor and a slave holder. He
+                  tried to make me believe that his slaves were much better off than
+                  himself. He enumerated his troubles and perplexities in contrast
+                  with the blessed freedom from care enjoyed by his slaves. I told
+                  <a name="A_lxxxii"></a>
+                  him he had made out his case very well; but to test his sincerity,
+                  I merely wished him to declare candidly, whether he should be
+                  altogether willing that himself and family should exchange places
+                  with a slave family. The test was too severe, and he walked off.
+                  Two young men at table then took up the conversation. The
+                  tyranny which slavery exercises over the entire community, was
+                  illustrated by the assertion that the head of a certain college did
+                  not dare to acknowledge himself an abolitionist; for if he did he
+                  would lose his office, which brought him in a good salary; and,
+                  moreover, the people of D---- would dismiss him from his pastoral
+                  charge. I of course took the ground that he could not be a
+                  truly Christian minister, who would purchase his bread and
+                  cheese at the expense of denying his own belief, or suppressing
+                  his own convictions.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "My host inquired whether I would sit at table with colored
+                  people; and he seemed much surprised when I answered, 'I do
+                  not judge persons by their complexion, but by moral worth. At
+                  my own table I sit with colored people, and I shall with these.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The South, however, is much more free from prejudice
+                  against color than the north; provided the distinction between
+                  the classes is understood.&#8212;A gentleman may seat his slave beside
+                  him in a stage coach, and a lady makes no objection to ride next
+                  a fat negro woman, even when the thermometer is at ninety
+                  degrees; provided always that her fellow travellers understand
+                  she is her <em>property</em>.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "At Shelbyville the stage was likely to be crowded with new
+                  passengers, when I said to some young men who were about to
+                  get in, that I had a family with me who must not be turned out of
+                  the seats they had occupied. Samuel and his family took their
+                  accustomed seats, and those who could not find room rode on the
+                  roof of the coach; among them was a member elect of the
+                  Legislature. As we started, a well dressed man, among the
+                  crowd at the tavern-door, called out, 'Go it abolition!'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "A crowd at this place attracted my attention, and I found it
+                  was an executor's sale; comprising 'lands, houses, furniture,
+                  horses, cows, hogs, and twenty likely negroes.' Slaves must,
+                  however, be more of a cash article than other commodities; for
+                  they were to be sold on four months' credit; real estate, on twelve
+                  and twenty four months, and all other property, six months'.
+
+               </p>
+               <p><a name="A_lxxxiii"></a>
+                  "At Louisville, we fell in with Elisha, brother of Samuel
+                  Worthington, on his return to Arkansas, where he had a cotton
+                  plantation. He manifested much openness and good will, and
+                  pressingly invited me to visit him, should I ever go down the
+                  Mississippi. After considerable conversation on slavery, he
+                  asked me what I thought would be the effect of my late visit. I
+                  replied, it was a subject I had often contemplated myself, but I
+                  did not know whether it had entered the heads of others. For my
+                  own part, I thought I had taught the slaveholders a lesson.
+                  They maintained that the slaves did not want their freedom; yet
+                  here was one, well fed and well clothed, and in fact living in
+                  clover, as far as a slave could do so, ready, without my asking
+                  him, to go with me among strangers. If he would leave such a
+                  kind master, what might not be expected of the oppressed
+                  field hand?
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "'Perhaps a quotation from Latimer would furnish you with a
+                  more direct reply to your question,' said I, 'You know he said at
+                  the stake&#8212;"We shall this day light such a fire in England, as I
+                  trust, by God's grace, will never be put out." And I believe my
+                  visit has kindled a flame of liberty in Harrodsburg, that shall burn
+                  for years to come; and, by its light, I trust, that many will find
+                  their way into Canada.'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I told him, too, I had a question to ask, and I wanted a
+                  direct answer&#8212;yes, or no. 'Were the slaves any worse off,
+                  since the question of abolition has been agitated?'
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "He said they were not, excepting in one respect. Formerly,
+                  when a preacher came among them to hold meetings with the
+                  slaves, they had no objection; but now, they feared that slaves
+                  from different plantations might thus congregate together and
+                  plot mischief. I asked him if slaves in Mississippi were aware
+                  of abolition efforts in the North; and he said he believed they
+                  were.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We parted with Samuel at Louisville, we taking the steam
+                  boat for Cincinnati, and leaving him to proceed to Worthington
+                  plantation for his boys. He stood and watched the departure of
+                  our boat with a soul full of emotion. He felt himself a connecting
+                  link between his sons in distant Mississippi, and his wife and
+                  daughters on their way to Peterboro'; and I was glad to see
+                  nature and affection gush forth in tears. They say colored
+                  <a name="A_lxxxiv"></a>
+                  people cannot take care of themselves, but I assure thee I had
+                  hard work to make these people move a step, till a safe plan was
+                  arranged for their absent children.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "When I went to pay the captain my fare, he asked whether
+                  the colored woman and girls were my property. I answered yes;
+                  but explained to him my peculiar situation, and I told him I
+                  detested the very name of slavery. He said they usually asked
+                  for a reference, but he felt sure that a person of my appearance
+                  would not tell him a falsehood. I told him I would show him my
+                  bill of sale, as soon as the hurry had subsided; not because I
+                  acknowledged his right to demand it, but because he was civil
+                  and polite, and I was willing to satisfy him. When I showed him
+                  the bill, he knew both the seller and the witness, as I had expected.
+                  I asked him whether, if I had brought a barrel of lard on
+                  board, he would have troubled me to prove property? He apologized
+                  by saying, that they had been imposed on by white men,
+                  who put slaves on board, under the pretence that they were free;
+                  and that the owners of the line had been obliged to pay six thousand
+                  dollars for fugitive slaves. I noticed there were no colored
+                  hands on board.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On arriving at Buffalo, we put up at the Mansion House;
+                  and the first object that caught my eye was an advertisement, dated
+                  LIBERTY, in Missouri, offering three hundred dollars reward
+                  for three fugitive slaves. This is a free state with a vengeance!
+                  No stage riding for colored people here; moreover, it was with
+                  great difficulty I could obtain breakfast for my companions, though
+                  I had paid for it. I hope abolitionists will keep clear of such a
+                  pro-slavery atmosphere as surrounds the Mansion House.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "On board the cars, Colorophobia again began to rage; but
+                  the agent soon quelled it, by finding other seats for two persons,
+                  who thought better of themselves than others did of them. In
+                  the stage to Auburn, difficulty again occurred, and the driver wanted
+                  to return my money, when some of the passengers objected
+                  to the complexion of some of my companions. I told him the
+                  stage was too crowded to hold us at any event; but unless he
+                  sent us on to Auburn in good season, I should teach the company
+                  a lesson they would not soon forget. He did so; and I arrived
+                  safely at my own house, after an absence of twenty-six days, and
+                  a travel of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles. The
+                  <a name="A_lxxxv"></a>
+                  whole cost of redemption, including our travelling expenses, was
+                  three thousand five hundred and eighty-three dollars and eighty-one
+                  cents. (&pound;807.)
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "We had not been long there before Harriet said to my wife,
+                  'Madam, I return you a thousand thanks for letting your gentleman
+                  fetch us;' and I believe she said no more than she felt, and I
+                  felt the force of her grateful acknowledgments.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "After two days' rest, we proceeded to Gerrit Smith's; where,
+                  as thou mayest well believe, we received the friendly welcome
+                  which those are wont to receive who visit his house.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "<i>Skaneateles, 9th Month 14th, 1841.</i>"
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="K"></a>APPENDIX K. Page 159.<br><br><br>The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization
+               Society.
+               <br></h3>
+            <p>
+               The "Friends" alluded to in the text as supporting the Colonization
+               Society in a collective capacity, are those of North Carolina.
+               In 1832 two influential "Friends" appeared at the Annual
+               Meeting of the Colonization Society, as delegates from the Society
+               of Friends in North Carolina. One of the resolutions
+               passed at the time, is as follows:&#8212;"That the thanks of this
+               Meeting be presented to the Society of Friends in North Carolina,
+               for the aid they have liberally bestowed and repeatedly rendered
+               to the cause of African Colonization." The Yearly meeting
+               of Friends in North Carolina stands among the donors of that
+               year, as having contributed five hundred dollars to the Colonization
+               Society. I fear no change has since taken place in the favorable
+               disposition of "Friends" of that region towards this institution,
+               for during one of my visits to Philadelphia, I was informed
+               by a "Friend," just returned from North Carolina, that an agent
+               of the Colonization Society had been recently permitted to make
+               an appeal before the members of the "Meeting of Sufferings"
+               of that Yearly Meeting, which had afterwards granted him two
+               hundred dollars out of the common stock of the Society. Nothing
+               is more certain than that approbation of the principles and
+               measures of the Colonization Society, cannot co-exist with any
+               <a name="A_lxxxvi"></a>
+               lively desires for the extinction of slavery, by the only practical
+               means&#8212;<em>emancipation</em>; and accordingly I was not surprised to
+               find it urged by some prominent individuals as a reason for their
+               own inactivity, and that of the Society at large, on this subject,
+               that "Friends" living within the slave States, urged their brethren
+               at the North not to unite with the Anti-slavery Societies. It
+               appears, however, that "Friends" of North Carolina do not, at
+               all events, object to uniting or co-operating with those of other
+               denominations, in promoting an object which they approve. Their
+               objection to abolition societies evidently rests on quite different
+               grounds.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               I must here be permitted to say a few words, respecting the
+               character and objects of the society, thus officially patronized by
+               the Friends of North Carolina.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The greatest objection to this society, is its representing slavery,
+               and the prejudice against color, as necessary and incurable
+               evils, for which its own mockery of a remedy is the only palliative;
+               and thus administering an opiate to the consciences, not
+               only of slave-holders, but of others who are unwilling to part
+               with their sinful prejudices, and to enter into that fellowship of
+               suffering with the enslaved, without which no efforts for the removal
+               of slavery will be effectual.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The following extracts, elucidating this subject, are from a
+               printed letter written by a friend of high station and extensive
+               influence, then residing in North Carolina, but now of the State
+               of Indiana, in defence of the Colonization Society. It is dated
+               "Third Month 4th, 1834," and I suppress his name, because
+               time and reflection have, I believe, in some degree modified his
+               views.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               Speaking of the opposition of Friends in England to the Colonization
+               Society, he says, "I have supposed that they would
+               think it more consistent with Christian principles to emancipate
+               them in the Southern States, and let them remain there, as they
+               have done in the Northern States. I apprehend that Friends in
+               England are not fully apprised of some important circumstances,
+               which place the Southern States in a very different situation
+               from the Northern. In the first place, there never were so many
+               people of color in the Northern States, as there are in the Southern;
+               and another circumstance that diminished them there, and
+               <a name="A_lxxxvii"></a>
+               increased them greatly here, was while the Northern States were
+               legislating on the subject of gradual emancipation, avaricious
+               masters sent them by thousands to the Southern markets, before
+               the emancipating laws were actually passed, which left a small
+               proportion in those States, in comparison to the whites; not
+               many more, perhaps, than they were willing to have for laborers,
+               waiting men, waiting women, et cet. And notwithstanding they
+               have freed their slaves, for which they are entitled to applause,
+               yet they never dreamed of raising them to equal citizenship and
+               privileges with the white people. No, my friend, they can no
+               more reconcile to themselves the idea of sitting down by the side
+               of a colored African, (American?) in any legislative or judiciary
+               department, than the high spirited Southern slaveholder; <em>and not
+                  only so, they never intend to admit them to these privileges, while
+                  the State Government, and the United States' Government continue
+                  in existence</em>." Again, after stating various objections to emancipation,
+               he goes on to say, "I need not dwell much upon the subject
+               of universal emancipation, in stating the best, or the worst,
+               or most probable results of such a measure, because the Southern
+               people have no more idea of the general emancipation of
+               slaves, without colonizing them, than the Northern people have
+               of admitting the few among <em>them</em> to equal rights and privileges.
+               Not even the friends of humanity here, think that a general
+               emancipation, to remain here, would better their condition," et cet.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The inferences plainly to be drawn from all this, and from
+               much besides to the same purport, are, that the wicked determination
+               of the white people to retain their sinful prejudices, is,
+               like the laws of the Medes and Persians, immutable; and must,
+               therefore, be accommodated by the transportation of the unoffending
+               objects of their intense dislike. On this point I will
+               observe that, if it be so, the remedy is worse than the disease;
+               but that Christian principle is powerful enough, as daily experience
+               testifies, to combat and destroy this unholy prejudice. The
+               next inference is, that because the slave population in the Southern
+               States is much more numerous than it was in the Northern,
+               <em>therefore</em> the same reasons for emancipation do not exist. Is not
+               the true conclusion from such premises, the very reverse of this?
+               The motives to abolition increase, both in weight and number, in
+               proportion to the absolute and relative increase of the slave population.
+               <a name="A_lxxxviii"></a>
+               The British West Indies present an example of the
+               safety and advantages of the measure in a community, where
+               the whites are a mere handful compared to the colored population.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               That state of feeling from which the Colonization Society
+               sprung, is well illustrated by this writer, in giving, in natural
+               language, a picture of his own mind. After again repeating his
+               statement of the vast proportion which the colored population
+               bears to the white, in the Slave States, he says, "Now, my
+               friend, the general emancipation of such a number of these poor,
+               degraded creatures, say more than two millions, always to remain
+               here with the white people, even if the Government should take
+               the necessary care for their education and preparation for freedom
+               and civilized life, which to be sure it ought, they must or
+               will be a degraded people, while the reins of government remain
+               in the hands of the whites. Supposing the very best consequences
+               that could follow such a measure, even that both classes
+               should generally exercise Christian feelings towards each other,
+               which is very improbable, if not morally impossible, the peculiarly
+               marked difference of features and color, will be always an insurmountable
+               barrier to general amalgamation." Again, "Were
+               they of the same color and features that we are, in an elective
+               republican government like this, where talents and merit are the
+               common footsteps to esteem and preferment, there would be no
+               difficulty in universal emancipation, without a separation. I have
+               no idea that they are at all inferior to the white people in intellect;
+               give them the same opportunity for enterprise and improvement."
+               Their only sin, it appears, after all, is being "guilty of
+               a skin not colored like our own." I may observe, in passing,
+               that amalgamation, the bugbear of anti-abolitionists, is the necessary
+               result of slavery, not of emancipation.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The preceding extracts present a faithful picture of colonization
+               principles, though it is not every colonizationist who would
+               avow them with so much simplicity. The writer notwithstanding,
+               manifests some benevolent feeling towards the slaves. His
+               conscience cannot be satisfied with the present state of things,
+               and he, like too many others, takes refuge in the pleasing delusion
+               that it would be practicable to convey these colored Americans
+               across the Atlantic and make them comfortable in Africa, because
+               their ancestors were born there. As reasonably and as
+               <a name="A_lxxxix"></a>
+               justly might he talk of transporting the white Americans to England
+               because their ancestors removed from this country.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               It is very easily demonstrable, that this could not possibly be
+               accomplished&#8212;that neither the means of transport could be
+               found, nor the means of settlement provided; and were these
+               impossibilities removed, it might also be shown, very easily, that
+               it would be suicidal policy to remove the entire laboring population
+               of the Southern States from a soil and climate for which
+               they only are adapted. Yet emancipation by removal is the
+               theory of the Colonization Society, and in this point of view that
+               Society must be characterized as a grand imposture. What
+               must be the power of that delusion which can render intelligent
+               and philanthropic men the victims of such a fallacy? If the
+               whites, who hold the reins of government, could but be brought
+               to exercise Christian feelings towards the people of color, which
+               this worthy friend thinks is perhaps "morally impossible," how
+               rapidly would all difficulties vanish? To accomplish this desirable
+               end is the object of the abolitionists; they feel it to be difficult,
+               but they know it to be not impossible.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The writer of this pamphlet uniformly couples "ultra slaveholders"
+               and "northern manumissionists" in the same censure.
+               They are the two objectionable extremes; colonizationists and
+               moderate slave-holders being, I suppose, the golden mean. One
+               illustration more of the animus with which he regards a black
+               population.
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "And so it is with the New England immediate manumissionists;
+               they have so few people of color that they do not consider
+               them an evil; and hence they conclude that the Southern
+               States may do as they have done&#8212;free them at once; but I have
+               no doubt at all, if there was as large a proportion of colored
+               people in the New England States as in the Southern, there
+               would be but one voice, and that would be for colonizing them
+               somewhere."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               The following passage is historically interesting:
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               "The Yearly Meeting of Friends of North Carolina have sent
+               several hundreds of those they have had under their care to
+               Liberia, for whose emancipation in this State they could never
+               obtain a law, though they petitioned for it oftentimes for the space
+               <a name="A_xc"></a>
+               of fifty years, always finding the chief objection of the legislature
+               to be that of the great number and degraded and low character
+               of the free persons of color already in the State. We prefer
+               sending them to Africa rather than to any of the free States or to
+               Canada&#8212;because we believe <em>that</em> is their proper home. We
+               sent some to the State of Ohio; and since then hundreds of
+               blacks have been in a manner compelled, by the laws of that
+               State, or the prejudices of some of its citizens, to leave it and go
+               to Canada. We have sent some to Indiana, but that State has
+               passed laws, we hear, to prevent any more coming. We have
+               sent some to Pennsylvania, but, about two years ago, we shipped
+               near one hundred from Newbern and Beaufort to Chester; they
+               were not suffered to land, neither there nor at Philadelphia, nor
+               yet on the Jersey shore opposite, but had to float on the Delaware
+               river until the Colonization Society took them into possession;
+               then they were landed in Jersey, ten miles below Philadelphia,
+               and re-shipped for Africa. North Carolina Yearly Meeting has
+               contributed thousands of dollars to the Colonization Society; it
+               has probably done more for it than any other religious community
+               has in America, not merely because it has provided us an asylum
+               for the people of color under our care, but upon the ground of our
+               belief that it is a great, humane, and benevolent institution. I
+               am not informed of a single member of the Society of Friends in
+               this country, not even in any of the slave States, who is not in favor
+               of colonizing them in Africa. We believe generally that colonizing
+               them there gradually is the most likely way to put a peaceful
+               end to slavery, and place them in the great scale of equality
+               with the rest of the civilized world."
+
+            </p>
+            <p>
+               I have devoted a space to this letter for several reasons; first,
+               because the writer is a man of note and influence in his own
+               country, and has plainly uttered what many of the Society of
+               Friends even now feel, secondly, he has shown what was the
+               prevalent sentiment among Friends not longer than seven years
+               since, though I hope and believe a considerable change has taken
+               place in the interval; and lastly, because, within a few months
+               past, a well-known American, a zealous agent of the Colonization
+               Society, has privately employed this very letter to induce abolitionists
+               in England to look favorably on that Society.
+
+            </p><a name="A_xci"></a><p>
+               I would add, also, that I learn, on the authority of an English
+               "Friend," who has lately visited the various Yearly Meetings in
+               America, that in those parts of the slave States in which
+               "Friends" chiefly reside, their influence is very perceptible in
+               mitigating the treatment of the slaves in their neighborhood.
+               This, I willingly believe; indeed the example of a body who
+               refuse to hold slaves, cannot but be highly beneficial.
+
+            </p>
+         </div>
+         <div class="teidiv">
+            <h3><a name="L"></a>
+               APPENDIX L.&#8212;Page 96.
+               <br><br><br>
+               "Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the
+               Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.
+               <br></h3>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "To the Right Honorable the Lords of the Admiralty of
+                  Great Britain.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned, the citizens of Boston, in the United States
+                  of America, of different religious denominations, respectfully
+                  represent&#8212;
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "That by existing arrangements for the sailing of the Cunard
+                  line of steamers between Boston and Liverpool, it becomes necessary
+                  for them to leave this port on the Sabbath, whenever that
+                  happens to be the regular day appointed for sailing; and that this
+                  occurs a number of times in the course of a year. That the sailing
+                  of a steamer on that day is a source of deep regret to many good
+                  citizens, who are compelled, whenever the event happens, either
+                  to defer their departure to a future day, or to yield to an arrangement
+                  which violates their Christian feelings. And what is still
+                  more to be lamented, as a consequence growing out of the present
+                  regulation, is that aside from the tumult necessarily attendant on
+                  the sailing of these vessels on the Lord's day, it furnishes an
+                  occasion for the needless profanation of the day by thousands
+                  who assemble as spectators on our wharves to witness their
+                  departure.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned regard a proper observance of the Sabbath
+                  as vital to the general peace, good order, and welfare of society;
+                  and they are deeply impressed with the belief that nothing of a
+                  secular or worldly nature should be done on that day by individuals,
+                  <a name="A_xcii"></a>
+                  by governments, or by any of their departments, Which is
+                  not in the strictest sense a work of necessity or mercy; and they
+                  most respectfully represent, that they are unable to perceive any
+                  reasons which render the sailing of steamers from this port on the
+                  Lord's day such a work. And believing as they do, that it will
+                  be the pleasure of your lordships at all times to cherish and promote,
+                  so far as you may be able, a due observance of the Sabbath,
+                  they respectfully and earnestly request your lordships so to vary
+                  the present arrangements as to the times for the sailing of these
+                  steamers, that their departure from this port shall be changed to
+                  another day, whenever the appointed day for sailing shall fall
+                  upon the Christian Sabbath. And they venture to express their
+                  confident belief that not only the public welfare, but also the
+                  private advantage of individuals concerned in the enterprize,
+                  would be ultimately promoted by the arrangements here prayed
+                  for.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned cannot conclude their memorial without
+                  adverting to the high and responsible station that has been
+                  assigned by Providence to the English and American people, in
+                  the great work which they and we rejoice to know is now so
+                  rapidly progressing, of improving the moral and religious character
+                  and condition of the world; nor can they be unmindful of the
+                  fact, that to the same extent as their standing before the world in
+                  this respect is permanent, so will be the influence of their example
+                  on the nations around them, whether it be good or bad.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "That the subject here presented may receive your Lordship's
+                  favorable and Christian consideration is the sincere and earnest
+                  desire of your Lordships' most respectful memorialists."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               The signatures to this document included the late mayor and
+               one of the former ones, who was also Lieutenant-Governor of the
+               State of Massachusetts, one bishop, upwards of forty clergymen
+               of different denominations, nine gentlemen, upwards of one
+               hundred and twenty merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance
+               companies, the postmaster of Boston, five physicians, seven members
+               of the legal profession, two editors of newspapers; and it
+               was accompanied by the following memorandum from one of the
+               gentlemen who had taken it round for signature.
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "The undersigned having been personally engaged in obtaining
+                  the signatures to the memorial, asking a change in the sailing
+                  <a name="A_xciii"></a>
+                  of the Cunard steamers, when the regular sailing day occurs on
+                  the Sabbath, hereby certifies that the memorialists are among the
+                  most respectable and influential of their respective professions,
+                  that the memorial was received with almost universal favor, and
+                  that, had time been allowed, and had it been deemed necessary
+                  to do it, thousands of names might have been obtained.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "AMOS A. PHELPS."
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Boston, July 31, 1841."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote>
+            <p>
+               On my arrival in this country, I found that Lord Melbourne's
+               administration was about to resign; I therefore deferred forwarding
+               the memorial until the present ministers had entered upon the
+               duties of their respective offices; when I called at the Admiralty,
+               and placed it in the hands of the Secretary, having little doubt
+               the application would have been at once granted; but a few days
+               after it was presented I received the following reply:&#8212;
+
+            </p>
+            <blockquote>
+               <p>
+                  "Admiralty, September 21, 1841.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Sir,&#8212;Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the
+                  Admiralty the communications of the citizens of Boston, United
+                  States, representing their wish that the departure of Mr. Cunard's
+                  steamers on a Sunday, from their port, should, for the future be
+                  discontinued; I am commanded by their lordships to acquaint
+                  you, that after having given that attention to the subject, which
+                  their respect for the citizens of Boston, and for the religious
+                  opinions expressed by them, could not fail to dictate, my lords
+                  have, upon mature consideration, come to the conclusion, that,
+                  with a due regard to the exigencies of the public service, the
+                  proposed alteration cannot be carried into effect. My lords,
+                  therefore, beg you will have the goodness to convey their
+                  decision to the citizens of Boston, together with the assurance of
+                  their respect for the opinions they have expressed, and their consequent
+                  regret at being unable to comply with their request.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "I am, Sir,
+                  <br><br>
+                  "Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "JOHN BARROW.
+
+               </p>
+               <p>
+                  "Joseph Sturge, Esq., Birmingham."
+
+               </p>
+            </blockquote><a name="A_xciv"></a></div>
+      </div>
+      <hr>
+      <address>&nbsp; 1842 By JOSEPH STURGE.
+          <br>
+         <!--
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+based on c:\downloads\saxon6_5_3teihtml.xsl
+processed using SAXON 6.5.3 from Michael Kay
+on 2004-03-03T20:31:42-06:00--></address>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
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+   </body>
diff --git a/old/11454.txt b/old/11454.txt
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/old/11454.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11411 @@
+Project Gutenberg's A Visit To The United States In 1841, by Joseph Sturge
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: A Visit To The United States In 1841
+
+Author: Joseph Sturge
+
+Release Date: March 5, 2004 [EBook #11454]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Amy Overmyer and PG Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE UNITED STATES IN 1841
+
+BY JOSEPH STURGE
+
+1842
+
+BOSTON: DEXTER S. KING, NO. 1 CORNHILL.
+  "'Tis liberty alone that gives the flower
+  Of fleeting life its lustre and perfume;
+  And we are weeds without it. All constraint,
+  Except what wisdom lays on evil men,
+  Is evil; hurts the faculties, impedes
+  Their progress in the road of science; blinds
+  The eyesight of discovery; and begets,
+  In those that suffer it, a sordid mind."
+
+
+COWPER.
+
+
+
+
+
+    Preface to the American Edition
+
+    Preface to the English Edition
+
+    A Visit, &c.
+
+    General Observations
+
+    Appendix A: ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+    Appendix B: EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO
+
+    Appendix C: Report of the Committee of the Yearly Meeting of
+    Friends, &c.
+
+    Appendix D: ELISHA TYSON.
+
+    Appendix E: THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES"
+
+    Appendix F: Extract from an Essay by WILLIAM JAY
+
+    Appendix G: OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.
+
+    Appendix H: LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.
+
+    Appendix I: GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.
+
+    Appendix K: The Society of Friends in America and the
+    Colonization Society
+
+    Appendix L: Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to
+    the Lords of the Admiralty, Great Britain.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE AMERICAN EDITION.
+
+
+Within a few years past, several of our visitors from the other side of
+the Atlantic, have published their views of our country and her
+institutions. Basil Hall, Hamilton and others, in their attempts to
+describe the working of the democratic principle in the United States,
+have been unfavorably influenced by their opposite political
+predilections. On the other hand, Miss Martineau, who has strong
+republican sympathies, has not, at all times, been sufficiently careful
+and discriminating in the facts and details of her spirited and
+agreeable narrative.
+
+The volume of Mr. Sturge, herewith presented, is unlike any of its
+predecessors. Its author makes no literary pretensions. His style, like
+his garb, is of the plainest kind; shorn of every thing like ornament,
+it has yet a truthful, earnest simplicity, as rare as it is beautiful.
+The reader will look in vain for those glowing descriptions of American
+scenery, and graphic delineations of the peculiarities of the American
+character with which other travellers have endeavored to enliven and
+diversify their journals. Coming among us on an errand of peace and good
+will--with a heart oppressed and burdened by the woes of suffering
+humanity--he had no leisure for curious observations of men and manners,
+nor even for the gratification of a simple and unperverted taste for the
+beautiful in outward nature. His errand led him to the slave-jail of the
+negro-trafficker--the abodes of the despised and persecuted colored
+man--the close walls of prisons. His narrative, like his own character,
+is calm, clear, simple; its single and manifest aim, _to do good_.
+
+Although this volume is mainly devoted to the subject of emancipation,
+and to his intercourse with the religious Society of which he is a
+member, yet the friends of peace, of legal reform, and of republican
+institutions, will derive gratification from its perusal. The liberal
+spirit of Christian philanthropy breathes through it. The author's deep
+and settled detestation of our slavery, and of the hypocrisy which
+sustains and justifies it, does not render him blind to the beauty of
+the republican principle of popular control, nor repress in any degree
+his pleasure in recording its beneficent practical fruits in the free
+States.
+
+The labors of Mr. Sturge in the cause of emancipation have given him the
+appellation of the "Howard of our days." The author of the popular
+"History of Slavery," page 600, thus notices his arduous personal
+investigations of the state of things in the West India Islands, under
+the apprenticeship system. "The idea originated with Joseph Sturge, of
+Birmingham, a member of that religious body, the FRIENDS, who have ever
+stood pre-eminent in noiseless but indefatigable exertions in the cause
+of the negro; and who seem to possess a more thorough practical
+understanding than is generally possessed by statesmen and politicians,
+of the axiom that the shortest communication between two given points,
+is a straight line. While others were speculating, and hoping that the
+worst reports from the West Indies might not be true, and that the evils
+would work their own cure, this generous and heroic philanthropist,
+resolved to go himself and ascertain the facts and the remedy required."
+On his return, Mr. Sturge, with his companion, Thomas Harvey, published
+a full account of their investigations into the working of the
+apprenticeship system; and his testimony before the Parliamentary
+Committee, occupied seven days. His disclosures sealed the fate of the
+apprenticeship system. Such a demonstration of popular sentiment was
+called forth against it, that the Colonies, one after another, felt
+themselves under the necessity of abandoning it for unconditional
+emancipation. It was a remark of Brougham, in the House of Lords, that
+the abolition of the apprenticeship was the work of one man, and that
+man was Joseph Sturge.
+
+Mr. Sturge's benevolent labors have not been confined to the abolition
+of slavery. He is a prominent member of the Anti-corn Law League. He is
+an active advocate of the cause of universal peace. He has given all his
+influence to the cause of the oppressed and laboring classes of his own
+countrymen: and his name is at this moment, the rallying-word of
+millions, as the author and patron of the "Suffrage Declaration," which
+is now in circulation in all parts of the United Kingdom, pledging its
+signers to the great principle of universal suffrage--a full, fair and
+free representation of the people. It was reserved for the untitled
+Quaker of Birmingham to take the lead in the great and good work of
+uniting, for the first time, the middle and the working classes of his
+countrymen, and in so doing, to infuse hope and newness of life into the
+dark dwellings of the English peasant and artisan. The Editor of the
+London Non-Conformist, speaking of this movement of Mr. Sturge, says:
+"The Declaration is put forth by a man, who, perhaps, in a higher degree
+than any other individual, has the confidence of both the middle class
+and the working men. The former can trust to his prudence; the latter
+have faith in his sincerity."
+
+Such is the man, who, prompted by his untiring benevolence, visited our
+shores during the past year. This volume is the brief record of his
+visit, and of the impressions produced upon his mind by our conflicting
+interests and institutions. It is now republished, in the belief that
+the opinions of its author will be received with candor and respect by
+all classes of our citizens, and that they are calculated to make a
+permanent and salutary impression, in favor of the great cause of
+universal freedom.
+
+
+Boston, May, 1842.
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.
+
+
+In visiting the United States, the objects which preferred the chief
+claim to my attention were the _universal abolition of slavery_, and
+_the promotion of permanent international peace_. Deeply impressed with
+the conviction that the advancement of these is intimately connected
+with the progress of right views among professing Christians in that
+country, it was my desire not only to inform myself of the actual state
+of feeling and opinion among this important class, but if possible, to
+contribute my mite of encouragement and aid to those who are bearing the
+burden and heat of the day, in an arduous contest, on whose issue the
+alternative of a vast amount of human happiness or misery depends. This
+general outline of my motives included several specific, practical
+objects, which will be found detailed in the ensuing pages.
+
+For obvious reasons, _the abolition of slavery in the United States_ is
+the most prominent topic in my narrative; but I have freely interspersed
+observations on other subjects of interest and importance, as they came
+under consideration. Short notices are introduced of some of the
+prominent abolitionists of America; and, though sensible how imperfectly
+I have done justice to exertions, which, either in degree or kind, have
+scarcely a parallel in the annals of self-denying benevolence, I fear I
+shall occasionally have hurt the feelings of the individuals referred
+to, by what they may deem undeserved or unseasonable praise; yet I trust
+they will pardon the act for the sake of the motive, which is to
+introduce the English anti-slavery reader to a better acquaintance with
+his fellow laborers in the United States. My short stay, and the limited
+extent of my visit, prevented my becoming acquainted with many who are
+equally deserving of notice.
+
+Less than twelve months have elapsed since I embarked on this "visit;"
+and though, with the help of steam by sea and land, an extensive journey
+may now be performed in a comparatively short time, yet, during this
+brief interval, my own engagements would have prevented my placing the
+following narrative so early before the public without assistance. It is
+right to state that a large portion of the work has been prepared for
+the press from a rough transcript of my journal, from my correspondence,
+and other documents, by the friend who accompanied me on a former
+journey to the West Indies, and who then compiled the account of our
+joint labors.
+
+Nearly the whole of the narrative portion of this publication has been
+sent to America, to different individuals who were concerned in, or
+present at the transactions related, and has been returned to me with
+their verification of the facts; so that the reader has the strongest
+guaranty for their accuracy. The inferences and comments I am solely
+responsible for, and I leave them to rest on their own merits.
+
+In undertaking this journey, I was careful not to shackle my individual
+liberty by appearing as the representative of any society, whether
+religious or benevolent; and, on the other hand, none of those friends,
+who kindly furnished me with letters of introduction, are in any way
+responsible for my proceedings in the United States, or for any thing
+which this volume contains.
+
+In conclusion,--should these pages come under the notice of any, who,
+though well wishers to their species, are not yet identified with
+anti-slavery effort, I would entreat such to "come over and help us." If
+they are ambitious of a large and quick return for their outlay of
+money, of time, of labor,--for their painful sympathies and self-denying
+prayers,--where will they find a cause where help is more needed, or
+where it would be rewarded more surely and abundantly? Let them reflect
+on what has been effected, within a few short years, in the British West
+Indies, so recently numbered among "the dark places of the earth, full
+of the habitations of cruelty,"--but now scenes of light, gladness, and
+prosperity, temporal and spiritual. To show what remains to be
+accomplished for the universal abolition of slavery--a field in which
+the laborers are few indeed, in proportion to its extent--I may be
+allowed to quote the following comprehensive statement, from the preface
+to one of the most important volumes that ever issued from the press on
+the subject of slavery:[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "Proceedings of the London Anti-Slavery Convention."]
+
+
+    "The extent of these giant evils may be gathered from a brief
+    statement of facts. In the United States of America, the slave
+    population is estimated to be 2,750,000; in Brazil, 2,500,000;
+    in the Spanish Colonies, 600,000; in the French Colonies,
+    265,000; in the Dutch Colonies, 70,000; in the Danish and
+    Swedish Colonies, 30,000; and in Texas, 25,000; besides those
+    held in bondage by Great Britain, in the East Indies, and the
+    British Settlements of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang; and by
+    France, Holland, and Portugal, in various parts of Asia and
+    Africa; amounting in all to several millions more; and exclusive
+    also of those held in bondage by the native powers of the East,
+    and other parts of the world, of whose number it is impossible
+    to form a correct estimate.
+
+    "To supply the slave-markets of the Western world, 120,000
+    native Africans are, on the most moderate calculation, annually
+    required; whilst the slave-markets of the East require 50,000
+    more. In procuring these victims of a guilty traffic, to be
+    devoted to the rigors of perpetual slavery, it is computed that
+    280,000 perish in addition, and under circumstances the most
+    revolting and afflicting.
+
+    "But this is not all. In the Southern section of the United
+    States, and in British India, a vast internal slave-trade is
+    carried on, second only in horror and extent to that which has
+    so long desolated and degraded Africa.
+
+    "These facts exhibit, also, the magnitude of the responsibility
+    which devolves upon abolitionists; in view of it they may well
+    be allowed to disclaim, as they do, all sectarian motive, all
+    party feeling: 'Glory to God in the highest, on earth peace,
+    good will to man,' is their aim: consistently with the blessed
+    character of this gospel anthem, they recognize no means as
+    allowable for them, in the prosecution of their holy enterprise,
+    than those which are of a moral, religious, and pacific nature;
+    in the diligent use of these means, and trusting in God, they
+    cherish the hope that, under His blessing, they may be permitted
+    to accomplish the great work to which they are devoted; and thus
+    be made instrumental in advancing the sacred cause of freedom,
+    and its attendant blessings, civilization and religion,
+    throughout the earth."
+
+    J.S.
+
+    Edgbaston, near Birmingham, Second Month, 1st, 1842.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT, &c.
+
+I embarked at Portsmouth, on board the British Queen steam packet,
+commanded by Captain Franklin, on the 10th of the 3d Month, (March,)
+1841. During the first two or three days, the weather was unusually fine
+for the season of the year, and gave us the prospect of a quick and
+prosperous voyage. The passengers, about seventy in number, were of
+various nations, including English, French, German and American.
+
+The very objectionable custom of supplying the passengers with
+intoxicating liquors without limit and without any additional charge,
+thus compelling the temperate or abstinent passenger to contribute to
+the expenses of the intemperate, was done away. Each individual paid for
+the wine and spirits he called for, a circumstance which greatly
+promoted sobriety in the ship; but I am sorry to say three or four, and
+these my own countrymen, were not unfrequently in a state of
+intoxication. On one occasion, after dinner, one of these addressed an
+intelligent black steward, who was waiting, by the contemptuous
+designation of "blackey;" the man replied to him in this manner:--"My
+name is Robert; when you want any thing from me please to address me by
+my name; there is no gentleman on board who would have addressed me as
+you have done; we are all the same flesh and blood; I did not make
+myself; God made me." This severe and public rebuke commended itself to
+every man's conscience, and my countryman obtained no sympathy even from
+the most prejudiced slaveholder on board. Several of my fellow
+passengers stood in this relation; and I found I could freely converse
+with a native American slaveholder not only with less risk of giving
+offence, but that he was more ready to admit the inherent evils of
+slavery than the Europeans who had become inured to the system by
+residence in the Southern States of America, or than the American
+merchants residing in the Northern cities, whose participation in the
+commerce of the Slave States had imbued them with pro-slavery views and
+feelings. One of them, a French merchant of New Orleans, went so far as
+to assure me, that in his opinion it would be as reasonable to class the
+negroes with monkeys, as to place them on an equality with the whites.
+
+On the nights of the 14th and 15th the Aurora Borealis was very
+beautiful and vivid, which is said to be, in these latitudes, an
+indication of stormy weather. Accordingly on the 16th the weather became
+less favorable, with an increased swell in the sea, wind more ahead, and
+occasional squalls. On the night of the 18th we encountered one of the
+most awful hurricanes ever witnessed by the oldest sailor on board; and
+from this date to the 24th inst. we experienced a succession of storms
+of indescribable violence and severity, which at some intervals caused
+great and I believe very just alarm for the safety of the ship. The
+President steamer, coming in the opposite direction, is known to have
+encountered the same weather, and was doubtless lost, not having since
+been heard of. Our escape, under Divine Providence, must be attributed
+to the great strength of the vessel, which had been thoroughly repaired
+since her last voyage, and to the skill and indefatigable attention of
+the Captain. On the 25th the wind abated, and the greater number of the
+floats or propelling boards of the paddle wheels having been carried
+away, and our stock of coals very much reduced, the Captain decided to
+make for Halifax, Nova Scotia, where we arrived on the evening of the
+30th. After a stay of twenty-four hours, for repairs and supplies, we
+again left for New York, where we arrived safely on the night of 4th
+Month, (April,) 3d.
+
+The following day, being the first of the week, I landed about the time
+of the gathering of the different congregations, and inquired my way to
+the meeting of the orthodox section of the Society of Friends, and
+afterwards took up my abode at the Carlton Hotel. Here I met, for the
+first time, my friend J.G. Whittier, whom I had been anxious to
+associate with myself in my future movements, and who kindly consented
+to be my companion as far as his health would permit. The next morning,
+on returning to the vessel to get my luggage passed, a custom-house
+officer manifested his disapproval of my character and objects as an
+abolitionist, by giving me much unnecessary trouble, and by being the
+means of my paying duty on a small machine for copying letters for my
+own private use, and other articles which I believe are usually passed
+free. Ordinarily at this port, the luggage of respectable passengers is
+passed with little examination, on an assurance that it comprises no
+merchandise. This was almost the only instance of discourteous treatment
+I met with in the United States. We remained in New York from the 4th to
+the 10th of this month, which time was occupied in visiting different
+friends of the anti-slavery cause, and in receiving calls at our hotel.
+
+I had much pleasure and satisfaction in my intercourse here with several
+individuals distinguished in the anti-slavery cause, some of whom I had
+met in 1837, during a short visit to New York on my way from the West
+Indies. Among these, ought particularly to be mentioned the brothers
+Arthur and Lewis Tappan. The former was elected president of the
+American Anti-Slavery Society on its formation, and remained at its head
+until the division which took place last year, when he became president
+of the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. His name is not more a
+byeword of reproach, than a watchword of alarm throughout the slave
+states; and the slave holders have repeatedly set a high price upon his
+head by advertisement in the public papers. In the just estimation of
+the pro-slavery party, Arthur Tappan is abolition personified; and truly
+the cause needs not to be ashamed of its representative, for a more
+deservedly honored and estimable character it would be difficult to
+find. In personal deportment he is unobtrusive and silent; his sterling
+qualities are veiled by reserve, and are in themselves such as make the
+least show--clearness and judgment, prudence and great decision. He is
+the head of an extensive mercantile establishment, and the high
+estimation in which he is held by his fellow citizens, notwithstanding
+the unpopularity of his views on slavery, is the result of a long and
+undeviating career of public spirit and private integrity, and of an
+uninterrupted succession of acts of benevolence. During a series of
+years of commercial prosperity, his revenues were distributed with an
+unsparing hand through the various channels which promised benefit to
+his fellow creatures; and in this respect, his gifts, large and frequent
+though they were, were probably exceeded in usefulness by the influence
+of his example as a man and a Christian.
+
+His brother Lewis, with the same noble and disinterested spirit in the
+application of his pecuniary resources, possesses the rare faculty of
+incessant labor; which, when combined, as in his case, with great
+intellectual and physical capacity, eminently qualifies for a leading
+position in society. He unites in a remarkable degree, the apparently
+incompatible qualities of versatility and concentration; and his
+admirable endowments have been applied in the service of the helpless
+and the oppressed with corresponding success. He has been from the
+beginning one of the most active members of the central Anti-Slavery
+Committee in New York, a body that has directed the aggressive
+operations against slavery, on a national scale, with a display of
+resources, and an untiring and resolute vigor, that have attracted the
+admiration of all, who, sympathizing in their object, have had the
+privilege of watching their proceedings. Of those who have impressed the
+likeness of their own character on these proceedings, Lewis Tappan is
+one of the chief; and he has shared with his brother the most virulent
+attacks from the pro-slavery party. Some years ago he had the ear of a
+negro sent to him by post, in an insulting anonymous letter. During the
+past year, though marked by a severe domestic affliction, in addition to
+his engagements as a merchant, in partnership with his brother Arthur,
+and his various public and private duties as a man and as a citizen, in
+the performance of which I believe he is punctual and exemplary, he has
+edited, almost without assistance, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+Reporter, and has also been one of the most active members of a
+committee of benevolent individuals formed to watch over the interest of
+the Amistad captives. Besides superintending the maintenance, education,
+and other interests of these Africans, it was necessary to defend their
+cause against the whole power of the United States' Government, to raise
+funds for these objects, to interest foreign Governments in their
+welfare, and more than all, to keep them constantly before the public,
+not only for their own sakes, but that a portion of the sympathy and
+right feeling which was elicited in their favor might be reflected
+towards the native slave population of the country, whose claim to
+freedom rests upon the same ground of natural and indefeasible right.
+With what success this interesting cause has been prosecuted is well
+expressed in a single sentence by a valued transatlantic correspondent
+of mine, who, writing at the most critical period of the controversy,
+says:--"We, or rather Lewis Tappan, has made the whole nation look the
+captives in the face."
+
+Joshua Leavitt, proprietor and editor of the New York Emancipator, a
+large weekly abolition newspaper, and secretary of the American and
+Foreign Anti-slavery Society, is another remarkable man, clear and sound
+in judgment, and efficient in action. He is justly regarded by American
+abolitionists as one of their ablest supporters.
+
+La Roy Sunderland, member of the Executive Committee, and editor of
+"Zion's Watchman," a Methodist, religious, and anti-slavery newspaper,
+with his slight figure, dark intellectual face, and earnest manner, is
+pointed out to the anti-slavery visitor from the Old World as the most
+prominent advocate of emancipation among the Wesleyans. His boldness and
+faithfulness have combined against him the leading influences of his
+denomination, but notwithstanding he has been several times tried by
+ecclesiastical councils, they have always failed to substantiate the
+charges against him, and his vindication has been complete.
+
+Theodore S. Wright, member of the committee, is a colored presbyterian
+preacher in this city--an amiable man, much and deservedly respected.
+
+All the above mentioned individuals, who have from an early period been
+among the most zealous and laborious members of the anti-slavery
+committee, found themselves placed by the events of last year in the
+position of seceders from the American Anti-Slavery Society, though
+their opinions had undergone no change. They now belong to the American
+and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, or as it is technically called the
+"new organization," a distinction which will be afterwards explained.
+
+James M'Cune Smith, a young colored physician, I had known in England,
+where he studied for his profession, having been shut out of the
+colleges of his own country by the prejudice against his complexion.
+Notwithstanding this prejudice he is now practising, I understand, with
+success, and has fair prospects.
+
+I had a pleasant interview with Isaac T. Hopper, whom also I had met in
+1837. He belongs to the American Anti-Slavery Society, or "old
+organization," and has been a zealous and fearless abolitionist for half
+a century. He has been recently disowned by the "Hicksite Friends" for
+his connection with the newspaper called the "National Anti-Slavery
+Standard."
+
+Early on the morning of the 10th, we left for Burlington by railroad,
+where we were most kindly received by our venerable friends Stephen
+Grellett and his wife. On the following day, we took tea with John Cox,
+residing about three miles from Burlington, at a place called Oxmead,
+where formerly that eminent minister of the Society of Friends, George
+Dillwin, resided. J.C. is now in his eighty-seventh year, enjoying a
+green and cheerful old age, and feeling all the interest of his youth in
+the anti-slavery cause. It was cheering and animating to witness the
+serene spirit of this venerable man, and deeply were we interested in
+the reminiscences of his youth. He well remembered John Woolman, whose
+former residence, Mount Holly, is within a few miles of Oxmead, and of
+whom he related various particulars characteristic of the simplicity,
+humanity, and great circumspection of his life and conversation. When
+John Woolman first brought the subject of slavery before the yearly
+meeting of the Society of Friends at Philadelphia, at a time when its
+members were deeply implicated both in slave-holding and in
+slave-dealing, he stood almost alone in his anti-slavery testimony,
+which he expressed in few and appropriate words. Some severe remarks
+were made by others in reply, on this and on successive similar
+occasions, when he introduced the subject, but such treatment provoked
+no rejoinder from John Woolman, who would quietly resume his seat and
+weep in silent submission.
+
+He was not deterred by this discouraging reception from again and again
+bringing the subject before the next Yearly Meeting, and finally his
+unwearied efforts, always prosecuted in the "meekness of wisdom,"
+resulted in the Society of Friends entirely wiping away the reproach of
+this abomination.
+
+The great qualification of John Woolman for pleading the cause of the
+oppressed was the same which has been ascribed with equal truth and
+beauty to his contemporary and co-worker, Anthony Benezet: "a peculiar
+capacity for being profoundly sensible of their wrongs." The biographer
+of the latter has described another occurrence in the Philadelphia
+Yearly Meeting at a subsequent stage of this momentous controversy,
+which may prove an interesting counterpart to the foregoing relation.
+
+"On one occasion during the annual convention of the Society at
+Philadelphia, when that body was engaged on the subject of slavery, as
+it related to its own members, some of whom had not wholly relinquished
+the practice of keeping negroes in bondage, a difference of sentiment
+arose as to the course which ought to be pursued. For a moment it
+appeared doubtful which opinion would preponderate. At this critical
+juncture Benezet left his seat, which was in an obscure part of the
+house, and presented himself weeping at an elevated door in the presence
+of the whole congregation, whom he thus addressed--'Ethiopia shall soon
+stretch out her hands unto God.' He said no more: under the solemn
+impression which succeeded this emphatic quotation, the proposed measure
+received the united sanction of the assembly."[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Life of Anthony Benezet, by Roberts Vaux.]
+
+Even the passing observer is aware how closely the Society of Friends is
+identified with the anti-slavery cause, and if such an one were to make
+this fact the subject of historical investigation, he would probably
+find it one of considerable interest.--He would learn that some years
+before the call of Thomas Clarkson in his early manhood, by a series of
+distinct and remarkable Providences, into this field of labor, this
+Society in America had been pervaded by a noiseless agitation on the
+subject of slavery, which resulted in the abandonment of the
+slave-trade, in the liberation of their slaves, and in the adoption of a
+rule of discipline excluding slaveholders from religious fellowship; so
+that for many years past, the sins in question have been not so much as
+to be named among them, or the possibility of their commission hinted
+at, by any one bearing the name and professing the principles of a
+"Friend." The change described, was effected, not by "pressure from
+without," but by the constraining influence of the love of Christ. The
+chief instruments in the hands of Divine Providence in bringing about so
+remarkable a reformation, were John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, of whom
+the former was the earlier in the field and broke up the fallow ground,
+under circumstances of the greatest discouragement, of which the
+instance above related is an example.
+
+The life of this ever-memorable man was a pattern of apostolic
+Christianity--pure, patient, self-denying, meek. Love was the element he
+breathed. His heart not only yearned towards the oppressed of the human
+family, but his compassion extended to the brute creation, under whose
+sufferings in the service of man, to use his own expression, "creation
+at this day doth loudly groan." Though dependent on his own labor for a
+livelihood, he was careful in a most exemplary degree, "not to entangle
+himself with affairs of this life, that he might please Him who had
+called him to be a soldier;" and the reader of his life will find that
+this unworldly man took similar pains to avoid wealth, which others do
+to acquire it. Perhaps I may be excused for dwelling a moment on this
+theme, when I state that one of the latest public acts of my beloved and
+lamented father-in-law, James Cropper, was to cause John Woolman's
+auto-biography and writings to be re-edited, and a large and cheap
+edition to be struck off, which has appeared since his decease.[A] This
+work is well known to the Society of Friends, but should any other
+reader be induced by these desultory remarks to peruse it, he will find
+himself richly repaid. In the picturesque simplicity of its style,
+refined literary taste has found an inimitable charm,[B] but the
+spiritually minded reader will discover beauties of a far higher order.
+
+[Footnote A: A Journal of the Life, Gospel Labors, and Christian
+Experience, &c. &c. of John Woolman. Warrington, Thomas Hurst.]
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Charles Lamb's Works.]
+
+Taking leave for the present of our venerable friends at Oxmead and
+Burlington, we proceeded on the 12th to Philadelphia, where we remained
+several days, at the Union Hotel. During this brief stay, we received
+visits from a large number of the friends of the anti-slavery cause, and
+made some calls in return. Among others, I had the pleasure of seeing
+James Forten, an aged and opulent man of color, whose long career has
+been marked by the display of capacity and energy of no common kind. The
+history of his life is interesting and instructive, affording a
+practical demonstration of the absurdity, as well as injustice, of that
+prejudice which would stamp the mark of intellectual inferiority on his
+complexion and race.
+
+I returned to New York on the 15th, in company with several anti-slavery
+friends. One of these, Dr. Bartholomew Fussell, resided on the borders
+of the State of Maryland, and had afforded relief and aid to many
+negroes escaping from slavery. He had kept no account of the number thus
+assisted till last year, when there were thirty-four, being fewer he
+thought than the average of several years preceding. The same individual
+related some interesting particulars of the late Elisha Tyson, of
+Baltimore, an abolitionist of the old school, who had rescued many
+negroes from illegal bondage. Dr. Fussell was an eye witness of the
+following occurrence: A poor woman had been seized by the agents of
+Woolfolk, the notorious Maryland slave dealer, and was carried along the
+street in which Elisha Tyson lived. When they arrived opposite his
+house, she demanded to see "Father Tyson." A crowd collected about the
+party, and she so far moved their pity, that they insisted that her wish
+should be complied with. One of the men hereupon went to inform his
+employer, who galloped off, pistol in hand, and found Elisha Tyson
+standing at his own door. Woolfolk with an oath declared he would "send
+him to hell for interfering with his _property_." Elisha Tyson coolly
+exposed his breast, telling him that he dared not shoot, and that he
+(Woolfolk) "was in hell already, though he did not know it." An
+investigation followed; the poor woman was proved to be illegally
+detained, and was set at liberty.[A] It is generally allowed that so
+bold and uncompromising an advocate of the negroes' right as Elisha
+Tyson does not now remain in the slave States.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix D for a brief account of this ancient
+philanthropist.]
+
+As the old school of abolitionists has been mentioned, and will
+occasionally be referred to hereafter, the following historical
+statement of its rise and decline, and of the commencement of the
+present abolition movement, will probably be interesting to the
+anti-slavery reader on this side of the Atlantic. It is from the pen of
+my valued coadjutor John G. Whittier.
+
+
+    "The old Anti-Slavery Societies, established about the period of
+    the American Revolution, and of which the late Judge Jay,
+    Benjamin Franklin, Dr. Rush, and other distinguished statesmen
+    were members, were composed mainly of the Religious Society of
+    Friends. These societies were for many years active and
+    energetic in their labors for the slave, and the free people of
+    color; and little, if any, serious opposition was made to their
+    exertions, which indeed seem to have been confined to the
+    particular states in which they were located. They rendered
+    essential service in promoting the gradual abolition of slavery
+    in New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.
+
+    "In 1819 commenced the discussion of what is now known as the
+    'Missouri Question.' The Anti-Slavery Societies took ground
+    against the admission into the Union of the territory of
+    Missouri as a slave state. They succeeded in arousing the public
+    attention; and for two sessions the subject was warmly debated
+    in Congress; the slave-holders finally carrying their point by
+    working upon the fears of a few Northern members, by means of
+    that old threat of dissolving the Union, which in the very
+    outset of the Government had extorted from the Convention which
+    framed the Constitution, a clause legalizing the Foreign Slave
+    Trade for twenty years. The admission of Missouri as a slave
+    State was a fatal concession to the South: the abolitionists
+    became disheartened: their societies lingered on a few years
+    longer, and nearly all were extinct previous to 1830. The
+    colonization scheme had in the mean time, in despite of the
+    earnest and almost unanimous rejection of it by the colored
+    people, obtained a strong hold on the public mind, and had
+    especially enlisted the favorable regard of some of the leading
+    influences of the Society of Friends. Here and there over the
+    country, might be found still a faithful laborer, like Elisha
+    Tyson, of Baltimore, Thomas Shipley, of Philadelphia, and Moses
+    Brown, of Rhode Island, holding up the good old testimony
+    against prejudice and oppression in the midst of a wide spread
+    apostacy. I should mention in this connection, Benjamin Lundy, a
+    member of the Society of Friends, who devoted his whole life to
+    the cause of freedom, travelling on foot thousands of miles,
+    visiting every part of the slave States, Mexico and the Haytian
+    Republic. About the year 1828, he visited Boston, and enlisted
+    the sympathies of William Lloyd Garrison, then a very young man.
+    Not long after, he was joined by the latter as an associate
+    editor of _The Genius of Universal Emancipation_, an
+    anti-slavery paper which he had established at Baltimore. After
+    a residence in Baltimore of about six months, Garrison was
+    thrown into prison for an alledged libel upon a northern
+    slave-trader, whence he was liberated on the payment of his fine
+    by the benevolent Arthur Tappan. Lundy continued his paper some
+    time longer in Baltimore, where he was subjected to brutal
+    personal violence from the notorious Woolfolk, the great
+    slave-dealer of that city. He afterwards removed it to
+    Philadelphia; and in 1834 made a tour through the South Western
+    States and Texas, in which he encountered great dangers, and
+    suffered extreme hardships from sickness and destitution. This
+    journey was deemed by many an unprofitable and hazardous
+    experiment, but it proved of great importance. He collected an
+    immense amount of facts, developing beforehand the grand
+    slave-holding conspiracy for revolutionizing Texas, and annexing
+    it to the American Union, as a slave territory. These he
+    published to the world on his return; and it has justly been
+    said of him, by John Quincy Adams, that his exertions alone,
+    under Providence, prevented the annexation of Texas to the
+    United States. This bold and single-hearted pioneer died not
+    long since in the State of Illinois, whither he repaired to take
+    the place of the lamented Lovejoy, who was murdered by a mob in
+    that State, in 1837.
+
+    "In 1831, Wm. Lloyd Garrison commenced, under great difficulties
+    and discouragements, the publication of the _Liberator_, in
+    Boston; and by the energy and earnestness of his appeals, roused
+    the attention of many minds to the subject of slavery. Shortly
+    after, a society was formed in Boston in favor of immediate
+    emancipation. It consisted at first, if I remember right, of
+    only twelve members. Previous to this, however, a society,
+    embracing very similar principles, had been formed in
+    Pennsylvania. In 1833, upwards of sixty delegates from several
+    of the free States, met at Philadelphia; among them were Elizur
+    Wright and Beriah Green, (who had been compelled to give up
+    their Professorships in Western Reserve [Ohio] College, for
+    their attachment to freedom,) Lewis Tappan, William Lloyd
+    Garrison, Charles W. Denison, Arnold Buffum, Amos A. Phelps, and
+    John G. Whittier. This Convention organized the American
+    Anti-Slavery Society, proposing to make use of the common
+    instrumentalities afforded by the Government and laws, for the
+    abolition of slavery; at the same time, disavowing a design to
+    use any other than peaceful and lawful measures."
+
+
+In some of the Southern States there are professing Christian churches
+who permit slave-holding, but disallow the selling of slaves, except
+with their own consent. Dr. Fussell informed me how this fair-seeming
+rule of discipline was frequently evaded. First, a church member wishing
+to turn his negroes into cash, begins by making their yoke heavier, and
+their life a burden. Next they are thrown in the way of decoy slaves,
+belonging to Woolfolk, or some other dealer, who introduce themselves to
+the intended victims, for the purpose of expatiating on the privileges
+enjoyed by the slaves of so indulgent a master as theirs; and thus the
+poor unhappy dupes would be persuaded to go and petition to be sold, and
+so the rule of discipline, above cited, would be _literally_ complied
+with. So great, generally, is the dread of being sold to the South, that
+my informant said the larger number of runaways escape when the price is
+high, as the danger of being sold is then most imminent. The greater
+proportion of those who thus emancipate themselves are domestics, owing
+to their superior intelligence, and their opportunities of ascertaining
+the best mode of escape.
+
+On the 16th, I met the Executive Committee of the American and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society, at their office, No. 128 Fulton street, New York.
+The chair was taken by the President of the Society. The subject under
+discussion was the best time and place of holding another Convention of
+the friends of the anti-slavery cause from all parts of the world. After
+deliberate consideration, the following resolutions were unanimously
+adopted.
+
+_Resolved_,--"That this Committee fully recognise and adopt the
+principles upon which the General Anti-Slavery Convention, held in
+London last year, was convened, and upon which it acted; that we feel
+greatly encouraged by the results of its meetings, and that we would
+strongly recommend our transatlantic friends to summon a second
+Convention in London, at about the same period in 1842; and that in the
+event of their doing so, we will use our best exertions to promote a
+good representation of American abolitionists on the occasion."
+
+_Resolved_,--"That we deeply sympathize with the British and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society, in their noble efforts for the abolition of
+slavery and the slave-trade; that we assure them of our hearty
+co-operation in their well devised plans and energetic labors; and that
+so long as the slave question--in connection with the promotion of the
+rights of the free people of color--and nothing else, is admitted to a
+place in anti-slavery meetings, they may expect the co-operation of all
+true-hearted abolitionists throughout the world, in carrying forward the
+great objects of our associations to a glorious consummation."
+
+I returned to Philadelphia on the afternoon of the 17th, but before
+leaving my hotel in New York, informed one of the proprietors that I
+intended being in that city on the week of the anniversaries of the
+Religious and Benevolent Institutions; that as I took a lively interest
+in the anti-slavery question, it was probable some of my friends among
+the people of color would call upon me, and that if he, or any of his
+southern customers objected to this, I would go elsewhere; he answered
+that he had no objection, and even intimated his belief that public
+opinion was undergoing a favorable change in reference to this
+prejudice. Although I did not arrive in Philadelphia till near midnight,
+I found my kind friends, Samuel Webb and wife waiting to receive me,
+whose hospitable dwelling I made my home, whenever I afterwards lodged
+in this city. Samuel Webb is one of the few on whose shoulders the
+burden of the anti-slavery cause mainly rests in Philadelphia. He is a
+practical man, conversant with business, thoroughly acquainted with the
+anti-slavery subject in all its phases, and a strenuous advocate for
+bringing political influence to bear upon the question. He was one of
+the most active in promoting the erection of Pennsylvania Hall, a
+beautiful edifice designed to be open to the use of the anti-slavery
+societies; which was no sooner so appropriated than it was destroyed by
+a mob in the 5th Month, (May,) 1838. The fire-scathed ruin of this
+building yet stands a conspicuous token that the principles of true
+liberty, though loudly vaunted, are neither understood nor enjoyed in
+this Capital of a _free_ republic. If freedom of thought, of speech, of
+the press, and the right of petition had been _realities_ in
+Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hall would have been yet standing. Samuel
+Webb has since taken the chief labor of an appeal to the legal tribunals
+for compensation for this infamous destruction of property, and a jury
+have at length awarded damages, though to a very inadequate amount.
+
+During the ensuing week I was chiefly occupied in attending the
+Philadelphia Friends' Yearly Meeting. In the intervals of the sittings,
+I had many opportunities of meeting "Friends" from whom I received much
+kindness, and many more invitations than it was possible for me to
+accept.
+
+There are many "Friends" of this city who take a deep interest in the
+anti-slavery cause; among whom I may mention Thomas Wistar, an aged and
+influential individual, who, like his venerable contemporary, John Cox,
+has been an abolitionist from his youth up, and a member of the original
+society; and one who has been accustomed to bear his testimony on behalf
+of the oppressed, on suitable occasions, in the presence of his brethren
+in religious fellowship, and whose communications of this kind, are
+always weighty, solemn, and impressive. Dr. Caspar Wistar, son of Thomas
+Wistar, is a warm hearted, active abolitionist, a liberal contributor of
+his pecuniary means, and deeply solicitous that "Friends" in the United
+States should be induced to engage earnestly in the cause of
+emancipation. Edward Needles, a kind and open hearted man, a native of
+Maryland, and President of the "old Abolition Society," is a devoted
+friend to the anti-slavery cause.
+
+The subject of slavery was introduced in the Yearly Meeting by the
+reading of certain minutes of the Meeting for Sufferings, from which it
+appeared that meeting, (the executive Committee of the Society,) had
+taken up the question of the foreign slave-trade, but had not yet
+entertained the consideration of the slavery and internal slave-trade of
+their own country. On the subject of the latter, a very faithful minute
+from the Meeting for Sufferings in London was received and read.
+
+As this term will sometimes occur in the ensuing pages, it may be
+necessary to state for the information of the general reader, that the
+Society of Friends is distributed into various "Yearly Meetings," of
+which there are several on the Continent of North America. Within the
+compass of each an annual assembly is held to regulate all the affairs
+and discipline of that section of the body. There is also in each Yearly
+Meeting a permanent committee called the "Meeting for Sufferings" for
+administering the affairs of the Societies, in the intervals of its
+annual assemblies. The technical name of this committee is an expressive
+memorial of those times of trial, when its chief employment was to
+record "sufferings" and persecutions, and to afford such succor and
+alleviation as circumstances admitted.
+
+An address from the Yearly Meeting of London on slavery was also
+read,[A] which was followed by observations from several, which evinced
+great exercise of mind on the subject. Three thousand copies of it were
+ordered to be printed for distribution among Friends of Pennsylvania,
+and the whole subject of slavery and the slave-trade was referred to
+their Meeting for Sufferings, with a recommendation that an account
+should be drawn up and printed of the former abolition of slavery within
+the limits of the Society of Friends. I need hardly state how much these
+measures were in unison with my own feelings, and that I heartily
+rejoiced at signs of an awakening zeal in my American brethren. Let them
+but ask for the ancient ways, and follow in the footsteps of their
+predecessors, whose memorials are their precious inheritance, and once
+more shall they be made a blessing to mankind, and messengers of mercy
+and deliverance to the oppressed.[B]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix A.]
+
+
+[Footnote B: See Appendix B.]
+
+It will be interesting to some of my English readers to be informed,
+that both the sale and use of spirituous liquors come within the scope
+of discipline among "Friends" in America. In this Yearly Meeting it is
+required that the subordinate meetings should report the number of their
+members, who continue to sell, use, or give ardent spirits. If I
+remember rightly the number of cases reported was fifty-nine. At present
+the moderate use of spirits subjects to admonition, but it was discussed
+at this time whether the rule of discipline should not be rendered more
+stringent, and this practice made a disownable offence. Finally it was
+resolved to make no alteration at present, but to recommend the local
+meetings of Friends to use further labor in the line of reproof and
+persuasion. I am informed that some of the American Yearly Meetings of
+Friends go still farther on this subject. It will scarcely be questioned
+that public sentiment both in the United States, and in England,
+condemns even the moderate use of ardent spirits as a beverage, though
+some difference of opinion will exist as to the propriety of a religious
+society making it a cause of disownment or exclusion. In this case of
+the Philadelphia Meeting, however, it may be remarked, that in a
+community of many thousand members, the practice may be regarded as
+almost eradicated by the milder methods of persuasion. It is a fact
+deserving of notice, that the same worthies of the last century,
+Woolman, Benezet, and others, who raised the standard of anti-slavery
+testimony, also by the same process of independent thinking, and
+single-minded, unhesitating obedience to convictions of duty,
+anticipated the verdict of public opinion on this subject. Woolman found
+that even the most moderate use of ardent spirits, was unfavorable to
+that calm religious meditation, which was the habit of his mind, and has
+left his views on record in various characteristic passages. I shall
+also, I trust, be excused for introducing the following anecdote of two
+of his contemporaries.
+
+"Jacob Lindley, to adopt his own designation of himself was a
+'stripling' when he attended a Yearly Meeting of Friends held at
+Philadelphia; his mind had been for some time much afflicted with an
+observation of the pernicious effects of spirituous liquors, and he was
+anxious that the religious society to which he belonged, should cease to
+use, and prevent any of its members from being instrumental in
+manufacturing or vending them. He therefore rose and developed his
+feelings to the assembly, in the energetic and pathetic manner for which
+he was peculiarly remarkable. When the meeting adjourned, he observed a
+stranger pressing through the crowd towards him, who took him by the
+hand in the most affectionate manner, and said, 'My dear young friend, I
+was very glad to hear thy voice on the subject of spirituous liquors; I
+have much unity with thy concern, and hope that no discouragement may
+have been received from its not being farther noticed; and now I want
+thee to go home, and take dinner with me, having something farther to
+say to thee on the subject.' Lindley accepted the invitation, and after
+they had dined, Benezet introduced his young guest into a little room
+used as a study, where he produced a manuscript work on the subject of
+spirituous liquors, in an unfinished state; he opened the book and laid
+it on a table before them, saying, 'This is a treatise which I have been
+for some time engaged in writing, on the subject of thy concern in
+meeting to-day; and now if thou hast a mind to sit down, and write a
+paragraph or two, I will embody it in the work, and have it
+published.'"[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Life of Anthony Benezet, p. 107-109.]
+
+These eminent men, John Woolman and Anthony Benezet, had much in common;
+yet their characters were as unlike as opposite temperaments, and as
+alike as similarity of views, could make them. So marked was their
+coincidence of sentiment in opposition to the prevailing opinions and
+practices of that day, that it might be surmised one was a disciple of
+the other, yet there is no reason to suppose such was the case. Each had
+the single eye; both learned in the same school, and sat at the feet of
+the same Divine Master. It is an interesting fact that on the subject
+last noticed, their labors should have been comparatively fruitless, and
+for a long interval almost forgotten, while their views on slavery
+rapidly spread, and produced extensive and permanent results. Does not
+this illustrate the lesson long ago taught by a great master of wisdom:
+"In the morning sow thy seed, and in the evening withhold not thy hand;
+for thou knowest not whether shall prosper, either this or that, or
+whether they shall both be alike good." May we not infer from this, that
+even those labors, rightly undertaken, which do not immediately prosper,
+are yet owned and accepted in the Divine sight?
+
+To return from this digression to our attendance of the Yearly Meeting
+in Philadelphia: one interesting part of the business was the annual
+report on education; from which it appeared, that the whole number of
+children, of an age for education, within the compass of this Yearly
+Meeting, was eighteen hundred and fourteen, and of these ninety-eight
+were temporarily absent, though most of them had been receiving
+instruction during part of the year.
+
+I was also deeply interested in the statements made relative to the
+wicked expatriation of the Indians living within this Yearly Meeting's
+limits, by the United States Government, from lands which had been
+secured to them by treaty in the most solemn manner, to the Western
+wilderness, under plea of a fraudulently obtained cession of their
+lands, by a few of their number. What greatly aggravates the case is the
+fact, that these Indians were making rapid progress in civilization, and
+from a nation of hunters had generally become an agricultural people.
+Their whole history is a reproach and blot on the American Government,
+and shews either that public and private virtue amongst the people is at
+a low ebb, or that "the wicked bear rule." On behalf of this injured
+people, "Friends" appear to have made strenuous efforts, but have failed
+in producing any decidedly favorable impression on the Government. The
+report on this subject, embodied a very affecting letter from the chiefs
+of this tribe, describing their grief and distress at the prospect of a
+cruel removal from the homes of their ancestors.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix C.]
+
+During this week, my valued friends, John and Maria Candler, arrived
+from Hayti, after a stay of many months in Jamaica. At the close of the
+Yearly Meeting, a meeting was held, and attended by about three hundred
+"Friends," to whom John Candler gave much interesting information,
+detailing the results of emancipation in that Island, from his own
+extensive observations and inquiries. At the request of some individuals
+present I added a few observations at the close, on the principles and
+objects of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
+
+I visited at this time the celebrated Schuylkill waterworks, which are
+beautifully situated on the river of that name. The water is raised to
+large reservoirs, at a higher level than the tops of the houses, by
+pumps worked by the current of the river. The supply not only suffices
+for the domestic use of the inhabitants, but is abundant for every
+public purpose of ornament or utility. My kind host, Samuel Webb, who
+accompanied me, pointed out a plot of land, presented by William Penn to
+a friend, to enable him to keep a cow, which is now worth many hundred
+thousand dollars for building purposes. He also showed me a mansion, the
+late proprietor of which had received a large accession of wealth from
+the quantities of plate which had been shipped to him in coffee barrels
+from St. Domingo, on the eve of the revolution in that Island, and whose
+owners are supposed to have subsequently perished, as they never
+appeared, with one solitary exception, to claim their property.
+
+It will be necessary, in order to make certain passages of the
+succeeding narrative intelligible to my readers in this country, that
+some account should be given of the schism which has recently taken
+place in the once united and compact organizations of the abolitionists.
+
+The American Anti-Slavery Society, whose origin has been already
+described, acted with great unity and efficiency for several years;
+auxiliaries were formed in all the free States; it scattered its
+publications over the land like the leaves of autumn, and at times had
+thirty or forty lecturers in the field. It kept a steady and vigilant
+eye upon the movements of the pro-slavery party, and wherever a
+vulnerable point was discovered, it directed its attacks. In its
+executive committee were such men as Judge Jay, Arthur and Lewis Tappan,
+La Roy Sunderland, Simeon S. Jocelyn, (the early laborer on behalf of
+the free colored people,) Joshua Leavitt, Henry B. Stanton, and the late
+Dr. Follen, a German political refugee, equally distinguished for his
+literary attainments and his love of liberty.
+
+Until the last three or four years, entire union of purpose and concert
+of action existed among the American abolitionists. This harmony was
+first disturbed by the course pursued in the Boston Liberator. The
+editor of that paper, William Lloyd Garrison, whose early anti-slavery
+career has already been alluded to, and who was deservedly honored by
+the great body of the abolitionists, for his sufferings in their cause,
+and for his triumphant exposure of the oppressive tendencies of the
+colonization scheme, had always refused to share with any society or
+committee, the editorial responsibility of his journal. About the time
+referred to, several pieces were inserted in the _Liberator_,
+questioning the generally received opinions on the first day of the
+week. These were followed by others on other subjects, and he continued
+to keep his readers apprised of the new views of ethics and theology,
+which from time to time were presented to his own mind. His paper was
+not the special organ of any anti-slavery society, yet it was regarded,
+by general consent of the friends and enemies of the cause, as the organ
+of the anti-slavery movement. The discussion in its columns of new and
+startling doctrines, on subjects unconnected with slavery, occasioned
+many of the former much uneasiness and embarrassment, while it furnished
+the latter with new excuses for their enmity, and with the pretence that
+under cover of _abolition_, lurked a design of assailing institutions
+and opinions justly held in regard throughout the Christian world.
+
+In the summer of 1837, Sarah and Angelina Grimke visited New England for
+the purpose of advocating the cause of the slave, with whose condition
+they were well acquainted, being natives of South Carolina, and having
+been themselves at one time implicated in the system. Their original
+intention was to confine their public labors to audiences of their own
+sex, but they finally addressed promiscuous assemblies. Their intimate
+knowledge of the true character of slavery; their zeal, devotion, and
+gifts as speakers, produced a deep impression, wherever they went. They
+met with considerable opposition from colonizationists, and also from a
+portion of the New England clergy, on the ground of the impropriety of
+their publicly addressing mixed audiences. This called forth in the
+Liberator, which at that time, I understand, was under the patronage,
+though I believe not under the control of the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery
+Society, a discussion of the abstract question of the entire equality of
+the rights and duties of the two sexes. Here was a new element of
+discord. In 1838, at the annual New England convention of abolitionists,
+a woman was for the first time placed on committees with men, an
+innovation upon the general custom of the community, which excited much
+dissatisfaction in the minds of many.
+
+About this time the rightfulness of civil and church government began to
+be called in question, through the columns of the Liberator, by its
+editor and correspondents. These opinions were concurrently advocated
+with the doctrine of non-resistance. Those who hold these opinions,
+while they deny that civil and ecclesiastical government are of divine
+authority, are yet passively submissive to the authority of the former,
+though they abstain from exercising the political rights of citizenship.
+There were not wanting those, among the opponents of abolition, to
+charge the anti-slavery body at large with maintaining these views, and
+in consequence serious embarrassments were thrown in the way of a
+successful prosecution of the cause. The executive committee of the
+Society at New York were placed in a difficult position, but as far as I
+am able to judge, they endeavored to hold on the steady tenor of their
+way, without, on the one hand, countenancing the introduction of
+extraneous matters upon the anti-slavery platform; or, on the other
+hand, yielding to the clamor of the pro-slavery party, whether in church
+or state.
+
+In subsequent anti-slavery meetings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere,
+it became manifest that there was a radical difference of opinion on the
+subject of political action; the non-resistant and no-government
+influence, operating decidedly against the employment of the elective
+franchise in the anti-slavery cause; and the agitation of this question,
+as well as that of the rights of women, in their meetings, gave to them
+a discordant and party character, painfully contrasting with the
+previous peaceful and harmonious action of the societies. That some of
+both parties began to overlook the great subject of the slaves'
+emancipation, in zealous advocacy of, or opposition to, these new
+measures, I cannot well doubt, judging from the testimony of those, who,
+not fully sympathizing with either, endeavored to bring all back to the
+single object of the anti-slavery association. In addition to these
+intestine troubles, the pro-slavery party made strenuous exertions to
+fasten upon the society the responsibility of the opinions and
+proceedings of its non-resistant and no-government members. Under these
+circumstances it is easy to understand the interruption, for a season,
+of the unity of feeling and action which had previously characterized
+the assemblies of the abolitionists. The actual separation in the
+societies took place in the Spring of 1840. The members of the executive
+committee at New York, with one exception, seceded and became members of
+the committee of the "new organization," under the name of the "American
+and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society." There are, therefore, now two central
+or national anti-slavery societies; the "old organization," retaining
+the designation of the "American Anti-Slavery Society." The State
+Societies have, for the most part, taken up a position of neutrality, or
+independence of both. It is important to add that the division took
+place on the "women's rights" question, and that this is the only one of
+the controverted points which the American Anti-Slavery Society has
+officially affirmed; and it is argued, on behalf of their view of this
+question, that since, in the original "constitution" of the society, the
+term, describing its members, officers, et cet., is "persons," that
+women are plainly invested with the same eligibility to appointments,
+and the same right to vote and act as the other sex. I need not say how
+this "constitutional" argument is met on the other side. The other new
+views are held by comparatively few persons, and neither anti-slavery
+society in America is responsible for them. In conclusion, I rejoice to
+be able to add, that the separation, in its effects, appears to have
+been a healing measure; a better and kinder feeling is beginning to
+pervade all classes of American abolitionists; the day of mutual
+crimination seems to be passing away, and there is strong reason to hope
+that the action of the respective societies will henceforward
+harmoniously tend to the same object. That such may be the result is my
+sincere desire. It is proper in this connection to state that a
+considerable number of active and prominent abolitionists do not
+entirely sympathize with either division of the anti-slavery society;
+and there are comparatively few who make their views, for or against the
+question on which the division took place, a matter of conscience.
+
+I have now given a brief, and I trust an impartial account of the origin
+of these dissensions. Some may possibly regard the views and proceedings
+above referred to, as the natural growth of abolitionism, but as well
+might the divisions among the early reformers be charged upon the
+doctrines of the Reformation, or the "thirty years' war" upon the
+preaching of Luther.
+
+On the evening of the 14th instant, we met at a social party the leading
+abolitionists of Philadelphia of the "old organization." There were
+present all but one of the delegates from Pennsylvania to the London
+Convention. I availed myself of the opportunity of briefly and
+distinctly stating the unanimous conclusion of the London Anti-Slavery
+Committee, in which I entirely concurred, on the points at issue. I
+observed, in substance, that in the struggle for the liberation of the
+slaves in the British Colonies, one great source of our moral strength
+was, the singleness of our object, and our not allowing any other
+subject, however important or unexceptionable, to be mixed up with it;
+that though the aid of our female coadjutors had been of vital
+importance to the success of the anti-slavery enterprize, yet that their
+exertions had been uniformly directed by separate committees of their
+own sex, and that the abolitionists of Europe had no doubt that their
+united influence was most powerful in this mode of action: that the
+London Committee being convinced that no female delegate had crossed the
+Atlantic, under the belief that the "call" or invitation was intended to
+include women, felt themselves called upon, without in the slightest
+degree wishing to interfere with private opinion on this, or any other
+subject, to withhold their assent to the reception of such delegates, as
+members of the Convention, and that their decision, when appealed
+against, had been ratified in the Convention itself, by an overwhelming
+majority, after a protracted discussion: finally, that those whose views
+I represented, could not be parties to the introduction, in any future
+convention, of this or any other question, which we deemed foreign to
+our cause, and therefore that for those with whom it was a point of
+conscience to carry out what they deemed "women's rights," I saw no
+alternative but a separate organization, in which I wished that their
+efforts on behalf of the oppressed colored race, might be crowned with
+the largest measure of success. I observed, in conclusion, that my
+object was simply to state the decision of those with whom I acted in
+Great Britain, and that I must decline discussion, being fully convinced
+that it was better that the now separate societies should aim at the
+common object, in a spirit of kind and friendly co-operation, each in
+its own sphere, rather than that they should waste their energies in
+mutual contentions, and in the unprofitable discussion of topics not
+legitimately belonging to the great question of the abolition of
+slavery.
+
+Although I had to address a company almost unanimously opposed on these
+points to myself, my communication was received in a kind and friendly
+spirit, and I was courteously informed that it would be taken into
+consideration at the next meeting of the Committee.
+
+My friend, Daniel Neall, at whose house this interview took place, is a
+venerable looking man, a native of Delaware, and son-in-law of the
+excellent Warner Mifflin. He has been an abolitionist from his boyhood.
+Two years ago, he was dragged from the house of a friend in Delaware,
+and tarred and feathered, and otherwise mal-treated by a mob of
+slave-holders and their abettors; he mildly told those near him that if
+they would call at his house at Philadelphia, he would treat them in a
+very different manner. He was president of the Pennsylvania Hall
+Association, and in the terrible mobs of 1838, manifested a calm, quiet
+courage, as rare as it is commendable.
+
+I remained in Philadelphia until the morning of the 28th, and during
+this interval paid many visits, and obtained much information, on the
+state of the anti-slavery feeling in this city, and more particularly
+amongst the members of the religious community to which I belong. On one
+occasion an esteemed individual kindly invited a number of "Friends" to
+meet me at his house, including some who object to uniting in
+anti-slavery effort with those of other denominations. I was introduced
+by the reading of a certificate of membership from the monthly meeting
+to which I belong, and also a document from a number of "Friends" in
+England, well known to those in America, commending me, and the cause in
+which I was engaged, to their kind and favorable consideration.
+
+I then briefly related the leading objects of my visit to America, and
+that it was my anxious wish the members of my own religious society in
+this land, could see it their place to take the same active and
+prominent part in the anti-slavery cause, as their brethren in England
+had done, especially as the principles on which the British and Foreign
+and the American and Foreign Societies were founded, were entirely in
+accordance with the views of the Society of Friends. Those who spoke in
+reply mostly vindicated the course pursued in the United States. From
+this interview, as well as from others of a more private nature, with
+leading "Friends," I came to the conclusion, that a number of these
+would continue, by their influence and advice, to oppose their fellow
+members joining anti-slavery societies, though it is not probable that
+any disciplinary proceedings would be taken against such who might act
+in opposition to this counsel, so long as the recognized principles of
+the Society were not compromised. On this, to me, painfully interesting
+subject, I could dwell at length, but I will simply remark that, while
+it is evident that anti-slavery feeling is at too low an ebb among
+"Friends" here, yet doubtless, many of those who thus excuse themselves
+from active and effective service in the cause, still deeply sympathize
+with their oppressed fellow-men, and are not quite at ease in view of
+the apathy and inaction of the body to which they belong.
+
+On the 28th we arrived at Baltimore; during a stay of two or three days,
+we found several persons who were friendly to our cause. There are
+computed to be five thousand slaves in this city, but of course slavery
+does not obtrude itself on the casual observer. Here, as in other
+countries, he who would see it as it is, must view it on the
+plantations.
+
+The free people of color in Baltimore, are alive to the importance of
+education. One individual told us, that in distributing about two
+hundred and fifty religious books, which had been sent to be
+gratuitously supplied to the poor of this class, he found only five or
+six families, in which the children were not learning to read and write.
+
+While in Baltimore, the inquiries I made respecting Elisha Tyson, fully
+confirmed the impression I have attempted to convey of his extraordinary
+character; perhaps no one has so good a claim to be considered the
+Granville Sharp of North America, and I have inserted in another place
+some particulars drawn from his biography, which will be found full of
+interest.[A] I am glad also to state, that if there is no one citizen of
+Baltimore on whom his mantle rests, there are yet some who are active in
+preventing the illegal detention of negroes, and of bringing such cases
+before the proper tribunal. One of these related the following case of
+recent occurrence. A woman, who was the wife of a free man, and the
+mother of four children, and who had long believed herself legally free,
+was claimed by the heir of her former master. The case was tried, and
+his right of property in her and her children affirmed. He then sold the
+family to a slave dealer for a thousand dollars; of whom the husband of
+the woman re-purchased them, (his _own_ wife and children,) for eleven
+hundred dollars, to repay which he bound himself to labor for the person
+from whom it was borrowed, for twelve years. Yet this is but a mitigated
+instance of oppression in this _Christian_ country.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix D.]
+
+The religious public of this city appear to be doing nothing
+collectively, to abolish or ameliorate slavery, and with the exception
+of "Friends," and the body who have lately seceded from them, I fear
+that all are more or less implicated in its actual guilt. I was informed
+not long since, even the Roman Catholics, who are more free from the
+contamination than many other religious bodies, had, in some part of the
+State, sold several of their own church members, and applied the
+proceeds to the erection of a place of worship. We called upon the Roman
+Catholic Bishop to inquire into the truth of this, but he was from home.
+When at Philadelphia afterwards, in conversation with a priest, I gave
+the particulars, and said I should be glad to be furnished with the
+means of contradicting it. I have not heard from him since.
+
+I am informed that the Yearly Meeting of "Friends" has advised its
+members not to unite with the anti-slavery societies, and has latterly
+discontinued petitioning the legislature for the abolition of the
+internal slave trade, and the amelioration of the slave code; such is
+the prevailing influence of a pro-slavery atmosphere. The code in
+question has of late years been rendered more severe, and the legal
+emancipation of slaves more difficult; yet I was pleased to learn that
+public opinion has in this respect counteracted legislative tyranny;
+that slavery has in fact become milder, and the number of manumissions
+has not lessened.
+
+The mischievous influence of the Colonization Society is very extensive
+among professing Christians in Baltimore, and is paramount in the
+legislature of the State.
+
+The _American_ slave trade is carried on in the most open manner in this
+city. We paid a visit to the establishment of an extensive slave dealer,
+a large new building in one of the principal streets. The proprietor
+received us with great courtesy, and permitted us to inspect the
+premises. Cleanliness and order were every where visible, and, might we
+judge from the specimens of food shewn us, the animal wants of the
+slaves are not neglected. There were only five or six negroes _in
+stock_, but the proprietor told us he had sometimes three or four
+hundred there, and had shipped off a cargo to New Orleans a few days
+before. That city is the market where the highest price is generally
+obtained for them. The premises are strongly secured with bolts and
+bars, and the rooms in which the negroes are confined, surround an open
+court yard, where they are permitted to take the air. We were
+accompanied and kindly introduced by an individual who has often been
+engaged in preventing negroes from being illegally enslaved; and the
+proprietor of the establishment expressed his approval of his efforts,
+and that when such cases come before himself in the way of trade, he was
+accustomed to send them to our friend for investigation; he added that
+slaves would often come to him, and ask him to purchase them, and that
+he was the means of transferring them from worse masters to better; that
+he never parted families, though of course he could not control their
+fate, either before they came into his hands, or after they left him. He
+said he frequently left his concerns for weeks together, under the care
+of his head slave, whose wife he had made free, and promised the same
+boon to him, if he conducted himself well a few years longer. I thought
+it right to intimate my view of the nature of slavery and the slave
+trade, and that I deemed it wholly inconsistent with the plain precept
+"do unto others as ye would they should do unto you." This he did not
+attempt to controvert, yet he stated in extenuation, that the law
+permitted the trade in slaves, though he should be as willing as any one
+to have the system abolished, if the State would grant them compensation
+for their property. He farther said, that he was born in a slave State,
+that his mother had been for fifty years a member of the Wesleyan body,
+and that though he had not joined a Christian church himself, he had
+never sworn an oath, nor committed an immoral act in his life. He also
+shewed, I think, convincingly, that dealing in slaves was not worse than
+slave holding. On leaving the premises, we found the door of his office
+had been locked upon us during this conference. I subsequently learned
+that this person, though living in considerable style, was not generally
+received in respectable society, and that a lady whom he had lately
+married, was shunned by her former acquaintance. Such is the testimony
+of the slave-holders of Baltimore against slave dealing, by which they
+condemn themselves in the sight of God and man, and add the guilt of
+hypocrisy to their own sin. Some time afterwards I addressed the
+following letter to this individual, which was published in many of the
+American papers:
+
+
+    "To HOPE H. SLAUGHTER, _Slave Trader, Baltimore_:
+
+    "Since thou courteously allowed me, in company with my friend,
+    J.G. Whittier, to visit thy slave establishment in the city of
+    Baltimore, some weeks since, I have often felt a desire to
+    address a few lines to thee. I need not, perhaps, say that my
+    feelings were painfully exercised in looking over thy buildings,
+    fitted up with bolts and bars, for the reception of human beings
+    for sale. A sense of the misery and suffering of the unfortunate
+    slaves, who have been from time to time confined there--of their
+    separation from home and kindred--and of the dreary prospect
+    before them of a life of unrequited toil in the South and South
+    West--rested heavily upon me. I could there realize the true
+    nature of the system of slavery. I was in a market-house for
+    human flesh, where humanity is degraded to a level with the
+    brute; and where children of our common Father in Heaven, and
+    for whom our blessed Redeemer offered up the atoning sacrifice
+    of his blood, were bargained for and sold like beasts that
+    perish. And when I regarded thee as the merchant in this
+    dreadful traffic, and heard thee offer remarks, which might in
+    some degree be considered as an apology for thy business,
+    calling our attention to the cleanly state of the apartments,
+    the wholesome provisions, et cet.; and especially when I heard
+    thee declare that thou hadst been educated by a pious
+    mother--that thou wast never addicted to swearing or other
+    immoralities--and that thy business was a legalized one--that
+    thou didst nothing contrary to law--and that, while in thy
+    possession, the poor creatures were treated kindly--that
+    families were not separated,[A] et cet.,--I was glad to perceive
+    some evidence that the nature of thy employment had not
+    extinguished the voice of conscience within thee. In thy
+    sentiments, and in the manner of their utterance, I thought I
+    could see that truth had not left itself without a witness in
+    thy breast, and that a sense of the wrongfulness of thy
+    occupation still disturbed thee.
+
+    [Footnote A: "The latter remark, of course, applies only to the
+    time they remained with thee. For, on the day we visited thy
+    establishment, a friend with whom I was dining informed me, that
+    a few days before a woman and child had been sold to thee, whose
+    husband and father was a free man, who, in his distress, had
+    been offering to bind himself for a term of years, in order to
+    raise the sum (I think $800) demanded for them; but, as he had
+    been unable to do so, my friend had no doubt they had been sent
+    off with the very lot of slaves, which, we were told by thyself
+    had just been forwarded to New Orleans from thy prison. _Who_ is
+    most guilty in this atrocious transaction--the slave owner, who
+    sold thee the woman and child at Baltimore--_thou_, the
+    transporter of them for ever from their husband and parent--_the
+    purchasers_ of the mother and child at New Orleans, where they
+    may be for ever separated from each other--or the _citizen_ who,
+    by his vote and influence, creates and upholds enactments which
+    legalize this monstrous system, is known only to Him before whom
+    the secrets of all hearts are unfolded."]
+
+    "To thy remark that thy business was necessary to the system of
+    slavery, and an essential part of it--and if slave-_holding_
+    were to be justified at all, the slave-_trade_ must be also--I
+    certainly can offer no valid objection; for I have never been
+    able to discover any moral difference between the planter of
+    Virginia and the slave dealer of Baltimore, Richmond, and
+    Washington. Each has his part to act in the system, and each is
+    necessary to the other. And if the matter were not, in all its
+    bearings, painfully serious, it would be amusing to witness the
+    absurd contempt with which the slave owner of Maryland or
+    Virginia professes to look upon the trader, whose purchase of
+    his surplus slaves alone enables him to retain the residue in
+    his possession; for it seems very evident that the only
+    profitable part of the system in those States, at the present
+    time, is the sale of the annual increase of the slaves.
+
+    "In passing from thy premises, we looked in upon the Triennial
+    Convention of the Baptists of the United States, then in session
+    in the city of Baltimore, where I found slave-holding ministers
+    of high rank in the church, urging successfully the exclusion
+    from the Missionary Board of that Society, of all those who, in
+    principle and practice, were known to be decided abolitionists;
+    and the results of their efforts satisfied me that the darkest
+    picture of slavery is not to be found in the jail of the
+    slave-trader, but rather in a convocation of professed ministers
+    of the Gospel of Christ, expelling from the Board of a Society
+    formed to enlighten the heathen of other nations, all who
+    consistently labor for the overthrow of a system which denies a
+    knowledge of the Holy Scriptures to near three millions of
+    heathen at home!
+
+    "But allow me, in a spirit, as I trust, of Christian kindness,
+    to entreat thee not to seek excuses for thy own course in the
+    evil conduct of others. Thou hast already reached the middle
+    period of life--the future is uncertain. By thy hopes of peace
+    here and hereafter, let me urge thee to abandon this occupation.
+    It is not necessary to argue its intrinsic wickedness, for thou
+    knowest it already. I would therefore beseech thee to listen to
+    that voice which, I am persuaded, sometimes urges thee to 'put
+    away the evil of thy doings,' to 'do justice and love mercy,'
+    and thus cease to draw upon thyself the curse which fell upon
+    those merchants of Tyre, who 'traded in the persons of men.'
+    That these warnings of conscience may not longer be neglected on
+    thy part, is the sincere wish of one who, while he abhors thy
+    occupation, feels nothing but kindness and good will towards
+    thyself.
+
+    "Thy friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_New York, 6th Month 30th, 1841._"
+
+
+The Baptist Convention alluded to in the foregoing letter was one whose
+proceedings I regarded with considerable interest, for it had been
+generally understood that the ministers delegated from the South, as
+well as some of those from the Northern States, intended to exclude
+abolitionists from every office on the missionary board, and especially
+to remove my friend, Elon Galusha, a distinguished Baptist minister,
+from the station of vice-president, for the offence of attending the
+London Anti-Slavery Convention, and more particularly for supporting the
+following resolutions of that assembly:
+
+
+    "1. That it is the deliberate and deeply-rooted conviction of
+    this Convention, which it thus publicly and solemnly expresses
+    to the world, that slavery, in whatever form, or in whatever
+    country it exists, is contrary to the eternal and immutable
+    principles of justice, and the spirit and precepts of
+    Christianity; and is, therefore a sin against God, which
+    acquires additional enormity when committed by nations
+    professedly Christian, and in an age when the subject has been
+    so generally discussed, and its criminality so thoroughly
+    exposed.
+
+    "2. That this Convention cannot but deeply deplore the fact,
+    that the continuance and prevalence of slavery are to be
+    attributed in a great degree to the countenance afforded by many
+    Christian churches, especially in the Western world, which have
+    not only withheld that public and emphatic testimony against the
+    crime which it deserves, but have retained in their communion,
+    without censure, those by whom it is notoriously perpetrated.
+
+    "3. That this Convention, while it disclaims the intention or
+    desire of dictating to Christian communities the terms of their
+    fellowship, respectfully submits that it is their incumbent duty
+    to separate from their communion all those persons who, after
+    they have been faithfully warned in the spirit of the gospel,
+    continue in the sin of enslaving their fellow-creatures, or
+    holding them in slavery--a sin, by the commission of which, with
+    whatever mitigating circumstances it may be attended in their
+    own particular instance, they give the support of their example
+    to the whole system of compulsory servitude, and the unutterable
+    horrors of the slave trade.
+
+    "4. That it be recommended to the Committee of the British and
+    Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, in the name of this Convention, to
+    furnish copies of the above resolutions to the ecclesiastical
+    authorities of the various Christian churches throughout the
+    world."
+
+
+On entering the meeting, we found the question was already before them,
+previous to balloting for the officers for the ensuing three years. The
+pro-slavery party were anxious to prevent all discussion, but some on
+the other side proposed questions which compelled their notice. Among
+the rest it was plainly asked, if the southern delegates did not come
+pledged against the re-election of Elon Galusha. This was denied, but
+certain resolutions which had appeared in the public papers were
+appealed to in proof of the fact. The inquiry becoming more searching,
+an expedient was resorted to, which, though quite novel to me, was, I am
+told, not unfrequently adopted when discussions assume a shape not quite
+satisfactory to the controlling powers of a synod. It was proposed that
+they should pray, and then proceed at once to the ballot. The ministers
+called upon were R. Fuller and Elon Galusha, who were considered to
+represent the opposite sides of the discussion. The former individual is
+a large slave-holder, an influential leader in his denomination, and had
+canvassed and condemned Elon Galusha's views and conduct in the public
+newspapers. I must avow, this whole proceeding was little calculated to
+remove my objection to the practice of calling upon any individual to
+offer supplication in a public assembly. After prayer had been offered,
+they proceeded to the ballot, and we left the meeting, deeply impressed
+with the profanation of employing the most solemn act of devotion to
+serve the exigencies of controversy.
+
+In the evening I met a number of the anti-slavery members of the
+Convention, from whom I learned that the vote had excluded Elon Galusha
+and all other known abolitionists from official connection with the
+board, by an hundred and twenty-four to an hundred and seventeen, which
+being a much smaller majority than was expected, they considered the
+result a triumph rather than a defeat.
+
+On the 1st of the 5th Month, (May) we returned to Wilmington, in
+Delaware, where we remained at the hospitable residence of our friend
+Samuel Hilles, till the 3d instant, and met a number of "Friends," and
+others, who treated us with great kindness and hospitality, inspected
+one of the flour mills on the Brandywine river, and the process of
+drying Indian corn before it is ground; these are some of the oldest
+flour mills in the State. A. large peach orchard of one of my friends in
+the neighborhood, was beautifully in bloom. Great quantities of this
+delicious fruit are raised in Delaware, New Jersey, and Maryland. Here,
+as in other parts of the States, much money, has been lost by a silk, or
+rather mulberry tree, mania. Young mulberry trees rose to a dollar and a
+quarter each, though they can be multiplied almost without limit in a
+single year. As might have been expected, a re-action took place, many
+parties were ruined, and berry trees may now be had for the trouble of
+digging them up.
+
+The number of slaves in this small State is now reduced to four or five
+thousand, and from all the information I could collect, I feel convinced
+that if those who are friendly to emancipation were to exert themselves,
+they would succeed, without much difficulty, in procuring the abolition
+of slavery within its limits.
+
+My friend, John G. Whittier, being, from increase of indisposition,
+unable to go forward, I left Wilmington alone, and arrived in New York
+in time to be present at a Baptist Anti-Slavery Convention, which I had
+been invited to attend, and at which I was called upon to make a few
+observations on the present state of the question. Several important
+resolutions were unanimously adopted, containing a cordial approval of
+the principles of proceeding of the London Convention, a recommendation
+that another Convention should be held at the same place in 1842, and an
+assurance that exertions should be used to promote a good delegation
+from the Baptist anti-slavery body.
+
+On that respecting Christian fellowship with slave-holding churches, Dr.
+Brisbane spoke in a touching manner, and said he must support it, though
+his friends and relations were in the South, and some of those dearest
+to him still countenanced slavery, or were themselves slave-holders.
+
+On the 6th I returned to Philadelphia, and that evening attended, by
+invitation, a meeting of the Juvenile Anti-Slavery Society, but took no
+part in the proceedings. This Society is one of the most efficient in
+the State; it is entirely confined to young men. I also received a
+formal invitation to attend other meetings about to be held, which I
+felt under the necessity of declining, from a belief that I could not
+participate in the discussions of the meetings with advantage to the
+cause which we all had at heart, and from the fact that previous to
+receiving the invitation I had made other arrangements which would
+occupy most of my time.
+
+The present organized anti-slavery societies in Pennsylvania insist upon
+the mixed action of men and women in committees, et cet. Those who do
+not hold with their views have either silently withdrawn, avoid
+participating in measures which they disapprove, or do not attend
+meetings when it is expected any such measures will be brought forward.
+Among such measures may be reckoned the censures which in a few
+instances have been passed on the London Convention, and the British and
+Foreign Anti-Slavery Society; censures sometimes more decided in
+sentiment than temperate in expression. My own inclination would have
+led me to attend several of these meetings, when my other engagements
+would have permitted, if I could have done so as an ordinary spectator
+and hearer; but on considering that I might appear on the one hand to
+give a tacit sanction to acts and sentiments which I disapproved, or on
+the other hand, that I might be drawn into controversy by explaining my
+objections, I concluded to forego the gratification which the
+proceedings might have afforded me, and I subsequently saw no reason to
+repent the decision I came to.
+
+During this visit to Philadelphia, I made calls upon various individuals
+who are deeply interested in the anti-slavery cause, but who have not
+joined any anti-slavery society. Among these I must instance Professor
+Charles D. Cleveland, an excellent individual, of the Presbyterian
+persuasion, a man of fine talents and an accomplished scholar, who is
+the editor of a paper called the American Intelligencer, in which he has
+reprinted a very large edition of J.J. Gurney's "Letters from the West
+Indies," and has extensively distributed it through the post office.
+This effort of judicious zeal, will probably make hundreds of
+emancipationists, and disarm hostility and rouse indifference to a great
+extent. No impartial and benevolent mind can read these authentic
+details of the results of emancipation in the British Colonies, and
+remain unconvinced of its safety and blessed fruits to every class of
+the community. The Professor has published and circulated Dr. Channing's
+"Emancipation," in the same shape. I also called upon the late Governor
+of Illinois, Edward Coles, who was born in a slave State, but in early
+life, while at college, from a conviction of the sinfulness of
+slave-holding, he resolved upon liberating the negroes which would come
+into his possession on the death of his father. This he faithfully
+performed, removed the people to Illinois, and presented them; with
+lands for their subsistence. He himself soon removed there and became
+Governor of the territory. It was owing to his determined and vigorous
+efforts that slavery was made unconstitutional in that State. He was a
+friend of President Jefferson, and corresponded with him on the subject
+of slavery. All his liberated slaves prospered, all learned to read and
+write, two are now ministers of the gospel, and one is the Governor's
+agent, and a man of property. The number thus freed were between thirty
+and forty, and their value amounted to half his property; but a,
+blessing has followed the sacrifice, and he has now retired to
+Philadelphia with a handsome competence. In the course of conversation,
+the Governor spoke of the prejudice, against color prevailing here as
+much stronger than in the slave States, I may add, from my own
+observation, and much concurring testimony, that Philadelphia appears to
+be the metropolis of this odious prejudice, and that there is probably
+no city in the known world, where dislike, amounting to hatred of the
+colored population, prevails more than in the city of brotherly love!
+
+Among the proofs of this, and of the same feeling in the State at large,
+it may be noticed that two or three years since, a convention was called
+for amending the State constitution, which among other changes, formally
+deprived men of color of the elective franchise. Practically this was of
+little importance, for it was taking away a right, the exercise of
+which, if attempted, would have roused popular indignation to the peril
+of their lives. A yet more obvious sign to the stranger in Philadelphia,
+are the ruins of "Pennsylvania Hall," which most of my readers are
+probably aware was destroyed by a pro-slavery mob in the spring of 1838.
+It stood near the centre of the city, and was sixty-two feet front by
+one hundred deep, and fifty-two feet to the eaves: the large saloon in
+the second story with its galleries being capable of holding three
+thousand persons. On the occasion of its opening, a large number of the
+friends of emancipation assembled in the city, to attend the anniversary
+of the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, and some other meetings
+connected with the cause. Letters of congratulation on the opening of
+the hall were received by the managers from ex-president Adams, William
+Slade and Francis James, members of Congress, Thomas Morris of the U.S.
+Senate, Judge Jay, Gerritt Smith, and other distinguished friends of
+equal rights. The letter of the venerable ex-president is written with
+his characteristic energy, and I quote an extract from it in further
+proof of the sentiments already expressed on the state of feeling in the
+land of Penn and Benezet, Pemberton and Franklin, on the subject of
+slavery.
+
+
+    "The right of discussion upon slavery, and an indefinite extent
+    of topics connected with it, is banished from one-half the
+    States of this Union. It is _suspended_ in both houses of
+    Congress; opened and closed at the pleasure of the slave
+    representation; opened for the promulgation of nullification
+    sophistry; closed against the question, What is slavery? at the
+    sound of which the walls of the capitol staggered like a drunken
+    man.
+
+    "For this suppression of the freedom of speech and press, and
+    the right of petition, the people of the _free_ States of this
+    Union are responsible, and the _people of Pennsylvania most of
+    all_. Of this responsibility, I say it with a pang, sharper than
+    language can express, _the city of Philadelphia must take
+    herself the largest share_."
+
+
+The meetings of the first day passed without disturbance. On the evening
+of the second day, a meeting of the Female Anti-Slavery Society was held
+in the hall, the proceedings of which were greatly disturbed by a mob of
+from 1500 to 2000 persons, assembled without. The windows on all sides
+were beaten in by stones and other missiles, and one or two persons
+severely injured. The next day the mob lingered about the building, no
+effort being made by the pro-slavery authorities to disperse them. In
+the evening the building was attacked, the doors burst open, and fire
+communicated to the interior; and in the midst of at least 20,000
+persons, the noble and costly hall was consumed, with the exception of
+its bare walls. My friend John G. Whittier, who was present at the time,
+states that the most dreadful threats were uttered by the rioters
+against the prominent abolitionists. The house of Samuel Webb was
+particularly marked for destruction; and as the mob assembled nightly
+for several days, it is scarcely possible to conceive a more trying
+situation than that in which the abolitionists were placed. The
+"Friends" asylum for colored orphans, a small but useful institution,
+was attacked by a portion of the mob, and the next day the association
+to which it belongs publicly disclaimed any connection with the
+abolition societies. One of the daily papers also contained the
+following, headed "Communication."
+
+"An opinion having become prevalent that a considerable number of the
+society of Orthodox Friends were present at the late meetings in
+Pennsylvania Hall, taking an active part in the proceedings, and that
+they still uphold the principles in relation to slavery and the colored
+race there promulgated, it is but justice to this respectable body of
+people to correct public opinion in relation to the subject, by
+observing that _very few_ if any attended the meetings; that among the
+society it is doubtful whether twenty individuals are to be found in
+this city who embrace their doctrines, and that they, as a body, are
+opposed to the indiscreet course which has been taken by the ultra
+abolitionists. Had their views been understood in relation to the
+subject, their property in Thirteenth street would, no doubt, have been
+spared the violence it has suffered, being in no way connected with
+abolitionism, but merely designed as a shelter for an unfortunate class
+of children who have large claims upon the community; and who, upon
+application made in their behalf for the purposes for which this asylum
+was designed, even to the _mob_, I have no hesitation in saying that, as
+_human beings_, they would not oppose it."
+
+While other portions of the community were in like manner propitiating
+the mob, the few but faithful abolitionists of the city calmly but
+firmly maintained their principles, even at the peril of life and
+estate. On the morning after the burning of the Hall, the State
+Anti-Slavery Society, pursuant to adjournment, met at the ruins of the
+Hall, and, amidst the smoking walls, and with the mob lingering about
+them, they proceeded to their business--Abraham L. Pennock, the Vice
+President of the Society, presiding. The editor of the Pennsylvania
+Freeman, John G. Whittier, whose publication office and papers had been
+destroyed by the mob, in his next paper published the following
+editorial article, which I have copied simply to show that while the
+abolitionists on this occasion maintained their sentiments in a clear
+and unequivocal manner, they did not indulge in the language of revenge
+or anger.
+
+
+    "We perhaps need offer no apology to our distant readers, for
+    the want of variety in our present number. Ours must be this
+    week a record of violence--a story of persecution and outrage.
+    We hardly dare trust ourselves to speak upon this matter. It is
+    our desire to do so, if at all, in a tone of calmness,--to hold
+    ourselves aloof, as far as possible, from the present
+    excitement,--to utter our abiding testimony, now dearer than
+    ever to our hearts, not in the language of passion, but firmly
+    and decidedly.
+
+    "Our readers will gather from the statements made in the
+    different extracts in our paper, and especially from the Address
+    of the Executive Committee of the State Anti-Slavery Society,
+    the leading facts of the outrage. Of the course pursued by the
+    civil authorities, we leave the community to judge. Our own
+    reliance for protection has been upon that Providence whose
+    mercy is over all,--in the justice of our cause, and in our
+    conscious innocence of heart and integrity of purpose. We
+    rejoice, and in so doing, the abolitionists of Pennsylvania
+    unite with us, that human life was not sacrificed in defence of
+    our Hall, our persons, and our property. We know, indeed, that
+    had the attack been made upon the United States Bank, or any
+    similar institution in this city, the civil authorities would
+    have met its fury, not as now, with a speech only, but with
+    loaded firelocks and fixed bayonets. We know, it is true, that
+    the mob were in a great measure left free to work their
+    mischievous will upon us. But if those in authority have, _upon
+    their own principles_, treated us with neglect in the hour of
+    our peril, upon them let the responsibility rest. We have thus
+    far survived the onset. Under God, for to him alone are we
+    indebted for protection, we are still left to bear our testimony
+    to the truth. Our consciences are in this matter void of
+    offence. In cheerful serenity of spirit, and not in the tone of
+    menace or boasting, we declare our faith in the principles of
+    emancipation unfaltering--our zeal undiminished--our
+    determination to persevere unaltered. Our confidence in the
+    triumphant and glorious issue of the present struggle remains
+    firm.
+
+      'Truth smote to Earth revives again;
+      The eternal years of God are hers--
+      But error wounded, shrieks with pain,
+      And dies among her worshippers.'
+
+
+    "From this time henceforward, Pennsylvania must become the great
+    battle-field of opinion on the subject of slavery. The light of
+    that evening's sacrifice has reached already every portion of
+    our State. Men are every where inquiring why the sacrifice was
+    made? Why a mighty city was convulsed with violence? Why a noble
+    hall was burned by incendiaries in the view of gazing thousands?
+    Why the 'shelter for orphan children' was set on fire, and why
+    the houses of our citizens were surrounded by a ruffian mob?
+    They may be told now by the perpetrators of these outrages, that
+    all has been occasioned by the conduct of the abolitionists. But
+    the delusion cannot last. Truth will make its way to the abused
+    ear of the community; and it will be known that the scenes which
+    have disgraced our city, are directly attributable to the
+    influence of southern slavery. The spirit of free inquiry, now
+    fairly awakened, will never again slumber in this state. Like
+    the Greek fire, it will blaze with fiercer intensity for every
+    attempt to extinguish it."
+
+
+The proceedings of the authorities and the public at large, consequent
+upon this act of incendiarism and outrageous violence, were truly
+characteristic. It is supposed that the destruction of the Hall was
+planned beforehand, and there is some evidence to show that strangers
+from the South were implicated in the conspiracy; but, as usual, the old
+drama of the wolf accusing the lamb was enacted over again, and a
+pretext was laid hold of, that, in the peculiar state of feeling
+existing in the community, was almost deemed a justification of all that
+had happened; though, in truth, it was in the last degree ridiculous. It
+was asserted that colored men had been seen walking arm in arm with
+white ladies, and that white men had handed colored females out of their
+carriages at the door of the Hall, as politely as if they had not
+belonged to the proscribed class. In several instances, if not in all,
+these reports were untrue in point of fact, and originated in the
+existing paradox, that colored men and women are sometimes white, and
+that white gentlemen and ladies are not unfrequently of dark complexion.
+As an illustration, I quote the following scene from a letter addressed
+to me by Robert Purvis, an intelligent and educated man of color, and
+the son-in-law of James Forten, a wealthy and venerable colored citizen
+of Philadelphia, recently deceased.
+
+"In regard to my examination before the jury in the Pennsylvania Hall
+case, I have to say, that it was both a painful and ludicrous affair. At
+one time the fulness of an almost bursting heart was ready to pour forth
+in bitter denunciation--then the miserable absurdity of the thing,
+rushing into my mind, would excite my risible propensities. You know the
+county endeavored to defend itself against the award of damages, by
+proving that the abolitionists were the cause of the destruction of the
+building, in promoting promiscuous intermingling, in doors and out, of
+blacks and whites, thereby exciting public feeling, &c. A witness, whose
+name I now forget, in proof of this point, stated, that upon a certain
+day, hour, &c., a '_negress_' approached the Hall, in a carriage, when a
+white man assisted her in getting out, offered his arm, which was
+instantly accepted, and he escorted her to the saloon of the building!
+In this statement he was collected, careful, and solemn--minutely
+describing the dress, appearance of the parties, as well as the
+carriage, the exact time, &c.--the clerks appointed for the purpose
+taking down every word, and the venerable jurors looking credulous and
+horror-stricken. Upon being called to _rebut_ the testimony I, in truth
+and simplicity, confirmed his testimony in every particular!! The
+attorney, on our behalf, David Paul Brown, Esq., a gentleman, scholar,
+and philanthropist, in a tone of irony peculiarly severe, demanded,
+'whether I had the unblushing impudence, in broad day-light, to offer my
+arm to my wife?' I replied, in deep affectation of the criminality
+involved, that the only palliation I could offer, for conduct so
+outrageous was, that it was unwittingly done, it seemed so natural.
+This, as you might well suppose, produced some merriment at the expense
+of the witness for the county, and of all others, whose gullibility and
+prejudice had given credit to what would have been considered, had I
+been what is called a white man, an awful story."
+
+The proceedings in the case are, I believe, still pending. My friend,
+Samuel Webb, in a letter dated "11th Month 16th, 1841," says:
+
+
+    "Last 7th day, after several years incessant struggle, we
+    brought the case of the Pennsylvania Hall before the Court of
+    Criminal Sessions. George M. Dallas, Counsel for the County, in
+    opposing the award of the appraisers, (thirty-three thousand
+    dollars, not one-third of what it ought to have been,) spoke for
+    about one hour--the purport of his speech was--that here was no
+    mob at all, (!) that the jury appointed to ascertain the facts
+    had reported to the Court, that the mob, if mob it might be
+    called, was composed of orderly, respectable citizens; and of,
+    course, orderly, respectable citizens could not be a mob. After
+    this I should not be surprised to hear it doubted whether there
+    ever was such a building, or if there was, whether it was ever
+    destroyed; but unluckily the ruined walls are still standing,
+    and if I had my way, _there they should stand_, until slavery
+    shall be abolished, which it will be, soon after your East India
+    possessions can grow cotton for six cents per lb. by free
+    labor."
+
+
+To resume the narrative: I paid a visit to the widow of Joseph
+Lancaster, who, with her three children by a former husband, are living
+in great obscurity in the suburbs of this city.
+
+I returned to New York on the 10th, for the purpose of being in the city
+at the time when the religious and benevolent anniversaries are held,
+and of meeting parties who attend them. Here I had the pleasure of
+meeting with several warm-hearted abolitionists from distant parts of
+the country. The first meeting I attended was the anniversary of the
+American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, which, though held at a
+distance from the centre of the city, in consequence of the
+pre-engagement of the New York Tabernacle, was well attended, and I
+believe gave general satisfaction. I was present also at two other of
+its meetings. I attended several adjourned sittings of a convention
+called for the purpose of organizing a political "Liberty party," on the
+grand principle of the abolition of slavery. The chief business in hand
+was to nominate a President and Vice President of the United States, for
+the next election, and the choice fell upon my friend James G. Birney,
+for President, and Thomas Morris, late United States Senator from Ohio,
+for Vice President. A plan was arranged for putting in nomination
+abolition candidates for every office in the free States, down to that
+of constable.
+
+I listened to the discussions that took place with considerable
+interest, as there are some valuable friends to the cause, men, whose
+opinions justly carry great weight, who do not think this the best means
+of bringing political influence to bear upon the question, but who would
+prefer voting for such anti-slavery candidates, as might be nominated by
+either of the two great parties already existing, or in the absence of
+any such candidate would decline voting at all. My own bias was in favor
+of this course, since it was the one pursued in Great Britain, and which
+had been so eminently successful in the general election of 1833. I
+became convinced, however, that the "third party" has strong reasons in
+its favor, and that in various important respects the abolitionists of
+the United States are differently circumstanced in regard to elections
+from those of my own country; and it must not be forgotten that many of
+the men who pledged themselves on the hustings in England were not
+faithful at the time of trial. At the last sitting of the Convention, I
+stated the advantage we had found in England, when we wished to carry
+any specific measure, of a personal interview with the members of the
+legislature, who might state facts to them and answer their objections.
+It was immediately suggested to send a deputation to Albany, where the
+senate and assembly of the State of New York were then in session, to
+promote the repeal of two iniquitous laws affecting people of color, and
+which were to be brought before the consideration of the Houses. One of
+them is known as the "nine months law." By its provisions a slave-holder
+could bring his negro "with his own consent" into this _free_ State, and
+keep him there in slavery for nine months! At the expiration of the time
+it was of course very easy by a short journey to a neighboring State, to
+obtain a new license, and thus perpetuate slave-holding in the State of
+New York. The other law was an act restricting the elective franchise of
+men of color, to those possessing a fixed amount of property, no such
+restriction existing in the case of white men. This suggestion was
+adopted by the Convention, and a deputation appointed, with what success
+will be seen hereafter.
+
+In order to give a general idea of the course pursued by the "Liberty
+party," I subjoin a statement of the plan of operation issued by a
+Philadelphia committee.
+
+
+    "PLAN OF OPERATION.
+
+    "A national committee to meet at Utica, to have a general care
+    and oversight of the cause throughout the nation, and to act as
+    a central corresponding committee.--State committees, to perform
+    similar duties, in their States.--County committees, the same in
+    their respective counties.--City and district committees, the
+    same in their respective cities and districts.--Township and
+    ward committees, to have the particular charge of their
+    respective townships or wards.
+
+    "This duty may be performed by their appointing a sub-committee,
+    to consist of one member for each block, square, section,
+    sub-division, or neighborhood, whose duty it will be to endeavor
+    to abolitionize his sub-division; or, at least, ascertain, as
+    far as practicable, how many of the legal voters will vote the
+    Liberty ticket, and transmit the number to his city or county
+    committee, which is to forward the number of voters in their
+    city or county to their Stale committee, and the State committee
+    is to forward the number of voters in their State to the
+    national committee; and also to distribute, or cause to be
+    distributed, in his sub-division, such tracts, circulars,
+    notices, tickets, &c., as shall be furnished by his superior
+    committee for that purpose.
+
+    "Each committee is to communicate with its next superior
+    committee once a year, or oftener, if required, and to meet at
+    such time and place not less than once a month, as shall be
+    agreed upon between it and its superior committee."
+
+
+I afterwards was present at one of a series of meetings, held for the
+purpose of introducing to the public the Amistad captives, Africans of
+the Mendi country, who had recently regained their freedom. The case of
+these people is so singularly interesting, that, though some of my
+readers may be already well acquainted with it, I venture to introduce a
+brief statement of their history in the Appendix.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix E.]
+
+On this occasion a very crowded and miscellaneous assembly attended, to
+see and hear the Mendians, although the admission had been fixed as high
+as half a dollar, with the view of raising a fund, to carry them to
+their native country. Fifteen of them were present, including one little
+boy and three girls. Cinque their chief, spoke with great fluency in his
+native language; and his action and manner were very animated and
+graceful. Not much of his speech was translated, yet he greatly
+interested his audience. The little boy could speak our language with
+facility; and each of them read without hesitation one or two verses in
+the New Testament. It was impossible for any one to go away with the
+impression, that in native intellect these people were inferior to the
+whites. The information which I privately received, from their tutor and
+others who had full opportunities of appreciating their capacities and
+attainments, fully confirmed my own very favorable impressions.
+
+One evening during my stay, I took tea with twelve or fifteen colored
+gentlemen, at the house of a colored family. The refined manners and
+great intelligence of many of them would have done credit to any
+society. The whites have a monopoly of prejudice, but not a monopoly of
+intellect; nor of education and accomplishments; nor even of those more
+trivial, yet fascinating graces, which throw the charm of elegance and
+refinement over social life.
+
+I found from the conversation I had with my colored friends, on
+different occasions, that the prejudice against them was steadily, and
+not very slowly, giving way; yet several instances were mentioned, of
+recent occurrence, which show that it is still strong: I will quote one
+only. A colored gentleman informed me that last winter a near female
+relative being about to take a journey by railway to Philadelphia, she
+was compelled, though in delicate health, to travel in the comfortless,
+exposed car, expressly provided for negroes, though he offered to pay
+double fare for a place in the regular carriage. A lady, not of the
+proscribed class, who has long resided in New York, mentioned to me as a
+marked indication of a favorable change in regard to color, the holding
+of such meetings as those at which the Amistad captives were introduced.
+Such an exhibition, instead of causing a display of benevolent interest
+among all classes, would, some years ago, have excited the malignant
+passions of the multitude, and probably caused a popular out-break.
+Another sign of the times was, that white and colored children might be
+seen walking in procession without distinction, on the anniversaries of
+the charity schools. The same lady, in whose veracity I place full
+confidence, informed me that there is now residing in this city, a
+native of Cuba, formerly a slave-holder at the Havana, who had narrowly
+escaped assassination from a negro. He had threatened the slave with
+punishment the following day, but the desperate man concealed himself in
+his master's room, and in the night, stabbed and killed his mistress by
+mistake, instead of his master. Three negroes were executed as principal
+and accessories; but their intended victim was so terrified that he left
+Havana for New York. His fears, not his conscience, were alarmed, for he
+still carries on his diabolical traffic between Africa and Cuba, and is
+reported to have gained by it, last year, one hundred thousand dollars.
+He lives in great splendor, and has the character of a liberal and
+generous man, but with the most implacable hatred to the blacks. "One
+murder makes a villain, thousands a hero." How wide the distinction
+between this man and the wretches who paid the forfeit of their lives
+for a solitary murder![A]
+
+[Footnote A: Sir F. Buxton has shown that two lives at least are
+sacrificed for every slave carried off from Africa.]
+
+On the evening of the 17th, in company with several of my abolition
+friends, I started for Albany, where the State legislature was then in
+session. The distance from New York is about a hundred and fifty-five
+miles, and is frequently performed by the steamers, on the noble river
+Hudson, in nine hours and a half up the stream, and in eight hours down.
+On these steamers there is accommodation for several hundred passengers
+to lodge, and the fare is only one dollar, with an extra charge for beds
+and meals. For an additional dollar, two persons may secure a state room
+to themselves.
+
+As night drew on, and the deck began to be cleared, I observed a
+well-dressed black man and woman sitting apart, and supposing they could
+obtain no berths on account of their color, I went and spoke to them. I
+told them I and several others on board were abolitionists. The man then
+informed us they were escaping from slavery, and had left their homes
+little more than two days before. They appeared very intelligent, though
+they could neither read nor write, and described to us how they had
+effected their escape. They had obtained leave to go to a wedding, from
+which they were not expected to return till the evening of the day
+following. Having procured forged certificates of freedom, for which
+they paid twenty-five dollars, each, they came forward with expedition
+by railway and steam boat. They had heard of emancipation in the British
+West Indies, and the efforts of the abolitionists in the States, but
+they were unacquainted with the existence of vigilance committees, to
+facilitate the escape of runaway slaves. We assisted them to proceed to
+the house of a relative of one of our party, out of the track of the
+pursuer, should they be followed. There is little doubt that they have
+safely reached Canada, for I was told at Albany, public opinion had
+become so strong in favor of self-emancipation, that if a runaway were
+seized in the city, it is probable he would be rescued by the people.
+
+I would also point attention to the fact, which is brought to light by
+this relation, that the slave-holders have not only to contend with the
+honest and open-handed means which the abolitionists most righteously
+employ,[A] to facilitate the escape of slaves, but with the mercenary
+acts of members of their own community, who live by the manufacture and
+sale of forged free papers.
+
+[Footnote A: See Deut. xxiii, 15, 16.]
+
+During my stay in Albany, I waited upon William H. Seward, the Governor,
+and on Luther Bradish, the Lieutenant Governor of the State of New York.
+It will, I trust, be considered no breach of confidence, if I state that
+I found their sentiments on the true principles of liberty, worthy of
+the enlightened legislators and first magistrates of a free republic.
+They concur in the general sentiment that public opinion in this
+metropolitan State is making rapid progress in favor of full and
+impartial justice to the people of color, a movement to which their own
+example in the high stations which they adorn has given a powerful
+impulse.
+
+I attended part of the sittings of the Senate and Assembly, and
+conversed with a number of members of both houses. The public business
+was transacted with at least as much order and decorum as in the Lords
+and Commons of Great Britain. I left Albany the same evening, and had
+the satisfaction of hearing, a few days afterwards, that the repeal of
+"the nine months law" had passed both houses, and was ratified by the
+Governor; and that in the Assembly upwards of fifty members had voted
+for it, although it was thought not ten would have done so two years
+since. By this change of the law any slave brought by his master within
+the limits of the State, even with his own consent, is not obliged to
+return to slavery.
+
+I proceeded by way of New York to Hartford in Connecticut, in order to
+be present at an anti-slavery meeting of the State Society, to which I
+had been invited. On my arrival, on the afternoon of the 19th, I found
+the meeting assembled, and in the chair my friend J.T. Norton, a member
+of the Connecticut legislature, a munificent and uncompromising friend
+to the anti-slavery cause, and one of the delegates to the London
+Convention. A black minister of religion addressed the meeting in an
+able and interesting manner. Soon after the close of his speech, a
+circumstance, quite unexpected to me, introduced a discussion on the
+right of women to vote and publicly act, conjointly with men. The
+chairman decided that the motion in favor of it was negatived, but the
+minority required the names on both sides to be taken down; this
+consumed much time, and disturbed the harmony of the meeting. I attended
+in the evening a committee of the legislature, which was sitting at the
+court house, to hear the speeches of persons who were allowed to address
+the committee in support of a petition that the word "white" should be
+expunged from the constitution of Connecticut. This change would of
+course give equal rights to the colored class. When I entered, the same
+colored minister I had heard in the afternoon, was addressing the
+committee. He was listened to with great attention, not only by the
+members, but by near two hundred of the inhabitants, who were present.
+He was followed on the same side, by a white gentleman in a very strong
+and uncompromising speech. The next day I paid my respects to William W.
+Ellsworth, the Governor of the State, and to one of the judges of the
+court; and afterwards attended the adjourned meeting of the Anti-Slavery
+Society. The vexed question of "women's rights" was again brought
+forward in another shape; the names on both sides again called for, with
+the same result as before. My belief was fully confirmed, that those who
+differ so widely in sentiment, have no alternative but to meet and act
+in distinct organizations.
+
+The Amistad captives arrived at Hartford on the afternoon of the same
+day, and were to address a meeting in the evening. An anti-slavery
+bazaar or fair which I visited this day, furnished ample testimony of
+the zeal of the female friends of the oppressed slave in this district.
+I returned the same evening to New Haven, and subsequently received a
+copy of two resolutions, approving the proceedings of the general
+Anti-Slavery Convention, in which it is stated by the Connecticut
+anti-slavery committee, "they have abundant evidence that the cause of
+the slave has been essentially promoted thereby;" also recommending
+"that a convention of men from all parts of the world, friendly to the
+cause of immediate emancipation, be again called in London, in the
+summer of 1842."
+
+On the 21st, I proceeded to the residence of Judge Jay, where I was very
+kindly received by his wife and family, the Judge himself being from
+home. On his return the next day, I had much interesting conversation
+with him on the prospects of our cause. He is convinced that it is
+making steady progress, notwithstanding the schism in the anti-slavery
+ranks. He said also, that of the runaway slaves who called at his house,
+some have told him that their condition had improved of late years;
+others saw no change in their treatment; not one has complained that
+they suffered more than formerly, in consequence of the discussions at
+the North about abolition. With regard to the free blacks, he fears that
+the persecution of them by the slave-holders has increased; though at
+the North the prejudice against them has unquestionably, in his opinion,
+been much mitigated by the efforts of the abolitionists. It is an
+interesting fact, and one that ought to encourage the humble and retired
+laborer in the cause of truth and righteousness, that this able and
+distinguished advocate of the claims of the oppressed slaves and people
+of color, was converted to his present views by Elizabeth Heyrick's
+pamphlet, "Immediate, not Gradual, Abolition of West India Slavery." Let
+me for a moment pause to render a tribute of justice to the memory of
+that devoted woman. Few will deny that the long and heart-sickening
+interval that occurred between the abolition of the slave-trade of Great
+Britain, and the emancipation of her slaves, was owing to the false, but
+universal notion, that the slaves must be gradually prepared for
+freedom: a notion that we now confess is as contrary to reason and
+Christian principle as it is opposed to the past experience of our
+colonies. Yet a generation passed away while the abolitionists of Great
+Britain were trying to make ropes of sand--to give practical effect to
+an impracticable theory; pursuing a delusion, which this honored woman
+was the first to detect; and that less by force and subtlety of
+argument, than by the statement of self-evident truths, and by the
+enforcement of the simple and grand principle that Christianity admits
+of no compromise with sin. This was an easy lesson, yet it was one which
+our senators and statesmen, our distinguished philanthropists, and our
+whole anti-slavery host were slow to learn. The pamphlet produced little
+immediate effect, but to cause its writer to be regarded as an amiable
+enthusiast and visionary. It now remains a monument of the
+indestructible nature, and the irresistible power of truth, even when
+wielded by feeble and despised hands.
+
+Judge Jay read to me part of a very interesting and important
+manuscript, which he had prepared on the preservation of international
+peace. He suggests that any two nations, entering into an alliance,
+should embody in their treaty a clause mutually binding them to refer
+any dispute or difficulty that may arise, to the arbitration of one or
+more friendly powers. As he has concluded to publish his pamphlet, I
+trust it will shortly be in the hands of the friends of peace in this
+country, as well as in America. This idea is beautifully simple, and of
+easy application. Through the kindness of the author, I have been
+furnished with a long and important extract from his manuscript, which I
+am permitted to lay before the British public by anticipation, in the
+Appendix to the present work.[A] On returning from his hospitable
+mansion, he obligingly sent his carriage with me to Sing Sing, but the
+steamboat had started earlier than we expected, and I hired a carriage
+and a pair of horses, with the driver, who was also the proprietor, to
+convey me the remainder of the way to New York. The distance for which I
+engaged it, was thirty-six miles, for the moderate sum of five dollars.
+On the road, the man pointed out the place where Major Andre was taken,
+whose tragical end excites sympathy even to this day, in the breast of
+the Americans. On entering the city, we passed a man in livery, and my
+driver remarked, "There, that is English; I would not wear _that_ for a
+hundred dollars a day." Long may the American, who lives by his daily
+labor, preserve this feeling of honorable independence.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix F.]
+
+During my stay at New York this time, I was the guest of my friend
+William Shotwell, Jr., at whose hospitable dwelling, I afterwards took
+up my abode, whenever I lodged in the city. From the 24th to the 28th, I
+was chiefly occupied in attending the sittings of the Friends' Yearly
+Meeting of this State; and, during the intervals, in seeing many Friends
+in private company. I was much encouraged to find among them, a
+considerable number thoroughly imbued with anti-slavery sentiments;
+especially, from the western parts of the State. The subject of slavery
+was introduced, in the Yearly Meeting, by reading the Epistle from the
+Society in England, which is elsewhere quoted.[A] This was followed on
+the part of many, by expressions of deep feeling; and the question was
+referred to a committee, for practical consideration. In consequence of
+the report of this committee, at a subsequent sitting, five hundred
+copies of the English address were directed to be printed, and
+circulated among Friends, within the compass of the Yearly Meeting; and
+the whole subject was referred to its "meeting for sufferings," with an
+earnest recommendation, that they should embrace every right opening for
+furthering the great object. The clerk of the Yearly Meeting expressed
+his firm conviction, that the work was on the wheel, and that nothing
+would be permitted to stop its progress, until, either in mercy or in
+judgment, the bonds of every slave should be broken. He spoke in a very
+powerful manner. In most of the epistles sent out from this Yearly
+Meeting, as well as from that of Philadelphia, the subject of slavery
+was introduced, and commended to the earnest consideration of the body,
+here and elsewhere. Previous to the assembling of the Yearly Meeting, I
+had placed in the hands of one of its members, the following letter:
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix A.]
+
+
+    My Dear Friend,--Wilt thou have the kindness to ask the Friends
+    with whom it rests to grant such a request, to permit the use of
+    the meeting house at a convenient time, either during the Yearly
+    Meeting, or before those who attend from the country leave the
+    city, for the purpose of affording my friend John Candler an
+    opportunity of giving Friends some outline of emancipation in
+    Jamaica. I should like at the same time to give a little
+    information on the state of the anti-slavery question in other
+    parts of the world. John Candler, it is I believe generally
+    known, visited Jamaica with the full sanction of the "meeting
+    for sufferings," in London. My visit to this country had no
+    particular reference to the members of our Society, but my
+    friends in England kindly furnished me with the enclosed
+    documents.
+
+    Affectionately,
+
+    JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    _New York, 5th Month 17th_, 1841.
+
+
+This request was kindly complied with. The large meeting house was
+granted for the evening of the 27th. The clerks of the men's and women's
+meetings gave public notice of it in their respective assemblies. The
+former, the venerable and worthy Richard Mott, encouraged Friends to be
+present, and said, as a thinking and reasoning people, they need fear no
+harm from a calm consideration of the subject. The attendance was large,
+including, I believe, most of those Friends who were from the country.
+The following brief notice of it in the American and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Reporter, will explain the character of the meeting.
+
+
+    "On Thursday evening of last week, the members of the Society of
+    Friends (Orthodox,) assembled in this city at their Annual
+    Meeting, met at their meeting house in Orchard street, to listen
+    to the statements of John Candler, of England, lately returned
+    from a visit to the West India Islands, as to the results of
+    emancipation in those Islands, and also of our esteemed friend,
+    Joseph Sturge, in reference to the general subject of
+    emancipation throughout the world.
+
+    "The meeting was largely attended. The successful and happy
+    results of the immediate emancipation of the slaves of the
+    colonies, as detailed by John Candler, were calculated to
+    strengthen the conviction that to do justice is always
+    expedient. Joseph Sturge gave a history of the progress of the
+    anti-slavery cause in Great Britain from the time of the old
+    abolition society, of which Thomas Clarkson was a member, and of
+    which he is sole survivor. He also glanced at the state of the
+    cause in other quarters of the globe--at the efforts for East
+    India emancipation, and at late movements in France, Brazil and
+    Spain, in favor of emancipation; concluding with a most
+    affecting appeal to the members of his religious society to omit
+    no right opportunity for pleading for the slave, and for
+    hastening the day of his deliverance.
+
+    "We take pleasure in recording such evidences that the good old
+    testimony of the Society of Friends, on this subject, is still
+    maintained among them. The Friends of the past generation set a
+    noble example to other Christian sects, by emancipating their
+    slaves, from a sense of religious duty; and it seems to us, that
+    those of the present day have great responsibilities resting
+    upon them; and that it especially becomes them to see to it that
+    their light is not hidden in this hour of darkness and
+    prejudice, on the subject of human rights. The slaveholder and
+    his victim both look to them;--the one with deprecating gesture,
+    and words of flattery--the other in beseeching and half
+    reproachful earnestness. We cannot doubt that the agonizing
+    appeal of the latter is listened to by all who truly feel the
+    weight of their religious testimonies resting upon them; and we
+    trust there will be found among them, an increasing zeal to
+    secure to these unhappy victims of avarice and the lust of
+    power, that liberty which George Fox, two centuries in advance
+    of his contemporaries, declared to be 'the right of all men.'"
+
+
+When the assembly broke up, the clerk of the Yearly Meeting, who sat by
+us, expressed to me his entire satisfaction with the proceedings, as did
+others present. One influential member of the Society, however, who met
+me the next day in the street, stated very decidedly his disapprobation
+of the tenor of certain parts of my address; but I found that he
+condemned me on hearsay evidence, not having attended the meeting
+himself. On the 29th, I was favored with a call from Lieutenant Governor
+Cunningham, of St. Kitts, on his way to England, who gave a very
+favorable account of the continued good conduct of the emancipated
+slaves in that Island. It is surely an eminent token of the divine
+blessing on a national act of justice and mercy, that evidence of this
+kind should have been so abundantly and uniformly supplied from every
+colony where slavery has been abolished. A fine black man was brought to
+me about this time, who showed me papers by which it appeared he had
+lately given one thousand five hundred dollars for his freedom. He had
+since been driven from the State in which he lived, by the operation of
+a law, enacted to prevent the continued residence of free people of
+color, and has thus been banished from a wife and family, who are still
+slaves. He has agreed with their owner, that if he can pay two thousand
+five hundred dollars, in six years, his wife and six children shall be
+free, and he was then trying to get employment in New York, in the hope
+of being able to raise this large sum within the specified time.
+
+On the 29th, I proceeded to Burlington; while I was there five or six
+Friends drew up and presented me with a resolution, expressive of their
+readiness and desire to join with other members of their religious
+society in active efforts for the abolition of slavery.
+
+On the 30th, I paid a second visit to my venerable friend John Cox. The
+next morning his grandson kindly accompanied me to Mount Holly, to see
+the humble dwelling of the late John Woolman. I afterwards received from
+John Cox a letter, from which I quote the following extract relating to
+this remarkable man, whose character confers interest even on the most
+trivial incidents of his life which can now be remembered:
+
+
+    "Since our separation on the morning of the 31st ultimo, when my
+    grandson accompanied thee to Mount Holly, I have been there, it
+    having been previously reported that the ancient, humble dome,
+    which passed under thy inspection as the residence of John
+    Woolman, he never inhabited, though that he built the house (as
+    Solomon built the temple,) is admitted. With a view to remove
+    this erroneous impression, I sought and obtained an interview
+    with the only man now living in the town, who was contemporary
+    with John Woolman, (now eighty years of age,) and in habits of
+    occasional intercourse with him. He informed me that John
+    Woolman's daughter (an only child,) and her husband resided in
+    the house when her father embarked for London, which was in the
+    year 1772, as recorded in his journal. The fact of residence is
+    corroborated by the circumstance of the search for and
+    destruction of caterpillars in the apple orchard, which I think,
+    was related to thee.
+
+    "The sage historian of by-gone days, whom I met at Mount Holly,
+    spake of his being at John Woolman's little farm, in the season
+    of harvest, when it was customary, and so remains to the present
+    time, for farmers to slay a young calf or a lamb; the common
+    mode is by bleeding in the jugular vein; but with a view to
+    mitigate the sufferings of the animal in that mode, he had
+    prepared, and kept by him for that express purpose, a large
+    block of wood with a smooth surface, and after confining the
+    limbs of the animal, it was laid gently thereon, and the head
+    severed from the body at one stroke."
+
+
+While in this neighborhood, I made a call on Nathan Dunn, the proprietor
+of the "Chinese collection." He resided many years at Canton, and since
+his return has built himself a mansion in the Chinese style. His museum
+of Chinese curiosities is by far the most extensive and valuable which
+has ever been seen out of that country, and forms one of the most
+attractive and instructive exhibitions in Philadelphia; one whose
+character and arrangement are quite _unique_, and which has some
+pretensions to the title of "China in miniature." It occupies the whole
+of the lower saloon of that splendid building recently erected at the
+corner of Ninth and George streets, by the Philadelphia Museum Company.
+The visitor's notice is first attracted by a series of groups of
+figures, representing Chinese of nearly every grade in society, engaged
+in the actual business of life. The figures, in their appropriate
+costume, are modeled in a peculiarly fine clay, by Chinese artists, with
+exquisite skill and effect. All are accurate likenesses of originals,
+most of whom are now living. The following enumeration of one of the
+cases, expanded in the subsequent description, which I quote from the
+catalogue, will give an idea of the manner in which Chinese life and
+manners are illustrated:
+
+
+    "CASE VIII.--_No_. 21. _Chinese Gentleman_.--22. _Beggar asking
+    alms_.--23. _Servant preparing breakfast_.--24.
+    _Purchaser_.--25. _Purchaser examining a piece of black silk.
+    The proprietor behind the counter making calculations on his
+    counting board_.--_Clerk entering goods_.--_Circular table, with
+    breakfast furniture_.
+
+    "This has been arranged so as to afford an exact idea of a
+    Chinese retail establishment. Two purchasers have been placed by
+    the counter: one of whom is scrutinizing a piece of black silk
+    that lies before him. The owner, behind the counter, is
+    carelessly bending forward, and intent on casting an account on
+    the 'calculating dish,' while his clerk is busy making entries
+    in the book, in doing which he shows us the Chinese mode of
+    holding a pen, or rather brush, which is perpendicularly between
+    the thumb and all the fingers. A servant is preparing breakfast.
+    A circular eight-legged table, very similar to those used by our
+    great grandfathers, is spread in the centre of the shop. Among
+    its furniture, the ivory chopsticks are the most novel. On the
+    visitor's right hand sits a gentleman, with a pipe, apparently a
+    chance comer, 'just dropped in' about meal time; on the left, a
+    blind beggar stands, beating two bamboo sticks against each
+    other, an operation with which he continues to annoy all whom he
+    visits, till he is relieved by some trifling gratuity, usually a
+    single _cash_. A gilt image of Fo is inserted in the front part
+    of the counter, and a small covered tub, filled with tea, with a
+    few cups near by, standing on the counter, from which customers
+    are always invited to help themselves.
+
+    "The merchants and shop-keepers of Canton are prompt, active,
+    obliging, and able. They can do an immense business in a short
+    time, and without noise, bustle, or disorder. Their goods are
+    arranged in the most perfect manner, and nothing is ever out of
+    its place. These traits assimilate them to the more enterprising
+    of the Western nations, and place them in prominent contrast
+    with the rest of the Asiatics. It is confidently asserted by
+    those who have had the best opportunities of judging, that as
+    business men, they are in advance of Spanish, Italian, and
+    Portuguese merchants.
+
+    "There is a variety of amusing inscriptions on the scrolls hung
+    up in the interior of some of the shops, which serve at the same
+    time to mark the thrifty habits of the traders. A few specimens
+    are subjoined:--'Gossipping and long sitting injure business.'
+    'Former customers have inspired caution--no credit given.' 'A
+    small stream always flowing.' 'Genuine goods; prices true.'
+    'Trade circling like a wheel,' et cet."
+
+
+In addition to the above models, the collection includes an almost
+innumerable variety of specimens of the fine arts and manufactures,
+comprising almost every article of use and luxury--furniture, modern and
+antique porcelain, models houses, pagodas, boats, junks, and bridges;
+pieces of silk, linen, cotton, grass-cloth, and other fabrics
+manufactured in China for home consumption; books and drawings, costume,
+idols, and appendages of worship; weapons, musical instruments, signs,
+mottoes, and entablatures, and numerous paintings, which last, it is
+justly observed, "will satisfy every candid mind that great injustice
+has been done to the Chinese artists, in the notion hitherto entertained
+respecting their want of skill. They paint insects, birds, fishes,
+fruits, flowers, with great correctness and beauty; and the brilliancy
+and variety of their colors cannot be surpassed. They group with
+considerable taste and effect, and their perspective--a department of
+the art in which they have been thought totally deficient--is often very
+good."
+
+Many of the paintings represent actual scenes and occurrences; and thus,
+like the models before mentioned, bring living China before the mind's
+eye. The following is a good example.
+
+
+    "910. _View of the interior of the Consoo House, with the court
+    in session, for the final decision of the charge of piracy
+    committed by the crew of a Chinese junk on a French captain and
+    sailors, at a short distance from Macao_.
+
+    "The French ship, Navigatre, put in to Cochin China in distress.
+    Having disposed of her to the government, the captain, with his
+    crew, took passage for Macao in a Chinese junk belonging to the
+    province of Fokien. Part of their valuables consisted of about
+    100,000 dollars in specie. Four Chinese passengers bound for
+    Macao, and one for Fokien, were also on board. This last
+    apprised the Frenchmen in the best manner he could, that the
+    crew of the junk had entered into a conspiracy to take their
+    lives and seize their treasure. He urged that an armed watch
+    should be kept. On reaching the Ladrone Islands, the poor Macao
+    passengers left the junk. Here the Frenchmen believed themselves
+    out of danger, and exhausted by sickness and long watching,
+    yielded to a fatal repose. They were all massacred but one, a
+    youth of about nineteen years of age, who escaped by leaping
+    into the sea, after receiving several wounds. A fishing boat
+    picked him up and landed him at Macao, where information was
+    given to the officers of government, and the crew of the junk,
+    with their ill-gotten gains, were seized, on their arrival at
+    the port of destination in Fokien.
+
+    "Having been found guilty by the court, in their own district,
+    they were sent down to Canton, by order of the Emperor, to the
+    Unchat-see, (criminal judge) to be confronted with the young
+    French sailor. This trial is represented in the painting. The
+    prisoners were taken out of their cages, as is seen in the
+    foreground. The Frenchman recognized seventeen out of the
+    twenty-four; but when the passenger, who had been his friend,
+    was brought in, the two eagerly embraced each other, which scene
+    is also portrayed in the painting. An explanation of this
+    extraordinary act was made to the judge, and the man forthwith
+    set at liberty. A purse was made up for him by the Chinese and
+    foreigners, and he was soon on his way homeward. The seventeen
+    _were_ decapitated, in a few days, in the presence of the
+    foreigners; the captain, was to be put to a 'lingering death,'
+    the punishment of traitors, and the stolen treasures were
+    restored."
+
+
+I do not quote the above for the sake of the anecdote, though the
+relation is authentic, but as, affording a striking illustration of the
+advanced civilization of the Chinese. It shows that the supremacy of the
+law is universal, and its administration efficient. The criminals, in
+this instance, are promptly seized, tried, and condemned on strong
+evidence; but, before they are executed, reference is made to the
+distant metropolis, Pekin. Here it is observed, that the most important
+witness was not 'confronted with the prisoners,' and they are forthwith
+directed to be conveyed to Canton, to be examined in his presence.
+Seventeen are recognized by him and are executed. The rest escape. Now
+this is just what might have taken place under the best ordered
+governments of Europe. The humane maxims of British jurisprudence, if
+not acknowledged in theory, may be here witnessed in practical
+operation, and the single circumstance of referring capital convictions
+to the Emperor, in his distant metropolis, for confirmation, before they
+are carried into effect, shows a respect for human life, even in the
+persons of criminals, which is one of the surest tokens of a high state
+of civilization. Such is the criminal jurisprudence of China, in
+practice; in theory, its just praise has been awarded, some years ago,
+by an able writer in the Edinburgh Review. He says:--
+
+
+    "The most remarkable thing in this code, is its great
+    reasonableness, clearness, and consistency; the businesslike
+    brevity and directness of the various provisions, and the
+    plainness and moderation of the language in which they are
+    expressed. It is a clear, concise, and distinct series of
+    enactments, savoring throughout of practical judgment and
+    European good sense. When we turn from the ravings of the
+    Zendavesta, or the Puranas, to the tone of sense and of business
+    of this Chinese collection, we seem to be passing from darkness
+    to light--from the drivellings of dotage to the exercise of an
+    improved understanding; and, redundant and minute as these laws
+    are in many particulars, we scarcely know any European code that
+    is at once so copious and so consistent, or that is nearly so
+    free from intricacy, bigotry and fiction."
+
+
+In addition to what have been noticed, the Chinese exhibition includes a
+copious and very interesting collection of specimens of the natural
+history of China.
+
+I trust the extended notice I have given to the subject, will at least
+prove that this is not an ordinary exhibition, but a representation of a
+distant country and remarkable people, in which amusement is most
+skilfully and philosophically made subservient to practical instruction.
+A beneficent Creator has implanted within us a thirst for information
+about other scenes and people. To be totally devoid of this feeling
+would argue, perhaps, not merely intellectual but moral deficiency. Such
+being the case, the founder of the "Chinese collection" deserves to be
+regarded as a public benefactor, for, by spending a few hours in his
+museum, with the aid of the descriptive catalogue, one may learn more of
+the Chinese than by the laborious perusal of all the works upon them
+that have ever been written.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: While the above was passing through the press, I have
+learned that this interesting Collection has arrived for exhibition in
+this country.]
+
+I cannot dismiss this subject without expressing my deep regret that the
+British public should appear to view with indifference, or complacency,
+the cruel and unjust war which our Government is now waging against this
+highly cultivated and unoffending people, at the instigation of a
+handful of men, who have acquired wealth and importance in the vigorous
+pursuit of an immoral and unlawful traffic, by means the most criminal
+and detestable. I have attempted, since my return from the United
+States, to give some expression to my sentiments, in a letter which has
+been widely circulated, and which will be found reprinted in the
+Appendix.[A] I trust none under whose notice this subject may come will
+endeavor to evade their share of responsibility. If the present war with
+China were the sole consideration, perhaps no course would be left to
+the Christian citizen, but to record his protest and mourn in silence;
+but the conclusion of the war _per se_ would not terminate the
+difficulty, for trade and mutual intercourse between the two countries,
+_on the basis of a reciprocation of interests_, can never be restored
+till the EAST INDIA COMPANY'S OPIUM TRADE, a traffic, like the slave
+trade, hateful in the sight of God and man, is suppressed; or at least,
+until British connection with it is severed; If asked who are the guilty
+persons, I would say, in the first instance, the East India Company;
+secondly, the opium smugglers; thirdly, the British government, and
+lastly, the British people, who, by silent acquiescence, make the whole
+guilt, and the whole responsibility their own.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix G.]
+
+The author of the most popular modern work on China, who long
+superintended the interests of the British merchants at Canton, and
+whose work, to a considerable extent, reflects their views, after
+stating the increasing discouragements imposed by the authorities on
+foreign commerce, the effect for the most part of opium smuggling, and
+other lawless proceedings, observes:--"These (discouragements) are their
+(the British merchants) real subjects of complaint in China; and
+whenever the accumulation of wrong shall have proved, by exact
+calculation, that it is more profitable, according to merely commercial
+principles, to remonstrate than submit, these will form a righteous and
+equitable ground of quarrel!!"[A]
+
+[Footnote A: Davis's China and the Chinese, (Murray's Family Library,)
+vol. i. p. 195.]
+
+The remonstrance here alluded to is WAR, as is apparent from the context
+of the passage, as well as from the fact, that by the author's own
+showing no other kind of remonstrance remained to be tried. The true
+"casus belli" is set forth by anticipation in this passage without
+disguise, and by one who knew well, and has clearly described the causes
+that were operating to produce a rupture. The opium merchants have
+discovered that now, in the fulness of time, it is _profitable_ to go to
+war with China, and forthwith the vast power of Great Britain, obedient
+to their influence, is put in motion to sustain their unrighteous
+quarrel, to the unspeakable degradation of the character of this
+professedly Christian nation. The morality of the war on our side, is
+the morality of the highwayman; that morality by which the strong in all
+ages have preyed upon the weak. And though a handful of unprincipled men
+find their account in it, before the people of Great Britain have paid
+the expenses of the war, and the losses from derangement and
+interruption of commerce, it will cost millions more than all the profit
+that has ever accrued to them from the opium trade. From what motive
+then, do we uphold a traffic, which is the curse of China, the curse of
+India, and a calamity to Great Britain? Such a war may be fruitful in
+trophies of military glory, if such can be gained by the slaughter of
+the most pacific people in the world; but to expect that it will promote
+the reputation, the prosperity, or the happiness of this country, would
+be to look for national wickedness to draw down the Divine blessing. The
+descriptive catalogue of the "Ten thousand Chinese things," concludes
+with sentiments on this subject which do equal honor to the head and
+heart of the writer.
+
+
+    "Alas for missionary efforts, so long as the grasping avarice of
+    the countries, whence the missionaries go, sets at nought every
+    Christian obligation before the very eyes of the people whom it
+    is sought to convert! Most devoutly do we long for the
+    auspicious day, when the pure religion, that distilled from the
+    heart, and was embodied in the life of Jesus, shall shed its
+    sacred influence on every human being; but, in our inmost soul
+    we believe it will not come, till the principles of religion
+    shall take a firmer hold on the affections of those who profess
+    to receive it, and rear a righteous embankment around their
+    sordid and stormy passions. When the missionary shall find an
+    auxiliary in the stainless life of every compatriot who visits
+    the scene of his labors, for purposes of pleasure or of
+    gain,--when he can point not only to the pure maxims and sublime
+    doctrines proclaimed by the Founder of his faith, but to the
+    clustering graces that adorn its professors,--then indeed will
+    the day dawn, and the day star of the millennium arise upon the
+    world."
+
+
+During my short stay in Philadelphia on this occasion, I visited several
+of its prisons, philanthropic institutions, et cet. These are
+pre-eminently the glory of this beautiful city; yet as they have been
+often described, I shall pass them by in silence, with the exception of
+two, the Refuge, and the Penitentiary; which I briefly notice because I
+may offer a few general remarks in another place, on the important
+subject of prison discipline. The Refuge is an asylum for juvenile
+delinquents, founded on the just and benevolent principle that offences
+against society, committed by very young persons, should be disciplined
+by training and education, rather than by punishment. In this
+establishment there are from eighty to ninety boys, and from forty to
+fifty girls, of ages varying from eight to twenty-one years. The former
+are employed in various light handicraft trades, and the latter in
+domestic services, and both spend a portion of their time in school.
+They remain from six months to four years. From the statements of the
+superintendent and matron, it appeared that about three-fourths of the
+male, and four-fifths of the female inmates become respectable members
+of society, and the remainder are chiefly such as are fifteen or sixteen
+years of age when first admitted into the Refuge, an age at which
+character may be considered as in a great measure formed. The labor of
+the children pays about one-fifth of the expense of the establishment,
+the rest being defrayed by the legislature.
+
+The prejudice of color intrudes even here, no children of that class
+being admitted into the Refuge. Colored delinquency is left to ripen
+into crime, with little interference from public or private
+philanthropy. As might have been expected, colored are more numerous
+than white criminals, in proportion to relative population; and this is
+appealed to as a proof of their naturally vicious and inferior
+character; when in fact the government and society at large are
+chargeable with their degradation.
+
+The Penitentiary contained, at the time of my visit, about three hundred
+and forty male, and thirty-five female prisoners. In this celebrated
+prison, hard labor is combined with solitary confinement, an arrangement
+which is technically known as the "separate system." Silence and
+seclusion are so strictly enforced as to be almost absolute and
+uninterrupted; even the minister who addresses the prisoners on the
+Sabbath is known to them only by his voice. A marked feature of this
+institution is security without the aid of any deadly weapon, none being
+allowed in the possession of the attendants, or indeed upon the
+premises. As compared with the "silent system," exhibited in the not
+less famed prisons of the State of New York, this is much less
+economical, as the mode of employing the prisoners, in their solitary
+cells, greatly lessens the power of a profitable application of their
+labor. If prisoners exceed their allotted task, one-half of their
+surplus earnings is given to them on being set at liberty. My visit was
+too cursory to enable me to give a decisive opinion on the "separate
+system," but I confess my impression is, that the punishment is one of
+tremendous and indiscriminating severity, and I find it difficult to
+believe that either the safety of society, or the welfare of the
+prisoner, can require the infliction of so much suffering. Criminals are
+sometimes condemned for very long periods, or for life; and in these
+cases, I was informed, occasionally manifested great recklessness and
+carelessness of their existence. I am also not quite convinced that the
+reformation of prisoners is effected to the extent sometimes inferred
+from the small number of recommittals. A statistical conclusion cannot
+be drawn from this datum, unsupported by other proofs.
+
+On the 2d of the 6th Month, (June,) I proceeded to Wilmington, Delaware,
+with my friend John G. Whittier. Here we met a company of warm-hearted
+and intelligent abolitionists, with whom we discussed the prospects of
+the cause. It was calculated that if compensation were conceded, to
+which many would on principle object, a tax of less than one dollar per
+acre would buy up all the slaves in the State for emancipation. It was
+admitted by all, that the abolition of slavery would advance the price
+of land in a far greater ratio; probably ten or twenty dollars per acre.
+
+We went forward the same evening to Baltimore, accompanied by one of our
+Wilmington acquaintance, and in the railway carriage was a member of the
+Society of Friends from North Carolina, who, though a colonizationist,
+appeared to be a man of candor. He gave it as his opinion that the
+majority of the free people of that State are in favor of the abolition
+of slavery. We also had the company, a part of the way, of Samuel E.
+Sewall, Counsellor at Law, in Boston, an early and tried abolitionist,
+and a faithful friend and legal adviser of the free people of color.
+
+The next morning, we left Baltimore for Washington, two hours' ride by
+railway. The railroads of this country being often extremely narrow, the
+trains frequently pass almost close to the piers of the bridges and
+viaducts, a circumstance which explains the following printed notice in
+the carriages: "Passengers are cautioned not to put their arms, head, or
+legs out of the window."
+
+In passing from a free to a slave State, the most casual observer is
+struck with the contrast. The signs of industry and prosperity on the
+broad face of the country are universally in favor of the former, and
+that to a degree which none but an eye witness can conceive. This fact
+has been often noticed, and has been affirmed by slaveholders
+themselves, in the most emphatic terms. In cities the difference is not
+less remarkable, and was forcibly brought to our notice in the hotel at
+which we took up our residence on arriving at Washington, and which,
+though the first in the city, and the temporary residence of many
+members of Congress, was greatly deficient in the cleanliness, comfort,
+and order, which prevail in the well-furnished and well-conducted
+establishments of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, &c. At this house, I
+understood, some of the servants were free, and others slaves.
+
+We were now in the District of Columbia, the seat of this powerful
+Federal Government, and in the city of Washington, the metropolis of the
+United States. Here are concentrated as it were into one focus, the
+associations of the past, connected with the great struggle for
+independence, and the memory of those names and events which already
+belong to history. Whatever may be our political principles, or the
+opinions of those who like myself consider all resort to arms as
+forbidden under the Christian dispensation, it is impossible to recall
+without emotion, transactions which have exerted and will continue to
+exert, so marked an influence on the destinies of mankind. This city was
+not the scene of those events, but it was erected to be a perpetual
+monument of them, and in the limited district of ten miles square, in
+which it stands, the Government which was then called into existence
+reigns sole and supreme. If a stranger were to inquire here for the
+monuments of the fathers of the Revolution, the American would proudly
+point to the Capitol, with the national Congress in full session, and to
+the levee of the President, crowded by free citizens, and
+representatives of foreign nations. The United States were thirteen
+dependent colonies, they are now twenty-six sovereign States, rich and
+populous, covering the face of this vast continent, and compacted into
+one powerful confederacy. But notwithstanding the glowing emotions which
+seem naturally called forth by the locality, there is many an American
+who bitterly feels that the District of Columbia is the shame, rather
+than the glory of his country. Here is proclaimed to the whole world by
+the united voice of the American people, "We hold these truths to be
+self-evident--that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by
+their Creator with certain inalienable rights--that among these are
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;" and here also by a
+majority of the same people expressing their deliberate will, through
+their representatives, this declaration is trampled under foot, and
+turned into derision.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "Large establishments have grown up upon the national
+domain, provided with prisons for the safe keeping of negroes till a
+full cargo is procured; and should, at any time, the factory prisons be
+insufficient, the public ones, erected by Congress, are at the service
+of the dealers, and the United States Marshal becomes the agent of the
+slave trade."--_Judge Jay's View of the action of the Federal Government
+in behalf of Slavery_, _page_ 93. "But the climax of infamy is still
+untold. This trade in blood,--this buying, imprisoning, and exporting of
+boys and girls eight years old,--this tearing asunder of husbands and
+wives, parents and children,--is all legalized, in virtue of authority
+delegated by Congress!! The 249th page of the laws of the city of
+Washington is polluted by the following enactment, bearing date 28th
+July, 1838:--'For a _license_ to trade or traffic in slaves for profit,
+four hundred dollars.'"--_Ibid_, _page_ 98.]
+
+The District of Columbia is the chief seat of the American slave trade;
+commercial enterprize has no other object! Washington is one of the best
+supplied and most frequented slave marts in the world. The adjoining and
+once fertile and beautiful States of Virginia and Maryland, are now
+blasted with sterility, and ever-encroaching desolation. The curse of
+the first murderer rests upon the planters, and the ground will no
+longer yield to them her strength. The impoverished proprietors find now
+their chief source of revenue in what one of themselves expressly
+termed, their "crop of human flesh." Hence the slave-holding region is
+now divided into the "slave-breeding," and "slave-consuming" States.
+From its locality, and, from its importance as the centre of public
+affairs, the District of Columbia has become the focus of this dreadful
+traffic, which almost vies with the African slave trade itself in extent
+and cruelty, besides possessing aggravations peculiarly its own.[A] Its
+victims are marched to the south in chained coffles, overland, in the
+face of day, and by vessels coastwise. Those who protest against these
+abominations are the abolitionists; a body whose opinions are so
+unpopular that no term of reproach is deemed vile enough for their
+desert; yet if these should hold their peace, the very stones would
+surely cry out. The state of things in this District has one peculiar
+feature; being under the supreme local government of Congress, it
+presents almost the only tangible point for the political efforts of
+those hostile to slavery. Against slavery in any but their own States,
+the abolitionists have neither the power nor the wish to exert that
+constitutional interference which they rightfully employ in the States
+of which they are citizens; but with respect to the District of
+Columbia, they are, in common with the whole republic, responsible for
+the exercise of political influence for the abolition of slavery within
+its limits. Hence this is the grand point of attack. They have
+experienced a succession of repulses, but their eventual success is
+certain; the political influence of the slave-holding interest, which is
+now paramount, and which controls and dictates the entire policy of the
+general Government will be destroyed. Then will the abolition of
+American slavery be speedily consummated.
+
+[Footnote A: "Human flesh is now the great staple of Virginia, In the
+legislature of this State, in 1833, Thomas Jefferson Randolph declared
+that Virginia had been converted into 'one grand menagerie, where men
+are reared for the market, like oxen for the shambles.' This same
+gentleman thus compared the foreign with the domestic traffic: 'The
+trader (African) receives the slave, a stranger in aspect, language and
+manner, from the merchant who brought him from the interior. But _here_,
+sir, individuals whom the master has known from infancy,--whom he has
+seen sporting in the innocent gambols of childhood,--who have been
+accustomed to look to him for protection,--he tears from the mother's
+arms, exiles into a foreign country, among a strange people, subject to
+cruel task-masters. In my opinion, it is much worse.'--Mr. Gholson, of
+Virginia, in his speech in the legislature of that State, January 18,
+1831, says: 'The master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her
+nursed and attended during the period of her gestation, and raises the
+helpless and infant offspring. The value of the property justifies the
+expense; and I do not hesitate to say, that in its increase consists
+much of our wealth.'--Professor Dew, now President of the College of
+William and Mary, Virginia, in his review of the debate in the Virginia
+legislature, 1831-3, speaking of the revenue arising from the trade,
+says: 'A full equivalent being thus left in the place of the slave, this
+emigration becomes an advantage to the State, and does not check the
+black population as much as at first view we might imagine; because it
+furnishes every inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to
+_encourage breeding_, and to cause the greatest number possible to be
+raised. Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State, for other
+States.'--Mr. C.F. Mercer asserted, in the Virginia Convention of 1829,
+'The tables of the natural growth of the slave population demonstrate;
+when compared with the increase of its numbers in the commonwealth for
+twenty years past, that an annual revenue of not less than a million and
+a half of dollars is derived from the exportation of a part of this
+population.'"--_Judge Jay's View_, _pages_ 88, 89.]
+
+Very soon after our arrival, we proceeded to the House of
+Representatives, then sitting, and were favored, by introductions from a
+member, with seats behind the Speaker's chair. The subject before the
+House was, of course, peculiarly interesting to me, being the proposed
+re-enactment of the "gag;" a rule of the House, by which petitions for
+the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia, are laid upon the
+table, without being read or referred, and thus are virtually rejected.
+One of the speakers, William Slade, of Vermont, who was opposed to the
+"gag," told the pro-slavery members that they were greatly mistaken in
+supposing that such a measure would suppress the anti-slavery feeling of
+the country. They might, for a time, block up the Potomac, but it would
+only be to direct its waters into a new channel; in the same way as the
+rejection of anti-slavery petitions had resulted in the formation of a
+third abolition political party, which was now regularly organized and
+in the field. Having previously heard much of the virulence of the
+pro-slavery members, I was particularly impressed with the silence and
+attention with which they listened to this speech, and with the feeling
+which seemed evidently to prevail, that the subject could no longer be
+met with contempt and ridicule. One of the liberal members told me
+afterwards, that they felt themselves in a different atmosphere to what
+they did two years ago, both in the House and in the city, when touching
+upon this subject. Before the debate closed, the House divided on the
+question, whether ex-president Adams, the veteran defender of the
+constitutional right of petition, and who had brought forward this
+motion for the repeal of the "gag," was entitled to the right of reply.
+This was decided in his favor, and the House adjourned till the
+beginning of the following week.
+
+In the afternoon, I proceeded, by a steam packet, with one of my
+friends, to Alexandria, about six miles distant, on the other side of
+the Potomac. A merchant, to whom I had an introduction, kindly
+accompanied us to a slave-trading establishment there, which is
+considered the principal one in the District. The proprietor was absent;
+but the person in charge, a stout, middle-aged man, with a good-natured
+countenance, that little indicated his employment, readily consented to
+show us over the establishment. On passing behind the house, we looked
+through a grated iron door, into a square court or yard, with very high
+walls, in which were about fifty slaves. Some of the younger ones were
+dancing to a fiddle, an affecting proof, in their situation, of the
+degradation caused by slavery. There were others, who seemed a prey to
+silent dejection. Among these was a woman, who had run away from her
+master twelve years ago, and had married and lived ever since as a free
+person. She was at last discovered, taken and sold, along with her
+child, and would shortly be shipped to New Orleans, unless her husband
+could raise the means of her redemption, which we understood he was
+endeavoring to do. If he failed, they are lost to him for ever. Another
+melancholy looking woman was here with her nine children, the whole
+family having been sold away from their husband and father, to this
+slave-dealer, for two thousand two hundred and fifty dollars. This
+unfeeling separation is but the beginning of their sorrows. They will,
+in all probability, be re-sold at New Orleans, scattered and divided,
+until not perhaps two of them are left together. The most able-bodied
+negro I saw, cost the slave-dealer six hundred and eighty-five dollars.
+
+Our guide told us that they sometimes sent from this house from fifteen
+hundred to two thousand slaves to the South in a year, and that they
+occasionally had three hundred to four hundred at once in their
+possession. That the trade was not now so brisk, but that prices were
+rising. The return and profits of this traffic appear to be entirely
+regulated by the fluctuations in the value of the cotton. Women are
+worth one-third less than men. But one instance of complete escape ever
+occurred from these premises, though some of the slaves were
+occasionally trusted out in the fields. He showed us the substantial
+clothing, shoes, &c., with which the slaves were supplied when sent to
+the South; a practice, I fear, enforced more by the cupidity of the
+buyers, than the humanity of the seller. Our informant stated, in answer
+to inquiries, that by the general testimony of the slaves purchased,
+they were treated better by the planters than was the case ten years
+ago. He also admitted the evils of the system, and said, with apparent
+sincerity, he wished it was put an end to.
+
+We went afterwards to the city jail, to see a youth whose case I had
+heard of in Delaware, who had come to Alexandria on board a vessel, and
+had here been seized and imprisoned on suspicion of being a slave, not
+having any document to prove his freedom. He had now been incarcerated
+for near twelve months, and though admitted by the jailer and every one
+else to be free, he was about to be sold in a few days into slavery for
+a term, in order to pay the jail-fees, amounting to eighty dollars. In
+the evening on returning to Washington, we paid a visit by appointment
+to John Quincy Adams, ex-president of the United States; who though
+considerably more than seventy years of age, is yet one of the most
+assiduous and energetic members of the House of Representatives, and one
+of the most influential public men of the day. To this must be added the
+far higher praise that his distinguished powers are employed in the
+service of humanity, truth, and justice. How rare is it to witness such
+a union of intellectual and moral greatness! Posterity will do justice
+to his fame, when slavery shall exist only in the records of the past,
+and when it shall be related with wonder, that this venerable man,
+standing almost alone in his defence of the right of petition, received
+daily anonymous letters threatening him with assassination. He received
+us very kindly, and in the course of conversation expressed how much
+importance he attached to the late repeal of the "nine months law," in
+the State of New York, as a favorable indication of the current of
+public feeling. He did not appear sanguinely to anticipate that he
+should be in a majority on his pending motion for the repeal of the
+"gag."
+
+One of the principal objects of my visit to Washington was to present an
+Address to the President, from the Committee of the British and Foreign
+Anti-Slavery Society. In the course of my inquiries of various official
+persons, members of Congress, et cet., I found that to obtain an
+audience for the express purpose would be very difficult, as no member
+of Congress appeared willing to undertake the unpopular service of
+introducing the bearer of such a document. I was not disposed to apply
+to the British Ambassador, who on some occasions had shown a want of
+sympathy with the anti-slavery cause. I found, however, that it was not
+contrary to etiquette, in this country, for a private individual to
+address a note to the President, to which, in ordinary courtesy,
+according to the custom of the place, he has a right to expect a reply.
+I would remark, however, that nothing is more easy than to gain access
+to the President; but I felt that to avail myself of those facilities,
+to place in his hands a document which he might object to receive, would
+be uncandid. I therefore addressed a note to him, stating that I was the
+bearer of a memorial from the Committee of the British and Foreign
+Anti-slavery Society, signed by Thomas Clarkson, addressed to the
+President of the United States, in which I said, "It may, perhaps, be
+right to state, that the memorial refers to slavery and the slave-trade
+in the United States, and that it was written before the death of
+General Harrison was known in Europe." I then asked permission to
+present it.
+
+To this I received no reply. We were afterwards introduced to the
+President, by a member of Congress, who evinced an anxiety that I should
+make no reference to the memorial; and the President, on his part, made
+no allusion to it, or to my letter to himself. After this interview, we
+proceeded to the Senate, but it had risen just as we entered. I had a
+short conversation with Henry Clay, who alluded to Joseph John Gurney's
+work on the West Indies, which I need scarcely add, is written in a
+series of letters to this statesman. He said that the recent short crop
+of sugar in Jamaica was a proof that the author had been misled in the
+favorable information he had collected, and also that this deficiency in
+the crop was a proof not only of the idleness, but of the immorality of
+the negroes. He accused my companion, John G. Whittier, of deserting
+him, after having been his warm friend; and on J.W.'s giving his reasons
+for so doing, he complained that the abolitionists improperly interfered
+with the affairs of the South, though he made an exception in favor of
+the Society of Friends. He inquired if J.G. Whittier was a "Friend" in
+regular standing, evidently intimating a doubt on that point, on account
+of his being so decided an abolitionist. The praise of such men is the
+strongest testimony that could be adduced to the declension of the
+Society of Friends in anti-slavery zeal. To a great extent I fear their
+sentiments on this subject have been held traditionally; and that in
+many cases, they have not only done nothing themselves, but by example
+and precept have condemned the activity of others; I trust, however, a
+brighter day in regard to their labors is approaching. I feel
+disinclined to take leave of Henry Clay, without some animadversions
+which, on the public character of a public man, I may offer without any
+breach of propriety. In early life, that is in some part of the last
+century, he supported measures tending to the "eradication of slavery"
+in Kentucky, and at various periods since, he has indulged in cheap
+declamation against slavery, though he is not known to have committed
+himself by a solitary act of manumission. On the contrary, having
+commenced life with a single slave, he has industriously increased the
+number to upwards of seventy. As a statesman, his conduct on this
+question has been consistently pro-slavery. He indefatigably negotiated
+for the recovery of fugitive slaves from Canada, when Secretary of
+State, though without success. In the Senate he successfully carried
+through the admission of Missouri into the Union, as a slave State. He
+has resisted a late promising movement in Kentucky in favor of
+emancipation; and lastly, in one of his most elaborate speeches, made
+just before the late presidential election, the proceedings of the
+abolitionists were reviewed and condemned, and he utterly renounced all
+sympathy with their object. By way of apology for his early
+indiscretion, he observes, "but if I had been then, or were _now_, a
+citizen of any of the planting States--the southern or southwestern
+States--I should have opposed, and would continue to oppose, any scheme
+whatever of emancipation, gradual or immediate."
+
+In this extract, and throughout the whole speech, slavery is treated as
+a pecuniary question, and the grand argument against abolition, is the
+loss of property that would ensue. Joseph John Gurney, who appears to
+have been favorably impressed by Henry Clay's professions of liberality,
+his courteous bearing, and consummate address, manifested a laudable
+anxiety that so influential a statesman should be better informed on the
+point on which he seemed so much in the dark; he therefore addressed to
+him his excellent "Letters on the West Indies," of which the great
+argument is, that emancipation has been followed by great prosperity to
+the planters, and attended with abundant blessings, temporal and
+spiritual, to the other classes, and that the same course would
+necessarily be followed by the same results in the United States. He has
+accumulated proof upon proof of his conclusions supplied by personal and
+extensive investigation in the British Colonies. But Henry Clay shews no
+sign of conviction. Yet though he made to us the absurd remark, already
+quoted, on Joseph John Gurney's work, I have too high an opinion of his
+understanding to think him the victim of his own sophistry. He is a
+lawyer and a statesman. He is accustomed to weigh evidence, and to
+discriminate facts. I have little doubt that all my valued friend would
+have taught him, he knew already. He could not be ignorant of the
+contrast presented by his own State of Kentucky, and the adjoining State
+of Ohio, and that the difference is solely owing to slavery. If J.J.
+Gurney could have shewn that abolition would soon be the high road to
+the President's chair, it is not improbable that he would have made an
+illustrious convert to anti-slavery principles. Henry Clay's celebrated
+speech before alluded to, was delivered in the character of a candidate
+for the Presidency just before the last election--it was prepared with
+great care, and rehearsed beforehand to a select number of his political
+friends. The whig party being the strongest, and he being the foremost
+man of that party, he might be looked upon as President-elect, if he
+could but conciliate the south, by wiping off the cloud of abolitionism
+that faintly obscured his reputation. He succeeded to his heart's desire
+in his immediate object, but eventually, by this very speech, completely
+destroyed his sole chance of success, and was ultimately withdrawn from
+the contest. Thus does ambition overleap itself.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: As a practical commentary on Henry Clay's professions of a
+regard for the cause of human liberty, I append the following
+advertisement, which, about two years ago, was circulated in Ohio:
+
+    "THREE HUNDRED DOLLAR'S REWARD.
+
+    "_Run away_ from James Kendall, in Bourbon County, Ky., to whom
+    he was hired the present year, on Saturday night last, the 14th
+    instant, a negro man, named Somerset, about twenty-six years of
+    age, five feet, seven or eight inches high, of a dark copper
+    color, having a deep scar on his right cheek, occasioned by a
+    burn, stout made, countenance bold and determined, and voice
+    coarse. His clothing it is thought unnecessary to describe, as
+    he may have already changed it.
+
+    "ALSO,
+
+    "From E. Muir, of the same county, on the same night, (and
+    supposed to have gone in company,) a negro man, named Bob, about
+    twenty-nine years old, near six feet high, weighing about 180 or
+    90 pounds, of a dark copper color, of a pleasant countenance,
+    uncommonly smooth face, and a remarkable small hand for a negro
+    of his size. He spells and reads a little. His clothing was a
+    greenish jean coat and black cloth pantaloons.
+
+    "We will give the above reward for the delivery of said negroes
+    to the undersigned, or their confinement in jail, so that we get
+    them; or 150 dollars for either of them, if taken out of the
+    State, or 100 dollars for them, or 50 dollars for either, if
+    taken out of the county, and in the State.
+
+    "HENRY CLAY, Senior,
+
+    "E. MUIR.
+
+    "_Bourbon Co. Ky., Sept_. 17, 1839."
+
+]
+
+On leaving the Senate House, we drove to a slave-dealer's establishment,
+near at hand, and within sight of the _Capitol_. I have given some
+particulars of this visit elsewhere, which I need not repeat. I cast my
+eye on some portraits and caricatures of abolitionists, British and
+American, among whom Daniel O'Connell figured in association with Arthur
+Tappan, and the ex-president Adams. The young man in charge of the
+establishment began to explain them, for our amusement; on which, one of
+my companions pointed to me, and informed him I was an English
+abolitionist. He looked uneasy at our presence, and evidently desirous
+we should not prolong our stay. He told us there were five or six other
+dealers in the city who had no buildings of their own, and who kept
+their slaves here, or at the public city jail, at thirty-four cents per
+diem, the difference in comfort being wholly on the side of the private
+establishments.
+
+We subsequently visited the city jail, to which reference is made in the
+letter below, and were able to confirm this statement from our own
+observation.
+
+We left for Baltimore this afternoon. Although I had not succeeded in
+presenting the address before-mentioned to the President, I little
+regretted the failure, being convinced that it would not be less
+generally read by the public on that account, and in this I have not
+been disappointed. I proceeded at once, the next morning, to
+Philadelphia; and here I concluded to print and publish the following
+letter, which, was sent, through the post, to the President, and to each
+member of the Senate and House of Representatives.
+
+
+    "_To the Abolitionists of the United States_.
+
+    "I was commissioned by the committee of the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society, to present a memorial from them to your
+    President, and proceeded to Washington, a few days ago,
+    accompanied by John G. Whittier, of Massachusetts, and a friend
+    from the State of Delaware.
+
+    "It was my first visit to the seat of legislation of your great
+    republic. On our arrival we went to the House of
+    Representatives, then in session. A member from Maryland was
+    speaking on our entrance, who was the author of a resolution,
+    which had been carried in a former Congress, excluding nearly
+    three millions of your countrymen, on whom every species of
+    wrong and outrage is committed with impunity, from all right of
+    petition, either by them selves or their friends. He was
+    advocating the re-enactment of this very resolution for the
+    present Congress, and stated that he had a letter from your
+    President approving the measure. Although I believe I do not
+    speak too strongly when I say an attempt to enforce such a
+    resolution by any crowned head in the civilized world, would be
+    inevitably followed by a revolution, yet it seemed evident that
+    no small portion of your _present_ members were in favor of it.
+    It was with no ordinary emotion that I saw the venerable
+    ex-president Adams at his post, nobly contending against this
+    violation of the rights of his countrymen, and I could not but
+    regret that, with one or two exceptions, be appeared to find
+    little support from his younger colleagues of the free States.
+
+    "The same day we visited one of the well-known slave-trading
+    establishments at Alexandria. On passing to it we were shewn the
+    costly mansion of its late proprietor, who has lately retired on
+    a large property acquired by the sale of native born Americans.
+    In an open enclosure, with high walls which it is impossible to
+    scale, with a strong iron-barred door, and in which we were told
+    that there were sometimes from three to four hundred persons
+    crowded, we saw about fifty slaves. Amongst the number thus
+    incarcerated was a woman with nine children, who had been
+    cruelly separated from their husband and father, and would
+    probably be shortly sent to New Orleans, where they would never
+    be likely to see him again, and where the mother may be for ever
+    severed from every one of her children, and each of them sold to
+    a separate master. From thence we went to the Alexandria city
+    jail, where we saw a young man who was admitted to be free even
+    by the jailer himself. He had been seized and committed in the
+    hope that he might prove a slave, and that the party detaining
+    him would receive a reward. He had been kept there nearly twelve
+    months because he could not pay the jail fees, and instead of
+    obtaining any redress for false imprisonment, was about to be
+    sold into slavery for a term to reimburse these fees.
+
+    "The next morning I was desirous of handing to the President the
+    memorial, of which the following is a copy:
+
+
+        "'_Address to the President of the United States, from
+        the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery
+        Society_.
+
+        "'SIR,--As the head of a great Confederacy of States,
+        justly valuing their free constitution and political
+        organization, and tenacious of their rights and their
+        character, the Committee of the British and Foreign
+        Anti-slavery Society, through their esteemed coadjutor
+        and representative, Joseph Sturge, would respectfully
+        approach you in behalf of millions of their fellow-men,
+        held in bondage in the United States. Those millions are
+        denied, not only the immunities enjoyed by the citizens
+        of your great republic generally, and of the equal
+        privileges and the impartial protection of the civil
+        law, but are deprived of their personal rights, so that
+        they cease to be regarded and treated, under your
+        otherwise noble institutions, as MEN, except in the
+        commission of crime, when the utmost rigor of your penal
+        statutes is invoked and enforced against them; but are
+        reduced to the degraded condition of "chattels personal
+        in the hands of their owners and possessors, to _all
+        intents, constructions, and purposes, whatsoever_."
+
+        "'This is the language and the law of slavery; and under
+        this law, guarded with jealousy by their political
+        institutions, the slaveholders of the South rest their
+        claims to property in man But, sir, there are claims
+        anterior to all human laws, and superior to all
+        political institutions, which are immutable in their
+        nature,--claims which are the birthright of every human
+        being, of every clime, and of every color,--claims which
+        God has conferred, and which man cannot destroy without
+        sacrilege, or infringe without sin. Personal liberty is
+        among these, the greatest and best, for it is the root
+        of all other rights, the conservative principle of human
+        associations, the spring of public virtues, and
+        essential to national strength and greatness.
+
+        "'The monstrous and wicked assumption of power by man,
+        over his fellow man, which slavery implies, is alike
+        abhorrent to the moral sense of mankind; to the
+        immutable principles of justice; to the righteous laws
+        of God; and to the benevolent principles of the gospel.
+        It is, therefore, indignantly repudiated by all the
+        fundamental laws of all truly enlightened and civilized
+        communities, and by none more emphatically than by that
+        over which, Sir, it is your honor to preside.
+
+        "'The great doctrine, that God hath "created all men
+        equal, and endowed them with certain inalienable rights,
+        and that amongst these are life, liberty, and the
+        pursuit of happiness," is affirmed in your Declaration
+        of Independence, and justified in the theory of your
+        constitutional laws. But there is a stain upon your
+        glory; slavery, in its most abject and revolting form,
+        pollutes your soil; the wailings of slaves mingle with
+        your songs of liberty; and the clank of their chains is
+        heard, in horrid discord with the chorus of your
+        triumphs.
+
+        "'The records of your States are not less distinguished
+        by their wise provisions for securing the order and
+        maintaining the institutions of your country, than by
+        their ingenious devices for riveting the chains, and
+        perpetuating the degradation of your colored brethren;
+        their education is branded as a crime against the
+        State--their freedom is dreaded as a blasting
+        pestilence--the bare suggestion of their emancipation is
+        proscribed as treason to the cause of American
+        independence.
+
+        "'These things are uttered in sorrow; for the committee
+        deeply deplore the flagrant inconsistency, so glaringly
+        displayed between the lofty principles embodied in the
+        great charter of your liberties, and the evil practices
+        which have been permitted to grow up under it, to mar
+        its beauty and impair its strength. But it is not on
+        these grounds alone, or chiefly, that they deplore the
+        existence of slavery in the United States. Manifold as
+        are the evils which flow from it--dehumanizing as are
+        its tendencies--fearful as its reaction confessedly is
+        on its supporters,--the reproach of its existence does
+        not terminate on the institutions which gave it birth:
+        the sublime principles and benign spirit of Christianity
+        are dishonored by it. In the light of Divine Truth it
+        stands revealed, in all its hideous deformity, a crime
+        against God,--a daring usurpation of the prerogative and
+        authority of the Most High! It is as a violation of His
+        righteous laws, an outrage on His glorious attributes, a
+        renunciation of the claims of His blessed gospel, that
+        they especially deplore the countenance and support it
+        receives among you; and, in the spirit of Christian love
+        and fraternal solicitude, would counsel its immediate
+        and complete overthrow, as a solemn and imperative duty,
+        the performance of which no sordid reasons should be
+        permitted to retard--no political considerations
+        prevent. Slavery is a sin against God, and ought,
+        therefore, to be abolished.
+
+        "'The utter extinction of slavery, and its sister
+        abomination, the internal slave-trade of the United
+        States, second only in horror and extent to the African,
+        and in some of its features even more revolting, can
+        only be argued, by the philanthropy of this country, on
+        the abstract principles of moral and religious duty; and
+        to those principles the people of your great republic
+        are pledged on the side of freedom beyond every nation
+        in the world!
+
+        "'The negro, by nature our equal, made like ourselves in
+        the image of his Creator, gifted by the same
+        intelligence, impelled by the same passions and
+        affections, and redeemed by the same Savior, is reduced
+        by cupidity and oppression below the level of the brute,
+        spoiled of his humanity, plundered of his rights, and
+        often hurried to a premature grave, the miserable victim
+        of avarice and heedless tyranny! Men have presumptuously
+        dared to wrest from their fellows the most precious of
+        their rights--to intercept as far as they may the bounty
+        and grace of the Almighty--to close the door to their
+        intellectual progress--to shut every avenue to their
+        moral and religious improvement, to stand between them
+        and their Maker! It is against this crime the committee
+        protest as men and as Christians, and earnestly but
+        respectfully call upon you, Sir, to use the influence
+        with which you are invested, to bring it to a peaceful
+        and speedy close; and, may you in closing your public
+        career, in the latest hours of your existence on earth,
+        be consoled with the reflection that you have not
+        despised the afflictions of the afflicted, but that
+        faithful to the trust of your high stewardship, you have
+        been "just, ruling in the fear of the Lord," that you
+        have executed judgment for the oppressed, and have aided
+        in the deliverance of your country from its greatest
+        crime, and its chiefest reproach.
+
+        "'On behalf of the Committee,
+
+        "'THOMAS CLARKSON.
+
+        "'British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, for the
+        Abolition of Slavery and the Slave-trade throughout the
+        world.
+
+        "'27, _New Broad Street, London, March 5th_, 1841.'
+
+
+    "I thought it most candid to address a letter to the President
+    informing him of the character of the foregoing memorial, rather
+    than take advantage of a merely formal introduction to present
+    it, without a previous explanation. To this letter no reply was
+    received, and no allusion was made to it by the President at a
+    subsequent introduction, which we had to him. It may be proper
+    to mention in this connection, that memorials of a similar
+    character, bearing upon slavery and the slave-trade, signed by
+    the venerable Clarkson, have been presented to different Heads
+    of Governments, in other parts of the world, and have been
+    uniformly received with marked respect.
+
+    "Previous to our departure, we visited a private slave-trading
+    establishment in the city, and looked in upon a group of human
+    beings herded together like cattle for the market, within an
+    enclosure of high brick walls surrounding the jail. The young
+    man in attendance, informed us that there were five or six other
+    regular slave-dealers in the city, who, having no jails of their
+    own, either placed their slaves at this establishment, or in the
+    public CITY PRISON. The former was generally preferred, on
+    account of its superior accommodations in respect to food and
+    lodging. On my making some remarks to the young man on the
+    nature of his occupation, he significantly, and as I think, very
+    justly replied, that he knew of no reasons for condemning
+    slave-traders, which did not equally apply to slave-holders. You
+    will bear in mind that this was said within view of the Capitol,
+    where slave-holders control your national legislation, and
+    within a few minutes' walk of that mansion where a slave-holder
+    sits in the presidential chair, placed there by your votes; and
+    it is certainly no marvel, that, with such high examples in his
+    favor, the humble slave-dealer of the District should feel
+    himself in honorable company, and really regard his occupation
+    as one of respectability and public utility.
+
+    "From thence we proceeded to the city prison, an old and
+    loathsome building, where we examined two ranges of small stone
+    cells, in which were a large number of colored prisoners. We
+    noticed five or six in a single cell, barely large enough for a
+    solitary tenant, under a heat as intense as that of the tropics.
+    The keeper stated that in rainy seasons the prison was
+    uncomfortably wet. The place had to us a painful interest, from
+    the fact that here Dr. Crandall, a citizen of the free States,
+    was confined until his health was completely broken down, and
+    was finally released only to find a grave, for the crime of
+    having circulated a pamphlet on emancipation, written by one of
+    the friends who accompanied me.[A] On inquiry of the keeper, he
+    informed us that slaves were admitted into his cells, and kept
+    for their owners at the rate of thirty-four cents per day, and
+    that transfers of them from one master to another sometimes took
+    place during their confinement; thus corroborating the testimony
+    of the keeper of the private jail before mentioned, that this
+    city prison, the property of the people of the United States,
+    and for the rebuilding of which, a large sum of your money has
+    been appropriated, is made use of by the dealers in human beings
+    as a place of deposit and market; and thus you, in common with
+    your fellow citizens, are made indirect participators in a
+    traffic equal in atrocity to that foreign trade, the suppression
+    of which, to use the words of your President in his late
+    message, 'is required by the public honor, and the promptings of
+    humanity.'
+
+    [Footnote A: On being released from prison, Dr. Crandall went to
+    Kingston, Jamaica, to recruit his health. A gentleman of that
+    city, W. Wemyss Anderson, found him in his lodgings, solitary
+    and friendless, and rapidly sinking under his disease. He took
+    him, though a perfect stranger, into his own house; and the last
+    days of Dr. Crandall were soothed by the kind sympathy and
+    attentions of a Christian family. It was also manifest, that he
+    enjoyed the sunshine of inward peace, and the rich consolations
+    of the gospel. His kind host, whom I count it a privilege to
+    call my friend, obeyed, in this instance, the apostolic
+    injunction, and experienced the consequent reward, "Be not
+    forgetful to entertain strangers, for thereby some have
+    entertained angels unawares."]
+
+    "As one who has devoted much of his humble labors to the cause
+    you wish to promote, I perhaps shall be excused for thus stating
+    these facts to you, as they all passed before my personal
+    observation in the course of a few hours. I shall deem it right
+    to publish them in Europe, where I am about shortly to return.
+    Recollect, they all occurred and exist within the District of
+    Columbia, and that those who elect the legislators who uphold
+    the slave system, are justly responsible for it in the sight of
+    God and man. Is it not all the natural consequence of your
+    electing slave-holders and their abettors to the highest offices
+    of your State and nation? Some of your most intelligent citizens
+    have given it as their opinion that fully two-thirds of the
+    whole population of the United States are in favor of the
+    abolition of slavery; and my own observation, since I landed on
+    these shores, not only confirms this opinion, but has convinced
+    me that there is a very rapid accession to their numbers daily
+    taking place; and yet we have the extraordinary fact exhibited
+    to the world, that about two hundred and fifty thousand
+    slave-holders--a large proportion of whom, bankrupt in fortune
+    and reputation, have involved many of the North in their
+    disgrace and ruin--hold in mental bondage the whole population
+    of this great republic, who permit themselves to be involved in
+    the common disgrace of presenting a spectacle of national
+    inconsistency altogether without a parallel. I confess that,
+    although an admirer of many of the institutions of your country,
+    and deeply lamenting the evils of my own government, I find it
+    difficult to reply to those who are opposed to any extension of
+    the political rights of Englishmen, when they point to America
+    and say, that where all have a control over the legislation but
+    those who are guilty of a dark skin, slavery and the slave-trade
+    remain not only unmitigated, but continue to extend; and that
+    while there is an onward movement in favor of its extinction,
+    not only in England and France, but even in Cuba and Brazil,
+    American legislators cling to this enormous evil, without
+    attempting to relax or mitigate its horrors. Allow me,
+    therefore, to appeal to you by every motive which attaches you
+    to your country, seriously to consider how far you are
+    accountable for this state of things, by want of a faithful
+    discharge of those duties for which every member of a republican
+    government is so deeply responsible; and may I not express the
+    hope that, on all future occasions, you will take care to
+    promote the election of none as your representatives who will
+    not _practically_ act upon the principle that in every clime,
+    and of every color, 'all men are equal?'
+
+    "Your sincere friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_Philadelphia, 6th Month 7th_, 1842."
+
+
+This letter was extensively reprinted, not only in the anti-slavery but
+in pro-slavery newspapers, both in the North and South. In the numerous
+angry comments upon it, no attempt that has come to my knowledge was
+made to deny any one of my statements. One of the papers intimates that
+the vote by which the house soon after refused to adopt a specific and
+exclusive rule against abolition petitions, was brought about by "the
+sinister influence of Mr. Sturge." I need not add how happy I should
+have been to have possessed the influence with which this writer has so
+liberally invested me, and that I should have regarded it as a talent to
+be employed and improved to the very utmost.
+
+I spent from the 5th to the 11th of the Sixth Month, (June) in
+Philadelphia and the vicinity, during which time, I made numerous calls,
+and met several large parties in private.
+
+During this stay, in company with John G. Whittier, I paid a visit to my
+excellent friend, Abraham L. Pennock, at his residence in Haverford,
+Delaware county, about ten miles from the city. He is an influential
+member of the Society of Friends, and until recently he has been a
+resident in the city. He has, for many years, been an uncompromising
+abolitionist, and an active member and officer of anti-slavery
+societies; yet he appears to enjoy the respect and confidence not only
+of his anti-slavery associates, but of the Society of Friends, and the
+community generally. I found him a warm advocate, in practice as well as
+theory, of entire abstinence from the products of slave labor, as well
+as of independent political action on the part of abolitionists. He
+expressed much regret that he was unable to attend the General
+Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, and gave his cordial approbation to
+its proceedings.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix H.]
+
+We reluctantly bade farewell to our kind friend and his interesting
+family, all the members of which appear to share his zeal and untiring
+devotion to the cause of the oppressed, and returned to our lodgings in
+the city. Even now I look back to this visit as among the most grateful
+recollections of my sojourn in the United States.
+
+I may mention, in this connection, that A.L. Pennock, as well as others
+with whom I conversed on the subject, spoke with much regret of the want
+of faithfulness on the part of members of the Society of Friends, in
+maintaining their testimony against slavery, while exercising their
+civil rights as citizens and electors. From all I could learn, I have
+been led to fear that "Friends" in the United States, with few
+exceptions, are in the practice of voting for public officers, without
+reference to their sentiments on the important subject of slavery. At
+the late Presidential election it is very evident that the great body of
+"Friends" who took any part in it, voted for John Tyler, the
+slaveholder.
+
+Among the active friends of emancipation, who occupy a high station in
+our society, I can scarcely omit mentioning Enoch Lewis, of Chester
+county, Pennsylvania, whose talents and literary acquirements, devoted
+as they are, to the maintenance and promulgation of the principles and
+Christian testimonies of our religious society, deservedly command a
+high degree of respect.
+
+Among the members of the society which have separated from "Friends" in
+Philadelphia and elsewhere, I met with many warm and steady friends of
+emancipation, some of whom have proved their sincerity by great
+sacrifices. Amongst these I cannot omit mentioning James and Lucretia
+Mott, James Wood, Dr. Isaac Parish, and Thomas Earle, of this city.
+
+I republished in Philadelphia, with the permission of the author, in two
+separate pamphlets, for distribution amongst those to whom it was
+addressed, "A Letter to the Clergy of various Denominations, and to the
+Slave-holding Planters in the Southern parts of the United States of
+America, by Thomas Clarkson." This remarkable production was written
+after its venerable author had attained his eightieth year, and has been
+pronounced by a very competent judge the most vigorous production of his
+pen. As its circulation had but just commenced when I left the United
+States, I could not judge of the effect produced by this energetic
+appeal from one whose name must command respect, even from the
+slave-holders; but I have since been informed it has been read with
+interest and attention.
+
+I had several conferences with "Friends" who were interested in the
+cause, to discuss the best mode of engaging the members of the Society
+to unite their efforts on behalf of the oppressed and suffering slaves;
+and though no immediate steps were resolved on, yet I found so much good
+feeling in many of them, that I cannot but entertain a hope, that fruit
+will hereafter appear. I had spent much of my time and labor in
+Philadelphia, particularly among that numerous and influential body with
+whom I am united in a common bond of religious belief, and I trust of
+Christian affection. Of the kindness and hospitality I experienced I
+shall ever retain a grateful recollection; yet I finally took my leave
+of this city, under feelings of sorrow and depression that so many of
+the very class of Christian professors who once took the lead in efforts
+for the abolition of slavery, efforts evidently attended with the favor
+and sanction of the Most High, should now be discouraging, and holding
+back their members from taking part in so righteous a cause. Among the
+warmest friends of the slave, sound both in feeling and sentiment, are a
+few venerable individuals who are now standing on the brink of the
+grave, and whose places, among the present generation, I could not
+conceal from myself, there were but few fully prepared to occupy. I had
+found in many Friends much passive anti-slavery feeling, and was to some
+extent cheered by the discovery. May a due sense of their responsibility
+rest upon every follower of Christ, to remember them that are in bonds,
+and under affliction, not only with a passive, but with an active and
+self-denying sympathy, a sympathy that makes common cause with its
+object.
+
+Apart from the fact, that Philadelphia is one of the most beautiful
+cities in the world, to a member of the Society of Friends it must ever
+be an object of peculiar interest. Here William Penn made his great
+experiment of a Christian government. Here, to the annual assemblies of
+Friends, came Warner Mifflin, and John Woolman, and James Pemberton, and
+George Dillwyn, and other worthies of the past, who have now gone from
+works to rewards. A few miles distant, in Frankford, is still to be seen
+the residence of the excellent Thomas Chalkley. Here Benezet
+exemplified, in the simplicity, humility, and untiring benevolence of
+his daily life, the lessons inculcated in his writings. And here, at
+this day, are a larger number of members of our religious society than
+can be found congregated elsewhere, within an equal space of territory.
+They are, in general, in easy circumstances, many of them wealthy, and
+occupying a high rank in the community.
+
+Who can recur, without a lively feeling of interest, to the hopes and
+prayers of the benevolent founder of the city, as expressed in affecting
+terms in his farewell letter, written as he was about taking his final
+departure for England.
+
+
+    "And thou, Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this province,
+    named before thou wert born, what love, what care, what service,
+    and what travail has there been to bring thee forth, and
+    preserve thee from such as would defile thee! Oh, that thou
+    mayest be kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee! that
+    faithful to the God of Mercies, in a life of righteousness, thou
+    mayest be preserved to the end!"
+
+
+On the 11th, with John G. Whittier, I left for New York, and the next
+day we proceeded by steam packet to Newport, on Rhode Island, to attend
+the New England yearly meeting of the Society of Friends, which was to
+be held the next week. We arrived about seven o'clock in the morning. I
+found the change of climate particularly refreshing and agreeable.
+During the last fortnight, the range of the thermometer had frequently
+reached 94 degrees or 96 degrees in the shade: a tropical heat, without
+those alleviations which render the heat of the tropics not only
+tolerable, but sometimes delightful. In Rhode Island, the climate, while
+we were there, was almost as temperate as an English summer.
+
+Some parts of the New England States are much resorted to by southern
+families of wealth; and their annual migrations have the effect of
+materially adding to the vast amount of complicated pro-slavery
+interests which exist in the free States, as well as of diffusing
+pro-slavery opinions and feelings throughout the entire community. We
+may hope this current will soon set in the opposite direction. The
+season was too early for the arrival of these visitors, and the hotels
+were generally filled with "Friends," collected from near and distant
+places, to attend the yearly meeting. There were upwards of a hundred
+boarding at the same house with ourselves. Soon after our arrival I
+addressed a letter, making the same application for the use of the
+meeting house for my friend, John Candler, who was also here, and
+myself, which had been complied with at New York, forwarding at the same
+time my credentials. My request, however, in this instance was not
+granted. Yet there was plainly a willingness on the part of many to
+receive information, and we caused it to be known that we should be at
+home at our hotel, on the evening of the sixteenth. About two hundred
+friends assembled, and appeared interested in a brief outline of the
+state and prospects of the cause in Europe which I endeavored to give
+them.
+
+The subject of slavery was brought before the yearly meeting by a
+proposition from one of its subordinate, or "quarterly meetings," to
+encourage more action, on the part of the society, for its abolition. A
+proposal was immediately made, and assented to without discussion, that
+the consideration of it should be referred to a committee. On the
+reading of the address on slavery from the London yearly meeting, it
+was, in like manner, immediately proposed and agreed to, that it should
+be referred to the same committee. At a subsequent sitting, this
+committee reported, that they should recommend the whole subject to be
+left under the care of their "Meeting for Sufferings," which was
+adopted. With the exception of reading the documents, and going through
+the necessary forms of business, these proceedings passed almost in
+silence; yet, in the several epistles drawn up to be forwarded to the
+other yearly meetings, allusion was made to the deep exercise of Friends
+at this meeting, on the subject of slavery, and their strong desire and
+wish to encourage others to embrace every right opening for promoting
+its abolition; with a plain intimation, however, in their epistle to
+Great Britain, of their disapproval of Friends uniting with any of the
+anti-slavery associations of the day. These passages in the epistles
+passed without remark or objection. The Meeting for Sufferings, of Rhode
+Island, has thus virtually undertaken to do, or at least to originate,
+all that is to be done, during the present year, by Friends of New
+England, to help the helpless, and to relieve the oppressed slaves.
+Sincerely do I desire, that it may not incur the responsibility of
+neglecting so solemn a charge. I subsequently met, on board the steamer
+in which we left Newport, many members of this body; with one of whom I
+had some conversation, in the presence of other Friends, to whom I felt
+it right to state, that the declarations of sympathy for the slaves, in
+the epistles which had been sent out, were stronger, in my judgment,
+than was justified by any thing which had been expressed, or had been
+manifested, in the Yearly Meeting. This conviction I yet retain. I
+afterwards obtained some authentic extracts from the laws of Rhode
+Island, affecting the people of color, and under which slavery is very
+distinctly recognized and sanctioned, even in this _free_ State. I felt
+it my duty to forward a copy of these to the "Meeting for Sufferings,"
+accompanied by the following letter:--
+
+
+    "_To the Meeting for Sufferings of New England_
+
+    _Yearly Meeting of Friends._
+
+    "On passing through Providence, from the Yearly Meeting at Rhode
+    Island, a solicitor of that place kindly furnished me with the
+    annexed extracts from the laws of the State of Rhode Island. I
+    thought it best to send a copy to you, as it is probable some
+    members of your meeting may not be aware of their precise
+    nature; and it is a source of regret to me, and I know it will
+    be so to my friends in England, to know that in the State in
+    which your Yearly Meeting is held, slavery is fully legalized,
+    if the slaves are the property of persons not actually citizens
+    of that place;--the most odious distinctions of color also
+    remain on the statute book, including one (Section 10, No. 2,)
+    which is a disgrace to any civilized community. I may add, that
+    two very respectable solicitors in Providence expressed their
+    decided opinion, that if Friends heartily promoted the repeal of
+    these obnoxious laws, which throw all the moral influence of the
+    State on the side of slavery, it might easily be accomplished. I
+    cannot but hope the subject will receive your prompt attention.
+
+    "Truly your friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+
+To soften the impression which I fear the preceding detail will give, I
+may remark, that I am convinced, from extensive private communication
+with Friends in New England, that there is yet among them much genuine
+anti-slavery feeling, especially where the deadening commercial
+intercourse with the South does not operate; and though, at present,
+with some bright individual exceptions, this is a talent for the most
+part hidden or unemployed, I trust that many faithful laborers in this
+great cause will yet be found among them.
+
+During our stay in Rhode Island, we twice visited Dr. Channing, at his
+summer residence, a few miles from Newport. The delicacy which ought
+ever to protect unreserved social intercourse, forbids me to enrich my
+narrative with any detail of his enlightened and comprehensive
+sentiments; yet I cannot but add, that, widely differing from him as I
+do, on many important points, I was both deeply interested and
+instructed by his modest candor and sincerity, and by the spirit of
+charity with which he appeared habitually to regard those of opposite
+opinions. Our conversation embraced various topics. I may be allowed to
+mention, that he highly approved of Judge Jay's suggestion for the
+promotion of permanent international peace. He also made a practical
+suggestion on the anti-slavery movement, which I trust will be acted
+on--That petitions should be sent to Congress, praying that the free
+States should be relieved from all direct or indirect support of
+slavery. As the South has loudly complained of Northern interference,
+this will be taking the planters on their own ground.
+
+Sixth Month, (June) 19th.--We went on to New Bedford, where, the next
+day, we called on a number of persons friendly to abolition, and met a
+large party of them the same evening, at the house of a Friend. A public
+meeting for worship was appointed during our stay, at the request of a
+minister of the Society of Friends from Indiana, which we attended. I
+had the pleasure of witnessing the colored part of the audience, placed
+on a level, and sitting promiscuously with the white, the only
+opportunity I had of making such an observation in the United States;
+as, on ordinary occasions, the colored people rarely attend Friends'
+meetings. One of the waiters at our hotel told me he had escaped from
+slavery some years before. The idea of running away had been first
+suggested to his mind, by reflecting on his hard lot, being over-worked,
+and kept without a sufficiency of food, and cruelly beaten, while his
+owner was living in luxury and idleness, on the fruits of his labor. He
+had been flogged for merely speaking to one of his master's visitors, in
+reply to a question, because it was suspected he had divulged matter
+that his master did not wish the stranger to know.
+
+On the 21st, we arrived at Boston, and stopped at the Marlborough hotel.
+One of the first things noticed by a visitor to the States is the number
+and extent of the hotels, almost all of which are on the principle of
+the English boarding houses. Besides the number of casual visitors in a
+population which travels from place to place, perhaps more than any
+other in the world, the hotels are the permanent homes of a numerous and
+important class of unmarried men, engaged in business, and often indeed
+of young married persons, who choose to avoid expense and the cares of
+housekeeping. At many, if not most of the hotels, cleanliness,
+regularity, and order, pervade all the arrangements, and as much comfort
+is to be found as is compatible with throng and publicity. Still the
+domestic charm of private life is wanting, and its absence renders the
+system of constant residence most uncongenial to English habits and
+feelings. An unsocial reserve lies on the surface of English character,
+and the love of privacy, or at least of a retirement which can be closed
+and expanded at will, is an extensive and deep-seated feeling. Yet the
+Anglo-American, even of the purest descent, has early lost the latter
+characteristic, while he often retains the first unimpaired. What law
+governs the hereditary transmission of such traits? Several first rate
+hotels in New England are strictly on the temperance plan, and among
+them is the Marlborough, in Boston, the second in extent of business in
+this important city, and which makes up from one hundred to two hundred
+beds. No intoxicating liquor of any kind can be had in the house.
+Printed notices are also hung up in the bed rooms, that it is the
+established rule to take in no fresh company and to receive no accounts
+on the first day of the week, and the cooking and other preparations are
+as much as possible performed before hand, that the servants may enjoy
+the day of rest, and partake of the moral and Spiritual benefit of a
+weekly pause from the whirl and turmoil of secular engagements.
+
+I had scarcely ventured to hope that I should ever witness a large hotel
+like this, conducted on such principles; but having now seen it, it adds
+additional strength to my conviction, that in proportion as Christianity
+is carried out in common life, in the same proportion is the lost
+happiness of man recovered. Too many in the present day, who are not
+behind-hand in profession, keep their principles more for show than use.
+They acknowledge the purity of them, and have some faint perception of
+their moral beauty, but secretly believe, and sometimes, openly avow
+them to be impracticable in the present state of the world. They who
+exhibit proof of the contrary, are benefactors to their fellow men; and
+among these, justly deserves to be classed Nathaniel Rogers, the
+proprietor of the Marlborough Hotel, in Boston.
+
+We called upon several of our anti-slavery friends on the day of our
+arrival, and in the evening, took tea with a number of those who approve
+of the proceedings of the London Convention, and who concur in the
+principles of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The subjects
+discussed were the time and place of a future convention of the friends
+of the slave of different nations. London was unanimously approved as
+the place, and the preponderance of sentiment was in favor of 1842 as
+the time.
+
+On the 22d we went on to Lynn. Here are a very considerable number of
+the Society of Friends, who are desirous of taking part in active
+anti-slavery exertion, when they can do so without compromise of
+principle. It is greatly to be regretted that in this vicinity, a few
+individuals, formerly members of our religious society, have embraced,
+in connection with their abolition views, the doctrines of
+non-resistance, or non-government, in church and state, and thus greatly
+added to the difficulties in the way of efficient action on the part of
+consistent members; but whatever may be the errors and indiscretions of
+these individuals, they furnish no valid excuse for the apathy and
+inaction on the part of "Friends," nor lessen, in the slightest degree,
+their responsibility for the firm and faithful maintenance of our
+Christian testimony against oppression. We proceeded, the same evening,
+to Amesbury, where the family of my friend and companion John G.
+Whittier reside, in whose hospitable and tranquil retreat we remained
+till the 25th. Here I found myself in a manufacturing district, and paid
+a visit to a large woollen mill, and was much pleased with the
+cleanliness and order displayed, and with the evident comfort and
+prosperity of the working people, who are chiefly young women, none of
+whom are admitted under sixteen years of age. Any person given to
+intoxication would be instantly discharged. All the manufactories in
+this place are joint-stock companies, and the mills are worked by water
+power, of which there is an abundant supply.
+
+I had agreed, on my return to Boston, to meet my abolition friends at a
+tea party, and found an entertainment provided from the Marlborough
+Hotel, in a large room adjoining one of the chapels, on a scale of great
+profusion, a little to my disappointment, as I had anticipated one of a
+social rather than of a public character, though I could not but feel
+the kindness which it was intended to manifest. Charles Stewart Renshaw,
+from Jamaica, was opportunely present, and his information on the state
+of that Island added much interest to the evening, the proceedings of
+which, I hope, gave pretty general satisfaction. In condescension to my
+wish, my valued friend, Nathaniel Colver, suggested to the company to
+dispense with the usual form of public prayer, and substitute an
+interval of silence, after the reading of a portion of scripture, which
+was kindly complied with.
+
+Before leaving Boston, I had a long interview with William Lloyd
+Garrison. His view of "women's rights" is so far a matter of conscience
+with him, as to be made an indispensable term of union; yet though
+widely differing on this, and other important points, we parted, I
+trust, as we met, on personally friendly terms; and certainly on my part
+with a desire to promote a spirit of forbearance, and with a deeper and
+stronger conviction that the friends of the bleeding and oppressed
+slave, should not spend their strength in unprofitable contention upon
+points in regard to which both parties claim to act conscientiously,
+while the common cause requires their undivided energies.
+
+On the 28th I left Boston for the beautiful town of Worcester, about
+forty miles distant, on the principal line of railway to New York, where
+I had the pleasure of visiting, at his own residence, my friend, Cyrus
+P. Grosvenor, one of the delegates to the Anti-Slavery Convention last
+year. There are here a considerable number of sincere abolitionists, of
+whom we met a small company in the evening, in a room used as the
+Friends' meeting house. I gave them a brief account of the state of the
+anti-slavery cause in other parts of the world. In company with John M.
+Earle, editor of one of the Worcester papers, with whom I had formed a
+previous acquaintance at the Yearly Meeting, I also called on the
+Governor of the State of Massachusetts, who resides in this place. We
+had some friendly conversation, but he seemed cautious on the subject of
+abolition. The temperance cause in Worcester has made so much progress
+that at the three largest and best hotels, which make up nearly one
+hundred beds each, no intoxicating liquor of any kind is sold. A people
+thus willing to carry out their convictions, to the sacrifice of
+prejudice, appetite, and apparent self-interest, cannot long remain a
+nation of slave-holders. In common with the rest of New England, this
+town is remarkable for the number, size, and beauty of its places of
+worship. I calculated, with the aid of a well-informed inhabitant, that
+if the entire population were to go to a place of worship, at the same
+hour, in the same day, there would be ample accommodation, and room to
+spare. Yet here there is no compulsory tax to build churches, and
+maintain ministers. By the efficacy of the voluntary principle alone is
+this state of things produced.
+
+My dear friend, John G. Whittier returned home from Worcester on account
+of increased indisposition, while I proceeded alone to New York. The
+journey from Boston to the latter city is a remarkably pleasant one.
+Leaving Boston at four in the afternoon, we proceed on one of the best
+railways in the States, at the rate of upwards of twenty miles an hour,
+through a very beautiful and generally well cultivated country, to the
+city of Norwich, in the State of Connecticut, where the train arrives
+about eight in the evening, and the passengers immediately embark on a
+handsome steamer, for New York, enjoying, as long as daylight lasts, the
+fine scenery on the banks of the Thames. The night I went was moonlight;
+and, after long enjoying the coolness of the evening on deck, the
+company retired to their berths, and arrived at New York at the
+seasonable hour of six the following morning.
+
+I remained in New York until the 7th of the Seventh Month (July). My
+friends, William Shotwell and wife, had left the city during the hot
+months, but very kindly placed their town house at my service, and I
+found the retirement thus at my command both refreshing and very
+serviceable, in enabling me to bring up arrears of writing. During this
+interval, I spent one very pleasant day with Theodore and Angelina
+Grimke Weld, and their sister, Sarah Grimke, who reside on a small farm,
+a few miles from Newark. To the great majority of my readers these names
+need no introduction; yet, for the benefit of the few, I will briefly
+allude to their past history. When the American Anti-Slavery Society was
+formed, in 1833, Theodore D. Weld was at the Lane Seminary, near
+Cincinnati, Ohio. He was unable to attend on that occasion, but wrote a
+letter, declaring his entire sympathy with its object. Soon after,
+through the influence and exertions of himself and Henry B. Stanton, a
+large majority of the students at Lane Seminary, comprising several
+slave-holders and sons of slave-holders, became members of an
+Anti-Slavery Society. The Faculty opposed the formation of this society,
+and finally expelled its members from the seminary. For two or three
+years after, Theodore Weld was engaged in anti-slavery effort,
+principally in the States of Ohio and New York. His voice failed at
+last, and for several years he was unable to address a public assembly.
+Angelina Grimke Weld, and her sister, Sarah Grimke, were natives of
+South Carolina, the daughters of a distinguished Judge of that State;
+for several years they resided in Philadelphia. Having long felt a deep
+interest in the condition of the slaves, in the year 1837 they, in
+accordance with what they believed to be a sense of religious duty,
+visited New York and New England, to plead the cause of those, with
+whose sorrows, degradation, and cruel sufferings, they had been familiar
+in their native State. They are evidently women of superior endowments,
+kind-hearted and energetic, and still retain something of the warmth and
+fervor of character peculiar to the South.
+
+Few, even of the well informed abolitionists of England, have an
+adequate idea of the extent, variety, and excellence of the anti-slavery
+literature of the United States, or of the amount of intellectual power
+which has been willingly consecrated to this service. Of the cause
+itself, with all its exigencies, we may adopt, in a yet more limited
+sense, the sentiment of the Christian poet, on the transient nature of
+all sublunary things,
+
+  "These, therefore, are occasional, and pass."
+
+
+The time approaches when the shackles of the slave will fall off--when
+his suffering and despairing cry will be no more heard. Slavery itself
+is a temporary exigency; but its removal has called, and will yet call
+forth, works bearing the impress of intellectual supremacy, which will
+be embodied in the permanent literature of the age, and will contribute
+to raise the character, and to extend the reputation, of that
+literature. The names of Channing, Jay, Child, Green, and Pierpont, are
+already their own passport to fame. Other names might be mentioned; but,
+one instance excepted, selection might be invidious. That exception is
+Theodore D. Weld, whose palm of superiority few would be disposed to
+contest. His principal works are, "The Bible against Slavery;" "Power of
+Congress over Slavery in the District of Columbia;" and "Slavery as it
+is."
+
+All his writings are marked by varied excellence; yet their chief
+characteristic is an irresistible and overwhelming power of argument.
+Although brief and compressed in style, he exhausts his subject; and his
+two principal works, though on warmly controverted topics, have never
+been replied to. He would be a bold antagonist who should enter the
+lists against him: he would be a yet bolder ally who should attempt to
+go over the same ground, or to do better what has been done so well.
+
+One of the most voluminous and popular writers that ever lived, observed
+to a friend, "that he was more proud of his compositions for manure,
+than of any other compositions with which he had any concern." My
+friend, has the same love of rural occupations, and has found severe
+manual labor essential for the recovery of health, broken by labor of
+another kind. I found him at work on his farm, driving his own wagon and
+oxen, with a load of rails. When he had disposed of his freight, we
+mounted the wagon, and drove to his home. Two or three of his
+fellow-students at the Lane Seminary arrived about the same time, and we
+spent the day in agreeable, and, I trust, profitable intercourse. In the
+household arrangements of this distinguished family, Dr. Graham's
+dietetic system is rigidly adopted, which excludes meat, butter, coffee,
+tea, and all intoxicating beverages. I can assure all who may be
+interested to know, that this Roman simplicity of living does not forbid
+enjoyment, when the guest can share with it the affluence of such minds
+as daily meet at their table. The "Graham system," as it is called,
+numbers many adherents in America, who are decided in its praise.
+
+My friends, Theodore D. and Angelina Weld, and Sarah Grimke, sympathize,
+to a considerable extent, with the views on "women's rights," held by
+one section of abolitionists; yet they deeply regret that this, or any
+other extraneous doctrine, should have been made an apple of discord;
+and, since the rise of these unhappy divisions, they have held aloof
+from both the anti-slavery organizations, though, as among the most able
+and successful laborers in the field, they may justly be accounted
+allies by each party. Difference of opinion on these points did not, for
+a moment, interrupt the pleasure of our intercourse; and I could not but
+wish, that those, of whatever party, who are accustomed to judge harshly
+of all who cannot pronounce their "shibboleth," might be instructed by
+the candid, charitable, and peace-loving deportment of Theodore D. Weld.
+
+During my visit to New York, I became acquainted with many who were
+deeply interested in the abolition cause, not a few of whom were members
+of my own religious society. Among these, I may particularly mention my
+venerable friends, Richard Mott and Samuel Parsons. I paid a second
+visit to the residence of the latter at Flushing, but regret to say, I
+found him too unwell to enjoy company.[A] His sons are anxiously
+desirous of furthering the abolition cause on every suitable occasion.
+One evening I spent with a respectable minister, who is a man of color,
+and who assured me that most of the intelligent persons of his class in
+New York approve of the course pursued by the late Convention in London,
+and the Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. I saw
+at his house a man who had purchased his freedom for twelve hundred
+dollars, intending to remain in the same State, but, as in a precisely
+similar case already noticed, he afterwards found he had no alternative
+but to emigrate, leaving his still enslaved family behind him, or to be
+again sold into slavery himself, under the laws enacted to drive out
+free people of color. He was trying to raise the large sum of fourteen
+hundred dollars, to purchase his wife and four children.
+
+[Footnote A: This illness terminated fatally. One of his intimate
+friends in this country, has favored me with the following communication
+respecting him. "Samuel Parsons had been from early life, a warm friend
+to the African race; his love of peace rendered him at the first
+accessible to prejudice against the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+through the misrepresentations respecting its violent and rash measures;
+which misrepresentations it was much more easy to believe than to
+investigate. Yet his interest for the negro and colored population of
+the United States continued, and he extended acts of protection and
+kindness towards them, whenever opportunity for it was afforded. In the
+Eleventh Month, last year, I find the following paragraph in one of his
+letters to us, viz. 'Though sensible that I am drawing towards the close
+of time, I cannot avoid taking a deep interest in the moral reformation,
+relative to slavery and intemperance, which is progressing in the earth;
+my son Robert and I look at these publications as they appear, with deep
+solicitude. The proceedings of the Anti-Slavery Convention of the world,
+and its movements, are of great moment to the whole civilized world. The
+anti-slavery cause, has not, I fear, advanced much the last year; the
+separation in the National Society, and the truckling to the South of
+the politicians of both sides, during the late Presidential election,
+has for a time marred the work; but the anti-slavery banner of a third
+party is still displayed, and it will probably continue to nominate till
+it seriously influences the elections. In the mean time, the individual
+States, one after another, are freeing the colored people from part of
+their civil disabilities. A hard battle is to be fought, but mighty is
+truth, and must prevail.'"]
+
+"The fourth of July," the anniversary of the independence of the United
+States, fell this year on the first day of the week, and was therefore
+celebrated the day following. It is still marked by extravagant
+demonstrations of joy, and often disgraced by scenes of intemperance and
+demoralization. The better part of the community wisely counteract the
+evil, to a great extent, by holding, on the same day, temperance
+meetings, school examinations, opening their places of worship, et cet.
+I accompanied my friend Lewis Tappan to attend an anti-slavery meeting
+at Newark, in which Theodore Weld was expected to take a part for the
+first time after an interval of five years' discontinuance of public
+speaking. Several years before, he had been carried away by the stream
+in crossing a river, and had very narrowly escaped drowning. This
+accident caused an affection of the throat, and eventually disqualified
+him for public labor except with the pen, to which, though deemed a
+great loss at the time by his fellow-laborers in the anti-slavery cause,
+we probably owe the invaluable works before referred to. It was on the
+same anniversary, five years ago, that he had spoken last, a
+circumstance to which he made a touching allusion: he spoke very
+impressively for more than half an hour without serious inconvenience,
+and I hope it may please Providence to restore his ability to plead, as
+he was wont to do with great power, for the cause of the oppressed.
+
+In the afternoon there was a public examination of the scholars
+belonging to the place of worship in which the preceding meeting was
+held, and in connection with this a little incident occurred, which may
+serve to illustrate the state of public feeling. Newark, from its
+extensive trade with the south, is much under pro-slavery influence. But
+the congregation of this chapel are generally anti-slavery, and have
+several colored children in their school. One of these, a little black
+girl, was qualified to take part in the public examination; but this, in
+the estimation of some of the parents of white scholars, and several
+even of the trustees, could not be borne. Others, on the contrary,
+resolved to battle with the prejudice of caste, and to call for her, if
+she were not brought forward; and, finally, I suppose, by way of
+compromise, she was brought on the platform to recite alone, after the
+little scholars who could rejoice in the aristocratic complexion had
+performed their parts, without suffering the indignity of a public
+association with a colored child. Even this was, however, considered a
+victory by the anti-prejudice party.
+
+I left on the seventh for Niagara, being desirous to see the celebrated
+Falls, and to visit some friends living in the western part of this
+State, as well as to find relief from the oppressive and tropical heat.
+I hoped also to fall in with my friends and fellow laborers, J. and M.
+Candler, who had gone with a party in the same direction. I need not
+describe a route so often traversed by Europeans. One of its agreeable
+incidents was an accidental meeting with John Curtis, of Ohio, on his
+way, on a free trade mission, to Great Britain, from motives which I
+believe to be disinterested and philanthropic. His labors, which are
+principally intended to show the evils of our taxes upon food, will not
+be in vain; though he will find many in England, as I found in America,
+who have no ear for truth when it opposes their prejudices or imaginary
+self-interest. He gave me a most cheering account of the march of
+abolition in Ohio, and said he had lately attended a meeting held at the
+invitation of the abolitionists, on the 5th of July, at which there were
+three thousand persons, who had come to the place of meeting in nine
+hundred vehicles of different kinds. He said he had never witnessed a
+more enthusiastic meeting. Another gentleman and his wife made
+themselves known to me, in the railway carriage, as warm abolitionists,
+and spoke favorably of the prospects of the cause in this part of the
+State of New York. The gentleman said he had lately had a discussion
+with a deacon of a church he attended, who defended the admission of
+slave-holders to the communion. On being asked, however, whether he
+would admit sheep-stealers, he acknowledged this was not so great a
+crime as man-stealing, and pleaded no further in favor of
+church-fellowship with slave-holders.
+
+The journey from New York to the Falls of Niagara, a distance of 480
+miles, is performed in about forty-eight hours, and when the railway
+communication is further completed, and the speed raised to the standard
+of the best English lines, it will probably be accomplished in less than
+thirty hours. The railway passed for many miles through the original
+forest, in which I observed very lofty trees, but none of an
+extraordinary girth. In many places the ground was crowded with fallen
+trees, in every stage of decay. I found my friends at the Eagle Hotel,
+at Niagara, where I remained till the twelfth, enjoying with them the
+views and scenery of "the Falls," a spectacle of nature in her grandest
+aspect, which mocks the limited capacity of man to conceive or to
+describe.
+
+On the eleventh, being the first day of the week, we held a meeting for
+worship, at our hotel, and were joined by an Irish lady and her three
+daughters, who had been living here some months. This lady told me she
+was present when M'Leod was arrested in this hotel. From all I have been
+able to learn, there are a number of reckless men on both sides the
+border line, who are anxious to foment war for the sake of plunder; but
+the great bulk of the American people, I am persuaded, are for peace,
+and especially for peace with England, a feeling which time is
+strengthening.
+
+On the twelfth, our whole party left for Buffalo, by railway, getting a
+transient view of Lake Ontario before entering the city. Here we parted
+company, they proceeding to Toronto, by steam packet, and I to Syracuse
+by coach. The American vehicle of this name, carries nine inside
+passengers on three cross seats. It is hung on leather springs, so as to
+be fitted to maintain the shocks of a _corduroy_ road. Wishing to see
+the country, I mounted the box, by the side of the coachman, but at
+times had some difficulty in retaining my seat. The value of land in
+this part of the country, when cleared and in cultivation, I understood
+to be from thirty to fifty dollars per acre. A large breadth of wheat is
+grown, of which the yield is generally good; but this year there will
+be, in many cases, a short crop, from the extreme drought in the two
+preceding months. I went forward from Syracuse to Rochester by railway,
+and thence, with the exception of twelve miles by coach, by the same
+conveyance to Auburn, where we arrived at two o'clock in the morning.
+One of my fellow-passengers had been a soldier in the so-called
+"patriot" army, which enlisted against Santa Anna, in the revolt of
+Texas. He stated, that some planters were emigrating from Mississippi,
+with as many as two hundred "hands," (slaves,) and plainly said, it was
+intended to plant the Anglo-Saxon flag on the walls of Mexico. If half
+what he asserted was true, the worst apprehensions of the abolitionists
+are too likely to be realized by the Texian revolution, and the
+establishment of a new slave-holding power on the vast territory claimed
+by that piratical band of robbers, and forming the South-western
+frontier of the United States.
+
+At Auburn I paid a visit to the celebrated State Prison, and though,
+from want of time to call upon a gentleman in the city for whom I had a
+letter, I was unprovided with an introduction, I was politely admitted
+by the superintendent, who refused to receive the fee customarily paid
+by visitors, when he found, from the entry of my name and address, I was
+an Englishman. I passed through the different workshops, in which nearly
+all handicraft trades are carried on, and very superior work is
+frequently executed by the prisoners. Besides other less complicated
+machines, one complete locomotive engine has been constructed within
+these walls. As the system of discipline adopted here is the same as at
+Sing Sing, also in this State, I defer for the present, any remarks upon
+its character and success.
+
+I left Auburn, in a hired carriage, for Skaneateles, to pay a visit to
+my friend, James Cannings Fuller. He has a rich farm of 156 acres, with
+a good house upon it, about a quarter of a mile west of the large and
+flourishing village of Skaneateles, which overlooks a beautiful lake of
+the same name, sixteen miles in length, and in some places two miles
+wide. James C. Fuller left England about seven years ago, and has
+carried his abolition principles with him to his adopted country. He
+told me that there had been a great change for the better in the public
+mind since his residence in this neighborhood. Abolitionism was once so
+unpopular, that he has been mobbed four times in his own otherwise quiet
+village. On one occasion he was engaged in a public discussion on
+slavery, and a mob so much disturbed the meeting, by the throwing of
+shot, and yells the most discordant the human voice could make, that his
+opponent moved an adjournment, and afterwards accompanied him on his way
+to his own house, with many other persons, as a body-guard. They were
+followed by a large number of other persons, who attempted to throw him
+down, and were very free in the use of missiles and mud; the mob were so
+vociferous, that their shoutings were heard two and a half miles
+distant, many persons leaving their houses to endeavor to ascertain the
+cause of such an uproar. On James C. Fuller's entering his house, the
+mob surrounded his parlor windows, and these would, most probably, have
+been smashed in pieces, and the building defaced, had not one of the
+assailants been seized with a fit, and in that state conveyed into James
+C. Fuller's parlor, where he lay insensible for three quarters of an
+hour. This sudden seizure diverted the attention of the mob from my
+friend and his property to their own companion.
+
+James C. Fuller informed me that mobs in America are generally, if not
+always, instigated by "persons of property and standing;" and the most
+blameable, in his case, were not those who yelled, et cet., et cet., but
+others who prompted the outrage. Happily this state of things is now
+altered: as much order and decorum, with fixed attention, is now
+witnessed at an abolition lecture as at any other lecture; and a colored
+man can now collect a larger meeting in Skaneateles than a white man,
+and the behavior of the audience is attentive, kind, and respectful. My
+friend, John Candler, who was here a fortnight before me, collected a
+large assembly to hear his account of the effects of emancipation in our
+West India Islands, and many expressed themselves much gratified with
+his narrative.
+
+Being anxious to proceed to Peterboro', to visit Gerrit Smith, I
+accepted James C. Fuller's kind offer to take me in his carriage. The
+distance is nearly fifty miles, and the roads were, in some parts, very
+rough; but they intersect a fine country. Much wheat is grown in many
+places, and here the crop appeared generally good.
+
+Having started rather late in the afternoon, we were benighted before we
+reached Manlius Square, where we lodged. Though my kind friend would not
+permit me to pay my share of the bill, yet, to gratify my curiosity, he
+communicated the particulars of the charge, as follows: Half a bushel of
+oats for the horses, 25 cents; supper for two persons, 25 cents; two
+beds, 25 cents; hay and stable-room for the two horses, 25 cents; total,
+one dollar, or about 4s. 2d. sterling.
+
+We arrived at Peterboro' early the following morning, where I remained
+till the sixteenth, at the house of Gerrit Smith. He was once a zealous
+supporter of the Colonization Society, but when convinced of the evil
+character and tendency of that scheme, he withdrew from it, and became a
+warm and able advocate of the immediate abolition of slavery. He is one
+of the few Americans who have inherited large property from their
+parents, and he has contributed to this cause with princely munificence.
+Gerrit Smith and Arthur Tappan have, each on one or more occasions given
+single donations of ten thousand dollars (upwards of two thousand pounds
+sterling) to promote anti-slavery objects. His wife, Ann Carroll Smith,
+who is a native of Maryland, and his daughter, an only child, share in
+my valued friend's ardent sympathy for the sufferings of the slave.
+During my stay, he received a letter from Samuel Worthington, of
+Mississippi, who held in slavery Harriet Russell. Harriet was formerly
+the slave of Ann Carroll Smith, having been given to her when they were
+both children. Ann C. Smith was but twelve years old when, with her
+father's family, she removed from Maryland to New York. Harriet was left
+in Maryland. Shortly after Ann C. Smith's marriage, and when she was
+about eighteen years of age, her brother, James Fitzhugh, of Maryland,
+wrote to ask her to give Harriet to him, stating that she was, or was
+about to be, married to his slave, Samuel Russell. She consented: and
+her brother soon after emigrated to Kentucky, taking Samuel and Harriet
+with him. After this Samuel and Harriet were repeatedly sold.
+
+Some years ago, Gerrit and Ann C. Smith having become deeply impressed
+with the great sin of slavery, were anxious to learn what had become of
+Harriet. But they did not succeed in ascertaining her residence, until
+the letter received during my visit informed them of it, and which also
+stated that Harriet and her husband were living, and that they had
+several children. The price put upon the family was four thousand
+dollars.
+
+James C. Fuller having kindly offered to go into Kentucky, where Samuel
+Worthington then resided, to negotiate with him for the purchase of the
+family, G. Smith gladly accepted the offer of one so well qualified for
+this undertaking. James C. Fuller succeeded in purchasing the family for
+three thousand five hundred dollars, exclusive of his travelling
+expenses, and those of the slave family, which amounted to about two
+hundred and eighty dollars. He has published a very interesting account
+of his journey, in a letter addressed to myself, from which some
+extracts are given in the Appendix.[A] Eighteen months ago, G. and A.C.
+Smith united with other children of her father, the late Col. Fitzhugh,
+in purchasing, at the cost of four thousand dollars, the liberty of ten
+slaves, who, or their parents, were among the slaves of Colonel Fitzhugh
+when he left Maryland. I have recently learned that they are negotiating
+the purchase of the liberty of other slaves, who formerly belonged to
+Colonel Fitzhugh. It is nearly seven years since Gerrit Smith and his
+family adopted the practice of total abstinence from all slave produce,
+thus additionally manifesting the sincerity of those convictions which
+have induced him to contribute so largely of his wealth both to the
+anti-slavery funds, and for the liberation of all slaves with which his
+family property had the most remote connection.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix I.]
+
+Here, I had some expectation of again meeting my friend, James G.
+Birney, who was gone on a journey to Ohio, and is well known to English
+abolitionists, by his able assistance at the great Anti-Slavery
+Convention, as one of its vice-presidents, and by his subsequent labors,
+which are thus acknowledged, on his return to America, by the Committee
+of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:--
+
+
+    "That this committee are deeply sensible of the services
+    rendered to the anti-slavery cause by their esteemed friend and
+    coadjutor, James Gillespie Birney, Esq., whilst in this country,
+    in a course of laborious efforts, in which his accurate and
+    extensive information, his wise and judicious counsels, and his
+    power of calm and convincing statement, have become eminently
+    conspicuous.
+
+    "The committee also take the present occasion to record their
+    sense of his zealous and disinterested labors in defence of the
+    rights of outraged humanity in his own country, during a period
+    of great excitement and opposition: and of the proof he has
+    given of his sincerity, in having twice manumitted the slaves
+    that had come into his possession; a noble example, which they
+    trust others will not be slow to follow."
+
+
+Whilst J.G. Birney was in this country, in addition to his arduous
+labors, in addressing large assemblies in many of the cities of the
+United Kingdom, he prepared and published his excellent work, "The
+American Churches the Bulwark of American Slavery," which is eminently
+deserving of the attentive perusal of all Christian readers. The
+estimation in which James G. Birney is held by American abolitionists,
+is marked by his having been twice unanimously selected by the "Liberty
+Party," as a candidate for the Presidential chair.
+
+I found G. Smith as much interested in the subject of temperance, as in
+that of slavery. No person in the whole of the township in which he
+lives is licensed to sell drams. For an innkeeper to sell a glass of
+spirits, or even of strong beer, is illegal, and exposes him to a heavy
+fine.
+
+The next morning I left early for Utica, where I had the pleasure of
+again meeting the friends I had parted from at Buffalo, with whom I paid
+a visit to the Oneida Institute, about two miles from Utica. This
+college was the first in the United States to throw open its doors to
+students, irrespective of color. It was also one of the earliest
+institutions to combine manual labor with instruction. The principle is
+adopted partly from a motive of economy, but principally because
+intellectual vigor is believed to depend on bodily health, and that
+these can be best secured and preserved by exercise and labor,
+especially out of door and agricultural employments. The labor of the
+students defrays a considerable part of the expense of their support,
+but as the severe pressure of the times has limited the means of many
+liberal benefactors of Oneida, the establishment, which usually
+comprises one hundred young men, is now limited to about one-third of
+the number. Several of these are colored. The Oberlin Institute in Ohio
+is on a much larger scale than this, and is on an equally liberal
+footing with regard to color. I much regretted being unable, from want
+of time, to comply with the urgent request of my friend, Wm. Dawes and
+others, to visit this important and interesting establishment. The
+number of students at Oberlin last year was five hundred and sixty,
+including those in the department for females.
+
+I was much pleased to have the opportunity of becoming further
+acquainted with the President of Oneida, Beriah Green, and with his
+friend, Wm. Goodell, who resides in the neighborhood. Their names will
+be reverenced by the abolitionists of America as long as the memory of
+anti-slavery efforts shall survive. Before we left, we had an
+opportunity of meeting the students together, who appeared much
+interested with my friend John Candler's details of the results of
+emancipation in Jamaica. I was disappointed in not finding at home Alvan
+Stewart, one of the ablest and most zealous friends of the Anti-Slavery
+cause; but Beriah Green kindly accompanied me to call upon several of
+their abolition friends in the city.
+
+My limited time prevented my paying a visit to Henry B. Stanton, who was
+residing not far from Utica, and whose acquaintance I had the pleasure
+of making in England. He also will be remembered for his able assistance
+at the Convention, and by his eloquent addresses at public meetings in
+this country. The following record of his services is made by the
+Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society:--
+
+
+    "That this Committee, in taking leave of their friend and
+    fellow-laborer in the cause of universal emancipation, Henry
+    Brewster Stanton, Esq., record their high estimate of the
+    valuable services rendered by him to that cause, whilst in Great
+    Britain, by his eloquent and powerful advocacy; and, in
+    tendering him their thanks, they express their sincere desire
+    for his success in the great work to which he has devoted
+    himself."
+
+
+The name of Henry B. Stanton previously occurs in conjunction with that
+of Theodore D. Weld, as having left Lane Seminary with many other
+students, rather than be silent on the abolition question: becoming from
+that time a strenuous and powerful anti-slavery advocate.
+
+I proceeded in the evening to Albany, and thence to New York the next
+morning; where I remained from the 17th to the 26th instant, and, during
+this time, I put in circulation the following address:--
+
+
+    "_To the Members of the Religious Society of Friends in the
+    United States of America_.
+
+    "Dear Friends,--Having for many years believed it my duty to
+    devote a considerable portion of my time and attention to the
+    promotion of the abolition of slavery and the slave-trade, I
+    have acted in cordial co-operation with the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society since its formation. The principles of that
+    Society may be briefly explained by the following extract from
+    its constitution: 'That so long as slavery exists, there is no
+    reasonable prospect of the annihilation of the slave-trade, and
+    of extinguishing the sale and barter of human beings: that the
+    extinction of slavery and the slave-trade will be attained most
+    effectually by the employment of those means which are of a
+    moral, religious, and pacific character: and that no measures be
+    resorted to by this society in the prosecution of their objects,
+    but such as are in entire accordance with these principles.'
+
+    "My visit to this country had reference, in a great measure, to
+    the objects for which this society was established; but,
+    although I left my native land with the general approbation and
+    full unity of my friends, they concurred with me in opinion,
+    that any _official_ document, beyond a certificate from 'my
+    monthly meeting,' expressive of sympathy with my engagement,
+    might rather obstruct than promote the end I had in view. I was
+    desirous of a personal interchange of sentiment with many of the
+    abolitionists in this land, upon matters having an important
+    bearing upon our future exertions. The warm attachment which I
+    have ever felt to the religious society with which I am
+    connected, and the ready co-operation of its members with their
+    Christian neighbors in promoting this cause in Great Britain,
+    inclined me to embrace every suitable opportunity to communicate
+    with Friends in this country. And I have been encouraged, not
+    only by the great personal kindness I have received from them
+    generally, but also by the lively interest expressed by most, on
+    the subject of emancipation, wherever I have introduced it.
+
+    "A further acquaintance with Friends in the compass of the three
+    or four 'Yearly Meetings,' in which my lot has been cast, and my
+    inquiries respecting the state of the other Yearly Meetings, has
+    convinced me that a large number of their most consistent
+    members, including many aged and universally respected Friends,
+    are desirous of embracing every right opening, both individually
+    and collectively, for the promotion of the abolition cause. And
+    while they are fully aware that there are reasons growing out of
+    the existing state of things, which render great circumspection
+    necessary, they can see no good ground for believing that the
+    manner in which Friends of this country, of a former generation,
+    labored for the liberation of the slave, was not under the
+    guidance of the Spirit of truth.
+
+    "This is now the course pursued by Friends generally in England.
+    That there may be no misapprehension as to the conduct of
+    Friends, with regard to this subject, in Great Britain, I may
+    mention, that I am the bearer of a document expressive of unity
+    with my visit, signed by William Allen, Josiah Forster, William
+    Forster, George Stacey, Samuel Fox, George W. Alexander, and
+    Robert Forster, who declare themselves fellow members with
+    myself of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee. This
+    committee is composed of persons of various religious
+    denominations, amongst whom it will be seen are many of the
+    prominent members of our meeting for sufferings. Upon the list
+    of delegates to the late Anti-Slavery Convention, in London, are
+    the names of nearly one hundred well known Friends, including
+    those of four who are, or have been clerks of the yearly
+    meeting; and the present clerk of that meeting, my esteemed
+    friend, George Stacey, took an active part, and rendered
+    essential service in the Convention. The meeting house in
+    Gracechurch Street was freely granted by Friends in London, who
+    have charge of it, for the use of the Convention, and the
+    concluding sittings of that body were held in it.
+
+    "In fact, Friends generally in England think it their duty to
+    render every aid in their power to the anti-slavery cause,
+    whether in their collective capacity, or individually uniting
+    with their fellow-citizens, when they can do so without any
+    compromise of our religious principles and testimonies. I speak
+    more explicitly on this point, because I have ascertained with
+    much concern, that there is an influential portion of the
+    Society, including, I have no doubt, some sincere abolitionists,
+    who have been so fearful that the testimonies of the Society
+    might suffer by any union with others, that they have not only
+    avoided such a co-operation themselves, but have dissuaded those
+    of their brethren, who have believed it incumbent upon them to
+    act otherwise; and in one 'Yearly Meeting,' at least, I have too
+    much reason to fear they have tacitly, if not actively
+    sanctioned the omission of the names of Friends on meeting
+    appointments,--however consistent in their conduct, and
+    concerned for the welfare of the society--simply because they
+    have felt it their duty to act with persons of other
+    denominations in promoting the abolition of slavery; thus, in
+    appearance at least, throwing the whole weight and influence of
+    the society, in its collective capacity, against a movement,
+    which, although doubtless partaking of the imperfections
+    attendant upon all human instrumentality, has already aroused
+    the whole country to a sense of the wrongs of the slave, and
+    secured to the nominally free colored citizens, in many of the
+    States, rights of which they have been so long and so unjustly
+    deprived.
+
+    "Though I can hardly expect that any thing from one entertaining
+    my view of the subject, can have much weight with those Friends,
+    who, with a full understanding of the heavy responsibility they
+    were assuming, have discountenanced anti-slavery exertions, and
+    the use of our meeting houses, even by consistent members, for
+    the purpose of giving information on the subject:[A] yet, as it
+    has occasioned me no small degree of anxiety, both in reference
+    to the anti-slavery cause, and the Society of Friends itself, I
+    believe I cannot return to my native land with peace of mind,
+    without earnestly and affectionately pressing upon such Friends,
+    the great importance of a careful examination of the ground
+    which they have taken. Our unwearied adversary is sometimes
+    permitted to lead us into the most fearful errors, when he
+    assumes the appearance of an angel of light. And is there not
+    great danger, in encouraging the young and inexperienced to
+    suppose that the maintenance of any of our testimonies may be
+    neglected, except when we feel a Divine intimation to uphold
+    them, and may it not open the door to great laxity in our
+    practice? While I fully believe that the true disciple of Christ
+    will be favored with the immediate guidance of the Holy Spirit
+    whenever it is needful to direct his steps; it appears to me
+    especially important, that, in matters of self-sacrifice and
+    conflicting with our worldly interest or reputation, we should
+    guard against being deluded into a neglect of duty, by waiting
+    for this direct Divine intimation, where the path of duty is
+    obvious and clearly understood, and when testimonies are
+    concerned, which we have long considered it our duty, on all
+    occasions, to support. If, under such a view of the subject, we
+    do believe it our duty to cease to act ourselves, and discourage
+    our brethren from laboring in the cause of the slave; a close
+    self-examination surely is needful, in order to ascertain if we
+    are consistently carrying out the same principle in our daily
+    walk in life--in our mercantile transactions--our investments of
+    property--in our connection with public institutions,--and with
+    political parties.
+
+    [Footnote A: "It is right to state, that I was much encouraged
+    by the lively expression of sympathy in the anti-slavery cause
+    in the Yearly Meetings of Philadelphia and New York: that at the
+    former place Friends opened a room at the meeting house for my
+    friend John Candler to give some information on the subject, and
+    at New York the large meeting house was not only readily granted
+    to him and me for the same purpose, but the clerks of the Yearly
+    Meeting kindly gave notice and invited Friends to attend."]
+
+    "It should be borne in perpetual recollection, that we are in no
+    small danger of shrinking from a faithful maintenance of those
+    testimonies which are unpopular with the world, as well as of
+    not seeing our own neglect of duty, while censuring the zeal or
+    supposed indiscretion of others. Besides, if this good cause be
+    really endangered by popular excitement, and the indiscretion of
+    its imprudent advocates, the obligation of consistent Friends to
+    be found at their posts, faithfully maintaining the testimony of
+    truth on its behalf, is greatly increased; and it is under such
+    circumstances that I think I have seen the peculiar advantage
+    and protection to our young friends in England, of having their
+    elder brethren with them, aiding them by their sympathy, as well
+    as by their advice and counsel. I am persuaded that those who
+    are called to occupy the foremost ranks in society cannot be too
+    careful not to impose a burden upon tender consciences, by
+    discouraging, either directly or indirectly, a course of conduct
+    which is sanctioned by the precepts and examples of our Divine
+    Master, lest they alienate from us some of His disciples, and
+    thereby greatly injure the society they are so laudably anxious
+    to 'keep unspotted from the world.'
+
+    "We are told, on the highest authority, that 'by their fruits'
+    we are to judge of the laborers in the Christian vineyard; and,
+    while I am fully aware of the greater difficulties in the way of
+    emancipation _here_, as compared with Great Britain, I have been
+    almost irresistibly led to contrast the difference in the
+    results of the course pursued by Friends in the two countries.
+    In America, during the last twenty-five years, it is evident
+    that slavery and the slave-trade have greatly increased; and
+    even where the members of our society are the most numerous and
+    influential, the prejudice against color is as strong as in any
+    part of the world,[A] and Friends themselves, in many places,
+    are by no means free from this prejudice. In Great Britain,
+    Friends, by society action, and by uniting with their
+    fellow-countrymen, not only contributed, under Providence, in no
+    small degree, to the passage of the act of 1834, for the
+    abolition of slavery in the British West Indies; but, when it
+    was found that the system of apprenticeship which this act
+    introduced, was made an instrument of cruel oppression to the
+    slaves, a renewal of similar labors for about twelve months,
+    resulted in the _complete_ emancipation of our colored brethren
+    in those colonies.
+
+    [Footnote A: "I should, I believe, do wrong to conceal the
+    sorrow which I have felt that the scheme of African
+    colonization, the great support of which, at the present time,
+    appears to be hostility to anti-slavery efforts and an
+    unchristian prejudice against color, still has the sympathy and
+    the active aid of some members of our society."]
+
+    "In closing this letter, I wish to address a few words to that
+    numerous and valuable class of Friends, previously alluded to,
+    with whom I deeply sympathize, who are only deterred from more
+    active exertion by their reluctance to give dissatisfaction to
+    those whom they respect. The sorrow which I feel, under the
+    consideration that, in parting with many of you, we never
+    probably shall meet again in mutability, is softened by the
+    persuasion, that the difficulties by which you are surrounded
+    are lessening, and that some who are now opposing you, will, ere
+    long, join you in efforts, which shall remove from the minds,
+    both of abolitionists and slave-holders, the belief so generally
+    entertained, that the Society of Friends in this country are not
+    earnestly engaged for the _total and immediate_ abolition of
+    slavery. No one regrets more than myself that any friends to the
+    cause of abolition should connect other topics with it, which,
+    however suitable to be discussed on their own merits, must
+    necessarily interfere with this simple and momentous object. You
+    are aware of some of the circumstances which may have led to the
+    state of feeling, with many in our society, which we so much
+    deplore. And it is my fervent desire that none of you, in any
+    steps you may consider it your duty to take, may afford just
+    cause of uneasiness, by any compromise of Christian principle,
+    any improper harshness of language, or by the introduction of
+    any subject not strictly belonging to the anti-slavery cause.
+    Your situation is one of peculiar difficulty and delicacy. Both
+    from a regard to your own religious society and the suffering
+    slave, you have need to exercise great watchfulness, and to
+    cultivate feelings of brotherly love and that 'charity which
+    suffereth long, and is kind.' The beautiful example of John
+    Woolman, in this respect, is worthy of your imitation. His
+    labors were, for years, far less encouraged by the leading
+    influences of society than your own at the present time; yet we
+    find, in reading his invaluable journal, no traces of bitterness
+    or uncharitable feeling.
+
+    "Finally, dear friends of all classes,--In thus freely
+    addressing you, I have written, not only with a strong
+    attachment to our religious society, but, I trust, under a
+    feeling of a degree of that love, which is not confined to
+    geographical boundaries, or affected by color or by clime. The
+    prayer of my heart is, that each of you may be willing to be
+    made instrumental, in the Divine Hand, in faithfully maintaining
+    our Christian testimony against slavery; bearing in mind, that
+    the labors of your ancestors have greatly increased your
+    responsibility, by separating you from those influences which so
+    deaden the feelings and harden the heart against the claims of
+    our brethren in bonds. May these considerations, viewed in
+    connection with the difficulties which obstruct the progress of
+    emancipation in this land, stimulate you to increased exertion;
+    and when you are summoned to the bar of that final tribunal,
+    towards which we are all hastening, may you have the
+    inexpressible consolation of reflecting, that you have performed
+    all you could towards 'undoing the heavy burden and letting the
+    oppressed go free.'
+
+    "I am, very sincerely,
+
+    "Your friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE."
+
+    "New York, Seventh Month 17th, 1841."
+
+
+The above letter so fully embodies my view of the state of the Society
+in reference to the anti-slavery cause, that I shall think it needless,
+after a few general observations, again recur to this subject. I feel
+bound to acknowledge that this public mode of making my sentiments known
+was disapproved by some Friends; yet of all the objections that were
+made to the proceeding, none tended to impugn the accuracy of my
+representation of the existing state of things. This is approved by
+some, and deplored by others, but my statement has not been denied by
+any. In consequence of a remonstrance made to me on special grounds in
+the kindest and most Christian manner by two beloved friends, I felt
+called upon to subject my motives and conduct, in issuing such an
+address, to deliberate reconsideration; and the result was, that I not
+only felt myself clear of just censure, but that in no other way could I
+have discharged my duty according to my own interpretation of its
+dictates. Of other objectors, I may add, that simply to enumerate their
+reasons, stated to me in private conference, would be the severest
+public animadversion that could be made, either on the individuals
+themselves, or on the Society whose views they professed to represent.
+
+In the present state of this great controversy, the abolitionists may
+justly say, "he that is not with us, is against us," while the
+pro-slavery party can witness, "he that is not against us, is on our
+side." Hence the praise bestowed on the neutrality of the Society of
+Friends by the great slave-holding senator, Henry Clay. Hence also the
+suspicious compliments of the late President Van Buren, the first act of
+whose administration was a pledge to refuse his signature to any bill
+for the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. I fear it is
+undeniable that in the last eight years the collective influence of the
+Society has been thrown into the pro-slavery scale, and this
+notwithstanding the existence of much diffused and passive sympathy and
+right feeling on behalf of the slave, in the breasts of probably a large
+majority of individual members. The abolitionists of the United States
+have been treated by too many influential Friends, as well as by the
+leading professors of other denominations, as a party whose contact is
+contamination; yet to a bystander it is plainly obvious that the true
+grounds of offence are not always those ostensibly alleged, but the
+activity, zeal, and success with which they have cleared themselves of
+participation in other men's sins, and by which they have condemned the
+passive acquiescence of a society making a high profession of
+anti-slavery principles. I do not intend to defend all the proceedings
+of the anti-slavery societies. That they have sometimes erred in
+judgment and action,--that they have had unworthy men among their
+members, I have little doubt. But, the same objections might have been
+raised to the old anti-slavery societies, in which the leading Friends
+of the United States took an active part with their neighbors of other
+denominations, and, with far greater force against the Colonization
+Society, which is patronized, even to this day, both by individual
+members and by at least one Meeting of Sufferings.[A] The causes that
+have produced the state of things I have attempted to describe, derive
+their origin, I believe, from one source--inaction. After the Society of
+Friends had purified itself from slave-holding, it gradually subsided
+into a state of rest, and finally lapsed into lethargy and indifference
+on this question. In the world we live in, evil is the quick and
+spontaneous growth, while good is the forced and difficult culture. Good
+principles can only be preserved bright, pure, and efficient, by
+watchful care and constant use; if laid aside, they rust and perish.
+These are the necessary effects of the fall of man by disobedience from
+that state of happiness and holiness in which he was formed by a
+beneficent Creator. In a state of inaction, Friends have been exposed to
+the influences of a corrupt public sentiment; they have, to a
+considerable extent, imbibed the prejudice against color, while some of
+them have been caught by the gilded bait of southern commerce.
+
+[Footnote A: See Appendix K.]
+
+In a former part of this work I have briefly alluded to that memorable
+reformation, which, in the latter part of the preceding century, purged
+the Society of Friends from the heinous sins of slave trading and
+holding slaves. This reformation in Great Britain, with perhaps a few
+individual exceptions, consisted merely in the adoption of new
+convictions, and the abandonment of lax opinions; but, on the American
+continent, it was sealed by the willing sacrifice of an immense amount
+of property. One can scarcely avoid looking back with regret to times
+when convictions of duty had such power, when Christian principle was
+carried out, whatever the cost. Then, indeed, was exhibited, by the
+American Friends, the fruit of a world-overcoming faith. It must be
+confessed that the present position of their descendants presents an
+unpleasing contrast; yet I trust, that from all I have written, the
+conclusion will be drawn, that I look forward to the future with hope;
+though it is a hope chastened with fear. Next to a fervent desire that
+slavery may be speedily abolished, it is one of the warmest wishes of my
+heart, that the "Society of Friends" in America, may be among the
+chiefly honored agents in accomplishing, in the wisdom and power of
+Jesus Christ, so great a work, thereby contributing to the fulfilment of
+the angelic prophecy of "Glory to God, and good will to man."
+
+I subsequently visited, in company with a colored gentleman, one of the
+principal colored schools in New York, in which there were upwards of
+three hundred children present. All the departments appeared to be
+conducted, under colored teachers, with great order and efficiency, and
+the attainments of the higher classes were very considerable. On the
+whole, this school would bear comparison with any similar school for
+white children which I ever visited.
+
+Having received from Great Britain the minutes of a special meeting of
+the Anti-Slavery Society, called to consider the time of holding a
+second General Convention, I met some of the friends of the cause in New
+York, together with John G. Whittier and Elizur Wright, of Boston, to
+obtain an interchange of their sentiments on the same subject. After
+considerable discussion, they unanimously concluded to leave the
+decision as to the time of holding a future Convention to the London
+Committee--the question of time being the summer of 1842 or 1843.
+
+The numerous persons on whom I called, before leaving New York,
+concurred uniformly in the belief that public opinion was steadily, and
+somewhat rapidly advancing, in favor of emancipation, and that the
+prejudice against color was lessening.
+
+The unanimity I found in the opinion that public feeling in favor of
+peace was continually strengthening, was very encouraging. All whom I
+consulted, approved of the suggestion of Judge Jay, already mentioned,
+though I had no suitable opportunity of obtaining the collective
+sentiments of the friends of peace in New York upon it.
+
+The Secretary of the Vigilance Committee, an association existing in
+several of the Northern cities, formed to aid runaway slaves in escaping
+to a place of safety, as well as to protect the free colored people from
+kidnappers, informed me that the number of slaves who applied for
+assistance was constantly on the increase. He said that, only a few days
+before, a man, who was a preacher of the gospel, who was escaping to
+Canada, called upon him; and on being asked why he was fleeing from
+slavery, he exposed his naked back, lacerated with a recent flogging,
+and said that he had received that punishment for going to his place of
+worship.
+
+On the evening of the 24th I went up the river Hudson to Sing Sing, in
+company with Lewis Tappan. Our object was to spend the next day, which
+was the first day of the week, in this celebrated state prison. We
+lodged at a quiet hotel, on an eminence above the village; and next
+morning, about eight o'clock, we went to the prison, where we were very
+kindly received by the superintendent, J.G. Seymour, and by the
+chaplain. Soon afterwards, we had the opportunity of seeing all the male
+prisoners, about seven hundred and fifty, in the chapel, when they were
+addressed by a minister of the Presbyterian persuasion, whom we had met
+on board the steamer, and whom Lewis Tappan had invited to be there. We
+were informed that about one-third of the prisoners were colored: these
+did not sit separate, but were intermixed with the rest. In general,
+however, the striking language of De Beaumont, a late French traveller
+in the United States, will be found true. "The prejudice against color
+haunts its victim wherever he goes,--in the hospitals where humanity
+suffers,--in the churches where it kneels to God,--_in the prisons where
+it expiates its offences_,--in the grave-yards where it sleeps the last
+sleep."
+
+From hence we proceeded to the female department, where about eighty
+were assembled, some of whom seemed much affected by an address from my
+friend, Lewis Tappan. He told them he saw at least one present who had
+been a scholar in his colored Sabbath School at New York. The white
+women were placed in the front seats, and the colored behind them. We
+next went to the Sabbath School for the male prisoners, held in the
+chapel, where the attendance is general, though perfectly voluntary.
+Twenty-five of the best educated and most orderly prisoners are allowed
+to teach classes: the other teachers were officers of the prison, and
+other persons attracted hither by benevolent motives; and I was told the
+teachers selected among the convicts had not once been detected in the
+abuse of this privilege, by entering into conversation on other topics.
+On the breaking up of the school, Lewis Tappan addressed them, and I
+added a few words. We were kindly invited to dine with the matron. She
+mentioned one instance of complete reformation in a female, which was to
+be attributed she believed, under the Divine blessing, to the ministry
+of Joseph J. Gurney, who visited Sing Sing, in the course of his
+religious labors in the United States.
+
+After dinner we were permitted to visit the male prisoners at their
+cells, list shoes being provided for us that we might walk along the
+galleries without noise. Those who wished to do so, were suffered to
+speak to us through their grated doors, in a low voice. A number
+embraced this opportunity; of the sincere repentance and reformation of
+some of whom, I could scarcely doubt. One prisoner, a man of color,
+appeared to enjoy a state of perfect happiness, under a sense of being
+at peace with his Maker. Another manifested such a feeling of his
+spiritual blessings, and especially of that change of heart he had been
+favored to experience, as scarcely to have a desire for his liberation,
+though his health was visibly sinking under the confinement, and there
+appeared little other prospect but that of his dying in the prison, as
+he had been condemned for ten years, of which three yet remained.
+Several were Englishmen, who were mostly under feigned names, keeping
+their real names secret, from a natural unwillingness to disgrace their
+families. Some of these were men of education, and communicated to me in
+confidence their family names. One referred to gentlemen standing
+deservedly high in the estimation of the British public, as well knowing
+him. Two or three of this class wept much, when speaking of their
+situation, and of the offences that had brought them there.
+
+I gathered from the prisoners themselves that a great change had been
+introduced, both in the affairs and in the management of the prison,
+within the last eighteen months, by the present excellent superintendent
+and chaplain and their coadjutors, and with the happiest effects. The
+former system was one of brutal severity; now, without any relaxation of
+discipline, needless severity is discarded, and the floggings have been
+reduced nine-tenths, the great object being the reformation of the
+prisoners. One of these, speaking of the superintendent and chaplain,
+said: "there was not a prisoner in the jail, but rejoiced to hear the
+sound of their feet."
+
+J.G. Seymour mentioned one of the English prisoners to me, whose heart
+had been softened, and his reformation commenced, through the kindness
+of his prosecutor, who had spent both time and money in endeavoring to
+procure his release. This statement was fully confirmed in an
+interesting conversation I had with the individual himself, who was
+subsequently permitted, as well as another Englishman, to send letters
+by me to their relations in this country.
+
+An extract from the correspondence of one of my unfortunate
+fellow-countrymen, which I am permitted to make, will afford an
+interesting view of the internal administration of the Sing Sing prison,
+by one of its inmates. After alluding to the absolute monotony of prison
+life, he gives one day as a specimen of every day. "Monday morning, the
+large prison bell rings at five o'clock, when we all rise; half an hour
+after, we all go out to work, to our respective shops, till breakfast,
+the keepers all the time seated upon a high seat, overlooking--seeing
+that everything is ordered and going on in a proper manner: no talking
+allowed upon any occasion, or under any pretence whatever. When the
+breakfast-bell rings, we all go in to breakfast, each one to a separate
+room, (which are all numbered, one thousand in all;) every man's
+breakfast is ready for him in his room,--one pint of coffee, with plenty
+of meat, potatoes, and rye bread. After one hour, the prison opens
+again, and we work in a similar manner till twelve--dinner hour--when we
+go in again. Dinner is set ready as before,--an ample quantity of meat,
+potatoes, and bread, with a cup of water, (the best beverage in the
+world--would to God I had never drank any thing else, and I should not
+have been here;) one hour allowed for dinner, when we go out and work
+again till six o'clock, when we come in and are locked up for the night,
+with a large bowl of mush, (hasty pudding with molasses,) the finest
+food in the world, made from Indian meal. Thus passes each day of the
+week. Sundays we rise at the same hour; each man has a clean shirt given
+him in his room, then goes to the kitchen, brings his breakfast in with
+him, the same as before, and is locked up till eight, when Divine
+service is performed by a most worthy and able chaplain. After service,
+through the pious and benevolent efforts of Mr. Seymour, we have an
+excellent Sabbath School. Bible classes, where from three to four
+hundred attend, about half to learn to read, and the others to receive
+instruction in the way to attain everlasting life, under the immediate
+inspection of Mr. Seymour; and I am happy to say, that the greatest
+attention is paid by scholars of both classes: many, very many, know how
+to appreciate the value of these privileges, and benefit by them
+accordingly. Mr. Seymour has obtained a large library for us, and one of
+the prisoners is librarian. At eleven o'clock we are locked up for the
+day, with an extra allowance of food and water sufficient. The librarian
+and an assistant are left open, to distribute the books; that is to go
+to each man's cell, get the book he had the previous Sunday, and give
+him another in exchange, generally supplying them with a small tract, of
+which we mostly have a great plenty."
+
+A large proportion of the prisoners work in a stone quarry without the
+walls; and the most painful sight I saw at Sing Sing were the sentinels
+placed on prominent points commanding the prison, with loaded muskets
+and fixed bayonets, who have orders at once to shoot a convict who may
+attempt to escape, if he does not obey the order to return. I was told,
+however, an occurrence of the kind had not happened for years.
+
+A number of the female domestics in different families in the village of
+Sing Sing, have been prisoners, and are now reformed and generally
+conducting themselves to the entire satisfaction of their employers.
+
+There are few subjects more interesting to a civilized and Christian
+community, than that of prison discipline. It will scarcely, at the
+present day, be denied that the only motives on which, in such a
+government, criminal law can be administered, are the public safety, and
+the reformation of the criminal himself. Vengeance has not been
+delegated to man under the Christian dispensation. It is too evident,
+nevertheless, that the principle of retaliatory punishment, irrespective
+of any considerations of public safety, or the benefit of the offender,
+pervades our criminal jurisprudence, both in theory and practice, and
+just so far as this is the case, is the last great object defeated, for
+his feelings are deadened, and his heart hardened by it. The most
+depraved wretch has that within him which testifies that his fellow worm
+has no right to inflict pain upon him solely as a _punishment_, and his
+heart rebels against what he feels to be oppression. On the more
+enlightened, the effect is equally unfavorable, for he contrasts the
+practice of his persecutors with their profession, and is perhaps
+conducted thereby to infidelity and despair. One of the prisoners at
+Sing Sing, while contrasting the former with the present management,
+said, "We used to hear the gospel preached to us on the Sabbath, but see
+its doctrines trampled upon in all the conduct pursued towards us the
+whole week besides." How different the result where the law of love
+reigns! At Sing Sing there are numerous recent instances where
+conviction on the minds of the prisoners that the authorities of the
+prison have no other object than their temporal and spiritual benefit,
+has softened their hearts, and thereby disposed them to the reception of
+that consoling faith in a crucified Saviour, which is the only
+foundation of true amendment of life. How important is it that all the
+offices in a prison should be filled by persons of true piety; and where
+can such be more usefully employed?
+
+In a former part of this work, I have expressed a somewhat unfavorable
+opinion on "the separate system," adopted in the Philadelphia
+Penitentiary. One of my objections to this system is this, that to
+deprive man so entirely of human society, is to do violence to the
+strongest instinct of his nature, and thereby to inflict suffering far
+more severe than corporeal pain or privation. If the severity of this
+system does not obviously tend to carry out the legitimate objects of
+prison discipline, it cannot be defended. The small number of
+recommittals is no proof of the efficacy of this system; since, in a
+country like the United States, a liberated felon may very easily choose
+another locality for his sphere of action. In favor of the "separate
+system," it is occasionally pleaded that the prisoner is under a veil of
+secresy; and that when he goes forth, neither the censorious public, nor
+his fellow-prisoners, can point him out; and thus, his character being
+comparatively unblemished, he can, with less difficulty, procure
+employment. It is obvious that this would induce, in many cases, a
+degree of dishonest concealment from an employer, and encourage
+dissimulation. It would be much better that the prisoner should depend
+for a situation on the good character which the superintendent would
+give him if reformed; and I was glad to find at Sing Sing guarded
+situations had been procured, in numerous instances, for the liberated
+prisoners, and that their employers, with very little exception,
+represented them to be most valuable servants. I could hear of no case,
+in either of the prisons I visited, of any permanent injury to the
+health of a prisoner from the entire disuse of intoxicating drinks,
+however intemperate their previous habits might have been. The same
+remark is true with regard to tobacco. I will only add, that it is
+notorious that the prison discipline of Great Britain, notwithstanding
+all its recent improvements, is yet lamentably deficient; and that
+though the United States justly claim precedence of us in this respect,
+they have, by no means reached perfection. The greatest deficiency of
+all, however, in each nation, is that of institutions like the
+Philadelphia Refuge, co-extensive with the wants of the community, for
+the reformation of juvenile delinquency; thus suppressing crime in its
+small beginnings. So long as this want is unsupplied, and the juvenile
+offender is contaminated by contact with the hardened criminal, the
+statesmen and those who control the legislatures of both countries,
+dishonor their profession of Christianity.
+
+On the 26th, I accompanied my friends, J. and M. Candler, to the steamer
+which was to convey them on board the "Roscius" packet, to sail for
+Liverpool this afternoon. I afterwards called upon Charles Collins, who,
+for many years past, has dealt exclusively in articles of free labor
+produce, and for which he said he had found the demand to increase of
+late. I am more and more convinced that this branch of the abolition
+question has not received the attention it deserves from the friends of
+the cause. Before leaving New York, I ought not to omit to record a
+visit that was on a previous occasion paid us at our hotel, by William
+Cullen Bryant, whose name on this side of the water is associated with
+some of the most beautiful productions of American literature. He is the
+editor of the _New York Evening Post_, a leading democratic paper, and,
+to his credit be it said, he has always advocated the rights of the
+abolitionists. He has a thin, pale, thought-worn countenance, and his
+manner is quiet and unassuming. I also formed an agreeable acquaintance
+with Lydia Maria Child, known in both hemispheres as one of the most
+pleasing of American writers. She is editor of the _National
+Anti-Slavery Standard_.  Her services in the cause of the slave have
+been of great value, and have been given at the risk of destroying her
+interests and popularity as an author.
+
+I finally quitted this city, in the steamer, for Boston, on the 24th,
+accompanied by John G. Whittier.
+
+I remained in Boston till the first of the Eighth Month, (August) when I
+embarked on board the "Caledonia" steamer for England.--During the
+interval, I made a number of calls upon the abolitionists in Boston;
+and, among others, saw Henry and Maria Chapman and Wendell Phillips; the
+former of whom had just returned from a visit to Hayti, and the latter
+from Europe. I had several interviews with Martha V. and Lucy M. Ball,
+secretaries of the Boston Female Emancipation Society, who have long
+been faithful and laborious abolitionists. I also met, as at New York, a
+number of the friends of the cause, again to consider the best time for
+calling a second general Convention, to whom I read the London minutes
+on that subject. A resolution was unanimously passed, of the same tenor
+as those of New York, lately noticed. While in this city, I had not only
+the pleasure of renewing my intimacy with my friend, Nathaniel Colver,
+who is known to many of the English abolitionists as their valuable and
+cordial coadjutor at the great Convention in London, but of becoming
+acquainted with many zealous and able friends of the slave. One of these
+was Amos A. Phelps, one of those who signed the original declaration
+issued by the American Anti-Slavery Society, on its foundation at
+Philadelphia, in 1833.
+
+We also went to Salem, and met a number of "Friends" who were
+abolitionists, and who appeared desirous to embrace every suitable
+opportunity of promoting the cause.
+
+Salem is a city of about fourteen thousand inhabitants, and I was told
+that the number of its population who went and returned to and from
+Boston, a distance of fourteen miles, weekly, was about five hundred--a
+striking proof of the locomotive energy of the Americans. Their
+gratification, in this respect, has been much facilitated of late by the
+rapid extension of railways. These, with few exceptions, are by no means
+so completely constructed as in England; but, owing to the cheapness of
+land, timber, et cet., and by making the lines generally single, and, on
+the average, the speed of travelling being about one-fourth less than is
+common in England, they answer the purpose of rapid transit, while the
+outlay is about as many dollars per mile as it is sovereigns with us. On
+this railway, and some others in New England, the lines are double, and
+the construction and speed are nearly equal to ours.
+
+I was informed, the proportion of severe accidents is not larger than in
+Great Britain. The carriages are generally built to hold sixty or
+seventy persons, who are seated two by two, one behind another, on
+double rows of seats, ranged across the carriage, with room to walk
+between, along the centre. The carriage in which we returned from Salem
+had twenty-two seats on each side, to contain two each, or, in the
+whole, eighty-eight passengers. Yet the weight of this machine would be
+little more than that of an English first-class carriage, to hold
+eighteen persons, and it cost probably less. Their carriages are well
+ventilated in summer, and warmed by a stove in winter. Locomotive
+engines approach Boston near enough to prevent the use of horses; but,
+on arriving at the distance of a mile or two from New York,
+Philadelphia, and Baltimore, the carriages and passengers are drawn in
+by horses. One carriage is often specially reserved for the ladies on
+the principal lines, into which gentlemen do not usually intrude, unless
+they have ladies under their care. It is common, however, for the latter
+to take their seats in any of the carriages. There is no distinction of
+price, and none of accommodation, except that an inferior and more
+exposed carriage, at the same fare, is purposely provided for persons of
+color; but this disgraceful relic of past times cannot survive long. The
+principal disadvantage that I observed on the American, as compared with
+the English railways, was the delay on meeting other trains, and on
+stopping for them at places where they could pass, and also the sparks
+from the wood, used for fuel instead of coke. On one occasion, my coat
+was set on fire in this way, though I was seated in a covered carriage.
+Very efficient locomotive engines are made in the United States. I
+visited a celebrated manufactory at Philadelphia, which has sent ten to
+England, for the use of the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway. At the
+time of my visit, they had many orders unexecuted from several European
+governments. As far as my inquiries went, the cost of making them is,
+upon the whole, about the same as in England.
+
+Having been, for several years, a director on the Birmingham and London
+Railway, I felt some interest in these inquiries, and came to the
+conclusion, that there are several arrangements of economy, and some of
+convenience, in the construction and working of railways, which the
+English might borrow with advantage from the United States.
+
+On the 29th instant, the secretary of the Peace Society convened a
+meeting of the members of that society, and of other influential
+gentlemen, including Alden Bradford, late secretary of the State of
+Massachusetts; Robert Rantoul, an eloquent and prominent member of the
+legislature, and S.E. Coues, of New Hampshire,[A] to take into
+consideration the best means of securing permanent international peace.
+A very harmonious and satisfactory discussion took place, and the
+following statement of the proceedings was subsequently handed to me by
+the gentleman who officiated as secretary to the meeting:
+
+[Footnote A: Since elected President of the American Peace Society.]
+
+
+    "A meeting of the friends of peace was held in the city of
+    Boston, on the evening of the 29th day of July, 1841.
+
+    "The meeting was called for the purpose of meeting Mr. Joseph
+    Sturge, from England, and there were present most of the active
+    members of the American Peace Society.
+
+    "Amasa Walker, Esq., was chosen chairman; and J.P. Blanchard,
+    secretary.
+
+    "Mr. Sturge addressed the meeting, and suggested the expediency
+    of calling, at some future time, a Convention of the friends of
+    peace, of different nations, to deliberate upon the best method
+    of adjusting international disputes; and, offered, for the
+    consideration of the meeting, a plan proposed by Judge Jay, in
+    which all the friends of peace could unite.
+
+    "The meeting was then addressed by several gentlemen, who
+    cordially approved the plan proposed, and, subsequently, the
+    following resolutions were unanimously adopted.
+
+    "Resolved,--That this meeting receives with great pleasure the
+    suggestion of our friend Joseph Sturge, of England, of a general
+    conference of the friends of peace, at the earliest practical
+    opportunity, at London, to consult on the measures which are
+    best adapted to promote universal peace among the nations of the
+    earth; and they respectfully refer the subject to the executive
+    committee of the American Peace Society, for their decision, on
+    correspondence and consultation with the friends of the cause in
+    this and other countries.
+
+    "Resolved,--That the suggestion by Judge Jay, of the insertion
+    of a clause in all conventional treaties between nations,
+    mutually binding the parties to submit all international
+    disputes, during the continuance of such treaties, to the
+    arbitration of some one or more friendly powers, presents a
+    definite and practicable object of effort, worthy of the serious
+    attention of the friends of peace. And this meeting recommends
+    to the friends of the cause, in different countries, to petition
+    their respective Governments in favor of the measure."
+
+
+On the 30th, in company with John G. Whittier and C. Stewart Renshaw, I
+went over to Lowell, the chief seat of the woollen and cotton
+manufacture in America. Less than twenty years ago, there were not more
+than forty or fifty houses on the site of this flourishing city, which
+now contains upwards of twenty thousand inhabitants. Its numerous mills
+are all worked by water power, and belong to incorporated joint-stock
+companies. We were obligingly shown over two of the largest woollen and
+cotton factories, where every stage of the manufacture was in process,
+from the cotton, or sheep's wool, to the finished fabric. We also
+visited works, where the printing of cottons is executed in a superior
+style, besides a new process for dyeing cotton in the thread, invented
+by an Englishman, now in the establishment. The following abstract of
+the manufacturing statistics of Lowell, on the first of January, 1841,
+will show the great importance to which this new branch of industry has
+attained with such unprecedented rapidity.
+
+Ten joint-stock companies, with a capital of ten millions of dollars,
+having thirty-two woollen and cotton factories, besides print works, et
+cet., with one hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred and
+sixty-eight spindles, and five thousand five hundred and eighty-eight
+looms, employing two thousand one hundred and seventy-two males, and six
+thousand nine hundred and twenty females, who made, in 1840, sixty-five
+millions eight hundred and two thousand four hundred yards of cotton and
+woollen cloths, in which were consumed twenty-one millions four hundred
+and twenty-four thousand pounds of cotton alone.
+
+The average amount earned by the male hands employed, exclusive of their
+board, is four dollars and eighty cents, or about twenty shillings
+sterling per week, and of the females two dollars, or about eight
+shillings and sixpence per week.
+
+But the most striking and gratifying feature of Lowell, is the high
+moral and intellectual condition of its working population. In looking
+over the books of the mills we visited, where the operatives entered
+their names, I observed very few that were not written by themselves;
+certainly not five per cent. of the whole number were signed with a
+mark, and many of these were evidently Irish. It was impossible to go
+through the mills, and notice the respectable appearance and becoming
+and modest deportment of the "factory girls," without forming a very
+favorable estimate of their character and position in society. But it
+would be difficult indeed for a passing observer to rate them so high as
+they are proved to be by the statistics of the place. The female
+operatives are generally boarded in houses built and owned by the
+"corporation" for whom they work, and which are placed under the
+superintendence of matrons of exemplary character, and skilled in
+housewifery, who pay a low rent for the houses, and provide all
+necessaries for their inmates, over whom they exercise a general
+oversight, receiving about one dollar and one-third from each per week.
+Each of these houses accommodates from thirty to fifty young women, and
+there is a wholesome rivalry among the mistresses which shall make their
+inmates most comfortable. We visited one of the hoarding houses, and
+were highly pleased with its arrangement. A considerable number of the
+factory girls are farmers' daughters, and come hither from Vermont, New
+Hampshire, and other distant States, to work for two, three, or four
+years, when they return to their native hills, dowered with a little
+capital of their own earnings. The factory operatives at Lowell form a
+community that commands the respect of the neighborhood, and of all
+under whose observation they come. No female of an immoral character
+could remain a week in any of the mills. The superintendent of the Boott
+Corporation informed me, that, during the five and a half years of his
+superintendence of that factory, employing about nine hundred and fifty
+young women, he had known of but one case of an illegitimate birth--and
+the mother was an Irish "immigrant." Any male or female employed, who
+was known to be in a state of inebriety, would be at once dismissed.
+
+At the suggestion of the benevolent and intelligent superintendent of
+the Boott Company, we waited to see the people turn out to dinner, at
+half-past twelve o'clock. We stood in a position where many hundreds
+passed under our review, whose dress, and quiet and orderly demeanor
+would have done credit to any congregation breaking up from their place
+of worship. One of the gentlemen with me, who is from a slave State,
+where all labor is considered degrading, remarked, with emotion, "What
+would I give if, (naming a near relative in the slave States,) could
+witness this only for a quarter of an hour!" We dined with one of our
+abolition friends at Lowell, who informed us that many hundreds of the
+factory girls were members of the Anti-Slavery Society; and that,
+although activity in this cause has been pretty much suspended by the
+division in the ranks of its friends, yet there is no diminution of good
+feeling on the subject. The following extracts, from a pamphlet
+published by a respectable citizen of Lowell, will further illustrate
+the moral statistics of the place, which, I believe, can be paralleled
+by no other manufacturing town in the world. The work is dated July,
+1839:--
+
+
+    "There are now in the city fourteen regularly organized
+    religious societies, besides one or two others quite recently
+    established. Ten of these societies constitute a Sabbath School
+    Union. Their third annual report was made on the fourth of the
+    present month, and it has been published within a few days. I
+    derive from it the following facts. The number of scholars
+    connected with the ten schools at the time of making the report,
+    was four thousand nine hundred and thirty-six, and the number of
+    teachers was four hundred and thirty-three, making an aggregate
+    of five thousand three hundred and sixty-nine. The number who
+    joined the schools during the year, was three thousand seven
+    hundred and seventy, the number who left was three thousand one
+    hundred and twenty-nine. About three-fourths of the scholars are
+    females. A large proportion of the latter are over fifteen years
+    of age, and consist of girls employed in the mills. More than
+    five hundred of these scholars have, during the last year,
+    become personally interested in practical piety, and more than
+    six hundred have joined themselves to the several churches. Now
+    let it be borne in mind, that there are four or five Sunday
+    Schools in the city, some of which are large and flourishing,
+    not included in this statement. Let it be borne in mind, too,
+    that a great proportion of these scholars are the factory girls,
+    and furthermore, that these most gratifying results just given,
+    have nothing in them extraordinary--they are only the common,
+    ordinary results of several of the past years. There has been no
+    unusual excitement; no noise, no commotion. Silently, quietly,
+    unobtrusively, from Sabbath to Sabbath, in these little
+    nurseries of truth, duty and religion, has the good seed been
+    sowing and springing up--watered by the dews, and warmed by the
+    smiles of heaven--to everlasting life....
+
+    "I shall now proceed to enumerate some of the influences which
+    have been most powerful in bringing about these results. Among
+    these are the example and watchful care and oversight of the
+    boarding house keepers, the superintendents, and the
+    overseers.... But a power vastly more active, all pervading and
+    efficient, than any and all of these, is to be found in the
+    jealous and sleepless watchfulness, over each other, of the
+    girls themselves.... The strongest guardianship of their own
+    character, as a class, is in their own hands, and they will not
+    suffer either overseer or superintendent to be indifferent to
+    this character with impunity.
+
+    "The relationship which is here established between the Sunday
+    school scholar and her teacher--between the member of the church
+    and her pastor--the attachments which spring up between them,
+    are rendered close and strong by the very circumstances in which
+    these girls are placed. These relationships and these
+    attachments take the place of the domestic ties and the home
+    affections, and they have something of the strength and fervency
+    of these."
+
+
+The next extract shows their prosperity in a pecuniary point.
+
+
+    "The average wages, clear of board, amount to about two dollars
+    a week. Many an aged father or mother, in the country, is made
+    happy and comfortable, by the self-sacrificing contributions
+    from the affectionate and dutiful daughter here. Many an old
+    homestead has been cleared of its incumbrances, and thus saved
+    to the family by these liberal and honest earnings. To the many
+    and most gratifying and cheering facts, which, in the course of
+    this examination I have had occasion to state, I here add a few
+    others relating to the matter now under discussion, furnished me
+    by Mr. Carney, the treasurer of the Lowell Institution for
+    Savings. The whole number of depositors in this institution, on
+    the 23d July, was nineteen hundred and seventy-six; the whole
+    number of deposits was three hundred and five thousand seven
+    hundred and ninety-six dollars and seventy cents, (about
+    L60,000.) Of these depositors, nine hundred and seventy-eight
+    are factory girls, and the amount of their funds now in the
+    bank, is estimated by Mr. Carney, in round numbers, at one
+    hundred thousand dollars, (about L20,000.) It is a common thing
+    for one of these girls to have five hundred dollars (about L100
+    sterling) in deposit, and the only reason why she does not
+    exceed this sum is the fact, that the institution pays no
+    interest on any larger sum than this. After reaching this
+    amount, she invests her remaining funds elsewhere."
+
+
+In confirmation of this description of the state of the Lowell
+population, I have obtained, through the kindness of a friend in
+Massachusetts, the following parallel statistics to a recent date:--
+
+
+    "PUBLIC SCHOOLS.--By the report of the school committee for the
+    year ending on the 5th of Fourth Month (April) 1841, it appears
+    that the whole number of pupils in the schools, who attended
+    during the whole or part of the year, was 5,830. The whole
+    amount expended by the city for these schools, during the year,
+    was 18,106 dollars, 51 cents.
+
+    "SABBATH SCHOOLS.--The number of scholars and teachers in the
+    Sabbath Schools, connected with the various religious societies
+    in Lowell, during the year ending on the 5th of Seventh Month
+    (July) 1841, was 5,493.
+
+    "SAVINGS BANK.--The Lowell Institution for Savings, in its
+    report of Fifth Month (May), 1840, acknowledges 328,395 dollars,
+    55 cents, deposits, from 2,137 persons; together with 16,093
+    dollars, 29 cents, nett amount received for interest on loans
+    and dividends in stocks, less expense and dividends paid--making
+    in all, 344,488 dollars, 84 cents; nett amount of interest,
+    24,714 dollars, 61 cents. Within the year, 120,175 dollars, 69
+    cents, had been deposited, and 70,384 dollars, 24 cents, drawn
+    out.
+
+    "PAUPERS.--The whole expense of the city for the support of the
+    poor, during the year ending on the 31st of Twelfth Month
+    (December) 1840, was 2,698 dollars, 61 cents."
+
+
+As a proof, slight yet significant, of the spread of intellectual
+cultivation, I ought not to omit a notice of the "Lowell Offering," a
+little monthly magazine, of original articles, written exclusively by
+the factory girls. The editor of the _Boston Christian Examiner_
+commends this little periodical to those who consider the factory system
+to be degrading and demoralizing; and expresses a doubt "whether a
+committee of young ladies, selected from the most refined and best
+educated families in any of our towns and cities, could make a fairer
+appearance in type than these hard-working factory girls."
+
+The city of Lowell has been distinguished by British tourists as the
+Manchester of the United States; but, in view of the facts above
+related, an American has declared it to be "_not_ the Manchester of the
+United States."
+
+Besides the general prosperity of the operatives, the shareholders in
+the different corporations divide from eight to fifteen per cent, per
+annum on their capital.
+
+The inquiry naturally suggests itself, why the state of things in the
+manufacturing districts of Great Britain should be so widely different
+from this? Some may satisfy themselves by recollecting that England is
+an old and America a young country; though, to my mind, this affords no
+reasonable explanation of the contrast--since, from the possession of
+surplus capital, complete machinery, and facility of communication, et
+cet., the advantages for _commerce and manufactures_, under a system of
+perfectly unrestricted exchange, must preponderate greatly in favor of
+the former. But whatever the solution of the difficulty, it is quite
+evident that the statesman who would elevate the moral standard of our
+working population, must begin by removing the physical depression and
+destitution in which a large proportion of them, without any fault of
+their own, are compelled to drag out a weary and almost hopeless
+existence. To some peculiarly constituted minds, "over-production" is
+the explanation of the present appalling distresses of this country; and
+what they are pleased to consider a healthy state of things, is to be
+restored by a diminution of production;--yet nothing is more certain,
+than that the largest amount of production which has ever been reached,
+is not more than adequate to supply our increasing population with the
+necessaries of life, on even a very limited scale of comfort. A
+diminished production implies the starving down of the population to
+such a diminished number as may obtain leave to toil, and leave to
+subsist, from legislators, who, either in ignorance or selfishness, set
+aside nature's laws, and disregard the plainly legible ordinances of
+Divine Providence. If we reflect on the part which commerce is made to
+perform in the moral government of the world, on the one hand as the
+bond of peace between powerful nations, by creating a perpetual
+interchange of temporal benefits; and, on the other, as the channel for
+the diffusion of blessings of an intellectual and spiritual kind; we are
+conducted irresistibly to the conclusion, that any arbitrary
+interruption of its free course must draw down its own punishment.
+
+Though the laws of nature may not permit the limited soil of this
+country to grow food enough for its teeming population, yet while Great
+Britain possesses mineral wealth, abundant capital, and the largest
+amount of skilled industry of any nation in the world, the tributary
+supplies of other countries would not only satisfy our present wants,
+but would, I firmly believe, with an unfettered commerce, raise our
+working population, the most numerous, and by far the most important
+part of the community, to the same level of prosperity as the same class
+in the United States. Then would there be more hope for the success of
+efforts to elevate the standard of moral and intellectual cultivation
+among them, for as an improvable material they are no way inferior to
+any population upon earth. John Curtis of Ohio, a free trade missionary
+to this country, has published a pamphlet full of important statistical
+facts, illustrating the suicidal policy of Great Britain, from which I
+venture to take the following extracts:
+
+
+    "England already obtains luxuries in superabundance; but these
+    can never supply the wants of her artizans--they demand
+    substantial bread and meat, and a market where their labor can
+    procure these necessaries. Tropical climates are not adapted to
+    supply their wants. For this reason trade either with the East
+    or West Indies cannot give effectual relief: it may furnish
+    luxuries, but England is overstocked with them already. The food
+    of tropical climates, with the exception of rice, is not
+    calculated for export. The people of England, if they are to
+    import food, need the production of a climate similar to their
+    own. In this respect America is well adapted to supply them.
+
+    "All parts of the United States between thirty-seven and
+    forty-four degrees of north latitude will produce wheat. But
+    that part of the country best adapted to furnish an abundant
+    supply is, beyond all question, the northern part of the
+    Mississippi valley, and the contiguous country south of the
+    great lakes. It has been styled _par excellence_ the
+    wheat-growing region of America. Within its limits lie the six
+    north-western States of the American Union, Ohio, Indiana,
+    Illinois, Michigan, Iowa, and Wiskonsan (including as States the
+    two territories of Iowa and Wiskonsan, about to be admitted into
+    the Union.) These States, exclusive of two hundred thousand
+    square miles, the title to which is yet mostly in the Indian
+    tribes, cover an area of two hundred and thirty-six thousand and
+    eleven square miles. The country is, generally, an undulating
+    prairie, interspersed with groves of trees, and unbroken by hill
+    or mountain. The soil commonly rests upon a strata of limestone,
+    is fertile beyond description, and abundantly watered by the
+    finest springs and streams. Its climate is clear and salubrious,
+    and the country as well calculated as any other on the globe to
+    minister to the support and happiness of civilized man. As
+    already explained, for an inland country, it possesses
+    unequalled facilities for foreign intercourse and commerce, by
+    means of its great lakes and rivers. The most distant parts of
+    it are now reached in twenty days from Liverpool. The energies
+    of the American people have been chiefly expended, during the
+    last few years, in opening and taking possession of this region,
+    which they consider destined to become the future seat of
+    American wealth and greatness.
+
+    "Wheat once formed a leading article in the exports of the
+    United States. The trade of that country with Great Britain was
+    then double the present amount in proportion to the number of
+    the population. Had the trade of the two countries continued
+    free, it would have increased with the increase of population
+    and capital. The legitimate exchange trade has decreased between
+    England and America for thirty years. What part has the
+    restrictive system had in producing this result? A few facts may
+    enable us not only to answer this question, but to anticipate
+    the consequences of a continuance of the same policy. From the
+    time of the revolutionary war in America until 1812, the trade
+    between the two countries regularly increased with the increase
+    of the population. The average annual consumption of foreign
+    merchandise in the United States for each inhabitant was,
+
+    From 1790 to 1800,  39s. 4d.
+      "  1800 to 1810,  41s. 8d.
+
+
+    "In 1812 came the second American war, and in 1815 the British
+    corn law, which was promptly followed by the high American
+    tariff of 1816. For ten years prior to 1830, the annual average
+    consumption of merchandize had fallen to 22s. 6d., while the
+    population of the States was nearly double, and their capital
+    treble that of the ten years preceding 1810. Soon after 1830
+    followed the modification of the American tariff, and the
+    importations based on the great transatlantic loans of that
+    period. But, notwithstanding the stimulation and extravagance of
+    the time, the average annual consumption amounted to only 31s.
+    per head of foreign produce during the ten years prior to 1840.
+    Abating the importation based on the loans of the last few
+    years, and the trade of England with the United States has not
+    increased in amount for the last thirty years, while the
+    population of England has increased from eighteen to
+    twenty-seven millions, and that of the States from seven to
+    seventeen millions.
+
+    "Let the reader observe this, that in the Eastern States, in
+    that of Massachusetts, for instance, in which State Boston is
+    situated, the people bring a large part of their food from the
+    Western States, where they obtain it in exchange for their
+    manufactures. If free trade were allowed, is it possible for any
+    man to give a reason why the manufacturer and laborer of
+    Manchester would not be able to do as well as the manufacturer
+    and laborer of Boston now does, abating the difference of
+    transporting goods and grain across the Atlantic? At least, the
+    consequence would be an extension of trade, and employment equal
+    to the amount of food which would, in such case, be brought from
+    America; and the limit to this quantity will be found only when
+    the wants of Englishmen are supplied, and their ability to pay
+    exhausted. The ability of America to supply any required
+    quantity of food has already been shown. There lie the broad
+    lands, ready for cultivation as soon as there shall be a demand
+    for the produce. And if seventeen millions of people, sent
+    chiefly from England, or descended from those who have been
+    sent, are not sufficient to raise the requisite quantity of
+    provisions demanded of them by those who remain in the parent
+    country, then let more be sent, for the land lies equally open
+    to the people of all nations.
+
+    "Then, as to the ability of Englishmen to pay for all they want,
+    let us ask, what those who produce the food, or those who bring
+    it, can want in exchange that England cannot furnish? Gold, it
+    is said.[A] But for what do they want gold but to purchase other
+    supplies than food? and as they would then have the means to
+    pay, England would be the very country which, of all others,
+    could supply them to advantage. Whatever was wanted which her
+    own artizans do not produce themselves, they could still supply.
+    Englishmen would not at all be confined to a direct sale or
+    exchange of their goods with the wheat grower, but can give him
+    the merchandize of India and China, and the fruits of the
+    tropics, for which English manufactures would pay. If the idle
+    mills and idle laborers of England could at once be set at work
+    to produce food for the people, new activity would be imparted
+    to trade in every part of the world--from India to the frozen
+    regions of Greenland and Labrador. But, on the other hand, how
+    is it possible for England to extend her foreign trade while the
+    present restrictions continue? Even with such a country as
+    India, reduced under British sway, it cannot be done except by
+    diminishing the commerce with other countries to the same
+    extent. England cannot, in her present condition, greatly
+    increase her consumption of such merchandize as India can
+    furnish, or dispose of such merchandize abroad, to any great
+    extent, for the reasons already given.
+
+    [Footnote A: "Englishmen, reasoning from a restricted course of
+    trade, are constantly prone to the belief that the purchase of
+    foreign corn, from some unexplained necessity, must take away
+    their gold. Americans, from the same cause, reason in the same
+    manner respecting the purchase of foreign goods. Under the
+    action of the restrictive system, there may be some truth in the
+    reasonings of each party, but they certainly form a beautiful
+    running commentary upon each other."]
+
+    "As to any proposed gain by the Colonial trade, it is the very
+    thing rejected by the restrictions on the trade with the United
+    States. What are these States but the greatest colonies ever
+    planted by Great Britain? and their independence does not at all
+    prevent England from deriving all the advantage from them ever
+    to be derived from colonies. The only good which England can
+    derive from her extensive colonization is not to be gained by
+    swaying a barren sceptre over distant colonies, but by spreading
+    abroad her race, her language, her civilization, and thus
+    enlarging the sphere of her commerce. Under a free system of
+    intercourse England would not derive less benefit, at present,
+    from the United States than if they had remained a part of the
+    British dominions, for if trade were free, they would not trade
+    the less because of their independence, or furnish less food, or
+    at higher prices. England, however, seems determined to
+    sacrifice all the advantages which naturally accrue to her from
+    having colonized the finest part of the New World, and to refuse
+    the abundance and relief thus providentially prepared by her own
+    offspring."
+
+    The great importance of these extracts is the best apology for
+    their length--but there is yet another branch of the subject. A
+    country whose population is beyond its means of supply from its
+    own soil, has no resources but that of her manufactures and
+    foreign trade; if these be dried up, her people must emigrate or
+    starve. But the United States has an alternative;--her first and
+    best resource,--and the most profitable application of her
+    industry is in her broad and fertile lands, the superabundant
+    produce of which would not only feed, but, by exchange, clothe
+    her population, and supply them with all the comforts of
+    civilized life. She cannot avail herself of this to its full
+    extent without our aid. But, if we refuse to trade on equal
+    terms, her wants will not, therefore, go unsupplied. She can
+    manufacture for herself--her resources for manufactures and
+    commerce are, at least, equal to our own, with the exception of
+    capital and population, which the lapse of a few more years will
+    supply.
+
+    "The present may justly be considered a crisis in the commercial
+    policy of America. If it be decided that foreign markets are to
+    continue closed against American corn--if England, which is the
+    principal corn market of the world, refuse to exchange the
+    produce of her mills and workshops for that of the fields of the
+    Americans, they have no other alternative than to erect mills
+    and workshops from which to supply themselves. The effect of
+    such a course would prove decisive on the trade with England,
+    and go far to complete the ruin so effectually begun by the
+    British corn law and corresponding restrictions. If forced from
+    employment on the land, which an abundant and fertile soil has
+    naturally made their most profitable one, it will be found that
+    the Americans lack neither the talent, the energy, nor the
+    means, at once to extend their present manufactures to the full
+    supply of their own wants. They have water-power, coal, and
+    iron, in greater natural abundance and perfection than any other
+    part of the world."[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "The United States are computed to contain not less
+    than eighty thousand square miles of coal, or sixteen times as
+    much as Europe. One of these coal fields extends nine hundred
+    miles in length. The State of Pennsylvania has ten thousand
+    square miles of coal and iron. Great Britain and Ireland have
+    two thousand. All the north-western States of America contain
+    large quantities of coal. The coal strata of the States
+    generally lie above the level of the streams, and the coal is
+    taken from the hill sides. The beds of coal and iron are to a
+    great extent contiguous."]
+
+
+This is not mere theory. The developement is actually begun:
+
+
+    "A few years since, the country smiths, and the matrons with
+    their daughters at the household wheel and loom, were the
+    principal manufacturers of America. Now the cotton mills alone
+    are computed at one thousand, and the capital invested in
+    manufacturing machinery at L23,500,000. The estimated value of
+    some of the principal articles of manufacture is as follows:
+
+    Woollens,        L15,750,000
+    Cotton,           11,250,000
+    Leather,           9,000,000
+    Hats and Caps,     3,575,000
+    Linen,             1,350,000
+    Paper,             1,350,000
+    Glass,             1,125,000
+    Iron and Steel,   11,250,000
+
+
+    "Some idea of the rapidity with which the American manufactures
+    are now capable of being extended, may be formed from the past
+    progress of the cotton manufacture. The consumption of raw
+    cotton was,
+
+    In 1833,  196,000 bales.
+       1835,  236,700   "
+       1837,  246,000   "
+       1839,  276,000   "
+
+
+    "The United States already supply two-thirds of their own
+    consumption of cottons. At the above rate of increase--of nearly
+    fifty per cent, in five years--America will much more than
+    supply its own market in five years to come. Never has the
+    manufacturing interest of the United States been in as
+    prosperous and sound a condition as at present. They need no
+    high tariff to protect them against British competition. _The
+    English corn law is their best protection_."
+
+
+It is the restrictive policy of Great Britain that has called into
+existence Lowell and the manufacturing cities of the United States,
+producing an immense amount of articles which were once the sole
+products of British industry and skill. If the same policy is continued,
+the prosperity of the United States will be impeded, but that of England
+will be destroyed.
+
+The following is an extract from the memorial of Joshua Leavitt to
+Congress, on the wheat interests of the North Western States:
+
+
+    "Should it, indeed, come to be settled that there is to be no
+    foreign market for these products, the fine country under
+    contemplation is not, therefore, to be despaired of. Let the
+    necessity once become apparent, and there will be but one mind
+    among the people of the North-west. The same patriotism which
+    carried our fathers through the self-denying non-importation
+    agreements of the revolution, will produce a fixed determination
+    to build up a home market, at every sacrifice. And it can be
+    done. What has been done already in the way of manufactures,
+    shows that it can be done. The recent application of the
+    hot-blast with anthracite coal to the making of iron, and the
+    discovery of a mine of natural steel, would be auxiliaries of
+    immense value. We could draw to our factories the best workmen
+    of Europe, attracted less by the temptation of wages, than by
+    the desire to leave liberty and land as the inheritance of their
+    children. But it would take a long time to build up a
+    manufacturing interest adequate to supply the wants of the
+    Northwest, or to consume the produce of these wide fields; and
+    the burden of taxation for internal improvements, uncompleted
+    and unproductive, would be very heavy and hard to bear: and all
+    the population that is concentrated upon manufactures, is so
+    much kept back from the occupation of that noble domain; and the
+    national treasury would feel the effects of the curtailment of
+    imports and the cessation of land sales; and the amount of
+    misery which the loss of the American market would occasion to
+    the starving operatives and factory children on the other side
+    of the Atlantic, is worthy to be taken into the account, by
+    every statesman who has not forgotten that he is a man."
+
+
+If we refuse the Americans as customers, we compel them to become our
+rivals; and, after supplying their own wants, they will compete with us
+for the trade of the world, on more than equal terms. Our statesmen may
+yet employ America to build up the prosperity of our country whilst
+increasing her own, or they may suffer its rapidly developing and
+gigantic resources to work out our ruin: the alternative is before them
+and before the country--but decision must be prompt, for there is no
+pause in the march of events. However unwise the policy, we cannot be
+surprised that the American and Continental manufacturer are each
+applying to his government to follow our example, and protect home trade
+by fiscal regulations.
+
+This question of trade with America has also most important anti-slavery
+bearings--and here, again, I find my own views anticipated by the able
+writer already quoted:
+
+
+    "The present policy of restricting the traffic with America so
+    closely to cotton, gives a deceitful appearance to the stated
+    imports and exports. From these statements there should, in
+    fairness, be deducted the value of all the raw cotton which is
+    returned to America; and, in fact, if the true exchange trade
+    would be seen, all should be deducted that is exported from
+    England. That portion of cotton goods which is of English
+    origin, that is, their value above the raw material out of which
+    they were made, is, in fact, the only real part of English
+    export. Before exclusive importance was bestowed on cotton, the
+    exchange with America was in a large proportion of articles not
+    to be returned. It would be so again if trade were free."
+
+
+Again:
+
+
+    "To one effect which would be produced in America by the repeal
+    of the corn and provision laws, no party or class in England can
+    profess indifference, and that is, _its effect on slavery in the
+    United States_. At the present time, England gives a premium to
+    American slavery by admitting, at low duties, the cotton of the
+    slave-holder, which is his staple production, and refusing corn,
+    which is mostly the produce of free labor. The slave-holding
+    States, to the productions of which Great Britain confines her
+    American trade, are less populous and less wealthy than the
+    free; yet of their produce England received in 1839, according
+    to the American estimates, L11,600,000, while of that of the
+    free States she received less than L500,000."
+
+    "It should be remembered that the labor of the slave States, is
+    almost wholly expended in agriculture, under the stimulus of a
+    good market, while a large part of that of the free States is
+    otherwise employed, for the want of such market. The effective
+    laborers of the free States are double the number of those in
+    the slave States; and were an opportunity given them, they would
+    export in as great a proportion. Thus England, by her laws,
+    fosters an odious institution abroad, which, in words, she
+    loudly condemns, and spends millions to rid the world of; whilst
+    she rejects more honorable, profitable, and wealthy customers,
+    the fruits of whose free and active industry are in effect made
+    contraband in England by law.
+
+    "Not only would England escape this inconsistency and reproach,
+    by repealing the corn law, but she would strike a most effectual
+    blow at the existence of slavery in the United States. Cotton,
+    at present, from being made by the corn law the principal
+    exchangeable article in the American trade, assumes an undue and
+    unnatural importance in American commerce, legislation, and home
+    industry. The slave-owner drives his slaves in its production,
+    and purchases supplies of the northern freeman, whose interests
+    are thus identified with those of the cotton grower, and the
+    slave-holding interest becomes predominant in the country. From
+    their habits, the people of the slave-holding States are
+    constantly contracting more debts in the free States than they
+    have the means of paying; so that, under the present system of
+    intercourse, the slaveholders exercise over the free population
+    of the north, the same control which an insolvent debtor
+    frequently has over his creditor, by threatening to break and
+    ruin him, if not allowed his own way. A repeal of the corn laws
+    would release the free States from their present commercial and
+    consequent political vassalage to the southern slave-holders,
+    and thereby take from American slavery, the great citadel of its
+    strength, and insure its overthrow by the influences which would
+    arise to assail it from all quarters.
+
+    "But as free trade, in destroying the odious monopoly of the
+    haughty slave-holder, would benefit and not injure him, so would
+    its effects be found universally. It would give peace and plenty
+    to England and the world,--it would enlarge and secure trade,
+    bind the spreading branches of the Anglo-saxon race by natural
+    affinity to England as their acknowledged head, and promote the
+    liberty and civilization of the human family at large."
+
+
+In view of the whole spirit of this discussion of one of the most
+important questions bearing upon human interests, I would simply add,
+that a wise Providence has bound the duty and the interest, both of
+individual and social man, firmly together, but for the trial of his
+virtue the bands are concealed.
+
+On the 31st, I took my luggage on board the steam packet "Caledonia,"
+for Liverpool, via Halifax, which was to sail the day following,
+although it was the first day of the week. The proprietors of the
+packets are bound in a heavy fine to sail on the appointed days, whether
+those fall on the first day of the week or not. By this arrangement the
+religious feelings of the people of Boston are offended, which is the
+more inexcusable, on the part of the British Government, as it does not
+suffer its own mails to depart, either from London or Halifax, on that
+day. Some gentlemen, who were interested in the subject, placed in my
+hands a memorial addressed to the Lords of the Admiralty in Great
+Britain, praying for such an alteration of the arrangements as would
+prevent this periodical violation of the first day of the week. A
+gentleman, who was active in getting it signed, assured me it was
+received with universal favor. The signatures, obtained on very short
+notice, are those of the most influential men in their respective
+stations in the city of Boston, and include the names of the mayor of
+the city, an ex-lieutenant governor of the State of Massachusetts, one
+bishop, upwards of forty ministers of religion, of different
+denominations, nine gentleman, upwards of one hundred and twenty
+merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance companies, the post-master
+of Boston, five physicians, seven members of the legal profession, and
+two editors of newspapers. After my arrival in this country, I presented
+this document, through the Secretary of the Admiralty, to the
+authorities to whom it is addressed, but regret to state that the
+request was not complied with. The memorial, and the reply of the Lords
+of the Admiralty are given in the Appendix[A]
+
+[Footnote A: .See Appendix L.]
+
+On leaving the shores of the United States, I left the following letter
+for publication:--
+
+
+    "_To the Friends of Immediate Emancipation in the United
+    States_.
+
+    "Having visited your country as an humble fellow-laborer in the
+    great cause in which you are engaged, and which, through trials
+    and difficulties a stranger can scarcely appreciate, you have so
+    zealously maintained, I have had a pleasing and satisfactory
+    interview with many of you, with reference to future exertions,
+    in cooperation with those of other lands, who unite with you in
+    regarding slave-holding and slave-trading as a heinous sin in
+    the sight of God, which should be immediately abolished. It is
+    the especial privilege of those who are laboring in such a
+    cause, to feel that 'every country is their country, and every
+    man their brother,' and to live above the atmosphere of
+    sectional jealousy and national hostility; and hence I feel an
+    assurance, that you will receive with kindness a few lines from
+    me on the eve of my departure to my native land.
+
+    "You concur generally in opinion, that in endeavoring to obtain
+    the great object we have in view, it is very important that the
+    friends of the cause should be united, not only in principle,
+    but, as far as may be, in the character of the measures which
+    they pursue; and I have been much encouraged in finding that you
+    have generally adopted the sentiment so rapidly spreading on the
+    other side of the Atlantic,--'That there is no reasonable hope
+    of abolishing the slave-trade, but, by the abolition of slavery,
+    and that no measures should be pursued for its attainment, but
+    those which are of a moral, religious, and pacific character.'
+    The progress of emancipation in Europe has been, beyond a doubt,
+    greatly retarded by leaving slavery and the slave-holder
+    unmarked by public reprobation, and concentrating all the
+    energies of philanthropy upon a fruitless effort to abolish the
+    slave-trade. And in this country the Colonization scheme, with
+    its delusive promise of good to Africa, and its vague
+    anticipations of putting an end to the slave-trade by armed
+    colonies on the coast of that ill-fated continent, has been the
+    means of obstructing emancipation at home, of unprofitably
+    absorbing the energies and blinding the judgment of many sincere
+    friends of the slave, and of strengthening the unchristian
+    prejudice against color. The abolitionists of Europe, with few
+    exceptions, have seen the error of their former course of
+    action, and are now striking directly at the root, instead of
+    lopping the branches of slavery; and if further evidence of the
+    evil tendency and character of colonization is needed in the
+    United States, the recent proceeding of a meeting of the
+    Maryland Society at Baltimore, must convince all who are
+    friendly to the true interests of the people of color, that it
+    is a scheme deserving only the support of the enemies of
+    freedom.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "The following resolution was passed at the meeting
+    of the Maryland Society above alluded to:--'That while it is
+    most earnestly hoped that the free colored people of Maryland
+    may see that their best and most permanent interests will be
+    consulted by their emigration from this State; and while this
+    Convention would deprecate any departure from the principle
+    which makes colonization dependent upon the voluntary action of
+    the free colored people themselves--yet, if, regardless of what
+    has been done to provide them with an asylum, they continue to
+    persist in remaining in Maryland, in the hope of enjoying here
+    an equality of social and political rights, they ought to be
+    solemnly warned, that, in the opinion of this Convention, a day
+    must arrive when circumstances that cannot be controlled, and
+    which are now maturing, will deprive them of choice, and leave
+    them no alternative but removal,'"]
+
+    "The rapid progress of public opinion, as to the iniquity of
+    slavery, and the entire safety, as well as advantage, of its
+    immediate abolition--the attention which has been awakened to it
+    in all parts of the civilized world--the movements in France,
+    Spain, Brazil, and Denmark, and other countries with
+    slave-holding dependencies, all indicating that the days of
+    slavery are numbered, should serve to encourage and stimulate us
+    to increased exertions; and while it is a cause of profound
+    regret, that any thing should have disturbed the harmony and
+    unity of the real friends of emancipation in this country--the
+    hardest battle field of our moral warfare--I am not without
+    hope, that, in future, those who,--from a conscientious
+    difference of opinion, not as to the object, but the precise
+    mode of obtaining it,--cannot act in one united band, will
+    laudably emulate each other in the promotion of our common
+    cause, and in Christian forbearance upon points of disagreement;
+    and that, where they cannot praise, they will be careful not to
+    censure those, who, by a different road, are earnestly pursuing
+    the same end. Without entering into the controversies which have
+    divided our friends on this side the water, I believe it would
+    be nothing more than a simple act of justice for me to state, on
+    my return to Europe, my conviction that a large portion of the
+    abolitionists of the United States, who approve of the
+    proceedings of the late General Anti-Slavery Convention, and are
+    desirous of acting in unity with the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Society, from the general identity of their
+    practice, as well as principles, with those of the British and
+    Foreign Society, are entitled to the sympathies, and deserving
+    of the confidence and co-operation of the abolitionists of Great
+    Britain. It has been my pleasure to meet, in a kindly
+    interchange of opinion, many valuable and devoted friends of
+    emancipation; who, while dissenting from the class
+    above-mentioned in some respects, are nevertheless disposed to
+    cultivate feelings of charity and good will towards all who are
+    sincerely laboring for the slaves. And in this connection I may
+    state, that neither on behalf of myself, or of my esteemed
+    coadjutors in Great Britain, am I disposed to recriminate upon
+    another class of abolitionists, who, on some points, have so far
+    differed from the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee,
+    and the great majority of the Convention above mentioned, as to
+    sustain their representatives in refusing to act with that
+    Convention, and in protesting against its proceedings; and who
+    have seen fit to censure the committee in their public meetings
+    and newspapers in this country, as 'arbitrary and despotic,' and
+    their conduct as 'unworthy of men claiming the character of
+    abolitionists.'
+
+    "As a corresponding member of the British and Foreign
+    Anti-Slavery Committee, and intimately acquainted with its
+    proceedings, I am persuaded that its members have acted wisely,
+    and consulted the best interest of the cause in which they were
+    engaged, in generally leaving unnoticed any censures that have
+    been cast upon them while in the prosecution of their labors.
+    Yet, before leaving this country, I deem it right to bear my
+    testimony to the great anxiety of that committee faithfully to
+    discharge the duties committed to their trust; and to state that
+    it has never been my privilege to be united to any body more
+    desirous of keeping simply to the one great object of their
+    association--the total and immediate abolition of slavery and
+    the slave-trade. I am persuaded that all candid minds, making
+    due allowance for the imperfection pertaining to human
+    associations, will feel their confidence in the future integrity
+    of that committee increased in proportion as they closely
+    investigate their past acts; and that, even when the wisdom of
+    their course may have been questioned, they will accord to them
+    a scrupulous honesty of purpose.
+
+    "The first public suggestion of a General Anti-Slavery
+    Convention, like the one held last year in London, originated, I
+    believe, on this side of the Atlantic, although the Committee of
+    the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society took upon
+    themselves the heavy responsibility of convening it. At its
+    close, they invited an expression of the opinion of the
+    delegates, as to the desirableness of again summoning such an
+    assembly. The expression was generally in the affirmative; and,
+    after discussion, a resolution was passed, leaving it to the
+    Committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, after
+    consulting with the friends of the cause in other parts of the
+    world, to decide this important question, as well as the time
+    and place of its meeting, should another Convention be resolved
+    upon.
+
+    "Since I have been in the United States, I have found those
+    abolitionists who approved the principles and proceedings of the
+    late Convention so generally in favor of another, and of London
+    as its place of meeting, that the only question seemed to be
+    whether it should be held in 1842 or 1843. This expression of
+    opinion is, I know, so generally in accordance with the views of
+    the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Committee, and of many
+    other prominent abolitionists in Europe, that I have little
+    doubt they will feel encouraged to act upon it, probably at the
+    latter period. There is abundant and increasing evidence of the
+    powerfully beneficial influence of the late Convention upon
+    almost every part of the world where slavery is still tolerated;
+    and we are encouraged to hope that the one in anticipation will
+    be still more efficient for the promotion of universal liberty.
+
+    "Painful as has been to me the spectacle of many of the leading
+    influences of the ecclesiastical bodies in this country, either
+    placed in direct hostility to, or acting as a drag upon, the
+    wheel of the anti-slavery enterprise--and of the manifest
+    preponderance of a slave-holding influence in the councils of
+    the State--I am not one of those who despair of a healthful
+    renovation of public sentiment which shall purify Church as well
+    as State from this abomination. There are decided indications
+    that all efforts of councils and synods to unite 'pure religion
+    and undefiled,' with a slave-trading and slave-holding
+    counterfeit of Christianity, must ere long utterly fail. And it
+    is to me a matter of joy, as it must be to every friend of
+    impartial liberty and free institutions, that the citizens of
+    this republic are more and more feeling that the plague-spot of
+    slavery, as with the increased facilities of communication its
+    horrors and deformity become more apparent in the eyes of the
+    world, is fixing a deep disgrace upon the character of their
+    country, and paralyzing the beneficial influence which might
+    otherwise flow from it as an example of a well-regulated free
+    government. May each American citizen who is desirous of washing
+    away this disgrace, to whatever division of the anti-slavery
+    host he may attach himself, ever bear in mind that the cause is
+    of too tremendous and pressing a nature to admit of his wasting
+    his time in censuring and impeding the progress of those who may
+    array themselves under a somewhat different standard from his
+    own; and that any energies thus wasted, which belong to the one
+    great object, so far as human instrumentality is concerned, is
+    not only deferring the day of freedom to two and a half millions
+    of his countrymen, but inasmuch as the fall of American slavery
+    must be the death-blow to the horrid system, wherever it exists,
+    the result of the struggle here involves the slavery or freedom
+    of millions in other parts of the world, as well as the
+    continuance or suppression of that slave-trade, to the foreign
+    branch of which alone more than _one thousand victims are daily
+    sacrificed_; and in reference to which it has justly been said,
+    'that all that has been borne to Africa of the boasted
+    improvements of civilized life, is a masterly skill in the
+    contrivance, and an unhesitating daring in the commission of
+    crimes, which the mind of the savage was too simple to devise,
+    and his heart too gentle to execute.' There are no doubtful
+    indications that it is the will of Him, who has the hearts of
+    all at His disposal, that, either in judgment or in mercy, this
+    dreadful system shall ere long cease. It is not for us to say
+    why, in His inscrutable wisdom, He has thus far permitted one
+    portion of His creatures so cruelly to oppress another; or by
+    what instrumentality He will at length redress the wrongs of the
+    poor, and the oppression of the needy; but should the worst
+    fears of one of your most distinguished citizens, who in view of
+    this subject, acknowledged that he 'trembled for his country,
+    when he remembered that God was just,' be finally realized, may
+    each one of you feel that no exertions on his part have been
+    wanting to avert the Divine displeasure, and preserve your land
+    from those calamities which, in all ages, have rebuked the
+    crimes of nations.
+
+    "Your sincere friend,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "Boston, Seventh Month 31st, 1841."
+
+
+My dear friend John G. Whittier, whose pleasant company and invaluable
+aid I had enjoyed, as much as his health would permit, during my stay in
+the United States, kindly accompanied me on board. Had he been less
+closely identified with the transactions of which the present volume is
+a record, I should have felt it due to his station among the earliest
+and most distinguished advocates of the anti-slavery cause in America,
+to attempt some delineation, however imperfect, of that rare and
+consecrated union of consistent Christian character, fine talents, and
+sound and impartial judgment, which give him so much weight in the
+councils of his fellow-laborers. We set sail about noon on the 1st of
+the Eighth month, (August,) and arrived off Liverpool about eleven
+o'clock, P.M. on the 13th, which interval included ten hours delay at
+Halifax. We had about ninety passengers from Halifax to Liverpool, and
+with the exception of a severe gale on the 10th, almost amounting to a
+hurricane, we had a very favorable voyage. The time from Halifax to
+within sight of the light house off the south coast of Ireland was
+announced to be only nine days and thirteen minutes.
+
+One of my fellow passengers had recently been traveling in the southern
+States, and showed me a letter given to him as a curiosity at the post
+office at Charleston, South Carolina, which was addressed by a slave to
+her husband, but from insufficient direction had never reached its
+destination. It was to convey the tidings that she was about to be sold
+to the South, and begging him, in simple and affecting terms, to come
+and see her, as they would never meet again. Another of the passengers,
+who had also been a fellow voyager with my friend Joseph John Gurney,
+had recently travelled in Texas. He was strongly impressed with the
+evils likely to result from the proposed recognition of that government
+by Great Britain. In consequence of the promising aspect of these
+negotiations between General Hamilton and Lord Palmerston in favor of
+Texas, the paper money issued by that piratical government, and which
+had not been previously negotiable for more than one tenth of its
+nominal value, rapidly rose. The Texas republic, in his opinion, could
+not secure a permanence without British recognition.
+
+Many planters, with their slaves, have emigrated thither to escape their
+creditors from the border States, and the republic has been lavish of
+grants of land to men of capital and influence, to induce them to settle
+within its limits. My informant considered the state of society to be as
+bad as it well could be, and continue to exist. The white inhabitants
+are living not only in fear of hostile Indians, but in fear of each
+other.
+
+From a late letter of a friend in America, I make the following extract
+relative to the present condition of Texas.
+
+
+    "To give thee some adequate idea of the importance of that
+    beautiful republic of Texas, which Lord Palmerston and the late
+    Whig government of England took under their especial protection,
+    I will just refer to the statistics of the late election of its
+    President. The successful candidate, General Houston, a man
+    notorious for his open contempt for all the decencies of
+    civilized society,--brutal, brawling, profane, and
+    licentious,--received somewhat rising five thousand votes: his
+    competitor, Judge Burnet, between two and three thousand,--a
+    vote smaller by thousands than that of our little county of
+    Essex, in Massachusetts. Late accounts from Texas inform us that
+    gangs of organized desperadoes, under the names of moderators
+    and regulators, are traversing its territory, perpetrating the
+    most brutal outrages. In one instance they seized a respectable
+    citizen who dared to express his dissatisfaction with their
+    proceedings, hurried him into the forest, and deliberately dug
+    his grave before his eyes, _intending to bury him alive_! The
+    miserable victim, horrified by the prospect of such a fate,
+    broke away from his tormentors, and attempted to escape, but was
+    shot down and instantly killed! Such a congregation as Texas
+    presents was never, I suspect, known, save in that city into
+    which the Macedonian monarch gathered and garnered, in one
+    scoundrel community, the vagabond rascality of his kingdom.
+
+    "Thou would'st be amused to read an article, which has made its
+    appearance in the _Houston Telegraph_--a Texian paper--in which
+    the editor says, 'that while we deeply commiserate the situation
+    of our sister republic, in regard to the political scourge of
+    abolitionism, it is pleasing to reflect that our country enjoys
+    a _complete immunity from its effects_. Indeed we may with
+    safety declare, that throughout the whole extent of our country,
+    not a single abolitionist can be found.' He goes on to say that
+    this induces many of the southern planters to emigrate to Texas,
+    who, he remarks, '_will necessarily look to Texas, as the
+    Hebrews did to the promised land, for a refuge and home_.' It
+    will thus be seen that Texas is the promised land of the
+    patriarchal slave-holders of the southern States. When hunted
+    from every other quarter of the globe by the inexorable spirit
+    of abolition, when even Cuba and Brazil cease to afford them an
+    asylum--when slave-holding shall be every where else as odious
+    and detestable as midnight larceny, or highway robbery,--Texas
+    alone, uninfected and secure, is to open its gates of refuge to
+    the persecuted Calhouns and McDuffies, and their northern allies
+    in church and state--the San Marino of slavery, dissevered from
+    the world's fanaticism--isolated and apart, like the floating
+    air-island of Dean Swift."
+
+
+The following extract from a recent New York paper gives an equally
+deplorable representation of the society in Texas.
+
+
+    "The pestilent influence of the recent horrible murders on the
+    Arkansas, and other United States' rivers, has caused the
+    practice of lynching to break forth with renewed fury in Texas,
+    where it had apparently slept for the previous year. And we find
+    recorded in the Texas papers nearly a dozen of these murders
+    that have occurred, and undoubtedly there have been more than as
+    many more. In Shelby county two citizens have been shot down,
+    and several houses burned by a party of outlaws. In Red River
+    two men have been hanged as horse-thieves, without judge or
+    jury. In Washington county one man has been shot down, under the
+    pretence that he was a murderer. In Austin county two men were
+    killed, and two hostile parties were in arms for several days,
+    taking the law into their own hands. In Jefferson county two men
+    have been killed, and the house of one of them burnt to the
+    ground by a party of self-styled 'regulators.' And all this in
+    the space of a year."
+
+
+Several of my fellow-passengers were from Cuba, and some of them
+slave-holders by their own admission. With one or two of those who could
+speak English, I had much conversation on the abolition of slavery. They
+concurred with apparent sincerity in the desire that the slave trade
+might be effectually suppressed. They seemed to consider that this trade
+was promoted by the mother country as one means of preventing the colony
+from aspiring to independence. They admitted the abstract injustice of
+slavery, and one remarked, that a difference of the color of the skin
+was a misfortune, not a crime. They were not, however, disposed to
+entertain a thought of emancipation, without being fully compensated for
+their slaves.
+
+I had again the pleasure of observing on this voyage, the benefits of
+the change of system with regard to the supply of wines and spirits,
+each passenger paying for what he consumes, instead of his fare
+including the privilege of drinking _ad libitum_. One of the stewards
+told me the quantity consumed was little more than one-tenth as much as
+under the former system.
+
+I cannot conclude my narrative more gratefully to my own feelings than
+by a tribute to the upright and conscientious officer who commanded the
+vessel. On the first day of the week, the only one we spent at sea, the
+passengers, and as many of the servants as could conveniently attend,
+assembled morning and evening in the saloon, for the purpose of
+religious worship. Lord Frederick Fitzclarence, one of the passengers,
+officiating as a minister of the English Establishment; and every
+evening a similar opportunity was offered in the fore cabin to all who
+were inclined to be present. The captain firmly resisted the
+introduction of cards on the first day of the week, and in his whole
+conduct manifested an anxiety not only for the temporal comfort and
+safety, but for the spiritual interests of those under his care. Would
+that all captains of vessels, invested as they are with such authority
+and influence over the passengers and crews, were like-minded with my
+friend Captain McKellar.
+
+I disembarked at Liverpool early in the morning on the 14th of Eighth
+month, (August,) 1841.
+
+
+
+
+
+GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
+
+The reader who has accompanied me thus far, will not need to be informed
+that I have designedly omitted many of those remarks on scenery,
+manners, and institutions, which were naturally suggested to my own mind
+by a retrospect of my sojourn in the United States. On various subjects
+of great interest and importance, it would be difficult for me to add
+anything new or valuable to the information contained in other and well
+known works; while on those points to which my attention was chiefly
+directed, I have endeavored, as far as practicable, to incorporate the
+results of my inquiries in the preceding narrative. There remain,
+however, a few observations, for which, having found no appropriate
+place, I would bespeak attention in a concluding chapter.
+
+In the Northern States, education, in the common acceptation of the
+term, may be considered as universal; in illustration of which it may be
+mentioned, that on the occasion of the late census, not a single
+American adult in the State of Connecticut, was returned as unable to
+read or write. Funds for education are raised by municipal taxation in
+each town or district, to such an amount as the male adults may decide.
+Their public schools are universally admitted to be well conducted and
+efficient, and combine every requisite for affording a sound, practical,
+elementary education to the children of the less affluent portion of the
+community. I need scarcely add that in a republican government, this
+important advantage being conceded, the road to wealth and distinction,
+or to eminence of whatever kind, is thrown open to all of every class
+without partiality--the colored alone excepted.
+
+The following extract from a letter received since my return from a
+respected member of the Society of Friends, residing in Worcester,
+Massachusetts, will give a lively idea of the general diffusion and
+practical character of education in the New England States.
+
+"The public schools of the place, like those throughout the State, are
+supported by a tax, levied on the people by themselves, in their primary
+assemblies or town meetings, and they are of so excellent a character as
+to have driven other schools almost entirely out from among us. They are
+so numerous as to accommodate amply all the children, of suitable age to
+attend. They are graduated from the infant school, where the A B C is
+taught, up to the high school for the languages and mathematics, where
+boys are fitted for the University, and advanced so far, if they choose,
+as to enter the University one or two years ahead. These schools are
+attended by the children of the whole population promiscuously; and, in
+the same class we find the children of the governor and ex-governor of
+the State, and those of their day-laborers, and of parents who are so
+poor that their children are provided with books and stationery from the
+school fund. Under this system, we have no children who do not acquire
+sufficient school learning to qualify them for transacting all the
+business which is necessary in the ordinary pursuits of life. A child
+growing up without school learning would be an anomaly with us. All
+standing thus on a level, as to advantages, talent is developed,
+wherever it happens to be; and neither wealth nor ancestral honors give
+any advantage in the even-handed contest which may here be waged for
+distinction. It is thus that we find, almost uniformly, that our first
+men, either in government or the professions, are the sons of
+comparatively poor and obscure persons. In places where the wealthier
+portion of the community have placed their children in select schools,
+they are found much less likely to excel, than when placed in contact
+and collision with the mass, where they are compelled to come in
+competition with those whose physical condition prepares them for mental
+labor, and whose situation in society holds forth every inducement to
+their exertions. To this system, which is co-eval with the foundation of
+the State, I attribute, in a great degree, that wonderful energy of
+character which distinguishes the people of New England, and which has
+filled the world with the evidences of their enterprise."
+
+The preceding statements refer to New England, the oldest portion of the
+free States. The more recently settled Northern and Western States are
+necessarily less advanced, yet their educational statistics would
+probably bear comparison with any country in the world, except the most
+favored portion of their own. In the slave States the aspect of things
+affords a striking contrast. Not only is the slave population, with but
+few exceptions, in a condition of heathen barbarism, a condition which
+it is the express object of those laws of the slave States, forbidding,
+under the heaviest penalties, the instruction of the slaves, to
+perpetuate; but the want of common elementary education among large
+numbers of the privileged class is notorious. Compare Virginia with
+Massachusetts,--"The American Almanac for the year 1841, states, (page
+210) there are supposed to be hardly fewer than 30,000 adult white
+persons in Virginia who cannot read and write!" An able writer gives the
+following facts.
+
+"No one of the slave States has probably so much general education as
+Virginia. It is the oldest of them--has furnished one half of the
+Presidents of the United States--has expended more upon her University
+than any State in the Union has done during the same time upon its
+colleges--sent to Europe nearly twenty years since for her most learned
+professors; and in fine, has far surpassed every other slave State in
+her efforts to disseminate education among her citizens; and yet, the
+Governor of Virginia in his message to the legislature, (Jan. 7, 1839)
+says, that of four thousand six hundred and fourteen adult males in that
+State, who applied to the county clerks for marriage licences in the
+year 1837, one thousand and forty seven were unable to write their
+names." The governor adds, "these statements, it will be remembered are
+confined to one sex: the education of females, it is to be feared, is in
+a condition of _much greater neglect_."--The editor of the Virginia
+Times published at Wheeling, in his paper of January 23d, 1839,
+says,--"We have every reason to suppose that one fourth of the people of
+the State cannot write their names, and they have not of course any
+other species of education."[A]
+
+[Footnote A: "American Slavery as it is," page 187.]
+
+The destitution of the means of moral and religious improvement is in
+like manner very great. A recent number of the "Monthly Extracts from
+the correspondence of the American Bible Society," contains the
+following extract from the 28th annual report of the Virginia Bible
+Society: "The sub-sheriff of one of our Western Counties stated the
+following fact to your agent. A jury was to be empannelled in a remote
+settlement of this country--he happened to have left his home without a
+Bible--there was no Bible in the house where the jury was to sit, and
+the sheriff travelled fourteen miles calling at every house, before he
+found a Bible. Pious surveyors stated to your agent that they had
+traversed every settlement in a remote section of one or two of our
+south western counties, that they had frequently inquired among the
+settlers for a Bible, but had never seen or heard of one in a region,
+say sixty miles by fifty."
+
+There are few things more striking in the free States than the number
+and commodiousness of the places of worship. In the New England States,
+however general the attendance might be, none would be excluded for want
+of room. The other means or accompaniments of religious instruction are
+in the same abundance. How is it possible to evade the conclusion that
+Christianity flourishes most, when it is unencumbered and uncorrupted by
+state patronage? What favored portion of the United Kingdom could
+compare its religious statistics with New England?
+
+Religion and morality, viewed on the broad scale, are cause and
+effect--a remark which is fully borne out in the Northern States, and in
+no instance more remarkably exemplified than in the spread of
+temperance. A few years ago the consumption of ardent spirits, and other
+intoxicating drinks, was as general as in England, and the effects even
+more conspicuous and debasing. It is now very rare, in the free States,
+to see a drunken person, even in the most populous cities. At the large
+hotels, as far as my observation extended, it is the exception, not the
+rule, to take any spirituous or fermented beverage at or after dinner;
+and no case of inebriety came under my notice in any of these
+establishments. I have already remarked, that some of the first hotels
+in the principal cities are established on the strictest temperance
+principles. I believe, in private hospitality, intoxicating drinks are,
+in like manner, very much discarded. At the tables of members of the
+Society of Friends, it is very rare to see either wine or malt liquor
+introduced; while, as already noticed, the selling, using, or giving
+ardent spirits is so great an offence as to be made the subject of
+church discipline. This is, by no means, one of the "peculiarities" of
+"Friends," as I believe it may be generally stated that the same
+practices, in most other Christian communities, would be considered as
+quite incompatible with a profession of religion.
+
+The effects of this great reformation are not confined to the United
+States, although the change hitherto has been much more gradual in my
+native country; not so, however, in Ireland, now, by a happy reverse, a
+scene of light and promise, amidst surrounding gloom and depression. Of
+the American facts I have to record, connected with the temperance
+movement, the most grateful is the striking contrast that is exhibited
+in the Irish emigrants. By the divine blessing on Theobald Mathew's
+benevolent labors, they have generally forsaken their besetting sin of
+drunkenness in their native land, and if compelled to seek the means of
+subsistence in another country, they now at least do not carry with them
+habits that tend irresistibly to destitution and degradation. The Irish
+movement is likewise re-acting most beneficially on the native Irish,
+who have long been settled in America, and who are joining the total
+abstinence societies in great number, though hitherto the most
+intemperate part of the community.
+
+In short, whether I consider the religious, the benevolent, or the
+literary institutions of the Northern States--whether I contemplate the
+beauty of their cities, or the general aspect of their fine country, in
+which nature every where is seen rendering her rich and free tribute to
+industry and skill--or whether I regard the general comfort and
+prosperity of the laboring population,--my admiration is strongly
+excited, and, to do justice to my feelings, must be strongly expressed.
+Probably there is no country where the means of temporal happiness are
+so generally diffused, notwithstanding the constant flow of emigrants
+from the old world; and, I believe there is no country where the means
+of religious and moral improvement are so abundantly provided--where
+facilities of education are more within the reach of all--or where there
+is less of extreme poverty and destitution.
+
+As morals have an intimate connection with politics, I do not think it
+out of place here to record my conviction, that the great principle of
+popular control, which is carried out almost to its full extent in the
+free states, is not only beautiful in theory, but that it is found to
+work well in practice. It is true that disgraceful scenes of mob
+violence and lynch-law have occurred; but perhaps not more frequently
+than popular outbreaks in Great Britain; while, generally, the supremacy
+of law and order have been restored, without troops, or special
+commissions, or capital punishments. It is also true, that these
+occurrences are, for the most part, directly traceable, not to the
+celebrated declaration of the equal and inalienable right of all men to
+life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, which is the fundamental
+principle of the constitution; but to the flagrant violation of that
+principle in the persons of the colored population, of whom those in
+most of the free states are actually or virtually deprived of political
+rights; and the rest, constituting a majority of the population in some
+of the Southern States, are held in abject slavery. The corruptions and
+disorders that obscure the bright example of the American people, and
+detract from the estimation in which their institutions and policy would
+otherwise be held, generally spring from this source. So long as slavery
+and distinction of color exist, America will always be pointed at with
+the finger of scorn, for her flagrant violation of all truth and
+consistency. But let us not forget that this odious institution is the
+disgraceful legacy of a monarchy--that it is no necessary effect of
+republican institutions, but the reverse. Our quarrel, therefore, is not
+with the declaration of rights, but that this celebrated declaration
+should be regarded, in the instance of one class in the community, as a
+mere rhetorical flourish, and should thus be deprived of its legitimate
+practical effect.
+
+The great feature of the political arrangements of the free States is,
+the absence of the aristocratic element. A pure despotism in the hands
+of one man has seldom been seen, except in the instances of those
+renowned military chiefs, whom a retributive Providence has at intervals
+employed as the scourge of guilty nations. An aristocracy under various
+forms and names, has usually been the governing power, and as the too
+frequent result, laws have been made and administered for the benefit of
+the few, and not for the many. Yet the United States of North America
+exhibit, however, notwithstanding their political theory to the
+contrary, an aristocracy of the worst kind, _an aristocracy of color_;
+in the free States of the many against the few, in affirming these to be
+a degraded race, as long as African blood runs in their veins; and in
+the slave States, for a no better reason, reducing them even when they
+are the majority; to the condition of brute beasts, to be held and sold
+as goods and chattels. And this leads me to observe that the writer who
+mistakes the general government of the confederacy, with its limited
+scope and powers, for the chief source of laws and administration in the
+separate States will unavoidably present a confused and distorted
+representation of existing facts. Each State constitutes within itself a
+distinct republic, virtually independent of the general government, so
+long as its legislation does not conflict with the specific articles of
+the constitutional compact; all the rights and powers of sovereignty,
+not specifically delegated to the Government in that instrument, being
+retained by the States. Hence nothing can present a wider contrast than
+the slavery-blackened code of South Carolina, and the statutes of
+Massachusetts, characterized by republican simplicity and equality.
+
+The preceding observations in favor of the democratic institutions of
+the northern States, are therefore to be understood as of local
+application; and I would explicitly admit that a well-ordered and a
+well-working government on such principles must in a great measure
+depend upon the amount of virtue and intelligence in the community: but
+while a government which is based upon the principles of impartial
+justice requires a virtuous people properly to administer it, it has, I
+believe, within itself one of the most powerful elements for the
+formation of such a community.
+
+On the subject of peace my inquiries elicited an almost uniformly
+favorable response. If we except those who would encourage the war
+spirit, from hopes of sharing in the plunder, or those to whom it would
+open up the path to distinction and emolument, there are comparatively
+few who do not desire the maintenance of peace. In the religious part of
+the community, there is a rapidly spreading conviction of the
+unchristian character of war, in every shape; and the President, in his
+late message to Congress, in stating that "the time ought to be regarded
+as having gone by when a resort to arms is to be esteemed as the only
+proper arbiter of national differences", has expressed the sentiments of
+the great bulk of the intelligent citizens of the United States. I
+believe also that the majority would be found willing to assent to any
+reasonable and practical measure that should preclude the probability of
+an appeal to arms, or of keeping up what are absurdly called "peace
+establishments" of standing armies and appointed fleets for the
+protection of national safety or honor. The late excitements on the
+Boundary and McLeod questions were confined to comparatively few of the
+population, and the report of them was magnified by distance.
+
+But a far stronger guaranty for the permanence of international peace
+than any treaties, will be found in the interchange of mutual benefits
+by commerce. For this reason he who is successful in promoting a free
+and unchecked commerce, is the benefactor, not of his own country alone,
+but of the world at large. There are few countries where in practice
+free trade is more fully carried out than in the United States, but in
+theory the true doctrine of this subject is only in part adopted by her
+statesmen and leading minds. They are willing to trade on equal terms,
+but will meet prohibition with prohibition. Here undoubtedly they
+mistake their real interests, but though such a policy will not advance
+the prosperity of America, it will inflict tremendous and lasting injury
+on Great Britain. Whatever the event, _we_ cannot complain. The terms
+offered by the United States, though not wise, on an enlarged view of
+her own interests, are yet _reciprocal_, and therefore fair between
+nation and nation. If, however, I possessed any influence with the
+enlightened citizens of North America, I should be in no common degree
+anxious to exert it against those false views of trade and commerce
+which distort alike the maxims and the policy of her rulers. Their
+manufactures flourish, not in consequence of protection, but in defiance
+of it. With such an extended coast, and such facilities of internal
+communication, prohibition is impossible. The manufactures of England
+are excluded, not by the revenue laws of the States, but by the corn
+laws of Great Britain, which forbid the British manufacturer to take in
+exchange the only article of value his American customer has to spare; a
+prohibition which, unhappily for the people of this country, our
+government has power to enforce. The prohibitory system is, to a great
+extent, impracticable in the United States; and just so far as it should
+be found practicable, it would prove injurious, by creating fictitious
+and dependent interests, which, in the course of time, would become
+insupportably burdensome to the commonwealth, and eventually would have
+to be relinquished at the cost of a fearful amount of individual
+distress and national suffering. Legitimate commerce is that department
+of the national welfare, in which it is the business of statesmanship to
+do nothing but remove the impediments of its own creating in past times.
+In all other respects, commercial legislation is a nuisance; and if
+under some circumstances trade is found to flourish concurrently with
+such interference, the fact is due either to the restrictions and
+regulations being practically inoperative, or more frequently, to the
+high profits arising from unexhausted resources, in the absence of
+competition, enabling commerce to advance in spite of impediments; in
+the same way as cultivation by slave labor, notwithstanding its
+expensiveness and inordinate waste, enables the first planter on a
+virgin soil, and with an open market for his produce, to roll in his
+carriage, though beggary is to be the fate of the second or third
+generation of his descendants.
+
+In giving the preceding representation of the religious, the moral, and
+the intellectual elevation of the population of the Northern States of
+the Union, I have indicated the source we must look to for the abolition
+of slavery, to which it is now time to turn our attention, for no
+American question can be discussed, into which this important subject
+does not largely enter.
+
+Light and darkness, truth and falsehood, are not more in opposition than
+Christianity and slavery. If the religion that is professed in the free
+States be not wholly a dead letter,--if the moral and intellectual light
+which they appear to enjoy be indeed light, and not darkness,--then the
+abolition of slavery is certain, and cannot be long delayed. In order to
+make this apparent, as well as to vindicate my own proceedings in the
+United States, it is incumbent on me to show, that the great contest,
+for the abolition of American slavery, is to be decided in the _free_
+States, by the power of public opinion. I have distinctly admitted, that
+the confederated republics have each their independent sovereignty.
+Neither the free States, nor the general Government, can perhaps
+constitutionally abolish slavery in any one of the existing slave
+States. Yet there are certain objects clearly within the limits of the
+constitutional power of the general Government, such as the suppression
+of the internal slave-trade, and the abolition of slavery in the
+district of Columbia, for which it is undeniably lawful and
+constitutional for every American citizen to strive; and the attainment
+of which would suffice to cripple, and ultimately destroy slavery in
+every part of the Union. The slave-holding power is so sensible of this,
+that all its united strength is employed to retain that control over the
+general Government, which it has exercised from the date of the
+independence, and never more despotically than at the present time.
+Amidst the difficulties which beset, and the dangers which threatened
+the country, at the period of the formation of the constitution, the
+southern States dictated such a compromise as they thought fit; and,
+with the great principles of liberty paraded on the face of the
+declaration of independence, came into the Union on the express
+understanding that those principles should be perpetually violated in
+their favor. Of the details of this compromise, by far the most
+important, and one which has mainly contributed to consolidate the
+political supremacy of the south, is the investiture of the slave
+masters with political rights, in proportion to the amount of their
+slave property. Every five slaves confer three votes on their owner;
+though, in other points of view, a slave is a mere chattel--an article
+of property and merchandize,--yet, in this instance, and in _criminal
+proceedings against him_, his _personality_ is recognized, for the
+express object of adding to the weight of his chains, and increasing the
+power of his oppressor.
+
+The North, in voting away the rights and freedom of the laboring
+population of the South, surrendered its own liberty. The haughty
+slave-holding masters of the great confederacy have from the beginning
+chosen the Presidents, and the high officers of state, and have
+controlled the policy of the Government, from a question of peace or
+war, to the establishment of a tariff or a bank. In the executive
+department they have dictated all appointments, from a letter-carrier to
+an ambassador; an amusing illustration of which I find in my recent
+correspondence. A late member of the Massachusetts legislature, writes
+on the Eighth Month (August) 26, 1841:
+
+
+    "One instance of the all-pervading _espionage_ of the slave
+    power I may mention. The newly appointed postmaster of
+    Philadelphia employed, among his numerous clerks and
+    letter-carriers, Joshua Coffin, who, some three years ago, aided
+    in restoring to liberty a free colored citizen of New York, who
+    had been kidnapped and sold into slavery. The appointment of the
+    postmaster not being confirmed, he wrote to his friends in
+    Congress to inquire the reason, and was told that the delay was
+    occasioned by the fact that he had employed Coffin as one of his
+    letter-carriers! Coffin was immediately dismissed, and the
+    senate in a few days confirmed the appointment! Is not this a
+    pitiful business?"
+
+
+If the reader, who wishes further information, will consult William
+Jay's work, entitled "A View of the Action of the Federal Government in
+behalf of Slavery," he will find ample historical proof that the
+internal and external administration of the Union--legislative,
+executive, and diplomatic--has been employed, without any deviation from
+consistency, to subserve the interests of the slave-holding States. Yet
+these States are, in population, numerically weaker than those of the
+North, and inferior, to a far greater degree, in wealth, intelligence,
+and the other elements of political power. They are strong only in the
+compactness of their union, while the citizens of the free States are
+divided in interest and opinion. Here, then, is presented a distinct and
+legitimate object for those of the abolitionists who regard their
+political rights as a trust for the benefit of the oppressed and
+helpless, to combine the scattered and divided power of the North into a
+united phalanx, which shall wrest the administration of the Federal
+Union from the slave-holding interest, and shall purify the general
+Government from the contamination of slavery, by reversing its general
+policy on that subject, and by the adoption of the specific measures
+before mentioned; while, in the States in which they respectively
+reside, the abolitionists feel it to be their duty to exert themselves,
+to wipe away from the statute book every vestige of that barbarism which
+makes political, civil, or religious rights depend upon the color of the
+skin.
+
+Yet more important is it, however, to bring the moral force of the North
+to bear against slavery, by reforming the prevailing public sentiment of
+the religious, moral, and intelligent portion of the community. Here
+again, one of the most sagacious leaders of the pro-slavery party, J.C.
+Calhoun, has descried the danger from afar, and has publicly proclaimed
+it in the senate of the United States, by vehemently deprecating the
+anti-slavery proceedings, not as intended to provoke the slaves to a
+servile war, but as a crusade against the _character_ of the
+slave-holders.
+
+Although the different States are distinct governments, their
+geographical boundaries are mere lines upon the map; their inhabitants
+speak the same language, and enjoy a communion of citizenship all over
+the Union. The North Eastern States have by far the greater part of the
+whole commerce of the Union, and are the medium through which the
+planter exchanges his cotton for provisions and clothing for his slaves,
+implements for his agriculture, and his own family supplies. These
+commercial ties create a direct and extensive pro-slavery interest in
+the North. Again, the planter is yet more dependent on the North for
+education for his children, and for the gratification of his own
+intellectual wants, as the slave-holding region has few colleges, and
+those of secondary reputation; while I believe it has no periodical of
+higher pretension than the political newspapers. The pro-slavery
+re-action in this way, on the seminaries of the North, and on the
+literature of the United States, is most sensibly felt.
+
+Another powerful cause that contributes to leaven the entire population
+into one mind on the subject of slavery, is the double migration that
+annually takes place of people of the Southern States to the North, in
+summer, and of the inhabitants of the free States to the South in
+winter. Hence follow family alliances, the interchange of hospitalities,
+and a fusion of sentiments, so that the slavery interest spreads its
+countless ramifications through every corner of the free north.
+
+Another cause, and perhaps the most powerful of all, is the community of
+religious fellowship in leading denominations. The Episcopalians, the
+Methodists, the Baptists, and the Presbyterians of two schools, are
+severally but one body, all over the Union, and as a matter of course,
+all are tainted with slavery, and for consistency's sake, make common
+cause against abolition. The pamphlet of James G. Birney, entitled "The
+American Churches the Bulwarks of American Slavery,"[A] offers the
+amplest proof that the Methodist Episcopal, the Baptist, the
+Presbyterian, and the Anglican Episcopal Churches are committed, both in
+the persons of their eminent ministers, and by resolutions passed in a
+church capacity, to the monstrous assertion that slavery, so far from
+being a moral evil, which it is the duty of the church to seek to
+remove, is a Christian institution resting on a scriptural basis; this
+assertion is repeated in the numerous quotations of the pamphlet, in a
+variety and force of expression that show the utterers were resolved not
+to leave their meaning in the smallest doubt. Indeed, it might be
+supposed, from the perusal of this pamphlet, that the suppression of
+abolitionism, if not the maintenance of slavery, was one of the first
+duties of the Christian churches in America.
+
+[Footnote A: Published by Ward & Co., Paternoster-row, London.]
+
+The following extracts are offered in illustration:--
+
+
+    THE METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--"Resolved, That it is the sense
+    of the Georgia Annual Conference, that slavery, as it exists in
+    the United States, _is not a moral evil_."
+
+    "The Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D.D., late President of the (Methodist)
+    Wesleyan University in Connecticut--'The New Testament enjoins
+    obedience upon the slave as an obligation _due_ to a present
+    _rightful_ authority.'"
+
+    "Rev. E.D. Simms, Professor in Randolph Macon College, a
+    Methodist Institution--'Thus we see, that the slavery which
+    exists in America, _was founded in right_.'"
+
+    "The Rev. William Winans, of Mississippi, in the General
+    Conference, in 1836--'Yes, sir, Presbyterians, Baptists,
+    Methodists, should be slaveholders,--yes, he repeated it
+    boldly--there should be members, and _deacons_, and ELDERS and
+    BISHOPS, too, who were slave-holders.'"
+
+    "The Rev. J.H. Thornwell, at a public meeting, held in South
+    Carolina, supported the following resolution--'That slavery, as
+    it exists in the South, is no evil, and is consistent with the
+    principles of revealed religion; and that all opposition to it
+    arises from a misguided and fiendish fanaticism, which we are
+    bound to resist in the very threshold.'"
+
+    "Rev. Mr. Crowder, of Virginia, at the Annual Conference in
+    Baltimore, 1840--'In its _moral_ aspect, slavery was not only
+    countenanced, permitted, and regulated by the Bible, but it was
+    positively _instituted_ by GOD HIMSELF--he had, in so many
+    words, ENJOINED IT.'"
+
+
+THE BAPTIST CHURCH--"Memorial of the Charleston Baptist Association, to
+the Legislature of South Carolina:
+
+
+    "'_The right of masters to dispose of the time of their slaves
+    has been distinctly recognized by the Creator of all things_,
+    who is surely at liberty to vest the right of property over any
+    object in whomsoever he pleases.'"
+
+    "Rev. R. Furman, D.D., of South Carolina--'The right of holding
+    slaves is clearly established in the Holy Scriptures, both by
+    precept and example.'"
+
+    "The late Rev. Lucius Bolles, D.D., of Massachusetts, Cor. Sec.
+    Am. Bap. Board for Foreign Missions, (1834.)--'There is a
+    pleasing degree of union among the multiplying thousands of
+    Baptists throughout the land.... Our Southern brethren are
+    generally, both ministers and people, slave-holders.'"
+
+
+PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH.--"Resolution of Charleston Union Presbytery--'That,
+in the opinion of this Presbytery, the holding of slaves, so far from
+being a SIN in the sight of God, is no where condemned in his holy
+word.'"
+
+"Rev. Thomas S. Witherspoon, of Alabama, writing to the Editor of the
+_Emancipator_, says--'I draw my warrant from the Scriptures of the Old
+and New Testament, to hold the slave in bondage. The principle of
+holding the heathen in bondage is recognized by God.... When the tardy
+process of the law is too long in redressing our grievances, we of the
+South have adopted the summary remedy of Judge Lynch--and really, I
+think it one of the most wholesome and salutary remedies for the malady
+of Northern fanaticism, that can be applied.'"
+
+"Rev. Robert N. Anderson, of Virginia--'Now _dear Christian brethren_, I
+humbly express it as my earnest wish, that you _quit yourselves like
+men_. If there be any stray goat of a minister among you, tainted with
+the bloodhound principles of abolitionism, let him be ferreted out,
+silenced, excommunicated, and left to the _public to dispose of him in
+other respects_.'"
+
+THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.--"John Jay, himself an
+Episcopalian--'She has not merely remained a mute and careless spectator
+of this great conflict of truth and justice with hypocrisy and cruelty,
+but her very _priests and deacons may be seen ministering at the altar
+of slavery_, offering their talents and influence at its unholy shrine,
+and openly repeating the awful blasphemy, _that the precepts of our
+Savior sanction the system of American slavery_.'"
+
+In page 25 is the following:--
+
+
+    "The Rev. James Smylie, A.M., of the Amite Presbytery,
+    Mississippi, in a pamphlet, published by him a short time ago,
+    _in favor_ of American slavery, says:--'If slavery be a sin, and
+    advertising and apprehending slaves, with a view to restore them
+    to their masters, is a direct violation of the Divine law; and
+    if _the buying, selling, or holding a slave, for the sake of
+    gain_, is a heinous sin and scandal; then, verily,
+    _three-fourths of all the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists_,
+    and _Presbyterians_, in _eleven States of the Union_, are of the
+    devil. They 'hold,' if they do not buy and sell slaves, and,
+    _with few exceptions_, they hesitate not to 'apprehend and
+    restore' runaway slaves, when in their power.'"
+
+
+Yet, in the face of evidence so overwhelming as this, showing how the
+whole moral atmosphere of the Northern States is tainted with
+pro-slavery corruption, the abolitionists are frequently taunted with
+the question, what has the North to do with slavery? It is, however, a
+part of their vocation to bear contempt and reproach. They know they are
+at the right end of the lever, though at some apparent distance from the
+object to be moved. _Their mission is to correct public opinion in the
+free States_. Let us suppose, for a moment, this object attained--the
+whole slave-holding portion of the churches cut off, as a diseased and
+corrupt excrescence; the national literature purified, and the entire
+community pervaded by sound Christian feeling--a feeling which should
+abhor all participation, in word or deed, with the guilt of slavery; and
+how could the South maintain, for a single day, the perpetual warfare,
+which would be thus waged against her from without, and seconded by
+alarmed consciences in her own citadel?
+
+The rise of the present abolition movement dates from the year 1832,
+when a few persons met at Philadelphia, and adopted and signed a
+declaration of their sentiments. He, however, who would trace
+anti-slavery sentiments to their source, must go back to the first era
+of Christianity, and to the authoritative promulgation of the Divine law
+of love by the lips of the Savior of mankind himself. In the darkest
+times, since that period, the true doctrine of the unlawfulness of
+slavery has never been wholly lost, being in fact a part of the
+imperishable substance of vital Christianity.
+
+From 1832 until the division referred to in an early portion of this
+work, the anti-slavery societies multiplied with extraordinary rapidity.
+The following account of the present state of the cause is furnished by
+my friend, John G. Whittier.
+
+
+    "He who, at the present time, judges of the progress of the
+    anti-slavery cause in the United States, by statistics of the
+    formation of new societies, or the activity and efficiency of
+    the old, will obtain no adequate idea of the truth. The
+    unfortunate divisions among the American abolitionists, and, the
+    difficulty of uniting, for any continuous effort, those who
+    differ widely as to the proper means to be used, and measures to
+    be pursued, have, in a great measure, changed the direction and
+    manifestation of anti-slavery feeling and action. Thus, while
+    public opinion, in all the free States, is manifestly
+    approximating to abolition, and new converts to its principles
+    are daily avowing themselves, it is exceedingly rare to hear of
+    the formation of a new anti-slavery society, and there are few
+    accessions to those which are already in existence. Yet the
+    fresh recipients of the truths of anti-slavery doctrine find
+    abundant work for their hands to do, even without the pale of
+    organized societies, in purifying the churches with which they
+    are connected, and in counteracting the pro-slavery politics of
+    the country.
+
+    "The two great political parties in the United States, radically
+    disagreeing in almost all other points, are of one heart and
+    mind, in opposing emancipation; not, I suppose, from any real
+    affinity to, or love for the 'peculiar institution,' but for the
+    purpose of securing the votes of the slave-holders, who, more
+    consistent than the Northern abolitionists, refuse to support
+    any man for office, who is not willing to do homage to slavery.
+    The competition between these two parties for Southern favor is
+    one of the most painful and disgusting spectacles which presents
+    itself to the view of a stranger in the United States. To every
+    well wisher of America it must be a matter of interest and
+    satisfaction to know, that there is a growing determination in
+    the free States to meet the combination of slave-holders in
+    behalf of slavery, by one of freemen in behalf of liberty; and
+    thus compel the party politicians, on the ground of expediency,
+    if not of principle, to break from the thraldom of the slave
+    power, and array themselves on the side of freedom.
+
+    "It is an undoubted fact, that, at the present time, the various
+    denominations of professing Christians in the United States are
+    more deeply agitated by this question than at any former period.
+    The publication of such books as Weld's 'Slavery as it is,' has
+    unveiled the monstrous features of slavery to the Christian
+    public in the Northern States. The blasphemous attempts of
+    Southern professors and ministers, to defend their abominable
+    practices upon Christian grounds, have powerfully re-acted
+    against them at the North; and church after church, especially
+    in New England, is taking the high stand of the late General
+    Convention in London, in withholding its fellowship from
+    slave-holders, and closing its pulpit against their preachers.
+
+    "Recent movements in the slave States themselves encourage the
+    friends of freedom. In Kentucky, at the late election for state
+    officers, one of the candidates, Cassius M. Clay, nephew of
+    Henry Clay, avowed his opposition to pro-slavery principles in
+    the strongest terms, and staked his election upon this avowal.
+    He was warmly supported, and his opponent only succeeded by a
+    small majority. Tennessee, in her mountain region, has many
+    decided, uncompromising abolitionists, whose encouraging letters
+    and statements have been published within the last year, in the
+    Northern anti-slavery papers. The excellent work of Joseph John
+    Gurney, on the West Indies, and Dr. Channing's late pamphlet,
+    entitled "Emancipation," have been very widely circulated in
+    many of the slave States; and, so far as can be ascertained,
+    have been read with interest by the planters. The movements of
+    English and French abolitionists have attracted general
+    attention, and, in the Southern States, have awakened no small
+    degree of solicitude.
+
+    "That baleful American peculiarity, prejudice against color, is
+    evidently diminishing, under the influence of anti-slavery
+    principles and practice; and the laws which have oppressed the
+    free colored citizen are rapidly yielding to the persevering
+    action of the abolitionists. Dr. Channing has not over-stated
+    the fact, that the provision in the Federal Constitution,
+    relative to the reclaiming of fugitive slaves, has been silently
+    but effectually repealed by the force of public opinion, and the
+    interposition of jury trial, in many of the free States. In
+    Massachusetts, Vermont, Maine, and New York, with the exception
+    of its slavery-ridden commercial emporium, the recovery of a
+    slave by legalized kidnappers is entirely out of the question.
+    In any one of these States, it would, to use the language of a
+    New York mechanic, be exceedingly difficult to prove, to the
+    satisfaction of a jury of honest freemen, that a man had been
+    born 'contrary to the Declaration of Independence.' The
+    frontiers of slavery are every where very much exposed, and all
+    along the line of Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Virginia, and
+    Missouri, the tide of self-emancipated men and women is pouring
+    in upon the free States. I cannot give a better idea of the
+    extent of this peculiar emigration, than by copying extracts
+    from the _Centreville Times_, a paper published in Maryland:--
+
+
+        "'_Free Negroes and Slaves_.--When it is too late, the
+        people of Maryland will begin to look for the means of
+        protection in their slave property. We still say slave
+        property; although, notwithstanding slaves are
+        recognized as property by the constitution, without
+        which recognition this confederation never would have
+        been formed: yet such has been the effect of fanaticism
+        and emancipation, of the intermeddling machinations of
+        abolitionists, and the mischievous agency of free
+        negroes--that _the very owners of this species of
+        property seem to begin to doubt whether slaves are
+        property or not_; and so much has its value become
+        impaired, in the possession of those who reside
+        contiguous to the non-slaveholding States, that the
+        question has been raised, whether they are, in fact,
+        worth keeping. Either discipline must be so much
+        relaxed, as that the labor of the slave will scarcely
+        pay for his support; or, if forced to labor no more than
+        is even necessary to health and contentment, they
+        abscond, and passing over the lines into a
+        non-slaveholding State, are there concealed and
+        protected. The number and the success of elopements
+        leave no doubt of the establishment of a regular chain
+        of posts, accessary to, and of systematic plans,
+        deliberately organized, for their seduction and
+        concealment. In these escapes, the free negroes are, for
+        the most part, undoubtedly instrumental, as they are to
+        most of the robberies committed by slaves. While at
+        Easton, two weeks since, the slaves of two gentlemen
+        made their escape, being each, if not recovered, a loss
+        of one thousand dollars; and the firm persuasion was,
+        that, in both cases, the runaways were furnished with
+        passes by a free negro barber. Even if apprehended,
+        these gentlemen will have been put to an expense of not
+        less than three hundred dollars, and this without the
+        slightest pretext of ill usage or unkindness.
+
+        "'The usual process is, when the owner is supposed to
+        have despaired of his recovery, for some abolition or
+        free negro lawyer to open a correspondence with the
+        owner, representing the runaway to be in Canada, or
+        otherwise beyond apprehension--coolly adding, with a
+        highwayman's impudence, "take that or nothing;" and the
+        owner has to put up with a total loss, or compromise for
+        a third of the value of his property--the result in
+        either case, proving an incentive to others to be off in
+        like manner"'
+
+
+               *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+        "'There is not an interest that is not impaired, by the
+        proximity of the free States, and the protection there
+        afforded to slaves, and by the presence and
+        intercommunion of the free with the slave negro. Even
+        the value of land is diminished by it. Maryland suffers
+        the disadvantages, without the advantages of a slave
+        State. The disadvantage consists in the reputation, (the
+        odium, north of the Delaware,) of being a slave State.
+        _The capitalists of the North refuse, on that account,
+        to invest in Maryland lands, though they could buy land
+        in Maryland for twenty dollars an acre, which is
+        intrinsically worth more than theirs, which they could
+        sell for an hundred._ Our condition is, in fact, that of
+        neither the one or the other; and, unless something can
+        be done to counteract the progress of fanaticism on this
+        subject, and that abuse of strength and heedless
+        injustice which always follows irresponsible power,
+        _slavery in Maryland must cease, either by sale, while
+        that right remains to the slave-holder, or ere long, by
+        forced emancipation_.
+
+        "'Virginia--once proud and independent Virginia, already
+        half captive to the North--will soon take her place as
+        the frontier slave State;--Maryland, with her Southern
+        principles, eaten out by Northern men, will then assume
+        to her the relation that Pennsylvania now bears to
+        Maryland;--nay, it is but too obvious that, as things
+        are now working, in process of time, and that not
+        slowly, _slavery must cease to exist in all the
+        provision-growing States_,--its northernmost line will
+        be the line of the sugar, the rice, and the cotton
+        culture,--the climate alone affording to the
+        slave-holder that shelter which justice could not offer
+        from the rapacity of his pursuers. Will the Southern
+        still accept the shadow without the substance of equal
+        and confederate powers? Be his relation, then, what it
+        may--independent, confederate, or colonial--for one, we
+        say, let it be defined. To the misery of the slave, let
+        him not add the meanness of the dupe. Let him remember,
+        that time and corruption have often achieved what would
+        have defied the power of the sword;--in a word, let the
+        slave-holder think, while yet, if yet, he has power to
+        act.'"
+
+
+
+I have now concluded an imperfect attempt to delineate the present state
+of the anti-slavery cause, on the North American continent, with
+incidental notices of the past history of the efforts of its friends. In
+regard to the future, my hopes are built on the continuance of these
+efforts, and on the concurrent aid afforded by the march of events, both
+in the United States and in the world at large, under the manifestly
+over-ruling power of that gracious Being, who sometimes employs human
+instrumentality to accomplish His purposes of mercy; but who works also
+Himself, by His immutable laws, and by the dispensations of His
+providence.
+
+THE END.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+
+APPENDIX A. P. 30.
+
+
+ANTI-SLAVERY EPISTLE OF "FRIENDS" IN GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+
+
+    "From our Yearly Meeting held in London, by adjournment from the
+    20th of the 5th Month to the 29th of the same inclusive, 1840.
+
+    "_To the Yearly Meetings of Friends on the Continent of North
+    America_.
+
+    "DEAR FRIENDS,--We think it a favor to us, and we accept it as
+    an evidence that our Lord is mindful of us, that from one time
+    to another, when thus assembled for mutual edification, and the
+    renewing of our spiritual strength, we are in any small measure
+    brought afresh to the enjoyment of that love which flows from
+    God to man, through Jesus Christ our Savior; and under its
+    blessed influence quickened to exercise of mind, not only for
+    the health and prosperity of all those professing the same faith
+    with ourselves, but for the coming of the kingdom of God upon
+    earth, and the universal prevalence of righteousness and truth
+    among men. This love has often brought us in Christian
+    compassion and tenderness of spirit, deeply to feel for that
+    portion of the great family of man subjected to the degradation
+    and cruelty of slavery.
+
+    "We do not cease to rejoice with reverent thanksgiving to
+    Almighty God, for the termination of this system of iniquity in
+    the British Colonies. It was an act of justice on the part of
+    our Legislature, and it has removed an enormous load of guilt
+    from our beloved country; but in our rejoicing, we cannot, nor
+    would we wish, to forget the hundreds of thousands of our
+    brethren and sisters on the continent of America, and elsewhere,
+    still detained in this abject condition, and liable to all the
+    misery and oppression which it entails upon its victims.
+
+    "We have a strong conviction of the guilt and sinfulness of
+    slavery, and its pernicious effects upon both the oppressed and
+    the oppressor. That man should claim a right of property in the
+    person of his fellow--that man should buy and sell his
+    brother--that civil governments in their legislative enactments,
+    should so far forget that 'God who giveth to all, life, and
+    breath, and all things, and hath made of one blood all nations
+    of men, for to dwell on all the face of the earth,' as to treat
+    those who differ from them in the color of their skin, or any
+    other external peculiarity, as beasts that perish, as chattels
+    and articles of merchandise,--is in such direct violation of the
+    whole moral law, and of the righteousness of the New Testament,
+    and that in a day in which the principles of civil and religious
+    liberty are so fully acknowledged in many of the nations of
+    Christendom, may well excite both indignation and sorrow. And we
+    cannot but regard it as such proof of hardness of heart, and
+    perverted understanding, that we think it can be attributed to
+    nothing short of the deceivableness of Satan working upon the
+    fallen nature of man.
+
+    "It was, dear friends, in the gradual unfolding of that light in
+    which the things that are reproved are made manifest, that your
+    forefathers and ours, were brought to see the criminality of
+    slavery. Thus enlightened, they could find no peace with God,
+    until they had put away this evil of their doings from before
+    his eyes--until by a conscientious discharge of their individual
+    religious duty, they had restored those whom they held in
+    bondage, to the full enjoyment of unqualified freedom. Under the
+    influence of Divine wisdom, and by this faithfulness on the part
+    of upright Friends, our religious society were brought to a
+    united and settled judgment as a body, that personal slavery,
+    both in its origin and its results, was so great an evil, that
+    it could be tolerated by no mitigation of its hardship; and they
+    felt the demands of equity to be so urgent upon them, that they
+    were concerned to enjoin it upon Friends every where, by a ready
+    compliance with such reasonable duty, to cease to do evil, by
+    immediately releasing those they held as slaves. Their own hands
+    being cleansed from this pollution, they felt it to be laid upon
+    them, plainly and faithfully, to labor with their countrymen to
+    bring them to a full understanding of the requiring of the
+    Divine law, and to press it upon them to act up to its
+    commandments. In the love of God, they were bold, both in your
+    country and in ours, to plead the cause of the oppressed with
+    those in power. We believe, and we would wish to speak of it
+    with modesty and humility, that their faithfulness, in
+    connection with the exertions of humane and devoted men of other
+    Christian communities, were instrumental to bring about the
+    abolition of the slave trade, as well as the extinction of
+    slavery.
+
+    "We are reverently impressed with a sense of the prerogatives of
+    the Great Head of the Church, to dispose of his servants, and to
+    employ their time, and every talent which he has intrusted them,
+    in such a way and manner as may consist with the purposes of his
+    wisdom and love. It is the concern of this Meeting, that all our
+    dear friends may carefully seek each to know his Lord's will,
+    and to ascertain his individual path of duty; at the same time
+    we desire to encourage one another to simple obedience to that
+    which in the true light may be made manifest to them; and each
+    to an unflinching and uncompromising avowal of his allegiance to
+    his Lord in all things.
+
+    "We observe with satisfaction and comfort, in the epistles from
+    your Yearly Meetings, which have been read in this Meeting, that
+    there is a very general acknowledgment of concern on this
+    important subject. It has often been a prominent feature in the
+    brotherly correspondence which subsists between us. The
+    expression of your encouragement in times past, has been helpful
+    to us, and in the trials and difficulties you have had to
+    endure, our hearts have been brought into fellow feeling with
+    you. In this work of justice and love, we have long labored
+    together. It has helped to strengthen the bond of our union; and
+    in the fresh sense of this Christian fellowship, as it is now
+    renewed amongst us, we offer you, beloved friends, the warm
+    expression of our sympathy, and our strong desire for your help
+    and encouragement. So far removed as we are from the scene of
+    slavery, we are aware that we can but imperfectly appreciate
+    either the sufferings of the slave, or the trials of those who
+    live in the midst of such oppression; nor do we believe that we
+    can fully appreciate either the labors of faithful Friends in
+    your land, or the obstacles and discouragements which have been
+    thrown in their way.
+
+    "The brief review we have taken of the history of our Society,
+    in reference to this deeply interesting subject, and the feeling
+    which prevails with us, under a sense of the enormity of the
+    evil, urges us, and we desire that it may have the same effect
+    upon you, still to persevere; and in every way that may be
+    pointed out to us of the Lord, that we may continue to expose
+    the evil of this unjust interference with the natural and social
+    rights of man. Time is short, the day is spending fast with
+    every one of us, and we had need to use diligence in the work of
+    our day. We know the high authority under which we are commanded
+    to 'love our neighbor as ourselves.' It is our desire on our own
+    account, and in this exercise of mind we believe, dear friends,
+    that you are one with us, that in our efforts to discharge the
+    duties laid upon us, we may watch against a hopeless and
+    distrustful spirit in times of discouragement. And O that in his
+    great mercy and love towards his poor afflicted and helpless
+    children, it might please Him to hasten the coming of that day,
+    even to this generation of the enslaved in your land, in which
+    every yoke shall be broken and the oppressed go free.
+
+    "If, in this righteous cause, we move in the leading of our
+    Lord, we may humbly trust that he, with whom there is no respect
+    of persons, who careth for the sparrows and feedeth the ravens,
+    will grant to his dependent ones the help and support of his
+    Holy Spirit, and enable them, in the face of every opposition,
+    to do that which is made known to them as his will.
+
+    "With the enlarged views entertained by Friends of the mercy and
+    love of our heavenly Father towards his children of every nation
+    and tongue all the world over, we desire to press it upon you
+    still to labor for the removal of all those unjust laws and
+    limitations of right and privilege consequent upon the
+    unwarrantable distinction of color--a distinction which has
+    brought so much suffering upon those settled in different parts
+    of the Union, and which we think must conduce to the
+    strengthening of the prejudices of former years, and to retard
+    the work of emancipation.
+
+    "It is affecting to us to think with what astonishing rapidity
+    slavery is extending itself upon the Continent of North America,
+    and how from year to year the slave population is increasing
+    among you. Our spirits are oppressed with a sense of the
+    magnitude of the evil; we tremble at the awful consequence
+    which, in the justice and wisdom of Almighty God, may ensue to
+    those who persist in the upholding of it. We commend the whole
+    subject to your most serious attention, and desiring that divine
+    wisdom may be near to help in your deliberations upon it,
+
+    "We bid you, affectionately, farewell.
+
+    "Signed in and on behalf of the Meeting, by
+
+
+    "GEORGE STACEY,
+
+
+    "_Clerk to the Meeting this year_."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX B. P. 30.
+
+
+EARLY EFFORTS OF "FRIENDS" IN BEHALF OF NEGRO SLAVES.
+
+
+The following extract from Clarkson's "Memoirs of the Public and Private
+Life of William Penn," will show how the society of Friends, at a very
+early period, became unwarily entangled with the practice of slave
+holding; and also that the unchristian nature of it was immediately
+perceived by the more spiritual minded among them. It will serve also to
+prove that the testimony of Friends against slavery is no novelty, but
+is coeval with its rise as a distinct religious body. The measures
+proposed by William Penn on this subject, are an honorable testimony to
+the comprehensive benevolence of that truly great and magnanimous
+legislator, yet they fell short of the exigencies of the case, and of
+what Christian people required; consequently what good they directly
+effected was local and temporary. Viewed as the germ of subsequent
+anti-slavery enterprises of the last century, in Europe and America,
+their interest and importance cannot be too highly estimated.
+
+
+    "I must observe, that soon after the colony (Pennsylvania) had
+    been planted, that is, in the year 1682, when William Penn was
+    first resident in it, some few Africans had been imported, but
+    that more had followed. At this time the traffic in slaves was
+    not branded with infamy, as at the present day. It was
+    considered, on the other hand, as favorable to both parties: to
+    the American planters, because they had but few laborers, in
+    comparison with the extent of their lands; and to the poor
+    Africans themselves, because they were looked upon as persons
+    redeemed out of superstition, idolatry, and heathenism. But
+    though the purchase and sale of them had been admitted with less
+    caution upon this principle, there were not wanting among the
+    Quakers of Pennsylvania those who, soon after the introduction
+    of them there, began to question the moral licitness of the
+    traffic. Accordingly, at the Yearly Meeting for Pennsylvania,
+    held in 1688, it had been resolved, on the suggestion of
+    emigrants from Crisheim, who had adopted the principles of
+    William Penn, that the buying, selling, and holding men in
+    slavery, was inconsistent with the tenets of the Christian
+    religion. In 1696, a similar resolution had been passed at the
+    Yearly Meeting of the same religious society for the same
+    province. In consequence, then, of these noble resolutions, the
+    Quakers had begun to treat their slaves in a different manner
+    from that of other people. They had begun to consider them as
+    children of the same great Parent, to whom fraternal offices
+    were due; and hence, in 1698, there were instances where they
+    had admitted them into their meeting houses to worship in common
+    with themselves.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "I cannot help copying into a note an anecdote from
+    Thomas Story's Journal for this year (1698). 'On the 13th,' says
+    he, 'we had a pretty large meeting, where several were tendered,
+    among whom were some negroes. And here I shall observe, that
+    Thomas Simons having several negroes, one of them, as also
+    several belonging to Henry White, had of late come to meetings,
+    and having a sense of truth, several others thereway were
+    likewise convinced, and like to do well. And the morning that we
+    came from Thomas Simons's, my companion speaking some words of
+    truth to his negro woman, she was tendered; and as I passed on
+    horseback by the place where she stood weeping, I gave her my
+    hand, and then she was much more broken: and finding the day of
+    the Lord's tender visitation and mercy upon her, I spake
+    encouragingly to her, and was glad to find the poor blacks so
+    near the truth and reachable.' She stood there, looking after us
+    and weeping, as long as we could see her. I had inquired of one
+    of the black men how long they had come to meetings, and he said
+    'they had always been kept in ignorance, and disregarded as
+    persons who were not to expect any thing from the Lord, till
+    Jonathan Taylor, who had been there the year before, discoursing
+    with them, had informed them that the grace of God, through
+    Christ, was given also to them; and that they ought to believe
+    in and be led and taught by it, and so might come to be good
+    Friends, and saved as well as others. And on the next occasion,
+    which was when William Ellis and Aaron Atkinson were there, they
+    went to meetings, and several of them were convinced.' Thus one
+    planteth and another watereth, but God giveth the increase."]
+
+    "William Penn was highly gratified by the consideration of what
+    has been done on this important subject. From the very first
+    introduction of enslaved Africans into this province, he had
+    been solicitous about their temporal and eternal welfare. He had
+    always considered them as persons of the like nature with
+    himself; as having the same desire of pleasure and the same
+    aversion from pain; as children of the same Father, and heirs of
+    the same promises. Knowing how naturally the human heart became
+    corrupted and hardened by the use of power, he was fearful lest,
+    in time, these friendless strangers should become an oppressed
+    people. Accordingly, as his predecessor, George Fox, when he
+    first visited the British West Indies, exhorted all those who
+    attended his meetings for worship there, to consider their
+    slaves as branches of their own families, for whose spiritual
+    instruction they would one day or other be required to give an
+    account, so William Penn had, on his first arrival in America,
+    inculcated the same notion. It lay, therefore, now upon his mind
+    to endeavor to bring into practice what had appeared to him to
+    be right in principle. One of them was to try to incorporate the
+    treatment of slaves, as a matter of Christian duty, into _the
+    discipline of his own religious society_; and the other, to
+    secure it among others in the colony of a different religious
+    description, _by a legislative act_. Both of these were
+    necessary. The former, however, he resolved to attempt first.
+    The Society itself had already afforded him a precedent, by its
+    resolutions in 1688 and in 1696, as before mentioned, and had
+    thereby done something material in the progress of the work. It
+    was only to get a minute passed upon their books to the intended
+    effect. Accordingly, at the very first Monthly Meeting of the
+    Society, which took place in Philadelphia in the present year,
+    he proposed the subject. He laid before them the concern which
+    had been so long upon his mind, relative to these unfortunate
+    people; he pressed upon them the duty of allowing them as
+    frequently as possible to attend their Meetings for worship, and
+    the benefit that would accrue to both, by the instruction of
+    them in the principles of the Christian religion. The result
+    was, that a Meeting was appointed more particularly for the
+    negroes, once every month; so that besides the common
+    opportunities they had of collecting religious knowledge, by
+    frequenting the places of worship, there was one day in the
+    month, in which, as far as the influence of the Monthly Meeting
+    extended, they could neither be temporally nor spiritually
+    overlooked. At this Meeting also, he proposed means, which were
+    acceded to, for a more frequent intercourse between Friends and
+    the Indians; he (William Penn,) taking upon himself the charge
+    of procuring interpreters, as well as of forwarding the means
+    proposed."--Vol. II. pp. 218-222.
+
+
+
+APPENDIX C. P. 34.
+
+
+REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE YEARLY MEETING OF FRIENDS, HELD IN
+PHILADELPHIA, APPOINTED FOR THE GRADUAL CIVILIZATION, &C., OF THE INDIAN
+NATIVES, PRESENTED TO THE MEETING, FOURTH MONTH 21ST, 1841, AND DIRECTED
+TO BE PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE MEMBERS.
+
+
+
+    "TO THE YEARLY MEETING.
+
+    "The Committee charged with promoting the Gradual Improvement
+    and Civilization of the Indian Natives, report:--
+
+    "That although they have given attention to this interesting
+    concern, there are but few subjects in their operations, since
+    the last report, which require notice. The Indians have been in
+    a very unsettled condition during the past year, in consequence
+    of the embarrassment and distress produced by the ratification
+    of the treaty, and their uncertainty as to the best course to be
+    pursued by them in their trying and perplexing circumstances.
+    They still cling to the hope that they shall be able to ward off
+    the calamity which threatens them, either through the favorable
+    disposition of the new Administration and Senate, to give their
+    case a re-hearing, or by an Appeal to the Supreme Court of the
+    United States. Small as the hope afforded by these sources may
+    appear to a disinterested observer, they are buoyed up by it,
+    and seem as unwilling as ever, to look toward relinquishing
+    their present homes.
+
+    "In a communication addressed to the committee, dated
+    Tunesassah, Fifth Month 24th, 1840, signed by ten chiefs, they
+    say, 'Although, the information of the ratification of the
+    treaty is distressing to us, yet it is a satisfaction to hear
+    from you, and to learn that you still remember us in our
+    troubles, and are disposed to advise and assist us. The
+    intelligence of the confirmation of the treaty caused many of
+    our women to shed tears of sorrow. We are sensible that we stand
+    in need of the advice of our friends. Our minds are unaltered on
+    the subject of emigration.' Another dated Cold Spring, Twelfth
+    Month 8th, 1840, holds this language: 'Brothers, we continue to
+    feel relative to the treaty as we have ever felt. We cannot
+    regard it as an act of our nation, or hold it to be binding on
+    us. We still consider, that in justice, the land is at this time
+    as much our own as ever it was. We have done nothing to forfeit
+    our right to it; and have come to a conclusion to remain upon it
+    as long as we can enjoy it in peace.' 'We trust in the Great
+    Spirit: to Him we submit our cause.'
+
+    "A letter from the Senecas, residing at Tonawanda, was addressed
+    to the Committee, from which the following extracts are taken:
+
+
+        "'By the help of the Great Spirit we have met in open
+        council this 23d day of the Fifth Month, 1840, for the
+        purpose of deliberating on the right course for us to
+        pursue under the late act of the government of the
+        United States relating to our lands. Brothers, we are in
+        trouble; we have been told that the President has
+        ratified a treaty, by which these lands are sold from
+        our possession. We look to you and solicit your advice
+        and your sympathy under the accumulating difficulties
+        that now surround us. We feel more than ever, our need
+        of the help of the great and good Spirit, to guide us
+        aright. May his council ever preserve and direct us all
+        in true wisdom.
+
+        "'It is known to you, brothers, that at different times
+        our people have been induced to cede, by stipulated
+        treaties, to the government of the United States,
+        various tracts of our territory, until it is so reduced
+        that it barely affords us a home. We had hoped by these
+        liberal concessions to secure the quiet and unmolested
+        possession of this small residue, but we have abundant
+        reason to fear that we have been mistaken. The agent and
+        surveyor of a company of land speculators, known as the
+        Ogden Company, have been on here to lay out our land
+        into lots, to be sold from us to the whites. We have
+        protested against it, and have forbidden their
+        proceeding.
+
+        "'Brothers, what we want, is that you should intercede
+        with the United States government on our behalf. We do
+        not want to leave our lands. We are willing that the
+        emigrating party should sell out their rights, but we
+        are not willing that they should sell ours.
+
+        "'Brothers, we want the President of the United States
+        to know that we are for peace; that we only ask the
+        possession of our just rights. We have kept in good
+        faith all our agreements with the government. In our
+        innocence of any violation we ask its protection. In our
+        weakness we look to it for justice and mercy. We desire
+        to live upon our lands in peace and harmony. We love
+        Tonawanda. It is the residue left us of the land of our
+        forefathers. We have no wish to leave it. Here are our
+        cultivated fields, our houses, our wives and children,
+        and our firesides--and here we wish to lay our bones in
+        peace.
+
+        "'Brothers, in conclusion, we desire to express our
+        sincere thanks to you for your friendly assistance in
+        times past, and at the same time earnestly solicit your
+        further attention and advice. Brothers, may the Great
+        Spirit befriend you all--farewell.'
+
+
+    "Desirous of rendering such aid as might be in our power, a
+    correspondence has been held with some members of Congress, on
+    the subject of the treaty, and other matters connected with it;
+    and recently, two of our number visited Washington, and were
+    assured by the present Secretary of War, under whose immediate
+    charge the Indian affairs are placed, that it was his
+    determination, and that of the other officers of the government,
+    to give to the treaty, and the circumstances attending its
+    procurement, a thorough examination; and to adopt such a course
+    respecting it, as justice and humanity to the Indians would
+    dictate.
+
+    "The friends who have for several years resided at Tunesassah
+    still continue to occupy the farm, and have charge of the saw
+    and grist mills and other improvements. The farm, during the
+    past year, has yielded about thirty-five tons of hay, two
+    hundred bushels of potatoes, one hundred bushels of oats, and
+    one hundred bushels of apples. Notwithstanding the unsettlement
+    produced by the treaty during the past season, the Indians have
+    raised an adequate supply of provisions to keep them comfortably
+    during the year; and they manifest an increased desire to avoid
+    the use of ardent spirits, and to have their children educated.
+    In their letter of the Twelfth Month last, the chiefs say, 'We
+    are more engaged to have our children educated than we have
+    heretofore been. There are at this time three schools in
+    operation on this reservation, for the instruction of our
+    youth.'
+
+    "Our friend, Joseph Batty, in a letter dated 28th of Second
+    Month last, says, 'The Indians have held several temperance
+    councils this winter. The chiefs--with the exception of two, who
+    were not present--have all signed a pledge to abstain from the
+    use of all intoxicating liquors, and appear engaged to bring
+    about a reform among their people; but the influence of the
+    whites among them is prejudicial to their improvement in this
+    and other respects.'
+
+    "By direction of the Committee,
+
+    "THOMAS WISTAR, _Clerk_.
+
+    "_Philadelphia, 4th Month 15th, 1841_."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX D. P. 44.
+
+
+ELISHA TYSON.
+
+
+The following particulars of this memorable person are chiefly taken
+from a work, now very scarce, entitled "The Life of Elisha Tyson, the
+Philanthropist, by a Citizen of Baltimore."
+
+
+    "The eldest known ancestor of Mr. Tyson was a German Quaker,
+    converted to the faith of Fox by the preaching of William Penn.
+    Persecuted by the government of his native country for his
+    religion, he gathered up his all and followed Penn to England;
+    with whom, and at whose request, he afterwards embarked for
+    America, and was among the first settlers of Pennsylvania. He
+    established himself within what are now called the environs of
+    Philadelphia, married the daughter of an English settler, and
+    became the happy father of sons and daughters. From these, many
+    descendants have been derived.
+
+    "Elisha Tyson was one of the great grandsons in direct descent
+    of the German Quaker, and was born on the spot which he had
+    chosen for his residence. The religion and virtues of this
+    ancestor were instilled into the minds of his children and
+    children's children, to the third and fourth generation--not by
+    transmission of blood, but by the force of a guarded and a
+    Christian education. In the subject of this memoir, they blazed
+    forth with superior lustre. From his infancy he was conspicuous
+    in his neighborhood for that benevolence of heart and
+    intrepidity of soul, which so highly distinguished him in after
+    life."
+
+
+In his early manhood he removed to Baltimore, in the slave State of
+Maryland. Here, from his first residence, he took an active part in
+various benevolent and public spirited enterprises, although he had to
+struggle with early difficulties, having no resources for his support
+but honesty, industry, and perseverance. The cause of the oppressed
+slaves very soon engaged his attention, and his unwearied exertions in
+their behalf ceased not till the close of a long and energetic life. In
+the following quotation, describing the American slave trade, although
+the past tense is employed by his biographer, yet if Louisiana be
+substituted for Georgia, the whole representation is true of the present
+time. That dreadful traffic has increased many fold since the date here
+alluded to, at which E. Tyson's career of benevolence commenced.
+
+"Even the most creditable merchants felt no compunction in speculating
+in the flesh and blood of their own species. These articles of
+merchandize were as common as wheat and tobacco, and ranked with these
+as a staple of Maryland. This state of things was naturally productive
+of scenes of cruelty. Georgia was then the great receptacle of that
+portion of these unfortunate beings, who were exported beyond the limits
+of their native soil; and the worst name given to Tartarus itself could
+not be more appalling to their imaginations than the name of that sister
+State. And when we consider the dreadful consequences suffered by the
+victims of this traffic; a separation like that of death between the
+nearest and dearest relatives; a banishment for ever from the land of
+their nativity and the scenes of their youth; the painful inflictions by
+the hands of slave drivers, to whom cruelty was rendered delightful by
+its frequent exercise; with many other sufferings too numerous to
+mention, we cannot wonder at this horror on the part of these
+unfortunate beings, and that it should cause them to use all the means
+in their power to avoid so terrible a destiny. The slave-trader, aware
+of all this, and fearful lest his victims might seek safety by flight,
+became increasingly careful of his property. With these men, and upon
+such subjects, care is cruelty; and thus the apparent necessity of the
+case came in aid of the favorite disposition of their minds. They
+charged their victims with being the authors of that cruelty, which had
+its true origin in their own remorseless hearts. Their plea for
+additional rigor, being plausibly urged, was favorably received by a
+community darkened by prejudice. Few regarded with pity, and most with
+stoical indifference, this barbarous correction for crimes anticipated,
+and rigorous penance for offences existing only in the diabolical
+fancies of their tormentors. The truth is, it was the love these poor
+wretches bore their wives, children, and native soil, for which they
+were punished. They were commonly bound two and two by chains, riveted
+to iron collars fastened around their necks, more and more closely, as
+their drivers had more and more reason to suspect a desire to escape. If
+they were conveyed in wagons, as they sometimes were, additional chains
+were so fixed, as to connect the right ancle of one with the left ancle
+of another, so that they were fastened foot to foot, and neck to neck.
+If a disposition to complain, or to grieve, was manifested by any of
+them, the mouths of such were instantly stopped with a gag. If,
+notwithstanding this, the overflowings of sorrow found a passage through
+other channels, they were checked by the 'scourge inexorable;'--the
+cruel monsters thus endeavoring to lessen the appearance of pain, by
+increasing its reality. These were scenes of ordinary occurrence; troops
+of these poor slaves were continually seen fettered as before described,
+marching two and two, with commanders before and behind, swords by their
+sides, and pistols in their belts--the triumphant victors over unarmed
+women and children. The sufferings of their victims, were, if possible,
+increased, when they were compelled to stop for the night. They were
+crowded in cellars, and loaded with an additional number of fetters. On
+those routes usually taken by them to the South, stated taverns were
+selected as their resting places for the night. In these, dungeons under
+ground were specially contrived for their reception. Iron staples, with
+rings in them, were fixed at proper places in the walls; to these,
+chains were welded; and to these chains the fetters of the prisoners
+were locked, as the means of certain safety. It was usual every day for
+these slave-drivers to keep a strict record of the imagined offences of
+their slaves; which, if not to their satisfaction expiated by suffering
+during the day, remained upon the register until its close; when, in the
+midst of midnight dungeon horrors, goaded with a weight of fetters, in
+addition to those which had galled them during their weary march, these
+reputed sins were atoned by their blood, which was made to trickle down
+'the scourge with triple thongs.'"
+
+Such was the evil with which Elisha Tyson, when "young, solitary, and
+friendless," undertook to grapple; the means he chiefly employed, were
+such as tended to purify and enlighten public opinion.
+
+
+    "He had two principal modes of operating upon the public mind;
+    by conversation in public and private places, and by the press.
+    Through the means of the first, he worked upon the feelings and
+    sentiments of the higher and more influential classes; by means
+    of the latter, he influenced in a great degree, the mass of the
+    community. In private conversation, his arguments were so
+    cogent, his appeals so energetic, and his manner so sincere and
+    disinterested, that few could avoid conviction. It is true,
+    indeed, as it regards the press, that he did not publish very
+    much of his own composing; but he procured the publication of a
+    vast deal of his own dictating. By his arguments and entreaties,
+    he aroused the zeal of many individuals, each of whom enlisted
+    himself as a kind of voluntary amanuensis, who wrote and
+    published his dictations. Many important essays have in this way
+    been communicated to the public."
+
+
+But he undertook also, services requiring a yet sterner resolution, and
+more heroic perseverance, services which demanded that he himself should
+be in bondage neither to riches, honor, nor reputation, since his
+exertions endangered all his personal interests in such a community as
+that by which he was surrounded.
+
+
+    "Of those held in servitude, two classes of beings felt in a
+    peculiar manner the kindness and sympathy of Mr. Tyson--those
+    entitled to their freedom, and illegally held in slavery--and
+    those, who, though not illegally kept in bondage, yet were
+    treated with inhumanity by their masters.
+
+    "Where he had reason to believe that a person claimed as a slave
+    was entitled to his freedom, he would, in the first place, in
+    order to avoid litigation, lay before the reputed owner, the
+    grounds of his belief. If these were disregarded, he then
+    proceeded to employ counsel, by whom a petition for freedom was
+    filed in the proper court, and the case prosecuted to a final
+    determination. What excited most astonishment in these trials,
+    was the extraordinary success which attended him. Very few were
+    the cases in which he was defeated; and his failure even in
+    these, was more generally owing to the want of testimony, than
+    to the want of justice on his side. To enumerate his successes,
+    would be as impossible, on account of their vast number, as it
+    would be tedious on account of their similarity to each other.
+    Whole families were often liberated by a single verdict, the
+    fate of one relative deciding the fate of many. And often
+    ancestors, after passing a long life in illegal slavery, sprung
+    at last, like the chrysalis in autumn, into new existence,
+    beneath the genial rays of the sun of liberty, which shed at the
+    same time its benign influence upon their children, and
+    children's children.
+
+    "The titles of the individuals, thus liberated, to their
+    freedom, were variously derived. Sometimes from deeds of
+    manumission, long suppressed, and at last brought to light, by
+    the searching scrutiny of Tyson--sometimes from the genealogy of
+    the petitioner, traced by him to some Indian or white maternal
+    ancestor--sometimes from the right to freedom, claimed by birth,
+    but attempted to be destroyed by the rapacity of some vile
+    kidnapper, and sometimes from the violation of those of our laws
+    which manumitted slaves imported from foreign parts.
+
+    "The labors of Mr. Tyson, were not confined to a single
+    district--they extended over the whole of Maryland. There is not
+    a county in it, which has not felt his influence, or a court of
+    justice, whose records do not bear proud testimonials of his
+    triumphs over tyranny. Throwing out of calculation the many
+    liberations indirectly resulting from his efforts, we speak more
+    than barely within bounds, when we say, that he has been the
+    means, under Providence, of rescuing at least two thousand human
+    beings from the galling yoke of a slavery, which, but for him,
+    would have been perpetual.
+
+    "And here let me join my readers in expressions of wonder and
+    astonishment at this extraordinary display of human benevolence,
+    in the person of a single individual--unsupported by power,
+    wealth, or title, beneath the frowns of society, and against a
+    torrent of prejudice."
+
+
+In the year 1789 an "Abolition Society," (see antecedent pages 23 and
+24,) was formed in Baltimore, of which Elisha Tyson was a member until
+its dissolution, seven years afterwards.
+
+
+    "From that time, Mr. Tyson supported alone the cause of
+    emancipation in Maryland. Alone, I mean, as the sole director
+    and prime mover of the machinery by which that cause was
+    maintained. Assisted, he was, no doubt, from time to time; but
+    that assistance was procured through his influence, or rendered
+    effectual under his inspection and advice.[A]
+
+    [Footnote A: "One of the most active assistants was his brother
+    Jesse, much younger than Elisha. He followed him to this State a
+    few years after the arrival of the latter, was an active member
+    of the Abolition Society, and continued, to the day of his
+    death, to co-operate with Elisha."]
+
+    "The slave traffic gave rise to an evil still greater--I mean
+    the crime of _kidnapping_. If the horrors arising from the first
+    were so great as I have described them, how shall I depict those
+    of the other! Slaves only were the victims of the slave trade.
+    In passing from hand to hand, they merely exchanged one
+    condition of slavery for another. And though on such occasions
+    they fell from a less degree of misery into a greater, they
+    could not number among their privations any thing so bitter as
+    the loss of liberty. It was this that made the difference
+    between them and the victims of the kidnapper; not that they
+    laid their hands exclusively upon the freeman, for sometimes
+    their rapacity seized upon a slave. But this was very seldom,
+    for the vigilance of slave owners was always alive to detect,
+    and their vengeance to punish such daring felony. In almost all
+    cases of man stealing, the stolen beings were of those who had
+    tasted the sweets of liberty. To the kidnapper, who made these
+    his prey, there were great facilities for escaping with
+    impunity; not only because, in the depth and darkness of a
+    dungeon, his limbs loaded with fetters, and utterance choked
+    with a gag, his suffering could not be made visible or audible,
+    but also because the deadness of sensibility on this subject,
+    which still pervaded the public, though in a less degree than
+    formerly, seemed to have unnerved every eye and palsied every
+    ear. Sights of misery passed darkly before the one and sounds of
+    wo fell lifeless on the other.
+
+    "On one occasion Mr. Tyson received intelligence that three
+    colored persons, supposed to have been kidnapped, had been seen
+    under suspicious circumstances, late in the evening, with a
+    notorious slave-trader, in a carriage, which was then moving
+    rapidly towards a quarter of the precincts of Baltimore in which
+    there was a den of man-hunters. It was late in the day when he
+    received the information, which was immediately communicated to
+    the proper authorities. As the testimony offered to these was
+    not, in their opinion, sufficiently strong to induce them to act
+    instantaneously, Mr. Tyson was obliged to seek for aid in other
+    quarters. He accordingly requested certain individuals, who had
+    sometimes lent him their assistance, to accompany him to the
+    scene of suspicion, in order to obtain, if possible, additional
+    proof. One after another made excuse, (some telling him that the
+    evidence was too weak to justify any effort, and others saying
+    that it would be better to postpone the business for the next
+    morning,) until Mr. Tyson saw himself without the hope of
+    foreign assistance. But he did not yield or despair--one hope
+    yet remained, and that rested on himself. Alone he determined to
+    search out the den of thieves, to see and judge for himself. If
+    there was no foundation for his suspicions, to dismiss them; if
+    they were true, to call in the aid of the civil power, for the
+    punishment of guilt and the rescue of innocence.
+
+    "So much time had been spent in receiving the excuses of his
+    friends, that it was late at night when he set out, on foot and
+    without a single weapon of defence. In the midst of silence and
+    darkness, he marched along until he arrived at the place of
+    destination. It was situated in the very skirts of the city--a
+    public tavern in appearance, but almost exclusively appropriated
+    to a band of slave-traders. Here they conveyed their prey,
+    whether stolen or purchased; here they held their midnight
+    orgies, and revelled in the midst of misery. The keeper of this
+    place was himself one of the party, and therefore not very
+    scrupulous about the sort of victims his companions chose to
+    place beneath his care. Mr. Tyson ascended the door-sill, and,
+    for a moment, listened, if perchance he might hear the sounds of
+    wo. Suddenly a loud laugh broke upon his ears, which was soon
+    lost in a chorus of laughter. Indignant at the sound, he reached
+    forth his hand and rapped with his whole might. No answer was
+    received. He rapped again--all was silence. He then applied
+    himself to the fastening of the door, and finding it unlocked,
+    opened it and entered. Suddenly four men made their appearance.
+    They had been carousing around a table which stood in the centre
+    of a room, and when a little alarmed by the rapping at the door,
+    they had gone in different directions to seize their weapons.
+    Mr. Tyson immediately recognised in the countenance of one of
+    these, who appeared to be their leader, the slave-trader whose
+    conduct had given rise to the suspicions that had brought him
+    thither. Nor was it many moments before the person and character
+    of Mr. Tyson became known.
+
+    "'I understand,' said he, 'that there are persons confined in
+    this place entitled to their freedom?'
+
+    "'You have been wrongly informed,' said the leader of the
+    quartette; 'and, besides, what business is it of yours?'
+
+    "'Whether I am wrongly informed,' said Mr. Tyson, calmly, 'can
+    be soon made to appear; and I hold it my business, as it is the
+    business of every good man in the community, to see that all
+    doubts of this kind are settled!'
+
+    "'You shall advance no further,' rejoined the leader, swearing a
+    tremendous oath, and putting himself in a menacing attitude.
+
+    "With the rapidity of lightning, and with a strength that seemed
+    to have been lent him for the occasion, Mr. Tyson broke through
+    the arms of his opponent. As he had been repeatedly at this
+    house on similar errands, he knew the course he should steer,
+    and made directly for the door of the dungeon. There he met
+    another of the band, with a candle in one hand, and in the
+    other, a pistol, which, having cocked, he presented full against
+    the breast of Mr. Tyson, swearing that he would shoot him if he
+    advanced a step further.
+
+    "'Shoot if thee dare,' said Mr. Tyson, in a voice of thunder,
+    'but thee dare not, coward as thou art, for well does thee know,
+    that the gallows would be thy portion.'
+
+    "Whether it was the voice and countenance of Mr. Tyson, or the
+    terror of the word gallows, that affected the miscreant, his arm
+    suddenly fell, and he stood as if struck dumb with amazement.
+    Mr. Tyson taking advantage of the moment, in the twinkling of an
+    eye, snatched the candle from the hand of the kidnapper, entered
+    the dungeon door, which was providentially unlocked, and
+    descended into the vault below.
+
+    "There he beheld a dismal sight; six poor creatures chained to
+    each other by links connected with the prison wall! The
+    prisoners shrunk within themselves at the sight of a man, and
+    one of them uttered a shriek of terror, mistaking the character
+    of their visitor. He told them that he was their friend; and his
+    name was Elisha Tyson. That name was enough for them, for their
+    whole race had been long taught to utter it. He inquired, 'if
+    any of them were entitled to their freedom?' 'Yes,' said one,
+    'these two boys say that they and their, mother here are free,
+    but she can't speak to you, for she is gagged.' Mr. Tyson
+    approached this woman, and found that she was really deprived of
+    her utterance. He instantly cut away the band that held in the
+    gag, and thus gave speech to the dumb. She told her tale; 'she
+    was manumitted by a gentleman on the eastern shore of Maryland;
+    her sons were born after her emancipation, and of course free.
+    She referred to persons and papers. She had come over the
+    Chesapeake in a packet, for the purpose of getting employment;
+    and was, with her children, decoyed away immediately on her
+    arrival, by a person who brought her to that house. Mr. Tyson
+    told her to be of good comfort, for he would immediately provide
+    the means of her rescue. He then left the dungeon and ascended
+    the stair way, when he reached the scene of his preceding
+    contest; he, looked around, but saw no one save the keeper of
+    the tavern. Fearing that the others had escaped, or were about
+    to escape, he hastened out of the house, and proceeded with
+    rapid strides in pursuit of a constable. He soon found one and
+    entreated his assistance. But the officer refused, unless Mr.
+    Tyson would give him a bond of indemnity against all loss which
+    he might suffer by his interference. Mr. Tyson complied without
+    hesitation. The officer, after summoning assistance, proceeded
+    with Mr. Tyson to the scene of cruelty. There meeting with the
+    tavern keeper, they compelled him to unlock the fetters of the
+    three individuals claiming their freedom. They then searched the
+    house for the supposed kidnappers, and found two of them; in,
+    bed, whom, together with the women, and children, they conveyed
+    that night to the jail of Baltimore county, to await the
+    decision of a court of justice. The final consequence was, the
+    mother and children were adjudged free. One of the two
+    slave-traders, taken as afore-mentioned in custody, was found
+    guilty of having kidnapped them, and was sentenced to the
+    Maryland penitentiary, for a term of years.
+
+    "On another occasion, Mr. Tyson having received satisfactory
+    evidence that a colored person, on board a vessel about to sail
+    for New Orleans, in Louisiana, was entitled to his freedom,
+    hastened to his assistance. On reaching the wharf, where the
+    vessel had lain, he learned that she had cleared out the day
+    before, and was then lying at anchor, a mile down the river. He
+    immediately procured two officers of the peace, with whom he
+    proceeded in a batteau, with a full determination to board the
+    suspected ship.
+
+    "When he arrived alongside, he hailed the captain and asked him
+    'whether such a person, (naming him,) having on board negroes
+    destined for the New Orleans market, was not among the number of
+    passengers.' Before the captain had time to reply, the passenger
+    alluded to, who had overheard the question, stepped to the side
+    of the vessel, and recognising Mr. Tyson, asked what business
+    _he_ had with him. 'I understand,' said Mr. Tyson, 'that a
+    colored person,' describing him, 'now in thy possession, is
+    entitled to his freedom.' 'He is my slave,' said the trader; 'I
+    have purchased him by a fair title, and no man shall interfere
+    between him and me.'
+
+    "'If these documents speak the truth,' said Mr. Tyson, holding
+    certain papers in his hand, 'however fairly you have purchased
+    him he is not your slave.' He then proceeded to read the
+    documents. At the same time a light breeze springing up, the
+    captain ordered all hands to hoist sail and be off. Mr. Tyson
+    seeing that there was not a minute to be lost, requested the
+    constables to go on board with him for the purpose of rescuing
+    the free man who had been deprived of his rights. The trader
+    immediately drew a dagger from his belt, (for this sort of men
+    went always armed,) and swore that 'the first man that dared set
+    his foot upon the deck of that ship was a dead man.' 'Then I
+    will be that man,' said Mr. Tyson, with a firm voice and
+    intrepid countenance, and sprang upon the deck. The trader
+    stepped back aghast. The officers followed, and descended the
+    hold of the ship. There they soon saw the object of their
+    search. Without any resistance being made on the part of a
+    single person on board, they led their rescued prisoner along
+    and safely lodged him in the boat below. Then Mr. Tyson,
+    addressing the trader, said, 'If you have any lawful claim to
+    this man, come along and try your title; if you cannot come,
+    name your agent, and I will see that justice is done to all
+    parties.' The trader, who seemed dumb with confusion, made no
+    answer; and Mr. Tyson requested his boatmen to row off. Ere they
+    had proceeded half their distance from the ship, her sails were
+    spread and she began to ride down the stream. Had Mr. Tyson's
+    visit been delayed half an hour longer, his benevolent exertions
+    would have been in vain.
+
+    "No one appearing to dispute the right of the colored man to
+    freedom, his freedom papers were given him and he was set at
+    liberty.
+
+    "The whole life of Mr. Tyson was diversified by acts such as we
+    have just described. Those I have given to the reader may be
+    considered as specimens merely, a few examples out of a vast
+    many, which, if they were all repeated, would satiate by their
+    number and tire by their uniformity.
+
+    "The joy manifested by the poor creatures whom he thus rescued
+    from misery, on their deliverance, may be imagined, but cannot
+    well be described. Sometimes it broke forth in loud and wild
+    demonstrations; sometimes it was deep and inexpressible, or
+    expressed only by mingled tears of gratitude and ecstacy,
+    rolling silently but profusely down their wo-worn cheeks.
+
+    "Mr. Tyson, it is remarkable, would always turn his eyes from
+    these manifestations. He would listen to no declarations of
+    thanks. When these were strongly pressed upon him, he would
+    usually exclaim, 'Well, that will do now; that is enough for
+    this time.' And once when one of these creatures, fearful that
+    Mr. Tyson would not consider him sufficiently grateful, cried
+    out, 'Indeed, master, I am very thankful, I would die to serve
+    you,' Mr. Tyson exclaimed, 'Why, man, I have only done my duty;
+    I don't want thy thanks;' and turned abruptly away.
+
+    "Equalled only by the delight of the rescued victims, was the
+    chagrin and vexation of the slave-traders, when they saw their
+    prey torn from their grasp. They cursed the law; they cursed its
+    ministers; but above all, they invoked imprecations upon the
+    head of Tyson.
+
+    "They swore that they would murder him, that they would fire his
+    dwelling over his head, that they would do a thousand things,
+    all full of vengeance. None of these threats were ever put into
+    execution; for though a plot was once laid to take away his
+    life, fear dispersed the actors long before the day of
+    performance. Thus does it always happen that the wickedest of
+    men are also the meanest, and therefore the most dastardly. And
+    thus did the cowardice of Mr. Tyson's enemies shield him from
+    the effects of their enmity. Nor did he profit less by that
+    individual fear of him which these slave-traders were made to
+    feel. They feared him because they deprecated his hostility. In
+    order, if possible, to lessen this hostility, they frequently
+    became informers on others engaged in the same traffic. This
+    they were further inclined to do, in consequence of the jealousy
+    that subsisted between them--a jealousy very natural to
+    competitors in the same line of business. It was always a time
+    of exultation with them when one of their number found his way
+    into the penitentiary.
+
+    "It sometimes happened that Mr. Tyson extracted from the mouths
+    of these monsters, evidence which afterwards went to criminate
+    those who had uttered it. It was usual with him when he could
+    not obtain testimony against a suspected person, to send for
+    such person and interrogate him. No one refused his
+    summons--fear forbade the refusal; and after they had come, the
+    very fear which brought them there sacrificed them to injured
+    humanity. Sometimes those who came voluntarily for the purpose
+    of criminating others, involved themselves in toils of their own
+    weaving; where they were no sooner seen, by the penetrating eye
+    of Tyson, than he reached forth his hands and secured his
+    astonished prisoner, before he had a suspicion of his danger.
+
+    "Mr. Tyson's knowledge of the sort of people with whom he had
+    principally to deal was perfect. His quickness of perception and
+    self-command were also remarkable. These qualifications gave him
+    an extraordinary power in the examinations just alluded to.
+
+    "One evening the servant announced a stranger at the door, who
+    wished to see Mr. Tyson privately. Mr. Tyson requested that he
+    might be asked into the room where we were then sitting, and if
+    further privacy were necessary he should have it.
+
+    "When the door opened and the stranger appeared, he was no other
+    than the slave-trader we have just alluded to.
+
+    "'Your humble servant,' said the man, casting off his hat and
+    bowing profoundly; 'I hope you are well, sir; I have a few words
+    for your private ear.'
+
+    "'Every one present may be safely trusted,' said Mr. Tyson; 'but
+    sit down.'
+
+    "The man seated himself. 'Well,' said Mr. Tyson, 'what is there
+    new in thy way of business; I suppose it continues as usual to
+    be a good business?'
+
+    "'Ah! sir,' said the man, 'I believe it to be a bad business in
+    more ways than one. I am resolved to quit it.'
+
+    "'Not while thee can get two hundred dollars profit per man,'
+    said Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Notwithstanding that,' said the trader, 'it's a bad business;
+    it's a hard business; I must quit it, and that very soon.'
+
+    "'Hast thou heard of the old saying,' said Mr. Tyson, 'Hell is
+    paved with good intentions? I fear,' said he, 'when thee goes
+    there thee will find thine among the number.'
+
+    "'I know,' said the trader, 'you think me very bad; but when you
+    hear what I have to communicate, perhaps your opinion will alter
+    a little.'
+
+    "'I wish it may; but,' said Mr. Tyson, 'thy progress down hill
+    has been so rapid, and thou hast got so far, that thee will find
+    it rather hard to turn about and ascend.'
+
+    "These doubtings, attended with a shrewd, suspicious, yet
+    satirical look, had the effect intended; for the man became
+    doubly anxious to do what he had come to do, and what he thought
+    would be esteemed a great favor by Mr. Tyson. Accordingly, after
+    a word or two of preface, he stated that he 'had reason to
+    believe that ----', naming a certain trader, 'had kidnapped two
+    free blacks.'
+
+    "'Thee is certainly mistaken,' said Mr. Tyson, affecting great
+    surprise; 'it is hardly possible that so worthy a man could have
+    been guilty of so great a crime.'
+
+    "This apparent doubt on the part of Mr. Tyson, made the man more
+    anxious to bring out all his testimony.
+
+    "'But who told thee this piece of news?' said Mr. Tyson. There
+    was a breach at once into the man's order and arrangement and he
+    hesitated for a reply. 'Mr. ----, Mr. ----, Mr. ----, what do ye
+    call him, spoke to me about it.' 'Who?' said Mr. Tyson. 'Mr.
+    ----,' said the man; mentioning the name of a veteran dealer in
+    human flesh.
+
+    "'Is he engaged in the traffic now?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Yes, sir; very deep in it.'
+
+    "'By himself, or in partnership?' asked Mr. Tyson carelessly.
+
+    "'Why, I believe he is in partnership with some body.'
+
+    "'Is he not in partnership,' said Mr. Tyson, 'with ----?' naming
+    the person whom the man was anxious to inculpate.
+
+    "'I believe he was, but I don't know that he is now.'
+
+    "'Thee don't know of their having dissolved?' asked Mr. Tyson at
+    the same time, as if thoughtlessly lighting his pipe.
+
+    "'No, I do not. But as I was going to say,' said the trader--
+
+    "'Ah, true,' said Mr. Tyson, 'we must not forget. Thee was
+    talking about a case of kidnapping; well?'
+
+    "'Last night,' said the trader, 'a hack drove up to the tavern
+    where I lodge. The hackman inquired the way to ----'s tavern,
+    which is the place of rendezvous for ---- and his gang;' naming
+    the person whose guilt _seemed_ to be the principal object of
+    inquiry. 'I looked into the carriage, and saw two boys.'
+
+    "'Did thee speak to them?'
+
+    "'No, they were gagged, and that made me think they were
+    kidnapped.'
+
+    "'Was any body with them?'
+
+    "'Nobody but the driver, and he was black.'
+
+    "'Did thee direct him as he requested?' asked Mr. Tyson.
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'And they arrived accordingly?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'Did thee follow them?'
+
+    "'No sir, not immediately--but I went this morning, and inquired
+    whether a hack with two boys and a black driver, had not arrived
+    late last night, and they said there had.'
+
+    "'What o'clock last night was it when thee saw the carriage?'
+
+    "'About ten, sir.'
+
+    "'Was the hack close, or were the curtains down?'
+
+    "'The curtains were down, and that increased my suspicion.'
+
+    "Mr. Tyson had now heard enough to convince him that if there
+    was any kidnapping in this case, the trader who stood before him
+    had a much nearer connection with it than that of a mere
+    spectator.
+
+    "He had said in the first place that he obtained his knowledge
+    from a trader who had been partner with the party implicated. He
+    then stated that he derived it from seeing the kidnapped persons
+    in a hack. And though it was ten o'clock at night, (at a time,
+    too, as Mr. Tyson knew, when there was no moon,) yet he could
+    not only see that these two persons were in the hack, but that
+    they were gagged. He could not have done this by the light of a
+    candle or the moon, because 'the hack was tight, and the
+    curtains were down.'
+
+    "Fearing lest the suspicions of the trader might be excited as
+    to the sentiments of Mr. Tyson towards him, an end was put to
+    the part of the dialogue which related to the kidnapping, by
+    saying, 'Well, I am much obliged to thee for thy information;
+    we'll see this ----, and settle the matter with him;' and then
+    turned the tide of conversation into a different direction.
+
+    "The same day Mr. Tyson sent for the person who was first
+    mentioned as the person communicating the knowledge of the
+    transaction, and asked him as to the fact of such communication.
+    It was positively denied. He had 'not seen the informer for six
+    weeks, except the last evening, when he brought a hack load of
+    negroes to the tavern where he and his partner were lodgers.'
+
+    "'Were two boys among the number?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "'Were they gagged?'
+
+    "'Yes.'
+
+    "The moment this man left his house, Mr. Tyson went in search of
+    bailiffs and civil process. With these he proceeded to the place
+    where the two boys were confined, and had them and all three of
+    the traders taken into custody.
+
+    "It turned out afterwards, in the further prosecution of this
+    investigation, (by what testimony we do not distinctly
+    recollect,) that the informer who first came to Mr. Tyson had
+    himself kidnapped the two boys. He sold them to the person upon
+    whom he had endeavored, in the manner we have detailed, to affix
+    the whole crime; who, refusing afterward to pay their price, and
+    yet determined to retain them, exasperated the seller to such a
+    degree that he resolved to sacrifice him; in attempting which he
+    sacrificed himself, for he was afterward convicted and sentenced
+    to the penitentiary.
+
+    "During the progress of any investigation originated by Mr.
+    Tyson in behalf of individual freedom, his anxiety about the
+    final issue, though concealed from the world, burned with
+    intensity. His days were restless, his nights were sleepless,
+    and himself, except when in company, which he avoided at those
+    times, lost in the abstractions of hope or of despondency.
+
+    "When he succeeded, his joy was strong, but invisible or
+    inaudible, save to the Father of all mercies. To him he never
+    failed 'to pour out his soul' in pious thanksgivings for that he
+    made him a humble instrument in the restoration of a fellow
+    being to light and liberty.
+
+    "When he failed, which was seldom, after he had seriously
+    undertaken a case, his sorrow was equally great, and as
+    inscrutable to human observation, excepting that of the
+    unfortunate objects of his care, who saw him mingling tears of
+    sympathy with theirs of suffering.
+
+    "Though Mr. Tyson seldom failed in those cases which he had
+    commenced in legal form, yet very many persons were turned
+    hopelessly away whose cases were too groundless for
+    adjudication; and often those who knew they had no cause for
+    hope,--condemned to be torn from their connections and sold, as
+    if to death, never to be heard of more,--would call merely to
+    obtain his sympathies, as if the universe had no other friend
+    for them.
+
+    "A man who lived with his master, in Anne Arundel county, came
+    late one evening to Mr. Tyson, and begged that he would listen
+    to his case. His master had promised him his freedom, provided
+    he would raise and pay him the sum of five hundred dollars in
+    six years; and he had earned half of the money, which he had
+    given his master. The six years were not expired, yet he was
+    about to be sold to Georgia. Mr. Tyson asked if 'there was any
+    receipt for the money.' 'No.' 'Was there any witness who could
+    prove its payment?' 'Nobody but his master's wife.' 'Then,' said
+    Mr. Tyson, 'the law is against thee, and thou must submit. I can
+    do nothing for thee.' Never, said Mr. Tyson, when relating this
+    story, shall I forget the desperate resolution which showed
+    itself in the countenance and manner of this man when he said,
+    with clenched fist, his eyes raised to Heaven, his whole frame
+    bursting with the purpose of his soul, while a smile of triumph
+    played around his lips, 'I will die before the Georgia man shall
+    have me.' And then suddenly melting into a flood of tears, he
+    said, 'I cannot live away from my wife and children.' After this
+    poor fellow had left me, said Mr. Tyson, I said to a person
+    present, 'That is no common man; he will do what he has
+    resolved.'
+
+    "A short time afterwards, the remains of a colored person who
+    had been drowned in the basin at Baltimore were discovered. The
+    fact coming to the knowledge of Mr. Tyson, he went to see the
+    body, and recognized in its features and from its dress, the
+    remains of the unfortunate man who, a short time before, had
+    breathed the dreadful resolution in his presence."
+
+
+Such are a few of the memorials which this friend of the human race has
+left behind him. He was not less persevering, and scarcely less
+successful in his endeavors to obtain the mitigation of the slave laws
+in Maryland. Some of the most repulsive of these were repealed or
+altered, particularly those restricting manumissions. Thus the condition
+and the prospects of the whole body of slaves was improved, in addition
+to _more than two thousand_ delivered by his immediate instrumentality
+from illegal bondage. Hundreds of free and happy families have cause at
+this day to bless the memory of "Father Tyson."
+
+He also deeply interested himself on behalf of the Indian tribes; and
+once in company with another individual, as a deputation from the
+Society of Friends in Baltimore, undertook a dangerous journey to visit
+several tribes 1000 miles distant, to the north-west of the Ohio. The
+main object of the mission was to induce the Indians to refrain from the
+use of ardent spirits--of whose destructive effects the chiefs were
+themselves fully sensible. The following affecting address was made to
+an assembly of "Friends" in Baltimore, by Little Turtle, a chief famous
+for courage, sagacity and eloquence:
+
+
+    "Brothers and Friends:--When our forefathers first met on this
+    great Island, your red brethren were very numerous! But since
+    the introduction among us of what you call spirituous liquors,
+    and what we think may justly be called poison, our numbers are
+    greatly diminished. It has destroyed a great part of your red
+    brethren.
+
+    "My Brothers and Friends:--We plainly perceive, that you see the
+    very evil which destroyed your red brethren; it is not an evil
+    of our own making; we have not placed it among ourselves; it is
+    an evil placed among us by the white people; we look to them to
+    remove it out of our country. We tell them, 'Brethren, bring us
+    useful things; bring goods that will clothe us, our women and
+    our children; and not this evil liquor, that destroys our
+    reason, that destroys our health, and destroys our lives.' But
+    all we can say on this subject is of no service, nor gives
+    relief to your red brethren.
+
+    "My Brother and Friends:--I rejoice to find that you agree in
+    opinion with us, and express an anxiety to be, if possible, of
+    service to us, in removing this great evil out of our country;
+    an evil which has had so much room in it; and has destroyed so
+    many of our lives, that it causes our young men to say, 'we had
+    better be at war with the white people.' This liquor, which they
+    introduce into our country, is more to be feared than the gun
+    and the tomahawk. There are more of us dead, since the treaty of
+    Greenville, than we lost by the six years war before. It is all
+    owing to the introduction of this liquor amongst us.
+
+    "Brothers:--When our young men have been out hunting, and are
+    returning home, loaded with skins and furs, on their way if it
+    happens that they come along where some of this whiskey is
+    deposited, the white man who sells it, tells them to take a
+    little drink; some of them will say 'no, I do not want it;' they
+    go on till they come to another house, where they find more of
+    the same kind of drink; it is there offered again; they refuse;
+    and again the third time. But finally, the fourth or fifth time,
+    one accepts of it and takes a drink; and getting one, he wants
+    another; and then a third, and a fourth, till his senses have
+    left him. After his reason comes back to him again, when he gets
+    up and finds where he is, he asks for his peltry. The answer is,
+    'You have drank them,' 'Where is my gun?' 'It is gone?' 'Where
+    is my blanket?' 'It is gone.' 'Where is my shirt?' 'You have
+    sold it for whiskey!!' Now, Brothers, figure to yourselves, the
+    condition of this man. He has a family at home; a wife and
+    children, who stand in need of the profits of his hunting. What
+    must be their wants, when he himself is even without a shirt?"
+
+
+The journey of Elisha Tyson and his companion, James Gillingham,
+occurred a few years subsequent to the interview at which the preceding
+speech was made. They met a council of the Indians at Fort Wayne, whom
+Elisha Tyson addressed to the following effect:
+
+
+    "He painted in glowing colors the dreadful effects of
+    intemperance--both upon civilized and savage life--told them
+    that they must resolve to abstain entirely from it. If they
+    admitted it at all among them, it would soon conquer them, and
+    reduce them to a condition worse than that of the brute
+    creation. That not until they abandoned altogether the use of
+    ardent spirits would they be fit subjects for civilization. If
+    they were ready to do this he would then unfold to them the
+    blessings of civilization--the superiority of such a condition
+    over the one in which they then subsisted. He traced their
+    history from the earliest period to the present time--shewed
+    them how, as the white population had expanded itself, they had
+    retreated into the western wilderness--that if they did not
+    remain, but continued to retreat, in a few years they would have
+    no territory upon this continent. In order, therefore, to their
+    permanent establishment, he recommended to them the practice of
+    agriculture, as a substitute for hunting. He advised them to
+    mark out their lands, and ask advice of the agents established
+    by the Society of Friends among them, with respect to their
+    cultivation. They stood ready, not only with their advice, but
+    with their assistance; they were furnished for their use with
+    all the necessary implements of husbandry, with beasts of the
+    plough also, and beasts of burden.
+
+    "They had come a great distance, endured much privation and
+    fatigue in order to see them, and must endure a great deal more
+    before they could again behold their wives and their children.
+    But they could bear it all with patience, nay with joy, if they
+    could only have the satisfaction of seeing them adopt the
+    disinterested advice which he had thus given them."
+
+
+The following is one of the speeches made in reply, by White Loon, an
+influential chief:
+
+
+    "Brothers:--Ever since your great father Onas, (William Penn,)
+    came upon this great island, the Quakers have been the friends
+    of red men. They have proved themselves worthy of being the
+    descendants of their great father. And now, when all the whites
+    have forgotten that they owe any thing to us, the Quakers of
+    Baltimore, though so far distant from us, have remembered the
+    distressed condition of their red brethren, and interceded with
+    the Great Spirit in our behalf.
+
+    "Brothers:--You have travelled very far to see us--you have
+    climbed over mountains--you have swam over deep and rapid
+    torrents--you have endured cold, and hunger, and fatigue, in
+    order that you might have an opportunity of seeing your red
+    brethren. For this, so long as life exists within us, we shall
+    be very grateful.
+
+    "Brothers:--That wide region of country over which you have
+    passed, was once filled with red men. Then was there a plenty of
+    deer and buffalo, and all kinds of game. But the white people
+    came from beyond the great water; they landed in multitudes on
+    our shores; they cut down our forests; they drove our warriors
+    before them, and frightened the wild herds, so that they sought
+    security in the deep shades of the west.
+
+    "Brothers:--These white men were not your grandfathers; for, as
+    I said before, the sons of Onas were always the friends of red
+    men.
+
+    "Brothers:--The whites are still advancing upon us. They have
+    reached our territory, and have built their wigwams within our
+    very hunting grounds. Our game is vanishing away.
+
+    "Brothers:--Formerly our hunters pursued the wild deer, and the
+    buffalo, and the bear; and when they killed them they ate their
+    flesh for food, and used their skins as covering for themselves,
+    their old men, their women, and their children. But now, they
+    kill them that they may have plenty of skins and furs to sell to
+    the white men. The consequence of this is, the game is destroyed
+    wantonly, and faster than our necessities require.
+
+    "Brothers:--We would not mind all this, provided these skins and
+    furs were exchanged for useful articles--for implements of
+    husbandry, or clothes for our old men, our women, and our
+    children. But they are too often bartered away for whiskey, that
+    vile poison, which has sunk even Wapakee into the dust.
+
+    "Brothers:--We shall soon be under the necessity either of
+    leaving our hunting grounds or of converting them into pastures
+    and fields of corn. Under the kind assistance of our brothers,
+    the Quakers, we have already proceeded a great way. You have
+    witnessed, as you have passed among us, the good effects of the
+    kindness of our brothers. We are disposed to go on as we have
+    begun, until our habits and manners, as well as the face of our
+    country, shall be changed and look like those of the white
+    people.
+
+    "Brothers:--Accept from us this belt of wampum and pipe of
+    peace. And may the Great Sasteretsy, who conducted you here in
+    safety, still go with you and restore you in peace and happiness
+    to the arms of your women and children."
+
+
+After this, with ceremonies such as those already described, but, if
+possible, accompanied with more solemnity, the chiefs dissolved the
+council.
+
+It is a melancholy reflection, that soon such memorials as these will be
+the only remains of that noble but unfortunate race who once peopled the
+continent of North America. _War_ has slain its thousands, but _alcohol_
+its tens of thousands; and the fortitude which could bear without
+shrinking the most cruel inflictions of torture, has proved powerless to
+resist the seductions of strong drink. It is to be feared a heavy
+retribution awaits the white man, the pitiless author of their
+extermination.
+
+The biographer of E. Tyson has taken great pains to represent him as a
+friend to the Colonization Society, but in this respect I am informed,
+by one who well knew him, he has done him great injustice. It is
+confessed, indeed, that for a long period E. Tyson viewed this scheme
+with great jealousy. "When we saw," remarks this writer, "domestic
+tyrants, and men who had actually, in the southern slave-trade,
+speculated in the flesh and blood of their fellow creatures, united with
+their betters in a society, the professed object of which was the
+peopling of a continent with freemen by the depopulation of a continent
+of slaves, he argued, as he had a right to argue, mischief to the
+cause." No evidence is adduced to show that this same distrust of the
+Colonization Society was ever removed, beyond the fact that, having been
+the means of liberating eleven native Africans from a slave-ship, he
+cooperated with Gen. Harper, an influential colonizationist, in
+restoring them to their native country, which bordered upon the colony
+of Liberia. This was the last public act of his life.
+
+
+    "The great concern in which he had spent his life was the
+    constant topic of his conversation; and he continued with his
+    latest breath to enforce the claims of the unhappy sons of
+    slavery upon the humanity of their brethren. It was natural that
+    he should feel a strong anxiety about the fate of those who,
+    through his exertions, had been restored to their friends in
+    Africa. He was on the alert to hear intelligence of their
+    fate--his spirit seemed to follow them across the mighty waters.
+    On one occasion he was heard to say, 'If I could only hear of
+    their safe arrival I should die content;' and on another, that
+    he 'had prayed to the Father of Mercies that he would be pleased
+    to spare his life until he could receive the pleasing
+    intelligence.' His prayer was heard. The news reached his ears
+    amid the last lingerings of life. He shed tears of joy on the
+    occasion; and when he had sufficiently yielded to the first
+    burst of feeling, exclaimed, like one satiated with earthly
+    happiness, 'Now I am ready to die; my work is done.' His
+    expressions were prophetic; for in the short space of
+    forty-eight hours, on the 16th of February, 1824, at the age of
+    75 years, he breathed his soul into the hands of God Almighty."
+
+
+The following are some notices of his personal appearance and mental
+characteristics:
+
+
+    "The person of Mr. Tyson was about six feet in height, though
+    the habit of leaning forward as he walked, gave a less
+    appearance to his stature. The rest of his frame was suited to
+    his height.
+
+    "The features of his countenance were strong. His forehead was
+    high; his nose large, and of the Roman order; his eyes were dark
+    and piercing; his lips so singularly expressive, that even in
+    their stillest mood they would almost seem to be uttering the
+    purposes of his mind. Indeed his whole face was indicative, to a
+    striking degree, of the passions and feelings of his soul.
+
+    "The mind of Mr. Tyson was strong, rather than brilliant. With
+    scarcely any imagination, he possessed a judgment almost
+    infallible in its decisions; great powers of reason, which were
+    more conspicuous for the certainty of its conclusions than
+    remarkable for displaying the train of inferences by which it
+    arrived at them. He possessed wonderful acuteness of
+    understanding, quickness of perception, and readiness of reply.
+
+    "For these qualities he was indebted more to nature than to art.
+    He was not educated for the exalted station of a philanthropist,
+    but for the business of the world; and yet he seemed fitted
+    exactly for the part he acted. He possessed not the refinements
+    of education; he had not learned to soar into the regions of
+    fancy, his destiny was upon the earth; and he knew no flight but
+    that which bears the soul to heaven."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX E. P. 68.
+
+
+
+THE "AMISTAD CAPTIVES."
+
+
+The following statements are drawn from a "History of the Amistad
+Captives, &c., by John W. Barber, member of the Connecticut Historical
+Society;" from the authentic reports of the proceedings in the courts of
+law, and from a letter of my friend, Lewis Tappan, to the public papers.
+
+"During the month of August, 1839, the public attention was somewhat
+excited by several reports stating that a vessel of suspicious and
+piratical character had been seen near the coast of the United States,
+in the vicinity of New York. This vessel was represented as a 'long,
+low, black schooner,' and manned by blacks. The United States steamer
+Fulton and several revenue cutters were despatched after her, and notice
+was given to the collectors at various sea ports."
+
+This suspicious looking schooner proved to be the "Amistad," which was
+eventually captured off Culloden Point, by Lieut. Gedney, of the U.S.
+brig "Washington." At this time, however, the Africans, who were in
+possession of the vessel, were in communication with the shore, and
+peaceably trafficking with the inhabitants for a supply of water for
+their intended voyage to their own country. They had spontaneously
+submitted to the command of one of their number, Cinque, a man of
+extraordinary natural capacity. When they were taken, he was separated
+from his companions and conveyed on board the brig.
+
+"Cinque having been put on board of the 'Washington,' displayed much
+uneasiness, and seemed so very anxious to get on board the schooner that
+his keepers allowed him to return. Once more on the deck of the
+'Amistad,' the blacks clustered around him, laughing, screaming, and
+making other extravagant demonstrations of joy. When the noise had
+subsided, he made an address, which raised their excitement to such a
+pitch, that the officer in command had Cinque led away by force. He was
+returned to the 'Washington,' and was manacled to prevent his leaping
+overboard. On Wednesday, he signified by motions that if they would take
+him on board the schooner again, he would show them a handkerchief full
+of doubloons. He was accordingly sent on board. His fetters were taken
+off, and he once more went below, where he was received by the Africans
+in a still more wild and enthusiastic manner than he was the day
+previous. Instead of finding the doubloons, he again made an address to
+the blacks, by which they were very much excited. Dangerous consequences
+were apprehended. Cinque was seized, taken from the hold, and again
+fettered. While making his speech, his eye was often turned to the
+sailors in charge: the blacks yelled, leapt about, and seemed to be
+animated with the same spirit and determination of their leader. Cinque,
+when taken back to the 'Washington,' evinced little or no emotion, but
+kept his eye steadily fixed on the schooner."
+
+An event so extraordinary and unprecedented as the capture of the
+"Amistad," excited the most lively interest among all classes. The
+Africans, forty-four in number, were brought to New Haven and secured in
+the county jail. A number of gentlemen formed themselves into a
+committee to watch over their interests, and immediately there was begun
+a long and complicated series of judicial proceedings, to determine how
+they should be disposed of. Ruiz and Montez, the two white men, late the
+prisoners, but claiming to be the owners of the Africans, caused them to
+be indicted for piracy and murder. This was almost immediately disposed
+of, on the ground that the charges, if true, were not cognizable in the
+American courts, the alleged offences having been perpetrated on board a
+Spanish vessel. The Africans therefore were in no immediate danger of
+capital punishment. Ruiz and Montez on their part seem to have met with
+sympathy and kindness, and to testify their gratitude caused the
+following to be inserted in the New York papers:
+
+
+    "A CARD.
+
+    "NEW LONDON, AUGUST 29, 1839.
+
+    "The subscribers, Don Jose Ruiz, and Don Pedro Montez, in
+    gratitude for their most unhoped for and providential rescue
+    from the hands of a ruthless gang of African bucaneers and an
+    awful death, would take this means of expressing, in some slight
+    degree, their thankfulness and obligation to Lieut. Com. T.R.
+    Gedney, and the officers and crew of the U.S. surveying brig
+    Washington, for their decision in seizing the Amistad, and their
+    unremitting kindness and hospitality in providing for their
+    comfort on board their vessel, as well as the means they have
+    taken for the protection of their property.
+
+    "We also must express our indebtedness to that nation whose flag
+    they so worthily bear, with an assurance that this act will be
+    duly appreciated by our most gracious sovereign, her Majesty the
+    Queen of Spain.
+
+    DON JOSE, RUIZ,
+
+    DON PEDRO MONTEZ."
+
+
+Ruiz and Montez are thus described by a correspondent of the New London
+Gazette, who visited the Amistad immediately after its capture:
+
+
+    "Jose Ruiz, is a very gentlemanly and intelligent young man, and
+    speaks English fluently. He was the owner of most of the slaves
+    and cargo, which he was conveying to his estate on the Island of
+    Cuba. The other, Pedro Montez, is about fifty years of age, and
+    is the owner of three of the slaves. He was formerly a ship
+    master, and has navigated the vessel since her seizure by the
+    blacks. Both of them, as may be naturally supposed, are most
+    unfeignedly thankful for their deliverance. Pedro is the most
+    striking instance of complacency and unalloyed delight we have
+    ever witnessed, and it is not strange, since only yesterday his
+    sentence was pronounced by the chief of the bucaneers, and his
+    death song chanted by the grim crew, who gathered with uplifted
+    sabres around his devoted head, which, as well as his arms, bear
+    the scars of several wounds inflicted at the time of the murder
+    of the ill-fated captain and crew. He sat smoking his Havana on
+    the deck, and to judge from the martyr-like serenity of his
+    countenance, his emotions are such as rarely stir the heart of
+    man. When Mr. Porter, the prize master, assured him of his
+    safety, he threw his arms around his neck, while gushing tears
+    coursing down his furrowed cheek, bespoke the overflowing
+    transport of his soul. Every now and then he clasped his hands,
+    and with uplifted eyes, gave thanks to 'the Holy Virgin' who had
+    led him out of his troubles."
+
+
+It will be necessary to contrast the deeds of these "gentlemanly and
+intelligent" _Christians_ with that of the "ruthless gang of African
+bucaneers," from whose grasp they were so providentially rescued. In
+giving the subsequent detail, I would not be understood as compromising
+for a single instant my belief in the inviolability of human life,
+though it must I think be confessed that in the instance related below,
+the heathen and barbarous negroes contrast very favorably with the
+civilized and Christian Spaniards.
+
+
+    "The following communication from Mr. Day, of New Haven, gives a
+    summary account of the African captives, as stated by
+    themselves, from the time they left Africa, till the time they
+    obtained possession of the Amistad:
+
+    "NEW HAVEN, OCT. 8, 1839.
+
+    [To the Editor of the Journal of Commerce.]
+
+    "Gentlemen--The following short and plain narrative of one or
+    two of the African captives, in whose history and prospects such
+    anxious interest is felt, has been taken at the earliest
+    opportunity possible, consistently with more important
+    examinations. It may be stated in general terms, as the result
+    of the investigations thus far made, that the Africans all
+    testify that they left Africa about six months since; were
+    landed under cover of the night at a small village or hamlet
+    near Havana, and after ten or twelve days were taken through
+    Havana by night by the man who had bought them, named Pipi, who
+    has since been satisfactorily proved to be Ruiz; were cruelly
+    treated on the passage, being beaten and flogged, and in some
+    instances having vinegar and gunpowder rubbed into their wounds;
+    and that they suffered intensely from hunger and thirst. The
+    perfect coincidence in the testimony of the prisoners, examined
+    as they have been separately, is felt by all who are acquainted
+    with the minutes of the examination, to carry with it
+    overwhelming evidence of the truth of their story.
+
+    Yours respectfully,
+
+    "GEORGE E. DAY."
+
+    "MONDAY, OCT. 7.
+
+    "This afternoon, almost the first time in which the two
+    interpreters, Covey and Pratt, have not been engaged with
+    special reference to the trial to take place in November, one of
+    the captives named Grabeau, was requested to give a narrative of
+    himself since leaving Africa, for publication in the papers. The
+    interpreters, who are considerably exhausted by the examinations
+    which have already taken place, only gave the substance of what
+    he said, without going into details, and it was not thought
+    advisable to press the matter. Grabeau first gave an account of
+    the passage from Africa to Havana. On board the vessel there was
+    a large number of men, but the women and children were far the
+    most numerous. They were fastened together in couples by the
+    wrists and legs, and kept in that situation day and night. Here
+    Grabeau and another of the Africans named Kimbo, lay down upon
+    the floor, to show the painful position in which they were
+    obliged to sleep. By day it was no better. The space between
+    decks was so small,--according to their account not exceeding
+    four feet,--that they were obliged, if they attempted to stand,
+    to keep a crouching posture. The decks fore and aft were crowded
+    to overflowing. They suffered (Grabeau said) terribly. They had
+    rice enough to eat, but had very little to drink. If they left
+    any of the rice that was given to them uneaten, either from
+    sickness or any other cause, they were whipped. It was a common
+    thing for them to be forced to eat so much as to vomit. Many of
+    the men, women, and children died on the passage.
+
+    "They were landed by night at a small village near Havana. Soon
+    several white men came to buy them, and among them was the one
+    claiming to be their master, whom they call Pipi, said to be a
+    Spanish nick-name for Jose. Pipi, or Ruiz, selected such as he
+    liked, and made them stand in a row. He then felt each of them
+    in every part of the body; made them open their mouths to see if
+    their teeth were sound, and carried the examinations to a degree
+    of minuteness of which only a slave dealer would be guilty.
+
+    "When they were separated from their companions who had come
+    with them from Africa, there was weeping among the women and
+    children, but Grabeau did not weep, 'because he is a man.'
+    Kimbo, who sat by, said that he also shed no tears--but he
+    thought of his home in Africa, and of friends left there whom he
+    should never see again.
+
+    "The men bought by Ruiz were taken on foot through Havana in the
+    night, and put on board a vessel. During the night they were
+    kept in irons, placed about the hands, feet and neck. They were
+    treated during the day in a somewhat milder manner, though all
+    the irons were never taken off at once. Their allowance of food
+    was very scant, and of water still more so. They were very
+    hungry, and suffered much in the hot days and nights from
+    thirst. In addition to this there was much whipping, and the
+    cook told them that when they reached land they would all be
+    eaten. This 'made their hearts burn.' To avoid being eaten, and
+    to escape the bad treatment they experienced, they rose upon the
+    crew with the design of returning to Africa.
+
+    "Such is the substance of Grabeau's story, confirmed by Kimbo,
+    who was present most of the time. He says he likes the people of
+    this country, because, to use his own expression, 'they are good
+    people--they believe in God, and there is no slavery here.'
+
+    "The story of Grabeau was then read and interpreted to Cinque,
+    while a number of the other Africans were standing about, and
+    confirmed by all of them in every particular. When the part
+    relating to the crowded state of the vessel from Africa to
+    Havana was read, Cinque added that there was scarcely room
+    enough to sit or lie down. Another showed the marks of the irons
+    on his wrists, which must at the time have been terribly
+    lacerated. On their separation at Havana, Cinque remarked that
+    almost all of them were in tears, and himself among the rest,
+    'because they had come from the same country, and were now to be
+    parted for ever.' To the question, how it was possible for the
+    Africans when chained in the manner he described, to rise upon
+    the crew, he replied that the chain which connected the iron
+    collars about their necks was fastened at the end by a padlock,
+    and that this was first broken, and afterwards the other irons.
+    Their object, he said, in the affray, was to make themselves
+    free. He then requested it to be added to the above, that 'if he
+    tells a lie, God sees him by day and by night.'"
+
+
+The interpreters alluded to in the preceding extract were two Africans
+belonging to the crew of the British brig of war Buzzard, which
+providentially arrived at New York, from a cruise on the coast of
+Africa. They were found to speak the same language as the prisoners, and
+with the consent of Captain Fitzgerald, their services were immediately
+secured by the indefatigable committee for the African captives. By
+their aid much information was elicited respecting the native country
+and previous history of these negroes, with many incidental particulars
+of great interest, some of which will appear in the following account.
+The criminal proceedings against the Mendians being quashed, there
+remained the claim of Ruiz and Montez to have the negroes returned to
+them as their property. To sustain this claim they produced the license,
+signed by the proper authorities at Havana, permitting the removal of
+these negroes from that port to Principe, in the same island. This
+document is signed by General Espelata, Captain-General of Cuba, and
+countersigned by Martinez, one of the most extensive slave-traders in
+the known world. This pass or license described the negroes as
+_ladinos_, a term used to designate Africans who have been long settled
+in Cuba. It was proved, however, that they were _Bozal_ negroes, that
+is, such as had been very lately introduced, and the testimony on both
+sides, on this point, established a fact that is but too notorious, that
+the slave trade to Cuba is openly carried on with the connivance, and
+even with the corrupt participation of the authorities. One of the
+witnesses, D. Francis Bacon, gives the following account of the slave
+trade:--
+
+
+    "Mr. Bacon stated that he left the coast of Africa on the 13th
+    of July, 1839. He knew a place called Dumbokoro [Lomboko] by the
+    Spaniards: it was an island in the river or lagoon of Gallinas.
+    There is a large slave factory or depot at this place, which is
+    said to belong to the house of Martinez in Havana; there are
+    also different establishments on different islands. Mr. Bacon
+    stated that he had seen American, Russian, Spanish, and
+    Portuguese vessels at Gallinas. The American flag was a complete
+    shelter; no man-of-war daring to capture an American vessel. The
+    slave trade on that part of the coast is the universal business
+    of the country, and by far the most profitable, and all engaged
+    in it who could raise the means. Extensive wars take place in
+    Africa, for obtaining slaves from the vanquished. Different
+    towns and villages make war upon each other for this purpose.
+    Some are sold on account of their crimes, others for debts. The
+    slaves are all brought on to the coast by other blacks, and sold
+    at the slave factories, as no white man dare penetrate into the
+    interior. Some of the blacks who have been educated at Sierra
+    Leone, have been principal dealers in the slave trade."
+
+
+The decision of the District Court of Connecticut on this question of
+property, was to the effect that since their original introduction into
+Cuba was plainly illegal, they were free by the law of Spain, and of
+course could not be the property of Spanish subjects.
+
+The subsequent proceedings were undertaken on behalf of the United
+States' Government. "The District Attorney, Mr. Holabird, filed his
+claim under Lieut. Gedney's libel, on two distinct grounds; one that
+these Africans had been claimed by the Government of Spain, and ought to
+be retained till the pleasure of the Executive might be known, as to
+that demand; and the other, that they should be held subject to the
+disposition of the President, to be re-transported to Africa, under the
+act of 1819." The Court finally decreed that the Africans should be
+delivered to the President of the United States, to be transported to
+Africa, there to be delivered to an agent appointed to receive and
+conduct them home. Against this decision, though it is what he had asked
+for, Holabird appealed on behalf of the United States' Government, and
+through a protracted series of law proceedings, it was finally carried
+before the Supreme Court of the United States, the highest tribunal in
+the nation. The counsel employed on both sides, in the different stages,
+were of the highest reputation; and finally the venerable John Quincy
+Adams, after an absence from the Courts of nearly forty years, during
+which interval he had filled the highest offices of state, at home and
+abroad, in the service of his country, did not think it beneath him to
+defend the Mendians before the Supreme Court, against the _conspiracies_
+of Forsyth, the Secretary of State, and the Spanish Ambassador. In his
+first communication to the latter, Forsyth says:
+
+
+    "All the proceedings in the matter, on the part of both the
+    executive and judicial branches of the government, have had
+    their foundation in the assumption that Montez and Ruiz alone
+    were the parties aggrieved; and that their claim to the
+    surrender of the property was founded in fact and in justice."
+
+
+The Spanish minister and his successor, complained bitterly, in the
+course of a long correspondence, of the delay in giving up the Africans,
+on the ground, as emphatically stated in one of their letters to the
+Department of State, that "the public vengeance had not been satisfied;
+for be it recollected that the legation of Spain does not demand the
+delivery of slaves, but of assassins." In a previous communication it
+was intimated that "the infliction of capital punishment in this case
+(in the United States,) would not be attended with the salutary effects
+had in view by the law, when it resorts to this painful and terrible
+alternative, namely, to prevent the commission of similar offences."
+Notwithstanding these dreadful intimations of the fate awaiting the
+Africans in Cuba, the American Government deliberately adopted the
+design of delivering them up, either as _property_ or as assassins. That
+Government found willing agents in the United States' Marshal, and the
+District Attorney of Connecticut. The following extracts from the
+argument of John Quincy Adams, will explain these disgraceful
+transactions:
+
+
+    "On the 7th of January, the Secretary of State writes to the
+    Secretary of the Navy, acknowledging the receipt of his letter
+    of the 3d, informing him that the schooner Grampus would receive
+    the negroes of the Amistad, 'for the purpose of conveying them
+    to Cuba, in the event of their delivery being adjudged by the
+    Circuit Court, before whom the case is pending.' This singular
+    blunder, in naming the Court, shows in what manner and with how
+    little care the Department of State allowed itself to conduct an
+    affair, involving no less than the liberties and lives of every
+    one of my clients. This letter enclosed the order of the
+    President to the Marshal of Connecticut for the delivery of the
+    negroes to Lieut. Paine. Although disposing of the lives of
+    forty human beings, it has not the form or solemnity of a
+    warrant, and is not even signed by the President in his official
+    capacity. It is a mere order.
+
+
+        "'The Marshal of the United States for the District of
+        Connecticut will deliver over to Lieut. John S. Paine,
+        of the United States Navy, and aid in conveying on board
+        the schooner Grampus, under his command, all the
+        negroes, late of the Spanish schooner Amistad, in his
+        custody, under process now pending before the Circuit
+        Court of the United States for the District of
+        Connecticut. For so doing, this order will be his
+        warrant.
+
+        "'Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, this
+        7th day of January, A.D. 1840.
+
+        "'M. VAN BUREN.
+
+        "'By the President:
+
+        "'JOHN FORSYTH, Sec. of State.'
+
+
+    "That order is good for nothing at all. It did not even describe
+    the Court correctly, under whose protection those unfortunate
+    people were. And on the 11th of January, the District Attorney
+    had to send a special messenger, who came, it appears, all the
+    way to Washington in one day, to inform the Secretary that the
+    negroes were not holden under the order of the Circuit Court,
+    but of the District Court. And he says, 'Should the pretended
+    friends of the negroes'--the pretended friends!--'obtain a writ
+    of Habeas Corpus, the Marshal could not justify under that
+    warrant.' And he says, 'the Marshal wishes me to inquire'--a
+    most amiable and benevolent inquiry--'whether in the event of a
+    decree requiring him to release the negroes, or in case of an
+    appeal by the adverse party, it is expected the Executive
+    warrant will be executed'--that is, whether he is to carry the
+    negroes on board of the Grampus in the face of a decree of the
+    Court. And he requests instructions on the point."
+
+
+On the 12th of January, the very next day after the letter of the
+District Attorney was written at New Haven, the Secretary of State
+replies in a despatch which is marked 'confidential.'
+
+
+    "'[CONFIDENTIAL.]
+
+    "'DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Jan. 12,1840.
+
+    "'SIR,--Your letter of the 11th inst. has just been received.
+    The order for the delivery of the negroes of the Amistad is
+    herewith returned, corrected agreeably to your suggestion. With
+    reference to the inquiry from the Marshal, to which you allude,
+    I have to state, by direction of the President, that if the
+    decision of the Court is such as is anticipated, the order of
+    the President is to be carried into execution, unless an appeal
+    shall actually have been interposed. YOU ARE NOT TO TAKE IT FOR
+    GRANTED THAT IT WILL BE INTERPOSED. And if, on the contrary, the
+    decision of the Court is different, you are to take out an
+    appeal, and allow things to remain as they are until the appeal
+    shall have been decided.
+
+    I am, sir, your obedient servant
+
+    "'JOHN FORSYTH.
+
+    "'W.S. HOLABIRD, Esq.,
+
+
+        "'_Attorney U.S. for District of Conn._'
+
+
+    "But after all the order did not avail. The District Judge,
+    contrary to all these anticipations of the Executive, decided
+    that the thirty-six negroes taken by Lieut. Gedney and brought
+    before the Court on the certificate of the Governor-General of
+    Cuba, were FREEMEN; that they had been kidnapped in Africa; that
+    they did not own these Spanish names; that they were not
+    _ladinos_; and were not correctly described in the passport, but
+    were new negroes bought by Ruiz in the depot of Havana, and
+    fully entitled to their liberty."
+
+
+At a public meeting held subsequent to their liberation, the teacher of
+the Africans made a statement as follows:--Their ruling passion was a
+love for home; and their desire to return thither was constantly
+manifesting itself. One day, a short time ago, Fohlee came to his
+teacher, with his cap in his hand, and said, "If Merican men offer me as
+much gold as fill this cap full up, and give me houses, land and every
+ting, so dat I stay in dis country, I say no! Is dat like my father? Is
+dat like my mother? Is dat like my sister? Is dat like my brother? No! I
+want to see my father, my mother, my brother and sister." This feeling
+manifested itself in many ways; and they expressed themselves willing to
+undergo any thing short of losing their lives, if by so doing they could
+be at liberty to return to the Mendi country.
+
+I now introduce the lively narrative of my friend Lewis Tappan:
+
+
+    "EXCURSION WITH THE AMISTAD AFRICANS.
+
+    "_On board Steam Boat, L.I. Sound, Nov_. 15, 1841.
+
+    "BROTHER LEAVITT:--As the committee had chartered a ship to take
+    the Mendians to Sierra Leone about the middle of this month, and
+    as the funds contributed by a benevolent public were about all
+    expended, it appeared necessary, in addition to an appeal
+    published in the newspapers, to take some prompt and efficient
+    measures to procure funds sufficient to pay for their outfit and
+    passages, and, if possible, something to sustain the
+    contemplated mission in Mendi. One of the committee being sick
+    and another absent, it devolved upon me to perform the
+    excursion. I was assisted essentially by Mr. Samuel Deming, one
+    of the committee at Farmington, and by Mr. William Raymond and
+    Mr. Needham. On arriving at Hartford, the third instant, I
+    learned that Mr. Deming had proceeded to Boston, accompanied by
+    ten of the Mendians, viz., Cinque, Banna, Si-si, Su-ma, Fu-li,
+    Ya-bo-i, So-ko-ma, Kin-na, Ka-li and Mar-gru. These were
+    selected not on account of being the best scholars, but with
+    reference to their being the best singers, although some of them
+    are among the best scholars. None of them, however, have had
+    instruction in music. Arriving in Boston, the city was, as I
+    anticipated, full of excitement, on account of the approaching
+    election,--a circumstance unknown to the committee at
+    Farmington, who had sent off the Mendians sooner than we had
+    calculated,--and it seemed almost impossible to procure a
+    suitable place in which to hold meetings, or to arrest the
+    attention of the people, as the whole--democrats, whigs and
+    abolitionists--had every nerve strained for the political
+    contest. However, preparation had been made for a meeting at the
+    Melodeon, late Lion Theatre, on Thursday evening. A few hundreds
+    assembled, and appeared to be highly gratified with the
+    performances. It seemed to them marvellous that these men and
+    children, who, less than three years since, were almost naked
+    savages in the interior of Africa, should, under the untoward
+    circumstances in which they have been placed for the largest
+    part of the time since they have been in a civilized and
+    Christian country, appear so far advanced in civilization and
+    knowledge. Only forty-six dollars were received, the proceeds of
+    tickets and a collection, but a strong desire was expressed that
+    there should be another meeting.
+
+    "Saturday evening was the only evening we could have Marlboro'
+    Chapel, the largest church in the city. Preliminary to this
+    meeting, a private meeting of invited gentlemen was held during
+    the afternoon, at the Marlboro' Hotel, the Mendians being
+    present. The meeting was well attended and a good impression was
+    made. In the evening there was a large meeting in the Chapel;
+    Rev. Dr. Anderson opened it with prayer, concluding with the
+    Lord's prayer, each sentence being repeated in our language by
+    the Mendians. A statement was then made of their past and
+    present condition, of their good conduct, their proficiency, of
+    their ardent desire to return to Mendi, and the favorable
+    prospects of establishing a mission in their country. Three or
+    four of the best readers were then called upon to read a passage
+    in the New Testament. They then read and spelled a passage named
+    by the audience. One of the Africans next related, in 'Merica
+    language,' their condition in their own country, their being
+    kidnapped, the sufferings of the middle passage, their stay at
+    Havana, the transactions on board the Amistad, &c. The story was
+    intelligible to the audience, with occasional explanations. They
+    were next requested to sing two or three of their native songs.
+    The performance afforded great delight to the audience. As a
+    pleasing contrast, however, they sang immediately after, one of
+    the songs of Zion:
+
+      "'When I can read my title clear
+      To mansions in. the skies,
+      I'll bid farewell to every fear,
+      And wipe my weeping eyes.'
+
+
+    "This produced a deep impression upon the audience; and while
+    these late pagans were singing so correctly and impressively a
+    hymn in a Christian church, many 'weeping eyes,' bore testimony
+    that the act and its associations touched a chord that vibrated
+    in many hearts. Cinque was then introduced to the audience, and
+    addressed them in his native tongue. It is impossible to
+    describe the novel and deeply interesting manner in which he
+    acquitted himself. The subject of his speech was similar to that
+    of his countryman who had addressed the audience in English, but
+    he related more minutely and graphically the occurrences on
+    board the Amistad. The easy manner of Cinque, his natural,
+    graceful and energetic action, the rapidity of his utterance,
+    and the remarkable and various expressions of his countenance,
+    excited the admiration and applause of the audience. He was
+    pronounced a powerful natural orator, and one born to sway the
+    minds of his fellow men. Should he be converted and become a
+    preacher of the cross in Africa, what delightful results may be
+    anticipated!
+
+    "The amount of the statements made by Kin-na, Fu-li and Cinque,
+    and the facts in the case, are as follows:--These Mendians
+    belong to six different tribes, although their dialects are not
+    so dissimilar as to prevent them from conversing together very
+    readily. Most of them belong to a country which they call Mendi,
+    but which is known to geographers and travellers as Kos-sa, and
+    lies south-east of Sierra Leone; as we suppose, from sixty to
+    one hundred and twenty miles. With one or two exceptions, these
+    Mendians are not related to each other; nor did they know each
+    other until they met at the slave factory of Pedro Blanco, the
+    wholesale trafficker in men, at Lomboko, on the coast of Africa.
+    They were stolen separately, many of them by black men, some of
+    whom were accompanied by Spaniards, as they were going from one
+    village to another, or were at a distance from their abodes. The
+    whole came to Havana in the same ship, a Portuguese vessel named
+    Tecora, except the four children, whom they saw, for the first
+    time, on board the Amistad. It seems that they remained at
+    Lomboko several weeks, until six or seven hundred were
+    collected, when they were put in irons and placed in the hold of
+    a ship, which soon put to sea. Being chased by a British
+    cruiser, she returned, landed the cargo of human beings, and the
+    vessel was seized and taken to Sierra Leone for adjudication.
+    After some time, the Africans were put on board the Tecora.
+    After suffering the horrors of the middle passage, they arrived
+    at Havana. Here they were put into a barracoon, one of the
+    oblong enclosures, without a roof, where human beings are kept,
+    as they keep sheep and oxen near the cattle markets, in the
+    vicinity of our large cities, until purchasers are found, for
+    ten days, when they were sold to Jose Ruiz, and shipped on board
+    the Amistad, together with the three girls and a little boy who
+    came on board with Pedro Montez. The Amistad was a coaster,
+    bound to Principe, in Cuba, distant some two or three hundred
+    miles. The Africans were kept in chains and fetters, and were
+    supplied with but a small quantity of food or water. A single
+    banana, they say, was served out as food for a day or two, and
+    only a small cup of water for each daily. When any of them took
+    a little water from the cask, they were severely flogged. The
+    Spaniards took Antonio, the cabin-boy and slave to Captain
+    Ferrer, and stamped him on the shoulder with a hot iron; then
+    put powder, palm oil, &c. upon the wound, so that they 'could
+    know him for their slave.' The cook, a colored Spaniard, told
+    them that on their arrival at Principe, in three days, they
+    would have their throats cut, be chopped in pieces, and salted
+    down for meat for the Spaniards. He pointed to some barrels of
+    beef on the deck, then to an empty barrel, and by significant
+    gestures,--as the Mendians say, by 'talking with his
+    fingers,'--he made them understand that they were to be slain,
+    &c. At four o'clock that day, when they were called on deck to
+    eat, Cinque found a nail, which he secreted under his arm. In
+    the night they held a counsel as to what was best to be done.
+    'We feel bad,' said Kin-na, 'and we ask Cinque what we had best
+    do. Cinque say, "Me think, and by and by I tell you."' He then
+    said, 'If we do nothing, we be killed. We may as well die in
+    trying to be free as to be killed and eaten.' Cinque afterwards
+    told them what he would do. With the aid of the nail and the
+    assistance of Grabeau, he freed himself from the irons on his
+    wrists and ancles, and from the chain on his neck. He then, with
+    his own hands, wrested the irons from the limbs and necks of his
+    countrymen. It is not in my power to give an adequate
+    description of Cinque when he showed how he did this and led his
+    comrades to the conflict and achieved their freedom. In my
+    younger years I saw Kemble and Siddons, and the representation
+    of Othello, at Covent Garden, but no acting that I ever
+    witnessed came near that to which I allude. When delivered from
+    their irons, the Mendians, with the exception of the children,
+    who were asleep, about four or five o'clock in the morning,
+    armed with cane-knives, some boxes of which they found in the
+    hold, leaped upon the deck. Cinque killed the cook. The captain
+    fought desperately. He inflicted wounds on two of the Africans,
+    who soon after died, and cut severely one or two of those who
+    now survive. Two sailors leaped over the side of the vessel. The
+    Mendians say 'they could not catch land--they must have swum to
+    the bottom of the sea,' but Ruiz and Montez supposed they
+    reached the island in a boat. Cinque now took command of the
+    vessel; placed Si-si at the helm; gave his people plenty to eat
+    and drink. Ruiz and Montez had fled to the hold. They were
+    dragged out, and Cinque ordered them to be put in irons. They
+    cried and begged not to be put in chains, but Cinque replied,
+    'You say fetters good for negro--if good for negro good for
+    Spanish man too: you try them two days, and see how you feel.'
+    The Spaniards asked for water, and it was dealt out to them in
+    the same little cup with which they had dealt it out to the
+    Africans. They complained bitterly of being thirsty. Cinque
+    said, 'You say little water enough for nigger. If little water
+    do for him, a little do for you too.' Cinque said the Spaniards
+    cried a great deal; he felt very sorry; only meant to let them
+    see how good it was to be treated like the poor slaves. In two
+    days the irons were removed; and then, said Cinque, we give them
+    plenty water and food, and treat them very well. Kin-na stated
+    that as the water fell short, Cinque would not drink any, nor
+    allow any of the rest to drink any thing but salt water, but
+    dealt out daily a little to each of the four children, and the
+    same quantity to each of the two Spaniards! In a day or two Ruiz
+    and Montez wrote a letter, and told Cinque that when they spoke
+    a vessel, if he would give it to them, the people would take
+    them to Sierra Leone. Cinque took the letter and said, 'Very
+    well;' but afterwards told his brethren, 'We have no letter in
+    Mendi. I don't know what is in that letter--there may be death
+    in it. So we will take some iron and a string, bind them about
+    the letter, and send it to the bottom of the sea.'
+
+    "When any vessel came in sight, the Spaniards were shut down in
+    the hold, and forbidden to come on deck on pain of death. One of
+    the Africans, who could talk a little English, answered
+    questions when they were hailed from other vessels.
+
+    "It is unnecessary to narrate here subsequent facts, as they
+    have been published throughout the country. After Cinque's
+    address a collection was taken, and the services were concluded
+    by the Mendians singing Bishop Heber's missionary hymn:
+
+    "'From Greenland's icy mountains.'
+
+    "At the conclusion of the meeting some linen and cotton table
+    cloths and napkins, manufactured by the Africans, were
+    exhibited, and eagerly purchased of them by persons present, at
+    liberal prices. They are in the habit of purchasing linen and
+    cotton at the shops, unravelling the edges about six to ten
+    inches, and making, with their fingers, neat fringes, in
+    imitation, they say, of 'Mendi fashion.' Large numbers of the
+    audience advanced, and took Cinque and the rest by the hand. The
+    transactions of this meeting have thus been stated at length,
+    and the account will serve to show how the subsequent meetings
+    were conducted, as the services in other places were similar.
+
+    "These Africans, while in prison, (which was the largest part of
+    the time they have been in this country) learned but little
+    comparatively, but since they have been liberated, they have
+    been anxious to learn, as they said 'it would be good for us in
+    our own country.' Many of them write well, read, spell and sing
+    well, and have attended to arithmetic. The younger ones have
+    made great progress in study. Most of them have much fondness
+    for arithmetic. They have also cultivated as a garden fifteen
+    acres of land, and have raised a large quantity of corn,
+    potatoes, onions, beets, et cet., which will be useful to them
+    at sea. In some places we visited, the audience were astonished
+    at the performance of Kali, who is only eleven years of age. He
+    would not only spell any word in either of the Gospels, but
+    spell sentences, without any mistake, such sentences as 'Blessed
+    are the meek, for they shall inherit the earth,' naming each
+    letter and syllable, and recapitulating as he went along, until
+    he pronounced the whole sentence. Two hundred and seven dollars
+    were received at this meeting.
+
+    "'On Sabbath evening a meeting was attended in Rev. Mr. Beman's
+    Church, (colored.) It was impossible for all to gain
+    admittance--collected sixteen dollars and fifty-one cents. The
+    same evening a meeting was held at Elder N. Colver's. A very
+    warm interest was manifested by this congregation, and the sum
+    of ninety dollars was contributed. The next morning a
+    respectable mechanic, a member of this church, offered to go to
+    Mendi with his wife and child, to take up their permanent abode
+    there. On Monday we proceeded to Haverhill. It was a rainy day,
+    and town meeting was held at the same hour. The audience was
+    small, but a deep interest was felt, and fifty-six dollars
+    contributed. Rev. Charles Fitch opened the meeting with prayer.
+    The Mendians and their friends will long remember the
+    hospitality and generosity of their friends in this place. After
+    a stay of two hours, we proceeded to Lowell. The heavy rain
+    prevented a general attendance. Only thirty-one dollars was
+    collected, beside some private donations. Mr. John Levi, a
+    colored citizen, rendered important services to us, and several
+    of the clergymen and other inhabitants rendered efficient aid.
+    On Tuesday we went to Nashua, N.H., and remained two hours.
+    Owing to some untoward circumstances, the inhabitants generally
+    had not been notified of the meeting. A small number only
+    attended. The collection was twenty-seven dollars. In the
+    evening at Lowell, the large Methodist Church, St. Paul's, was
+    crowded, one thousand five hundred people being present, it was
+    said, and many hundreds unable to get admission. The meeting was
+    opened with an appropriate prayer by Rev. Luther Lee. In order
+    to give an opportunity to the audience to see and hear Cinque,
+    he was invited into the pulpit, where he made an energetic
+    address. One hundred and six dollars were collected. At the
+    close of the services, nearly the whole congregation came
+    forward and took the Mendians by the hand, with kind words and
+    many presents. The ministers of all denominations attended the
+    meeting, with many of the most respectable citizens. During the
+    day the Africans were invited to visit the 'Boott Corporation,'
+    and were conducted over the whole establishment (cotton mills,)
+    by the agent, Mr. French. As might be supposed, they were
+    astonished beyond measure. After inspecting the machinery, the
+    fabrics, and the great wheel, one of them turned to me and said,
+    'Did man make this?' On receiving a reply, he said, 'He no live
+    now--he live a great while ago.' Afterwards they visited the
+    carpet factory, and expressed great delight at the beauty and
+    excellence of the carpets and rugs. Cinque wished to purchase a
+    miniature hearth rug, but the agent allowed him to select one of
+    the large and beautiful rugs to take to Mendi, which he
+    generously presented to him. The workmen here--chiefly
+    Englishmen--made a collection of fifty-eight dollars and fifty
+    cents on the spot, and presented it to the Mendi Fund.
+
+    "In pursuance of previous arrangements, we turned aside,
+    Wednesday, November 12, to attend a meeting in the large South
+    Church in Andover, at 9 o'clock, A.M. The house was crowded in
+    every part. Dr. Edwards led in prayer, and Dr. Woods
+    interrogated some of the Mendians. After a stay of two hours we
+    returned to the cars, followed by a large multitude. Collected
+    eighty-four dollars. It was remarked at the meeting here, as in
+    other places, that the contemplated mission to Mendi was to be
+    an anti-slavery mission; that no money would be solicited or
+    received of slave holders; that the committee were not connected
+    with any other missionary associations, and would not assume a
+    hostile attitude towards any. A young gentleman here offered to
+    go to Mendi as a teacher.
+
+    "In the afternoon a meeting was held in Boston, at the Marlboro'
+    Chapel. The scholars in the Sabbath and week-day schools had
+    been notified of it and attended in large numbers, together with
+    several respectable inhabitants of Boston and the neighboring
+    towns. The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. W.B. Tappan.
+    The collection was one hundred and ten dollars. In the evening a
+    meeting was held at the Melodeon, and was attended by a large
+    number of persons. Collection one hundred and thirty-three
+    dollars. The next day, Thursday the 11th, we left for
+    Springfield. The meeting was held in the evening, at the Town
+    Hall, as some of the Parish committee objected to its being held
+    in the church, fearing it would desecrate the place. The Hall
+    was crowded, and many could not gain admittance. Dr. Osgood
+    opened the meeting with prayer, took several of the Mendians to
+    his own house, and manifested a deep interest on their behalf,
+    as did many of the other inhabitants. The Mendians were all
+    hospitably entertained in this place without expense. Some
+    'fellows of the baser sort' insulted Kin-na and others as they
+    went to the Hall; and in the introduction of his speech, Kin-na
+    spoke of the treatment he had received. But there are many
+    warm-hearted and generous friends of the colored race in this
+    town. 'We said nothing to them,' said Kin-na; 'why did they
+    treat us so? What can we do? We are few and feeble. What can the
+    dog do when the lion attacks him; or what can be done when the
+    cat and the mouse come together!' Collection seventy-three
+    dollars. The Mendians were invited by Mr. Burleigh to see a
+    large picture exhibiting here--'The Descent of Christ from the
+    Cross,' copied from Rubens--and were highly gratified.
+
+    "Here we received a cordial invitation from two of the ministers
+    of Northampton and several of their people to visit that place,
+    with the assurance that the First Church, the largest in the
+    county, should be opened for the Mendians. On the 12th we rode
+    to N. in the rain. Mount Tom and the Connecticut River were
+    pointed out to Cinque, who said, 'In my country we have very
+    great mountain--much bigger than that--and river about so wide,
+    but very deep.' The weather cleared away towards night, and the
+    church was nearly filled. Rev. Mr. Pennington, colored minister
+    of Hartford, opened the meeting with prayer. Collection
+    seventy-five dollars, in addition to seventeen dollars from the
+    Female Abolition Society; fifty-three dollars collected before
+    we arrived, and eighty-five contributed by 'a friend,' a short
+    time since. The reception here was warm-hearted. Mr. Warner,
+    keeper of the principal hotel in that place, furnished the
+    Mendians with one of his best rooms, seated them at the table
+    with his family and boarders, and, on being asked for his bill
+    the next day, he replied, 'There is nothing to pay!' The agents
+    of the Nashua and Andover rail roads also declined taking pay
+    for the passages of the Mendians. On Saturday, we rose at 3
+    o'clock, P.M., and returned to Springfield. Here we took the
+    steam boat for Hartford. On arriving, application was made to
+    Mr. Colton, keeper of the Temperance Hotel, to accommodate the
+    Mendians. He demurred. Mr. Warner's noble treatment of them was
+    mentioned. Mr. C. said he could not place them at his table. He
+    was told that this was not insisted upon; that if he would
+    furnish me a room they could eat there, and sleep wherever it
+    was convenient to Mr. C. But he absolutely refused to entertain
+    them any how. As this house has been patronized by
+    abolitionists, they ought to know this fact. After remaining in
+    the cold on the wharf about an hour, the Mendians were received
+    and hospitably entertained by several families without charge.
+
+    "On the Sabbath, November 14, they attended public worship in
+    Rev. Mr. Pennington's church. In the afternoon the church was
+    filled. An address was made by the writer, and the Mendians read
+    in the Testament and sang a hymn. Collection eight dollars. In
+    the evening a meeting was held in the Centre Church, Rev. Dr.
+    Hawes's. Notices were read in the other churches, and handbills
+    had been posted the previous day. The church, in every part, was
+    crowded, and large numbers were unable to obtain admittance. Dr.
+    Hawes opened the meeting with prayer. The services were of an
+    interesting character. Collection eighty dollars. Dr. Hawes
+    interrogated Kin-na. He said, 'The Mendi people believe in a
+    Great Spirit, although they do not worship him. They know they
+    have souls. We think,' said Kin-na, 'we make clothes. Dog can't
+    do this. He no soul, but we have.' He said on another occasion,
+    when asked if his people believed in a future state, 'The Mendi
+    people all Sadducees.' Kin-na said that they 'owe every thing to
+    God. He keep them alive, and give them free. When he go home to
+    Mendi, they tell their brethren about God, Jesus Christ, and
+    heaven.' Fu-li, on a former evening, being asked, 'What is
+    faith?' replied, 'Believing in Jesus Christ, and trusting in
+    him.' Their answers to questions show that they have read and
+    that they understand the Scriptures, and hopes are entertained
+    that one or two at least know experimentally the value of
+    religion. The fact that there is no system of idolatry in Mendi
+    for missionaries to oppose and the natives technically to adhere
+    to, is an encouraging fact with regard to the contemplated
+    mission. Another pleasing and remarkable fact exists: labor is
+    suspended every seventh day, and has been from time immemorial.
+    They do not engage in any religious services, but dress in their
+    best apparel, feast on that day,--as some do here,--visit, &c.
+    This day, 15th, Rev. Mr. Gallaudet and Mr. Brigham have invited
+    the Mendians to visit the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and the Insane
+    Institution. On a person's giving, by signs, the deaf and dumb
+    alphabet to Mar-gru, one of the girls, she, in a few minutes,
+    repeated nearly the whole. They told Mr. Brigham that there were
+    insane people and idiots in Mendi, and described their actions
+    and the treatment of them. Two of the Mendians will be detained
+    as witnesses in Hartford this day, in a cause appealed from a
+    lower court. Some of the Mendians were grossly assaulted at
+    Farmington some time since, on a training day; and those who
+    committed the assault and battery were convicted and fined. An
+    appeal was taken. When thus assailed, the Mendians, as usual,
+    exhibited their peaceful disposition, and said, 'We no fight.'
+    On Wednesday there is to be a large fare meeting at
+    Farmington--on which occasion Dr. Hawes is to preach. In a few
+    days the Mendians will embark from New York. May the Lord
+    preserve them, and carry them safely to their native land, to
+    their kindred and homes. Su-ma, the eldest, has a wife and five
+    children. Cinque has a wife and three children. They all have
+    parents or wives, or brothers and sisters. What a meeting it
+    will be with these relations and friends, when they are descried
+    on the hills of Mendi! We were invited to visit other places,
+    but time did not allow of longer absence. I must not forget to
+    mention that the whole band of these Mendi are teetotallers. At
+    a tavern where we stopped, Ban-na took me aside, and with a
+    sorrowful countenance, said, 'This bad house--bar house--no
+    good.' But the steam boat is at the wharf, and I must close. The
+    collections in money, on this excursion of twelve days, is about
+    one thousand dollars, after deducting travelling expenses. More
+    money is needed to defray the expenses of the Mendians to their
+    native land, and to sustain their religious teachers. Very truly
+    yours,
+
+    "LEWIS TAPPAN."
+
+
+But to conclude the narrative of these interesting Africans. After all
+the trickery on the part of the U.S. government, it was finally decreed
+by the Supreme Court, that the Mendians were free persons, and might go
+whither they pleased. They were unanimous for returning to their native
+country. The Mendian negroes, thirty-five in number, embarked from New
+York for Sierra Leone, on the 27th of the 11th month, (November,) 1841,
+on board the barque Gentleman, Captain Morris, accompanied by five
+missionaries and teachers. The British government has manifested a
+praiseworthy interest in their welfare, and will assist them to reach
+their own country from Sierra Leone. Their stay in the United States has
+been of immense service to the anti-slavery cause, and there is reason
+to hope that under their auspices, Christianity and civilization may be
+introduced into their native country.
+
+
+APPENDIX F. P. 76.
+
+
+EXTRACT FROM AN ESSAY BY WILLIAM JAY, "_On the Folly and Evils of War,
+and the Means of Preserving Peace._"
+
+
+
+    "But, after all that can be said against war, and after the
+    fullest admission of its folly, cruelty, and wickedness, still
+    the question recurs, how can it be prevented? It would be an
+    impeachment of the Divine economy to suppose that an evil so
+    dreadful was inseparably and inevitably connected with human
+    society. We are informed, by Divine authority, that wars proceed
+    from our lusts; but our lusts, although natural to us, are not
+    invincible. He who admits the free agency of man, will not
+    readily allow that either individuals or nations are compelled
+    to do evil. The universal prevalence of Christian principles
+    must, of necessity, exterminate wars; and hence we are informed,
+    by revelation, that when righteousness shall cover the earth,
+    'the nations shall learn war no more.'
+
+    "And are we to wait, it will be inquired, till this distant and
+    uncertain period for the extinction of war? We answer, that
+    revelation affords us no ground to expect that all mankind will
+    previously be governed by the precepts of justice and humanity;
+    but that experience, reason, and revelation, all unite in
+    leading us to believe that the regeneration of the world will be
+    a gradual and progressive work. Civilization and Christianity
+    are diffusing their influence throughout the globe, mitigating
+    the sufferings and multiplying the enjoyments of the human
+    family. Free institutions are taking the place of feudal
+    oppressions--education is pouring its light on minds hitherto
+    enveloped in all the darkness of ignorance--the whole system of
+    slavery, both personal and political, is undermined by public
+    opinion, and must soon be prostrated; and the signs of the times
+    assure us that the enormous mass of crime and wretchedness,
+    which is the fruit of drunkenness, will, at no very remote
+    period, disappear from the earth.
+
+    "And can it be possible, that, of all the evils under which
+    humanity groans, war is the only one which religion and
+    civilization, and the active philanthropy of the present day,
+    can neither remove nor mitigate? Such an opinion, if general,
+    would be most disastrous to the world, and it will now be our
+    endeavor to prove that it is utterly groundless.     *     *
+    *     *
+
+    "We have often seen extensive national alliances for the
+    prosecution of war, and no sufficient reason can be assigned why
+    such alliances might not be formed for the preservation of
+    peace. It is obvious that war might instantly be banished from
+    Europe, would its nations regard themselves as members of one
+    great Society, and erect a court for the trial and decision of
+    their respective differences.
+
+    "But we are told that such an agreement among the nations is
+    impossible. It is unquestionably so at present, for the obvious
+    reason, that time is necessary to enlighten and direct public
+    opinion, and produce a general acquiescence in the plan, as well
+    as to arrange the various stipulations and guaranties that would
+    be requisite. It is certainly not surprising, that those who
+    suppose a congress of nations for the maintenance of peace, can
+    only be brought about by a simultaneous movement of the various
+    states and kingdoms of the earth, who are to continue to battle
+    with each other till the signal is given for universal peace and
+    harmony, should be startled at the boldness and absurdity of the
+    project. But this boldness and absurdity belong not to the
+    project we advocate. We have no expectation whatever of any
+    general, much less simultaneous effort of mankind in behalf of
+    peace. A congress for the decision of national differences,
+    instead of arising in the midst of the present military policy
+    of Europe, must be preceded by an extensive, although partial
+    abandonment of war, and will be the _effect_ and not the cause
+    of the general diffusion of pacific sentiments.
+
+    "Hence it is in vain to look for a sudden and universal
+    cessation of war, even among civilized and Christian nations.
+    But reason and experience warrant the hope that some one State
+    may be led to adopt a pacific policy, and thus set an example
+    which through the blessing of Providence, and the prevalence of
+    Christian principles, may usher in the reign of universal peace.
+
+    "But by whom, and in what way it will be asked, is this example
+    to be set? It may be a feeling of national vanity, and it may be
+    a reference to the peculiarities of our local, social, and
+    political condition, that inspires the hope, that to the United
+    States is to be reserved the glory of teaching to mankind the
+    blessings of peace, and the means of preserving them.     *
+    *
+
+    "But in _what way_ are we to make the experiment? Certainly in
+    the way least likely to excite alarm and opposition. In every
+    effort to promote the temporal or spiritual welfare of others,
+    we should consider things as they really are, and not merely as
+    they ought to be, and we should consult expediency as far as we
+    can do so, without compromising principle.     *     *     *
+
+    "Of all the nations with whom we have relations, none probably
+    enjoy in an equal degree our good will, as France. No spirit of
+    rivalry in commerce or manufactures exists between us, no
+    adjacent territory furnishes occasion for border aggressions and
+    mutual criminations, while our past relations afford subjects of
+    pleasing and grateful recollection, and at present we see no
+    prospect of the interruption of that harmony which has so long
+    subsisted between the two nations.
+
+    "Let us suppose that under these propitious circumstances, a
+    convention should now be concluded between the two governments,
+    by which it should be agreed, that if unhappily any difference
+    should hereafter arise between us, that could not be adjusted by
+    negociation, neither party should resort to arms, but that they
+    should agree on some friendly power, to whom the matter in
+    difference should be referred, and whose decision should be
+    final; or that if it should so happen that the parties could not
+    concur in selecting an umpire, that then each party should
+    select a friendly power, and that the sovereigns or states thus
+    selected, should, if necessary, call to their aid the assistance
+    of a third.
+
+    "To what well founded objections would such a treaty be subject?
+    It is true that treaties of this kind have been of rare
+    occurrence, but all experience is in their favor. Vattel remarks
+    (Law of Nations, book II., chap. 18,) 'Arbitration is a method
+    very reasonable, very conformable to the law of nature, in
+    determining differences that do not directly interest the safety
+    of the nation. Though the strict right may be mistaken by the
+    arbitrator, _it is still more to be feared that it will be
+    overwhelmed by the fate of arms_. The Swiss have had the
+    precaution in all their alliances among themselves, and even in
+    those they have contracted with the neighboring powers, to agree
+    beforehand on the manner in which their disputes were to be
+    submitted to arbitrators, in case they could not adjust them in
+    an amicable manner. _This wise precaution has not a little
+    contributed to maintain the Helvetic Republic in that
+    flourishing state which secures its liberty, and renders it
+    respectable throughout Europe_.'
+
+    "But it may be said, a nation ought not to permit others to
+    decide on her rights and claims. Why not? Will the decision be
+    less consistent with justice, from being impartial and
+    disinterested? It is a maxim confirmed by universal experience,
+    that no man should be judge in his own cause; and are nations
+    less under the influence of interest and of passion than
+    individuals? Are they not, in fact, still less under the control
+    of moral obligation? Treaties have often been violated by
+    statesmen and senators, who would have shrunk from being equally
+    faithless in their private contracts. Is it to be supposed that
+    the government of a friendly power, in a controversy between us
+    and France, in which it had no interest, and with the
+    observation of the civilized world directed to its decision,
+    would be less likely to pronounce a fair and impartial judgment
+    than either France or ourselves?
+
+    "But we can decide our own controversies for ourselves, it is
+    said; that is, we can go to war and take our chance for the
+    result. Alas, 'it is an error,' says Vattel, 'no less absurd
+    than pernicious, to say that war is to _decide_ controversies
+    between those who, as in the case of nations, acknowledge no
+    judge. It is _power_ or _prudence_ rather than right that
+    victory usually declares for.'--Book III. Chap. 3.
+
+    "The United States chose to decide for themselves the
+    controversy about impressment, by appealing to the sword. In
+    this appeal they of course placed no reliance on the propriety
+    and justice of their claims, since such considerations could
+    have no influence on the fate of battle; but they depended
+    solely on their capacity to inflict more injury than they would
+    receive themselves, and this difference in the amount of injury
+    was to turn the scale in our favor. Our expectations, however,
+    were disappointed. Our commerce was annihilated, our frontier
+    towns were laid in ashes, our capital taken, our attempts upon
+    Canada were repulsed, with loss and disgrace; our people became
+    burthened with taxes, and we were at last glad to accept a
+    treaty of peace which, instead of containing, as we had fondly
+    hoped, a formal surrender on the part of Great Britain of the
+    right of impressment, made not the slightest allusion to the
+    subject.
+
+    "Let us now suppose that a treaty similar to the one we have
+    proposed with France had, in 1812, existed between Great Britain
+    and the United States; the question of impressment would then
+    have been submitted to one or more friendly powers.
+
+    "It is scarcely possible that the umpires could have given any
+    decision of this question that would have been as injurious to
+    either party as was the prosecution of the war. Had the claims
+    of Great Britain been sanctioned, some American seamen would, no
+    doubt, have been occasionally compelled to serve in the British
+    navy; but how very small would have been their number compared
+    with the thousands who perished in the war; and how utterly
+    insignificant would have been their sufferings resulting from
+    serving on board a British instead of an American vessel, when
+    weighed against the burdens, the slaughters, the conflagrations,
+    inflicted on their country in the contest? If, on the other
+    hand, the decision had been in our favor, Great Britain would
+    have lost a few seamen from her navy, but she would have saved
+    the lives of a far greater number, and she would have been
+    spared an amount of treasure which would have commanded the
+    services of ten times as many sailors as she could ever hope to
+    recover by impressment.
+
+    "It is not, however, probable, that the umpires, anxious to do
+    right, and having no motive to do wrong, would have sanctioned,
+    without qualification, the claims of either party.
+
+    "We can scarcely anticipate any future national difference which
+    it would not be more prudent and expedient to submit to
+    arbitration than to the chance of war. However just may be our
+    cause, however united our people, we cannot foresee the issue of
+    the contest, nor tell what new enemies we may be called to
+    encounter, what sacrifices to bear, what concessions to make.
+
+    "We have already partially commenced the experiment of
+    arbitrament, by referring no less than three of our disputes to
+    the determination of as many friendly powers. A difference as to
+    the meaning of an article, in our last treaty of peace with
+    Great Britain, was referred to the Emperor of Russia, who
+    decided it in our favor. The question of our northern boundary
+    was referred to the King of the Netherlands; and although the
+    line he assigned was not the one claimed by either party, it was
+    vastly less injurious to each, than would have been one month's
+    hostility on account of it. Our disputes with Mexico were
+    verging rapidly to open war, when they were happily submitted to
+    the King of Prussia, and are now in the course of satisfactory
+    adjustment.
+
+    "A treaty with France of the character proposed, would greatly
+    increase our importance in the estimation of all Europe--as it
+    would permanently secure us from her hostility. It would be seen
+    and felt, that whatever other nation might enter into collision
+    with us, it could not expect the aid of France, but that under
+    all circumstances we should enjoy the friendship and commerce of
+    our ancient ally. These considerations would not be without
+    their influence on England. She has colonies near us which we
+    may capture, or essentially injure, and which cannot be defended
+    by her, but at very inconvenient expense. A war with us must
+    ever be undesired by her, for the obvious reason that in such a
+    contest she has little to gain and much to lose. Our treaty also
+    with France would deprive England of the aid of the only nation
+    that could afford her effectual assistance in a war against us.
+    She would therefore, find it her interest to avail herself of a
+    similar treaty, and thus to secure herself from hostilities
+    which on many accounts she must wish to avoid. Once assured by
+    such treaties of permanent peace with France and England, we
+    should find our alliance courted by the other powers of Europe,
+    who would not readily consent that those two nations should have
+    exclusively the uninterrupted enjoyment of our great and growing
+    commerce. They would think it a matter of prudence also, to
+    avoid the risk of collision with a powerful republic, that had
+    already secured the permanent friendship of France and England;
+    and they would hasten to contract similar treaties. Under such
+    circumstances, every consideration of policy would prompt our
+    South American neighbors to desire that their amicable relations
+    with us might remain uninterrupted; and to them we might offer
+    the same stipulations with full confidence of their cordial
+    acceptance.
+
+    "And will it be said that all this is visionary and impossible?
+    The plan we propose rests on no supposed reformation in the
+    passions and propensities of mankind; but upon obvious
+    principles of national interest, deduced from reason and
+    experience, and susceptible of the plainest demonstration. It is
+    a plan adapted to the existing state of civilized society, and
+    accommodated to the passions and prejudices by which that
+    society is influenced. It is indeed perfectly consistent with
+    the precepts of Christianity, but it is also in accordance with
+    the selfish dictates of worldly policy.
+
+    "To this plan we can imagine only one plausible objection, which
+    is, that the treaties would not be observed. It is readily
+    admitted that if the only guaranty for the faithful observance
+    of these treaties consisted in the virtue and integrity of those
+    who signed them, the confidence to be reposed in them would be
+    faint indeed. Happily, however, we have a far stronger guaranty
+    in national interest and in public opinion.     *     *     *
+
+    "Dismissing then all idle fears that these treaties, honestly
+    contracted and obviously conducive to the highest interests of
+    the parties, would not be observed, let us contemplate the rich
+    and splendid blessings they would confer on our country.
+    Protected from hostile violence and invasion by a moral defence,
+    more powerful than armies and navies, we might indeed beat our
+    swords into ploughshares and our spears into pruning hooks. The
+    millions now expended in our military establishments could be
+    applied to objects directly ministering to human convenience and
+    happiness. Our whole militia system, with its long train of
+    vices and its vexatious interruptions of labor, would be swept
+    away. The arts of peace would alone be cultivated, and would
+    yield comforts and enjoyments in a profusion and perfection of
+    which mankind have witnessed no example. In the expressive
+    language of Scripture, our citizens would each 'sit under his
+    own vine and under his own fig tree, with none to make him
+    afraid,' and our peaceful and happy republic would be the praise
+    and glory of all lands.     *     *     *     *     *
+
+    "It is impossible that a scene so bright and lovely should not
+    attract the admiration and attention of the world. The extension
+    of education in Europe, and the growing freedom of her
+    institutions, are leading her population to think, and to
+    express their thoughts. The governments of the eastern
+    continent, whatever may be their form, are daily becoming more
+    and more sensitive to public opinion. The people already restive
+    under their burdens, would soon discover that those burdens
+    would be greatly diminished by the adoption of the American
+    policy. Before long, some state would commence the experiment on
+    a small scale, and its example would be followed by others. In
+    time these conventions would give way to more extended pacific
+    alliances, and a greater number of umpires would be selected;
+    nor is it the vain hope of idle credulity, that at last a union
+    might be formed, embracing every Christian nation, for
+    guarantying the peace of Christendom, by establishing a tribunal
+    for the adjustment of national differences, and by preventing
+    all forcible resistance to its decrees.
+
+    "It is unnecessary to discuss, at this time, the character and
+    powers with which such a tribunal should be invested. Whenever
+    it shall be desired, little difficulty will be experienced in
+    devising for it a satisfactory organization; that it is possible
+    to form such a court, and that next to Christianity it would be
+    the richest gift ever bestowed by Heaven upon our suffering
+    world, will be doubted by few who have patiently and candidly
+    investigated the subject.
+
+    "But many who admit the advantages and practicability of the
+    plan we have proposed, will be tempted to despair of success, by
+    the apparent difficulty of inducing an effort for its
+    accomplishment. Similar difficulties, however, have been
+    experienced and overcome. The abolition of the slave trade, and
+    the suppression of intemperance were once as apparently hopeless
+    as the cessation of war. Let us again recur for instruction and
+    encouragement to the course pursued by the friends of freedom
+    and temperance. Had the British abolitionists employed
+    themselves in addressing memorials to the various courts of
+    Europe, soliciting them to unite in a general agreement to
+    abandon the traffic, they would unquestionably have labored in
+    vain, and spent their strength for nought. They adopted another
+    and a wiser course. They labored to awaken the consciences of
+    their own countrymen, and to persuade them to do justice and to
+    love mercy; and thus to set an example to the rest of Europe,
+    infinitely more efficacious than all the arguments and
+    remonstrances which reason and eloquence could dictate.
+
+    "In vain might moralists and philanthropists have declaimed for
+    ages on the evils of drunkenness, had no temperance society been
+    formed till all mankind were ready to adopt a pledge of total
+    abstinence. The authors of the temperance reformation did not
+    lavish their strength and resources in attempting to convince
+    the world of the blessings of temperance, but forming themselves
+    into a temperance society, gave a visible and tangible proof
+    that the principle they recommended was not merely expedient but
+    practicable. And surely if we desire to persuade mankind that
+    war is an unnecessary evil, it is indispensable that we should
+    be able to point them to some instance in which it has been
+    safely dispensed with; nor can we hope to effect a change in the
+    opinion of Europe, while our own people remain unaffected by our
+    assertions and arguments.
+
+    "Here then must be the field of our labors; and let those labors
+    be quickened by the reflection, that while they are aimed at the
+    happiness of the human race, they are calculated to confer on
+    our beloved country a moral sublimity which no worldly glory can
+    approach.
+
+    "But what are the means we shall use? The same by which the
+    commerce in human beings was destroyed, and which are now
+    driving intemperance from the earth--_voluntary associations and
+    the press_.
+
+    "Let the friends of peace concentrate their exertions in Peace
+    Societies; and let the press proclaim throughout our land, in
+    all its length and breadth, the folly, the wickedness, and the
+    horrors of war; and call on our rulers to provide for the
+    amicable adjustment of national differences. In the first treaty
+    that shall be formed for this purpose we shall behold the dawn
+    of that glorious day, the theme of prophets and the aspirations
+    of saints, when nation shall not lift up sword against nation,
+    neither shall they learn war any more.
+
+    "The present age is propitious to the enterprise. It is an age
+    of energy and of freedom. All the powers of mind are in full
+    activity, and every eye and every ear is open to the reception
+    of new truths. Science and philanthropy are daily achieving
+    triumphs which the past century dared not imagine. The world is
+    no longer governed by princes and senates, but by public
+    opinion, and at the fiat of this mighty potentate, ancient
+    institutions are levelled in the dust. Let this despot wield
+    only a delegated authority, and each individual, however humble,
+    can enhance or diminish his power. Who, then, will refuse to
+    lend his assistance to enable public opinion to say to the
+    troubled nations, 'peace--be still;' and to compel the rulers of
+    the earth to refer their disputes to another tribunal than the
+    sword.
+
+    "In this cause every man can labor, and it is a cause in which
+    every man is called to labor, by interest and by duty. But it is
+    a cause that peculiarly claims the zeal and devotion of
+    Christians. They are the servants of Him who is not only the
+    mighty God and the everlasting Father, but the Prince of Peace.
+    They know that war is opposed to all his attributes, and
+    contradicts the precepts of his word. Conscience gives her
+    sanction to the means we have proposed, and prophecy assures us
+    of the accomplishment of the object to which they are directed.
+    Why, then, will not Christians use the talents and influence
+    given them from above to effect this consummation? Let them not
+    plead, in excuse for listlessness and indifference, that it is
+    God alone who 'maketh wars to cease to the end of the earth.' In
+    the moral government of the world, the purposes of its Almighty
+    Ruler are accomplished by his blessing upon human means. He has
+    promised that righteousness shall cover the whole earth; and in
+    reliance on this promise, his servants are now bearing the
+    everlasting Gospel to every nation and kindred, and tongue and
+    people. He has also promised that nations shall learn war no
+    more, and in his faithfulness we have all the incentive which
+    certainty of ultimate success can give to human exertion. And in
+    what cause can the energies of Christian benevolence be more
+    appropriately exercised? To prevent war is to avoid the effusion
+    of human blood, and the commission of innumerable crimes and
+    atrocities;--it is to diffuse peace, and comfort, and happiness,
+    through the great family of man,--it is to foster the arts and
+    sciences which minister to the wants of society,--it is to check
+    the progress of vice,--to speed the advance of the gospel,--to
+    rescue immortal souls from endless misery,--and to secure to
+    them a felicity as durable as it is inconceivable.
+
+    "To him who in faith and zeal labors in this great and holy
+    cause a rich reward is secured. While doing good to others, he
+    is himself a sharer in the blessing he bestows. The very
+    exercise of his benevolent affections affords a pure and
+    exquisite delight, and when he enters the world of peace and
+    love, he shall experience the full import of those cheering, but
+    mysterious words--Blessed are the peace makers, for they shall
+    be called the children of God."'
+
+
+
+APPENDIX G. P. 89.
+
+
+OPIUM WAR WITH CHINA.
+
+
+"TO THE CHRISTIAN PUBLIC OF GREAT BRITAIN.
+
+"In again appealing to you in reference to the opium war in China, I
+will begin by quoting the following extracts from a letter which I
+addressed to you on the 19th of the Third Month, 1840.
+
+
+    "'It is now too notorious to render needful entering at large
+    into the subject, that the guilty traffic in opium, grown by the
+    East India Company, to be smuggled into China, at length
+    compelled the Chinese Government to vindicate the laws of the
+    Empire, which prohibit its introduction, and to take decisive
+    measures for the suppression of the traffic, by the arrest of
+    the parties concerned in it at Canton, and the seizure and
+    destruction of the opium found in the Chinese waters.[A] It is
+    also well known that the superintendent of the British trade,
+    (Capt. Elliott) so far compromised his official character and
+    duty, as to take under his protection one of the most extensive
+    opium smugglers, and thus rendered himself justly liable to the
+    penalties to which they were obnoxious; and at the same time
+    gave, as far as was in his power, the sanction of the British
+    nation to this unrighteous violation of the Chinese laws.
+
+    [Footnote A: "See 'Thelwall's Iniquities of the Opium Trade,'
+    and 'King's Opium Crisis,'"]
+
+    "'The following fact is, however, not so generally known. An
+    individual,[B] now in this country, who has acquired immense
+    wealth by this unlawful trade, has been in communication with
+    the Government, and his advice, it is presumed, has in no small
+    degree influenced the measures they have adopted; though a
+    leading partner in a firm to which a large proportion of the
+    opium that was destroyed belonged; and at the very time he was
+    claiming compensation, or urging a war with China, his house in
+    India was sending armed vessels loaded with opium, along the
+    coast of China, and selling it in open defiance of the laws of
+    that Empire. This information, with the names of the vessels and
+    the parties concerned, the number of chests of opium on board,
+    the enormous profits they were realizing, et cet., was some time
+    ago communicated to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs,
+    on authority which he did not and could not dispute.'
+
+    [Footnote B: "This individual is in the new House of Commons,
+    professedly as a reformer, and represents a borough which
+    formerly sent to that House one of its most upright members, who
+    has now retired from public life.]
+
+    "On the 7th of April, Sir James Graham brought forward a motion
+    in the House of Commons, in reference to this subject, but in a
+    manner which gave it so much of a party character, that our
+    cruel injustice to the Chinese, and the disgraceful conduct of
+    our Government in attacking them, was lost sight of by many,
+    whose professed principles ought to have made them foremost in
+    condemning these proceedings. The Whig Ministry having intimated
+    they would resign if Sir J. Graham carried his motion, every
+    other consideration was forgotten in anxiety lest a political
+    party should be injured or lose office.
+
+    "This feeling not only pervaded the supporters of the Government
+    in the House of Commons, but also extended to many leading
+    religious professors of various denominations; and thus no
+    public feeling sufficiently strong could be raised to counteract
+    in Downing-street, the combined and powerful influence of the
+    East India Company and the wealthy opium smugglers; though
+    public meetings were held in London and many places in the
+    country, and petitions forwarded justly deprecating this war, as
+    one of almost unparalleled iniquity. At the meeting in the
+    metropolis, which was held at Freemason's Hall, and at which the
+    Earl of Stanhope presided, the following resolutions were
+    passed:--
+
+
+        "'1. That this meeting, whilst it most distinctly
+        disavows any party or political objects, and deprecates
+        most strongly any such construction being put upon its
+        efforts, deeply laments that the moral and religious
+        feeling of the country should be outraged--the character
+        of Christianity disgraced in the eyes of the world--and
+        this kingdom involved in war with upwards of three
+        hundred and fifty millions of people, in consequence of
+        British subjects introducing Opium into China, in direct
+        and known violation of the laws of that Empire.
+
+        "'2. That, although the Chinese have not been heard in
+        their defence, the statements adduced by the advocates
+        of the war, clearly establish the fact, that the East
+        India Company, the growers of and traffickers in opium,
+        and British subjects who received the protection of the
+        laws of China, have been, throughout, the wrong doers;
+        therefore this meeting (without reference to the
+        conviction of many, that all war is opposed to the
+        spirit and precepts of the gospel,) holds it to be the
+        bounden duty of the government immediately to effect an
+        equitable and pacific settlement of the existing
+        differences with China.
+
+        "'3. That all traffic in opium with the Chinese being
+        contraband, the opium which was surrendered to their
+        government was justly confiscated; and that to demand
+        payment from the Chinese, to make reprisals upon them,
+        or, for this country to give compensation to the British
+        merchants thus engaged in smuggling, would be to
+        sanction and even grant a premium on crime.
+
+        "'4. That the petition now read be adopted by this
+        meeting, and presented to both Houses of Parliament; and
+        that the Right Honorable Earl Stanhope be requested to
+        present the same to the House of Lords, and Lord Sandon
+        to the House of Commons.
+
+        "'5. That the resolutions of this meeting be published
+        at the discretion of the Committee; and that a copy of
+        them in the Chinese language be transmitted, through the
+        High Commissioner Lin, to the Emperor of China.'
+
+
+    "Since this period, I have been in company with several
+    Englishmen who were at Canton at the time of the seizure of the
+    opium; and though some of them were concerned in the trade
+    themselves, and were naturally biassed in favor of their own
+    country, they all agreed in condemning the proceedings of the
+    English. I have recently spent some time in the United States,
+    whose intercourse with China is extensive and frequent, and
+    where the merits of this case are clearly understood by many of
+    the most intelligent and candid-minded citizens; and these,
+    without any exception, considered the acts of the British
+    government in this matter as some of the most flagrant that ever
+    disgraced a civilized, much less a Christian people.
+
+    "On my return to this country I found a new administration
+    entering upon office; the members of which have, for the most
+    part, condemned the conduct of their predecessors in relation to
+    this war; and I again, therefore, venture to appeal to the
+    _Christian_ public of my country that they may, without delay,
+    forward petitions, or memorials, strongly urging a reference of
+    the existing differences with China to commissioners mutually
+    appointed, who shall be authorized to adjust them, and also to
+    determine upon the best means of entirely suppressing the guilty
+    traffic in opium. The present government are not yet committed
+    to this cruel war; and may no difference of political views
+    deter you from the faithful discharge of this Christian duty!
+    Even should you not succeed in inducing our rulers to adopt this
+    course, or the overtures of this country be rejected by the
+    Chinese, you will have satisfaction in having made the attempt.
+
+    "One-third of the human race are now receiving their impressions
+    of the Christian religion, by its professors waging a murderous
+    war to compel them to make restitution to the contraband opium
+    dealers, for the destruction of this deadly poison, which
+    continues to be grown by the East India Company, and poured into
+    China in defiance of all laws, human and divine. Besides the
+    loss of life sustained by the Chinese, and the fearful mortality
+    amongst the British troops, from the unhealthiness of the
+    climate, it is probable that little short of ten millions
+    sterling has already been expended in naval and military
+    armaments, and the enhanced price of tea and sugar,[A] in the
+    monstrous attempt to force the Chinese to pay about two millions
+    to those opium smugglers. All this, be it remembered, is added
+    to the burdens upon the industry of our own oppressed
+    population.
+
+    [Footnote A: It is well known that the high rate of freights
+    from Calcutta, in consequence of the shipping required for the
+    Chinese expedition, greatly contributed to the late extravagant
+    price of sugar.]
+
+    "Earnestly desiring that you may be induced to discharge your
+    duty as Christians, and whatever may be the result, acquit
+    yourselves of your share of the national guilt, I conclude with
+    the words of a friend: 'For my own part, I think the present
+    distress of the nation may be the retributive chastisement of
+    our recent atrocious war in China and the East.     *     *
+    *     All history, and the daily march of events, demonstrate
+    the perpetual retributive interference of an overruling
+    providence. Yet this doctrine, proclaimed as loudly by
+    experience as by revelation, and as legibly written on the page
+    of history as in the Bible, appears to have not the smallest
+    practical influence on the most enlightened statesmen, and the
+    most Christian and enlightened nation in the world.'
+
+    "Very respectfully,
+
+    "JOSEPH STURGE.
+
+    "_Birmingham, 9th Month 30th_, 1841."
+
+    "_10th Month 9th_, 1841.
+
+    "Since writing the foregoing, the intelligence has arrived that
+    Canton has been seized; that 'Gen. Sir Hugh Gough calculates the
+    loss of the Chinese, in the different attacks, at one thousand
+    killed and three thousand wounded;' that the British have
+    extracted six millions of dollars as a ransom for evacuating the
+    city, which the Chinese call 'opium compensation;' and it is but
+    too evident that the work of the wholesale murder of this
+    unoffending people has but begun, for Capt. Elliot, who appears
+    to have been too tender of shedding human blood to please his
+    employers, is recalled, and is succeeded by Sir H. Pottenger,
+    who, it is reported, has instructions from Lord Palmerston to
+    demand _fifteen millions_ of dollars for the opium smugglers,
+    and the whole of the expenses of the war, and to secure the
+    right to the British of planting armed factories in the
+    different Chinese ports.
+
+    "Shall history record that no voice was raised by the Christians
+    of Britain against the employment of their money, and that of
+    their starving countrymen, in deeds like these!!"
+
+
+
+APPENDIX H. P. 119.
+
+
+
+LETTER OF A.L. PENNOCK.
+
+
+The following letter was addressed by Abraham L. Pennock, conveying his
+resignation of the office of Vice President of the American Anti-Slavery
+Society, (old organization,) after the occurrence of the painful
+divisions in the anti-slavery body, which have been already noticed.
+This letter is written in an excellent spirit, and clearly developes the
+cause of the separation.
+
+
+    "TO THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY
+    SOCIETY.
+
+    "Other reasons than those which will be presented in this
+    letter, made it desirable to me to be released from any official
+    connection with the Anti-Slavery Society. I thought those
+    reasons so well known to some of the delegates from the
+    Pennsylvania Society, and withal they were deemed by me of so
+    much value, that I felt both surprise and regret at
+    understanding that my name was continued as one of the vice
+    presidents of the Parent Society. Thus saying, I am,
+    nevertheless, bound to express my indebtedness for the kind
+    feeling toward me, and confidence in my love for the slave,
+    which, doubtless, induced the appointment.
+
+    "By an accident to my anti-slavery newspapers, I have just
+    received the proceedings of the society at the above meeting. I
+    am sorry to find in them superadded reasons for regret at my
+    appointment, as that appointment seems to place me in the false
+    position of appearing to be in favor of its leading measures;
+    some of which, denunciatory of co-laborers in the abolition
+    cause, have not my unity.
+
+    "In the heavy responsibilities of the former Executive
+    Committee, I find a sufficient reason for their transfer of the
+    'Emancipator' and other property for which they stood personally
+    engaged; and I therefore cannot join in affirming such transfer
+    to be 'a flagrant breach of trust;' and their answer in
+    justification of their course, 'an attempt to defend which
+    betrays an utter disregard of the rights of abolitionists.'
+
+    "Believing in the intellectual equality of the sexes, I go fully
+    for women's rights and duties. They possess a moral force of
+    immense power, which they are bound to exert for the good of
+    mankind; including emphatically so, those who are in the
+    hopeless and most wretched condition of slaves. The belief of
+    the value of female co-operation is common to the anti-slavery
+    community; and the only question regarding it which has arisen,
+    is, whether it shall be exerted in societies and conventions of
+    women, or in societies and conventions of men and women,
+    irrespective of sex. The question is of recent date, not even
+    coeval with the modern anti-slavery enterprise; and the
+    practice, at the origination of this enterprise, that of
+    separate action. We can all bear testimony to the powerful
+    impression upon the public mind, made by women, acting singly or
+    in societies and conventions, before it was thought of merging
+    their influence in a joint stock community with their brethren.
+    Where can we find an anti-slavery organization more potential,
+    and so dignified, as was the convention of American women? Is it
+    therefore surprising that the question has not been conclusively
+    settled by American abolitionists, that women ought to act
+    identically on the same platform and in the same society with
+    men; and that the practice, founded on this plan, still remains
+    measurably local, and, by many conforming to it, is deemed
+    experimental?
+
+    "In convening a World's Convention, no innovation upon the
+    general social usages was contemplated by our brethren in
+    England who called it. The convention was meant to be a
+    convention of men; and what was deficient of explicitness in the
+    first notice was amply made up in the reiteration of the call.
+    It was fully known before the appointment of delegates by the
+    American Anti-Slavery Society that the intention of the
+    committee of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society was
+    such as is above explained. The views of the inviting party
+    being known, it was competent to the invited to accept or reject
+    the invitation, but not to modify its terms. The American
+    Society, however, in face of the invitation, with a knowledge of
+    the extreme sensitiveness of that portion of the British people
+    whom the Convention would deem it important to conciliate, to
+    any innovation upon established forms, and itself not united in
+    discarding the distinctions of sex, resolved to send female
+    delegates to the Convention, and thus, in effect, to appeal from
+    the Committee to the paramount authority of the Convention, and
+    with it to settle the American question.
+
+    "In exercising this authority we are to suppose, from the high
+    moral, intellectual, and philanthropic standing of its members,
+    the Convention, in adhering to the general usages of society,
+    meant to perpetuate no injustice; and we know, from their very
+    respectful attention to the rejected delegates, that they were
+    influenced by no want of courtesy--I am satisfied that they
+    acted according to their best impressions of duty, the carrying
+    out of which was their high aim; and that the Convention was not
+    the less a World's Convention because it did not embrace both
+    sexes as its members, or any reforms without the scope of its
+    call. I cannot unite, therefore, in the resolutions declaring
+    the proceedings of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society
+    'arbitrary and despotic;' or the act of the London Conference,
+    excluding the female delegates of the American Society appointed
+    in contradiction to the terms of the invitation, as 'highly
+    disrespectful to the delegates, and to us, their constituents,
+    tyrannical in its nature, mischievous in its tendencies, and
+    unworthy of men claiming the character of abolitionists.'
+
+    "Thus my views not being in harmony with the action of the
+    society, in the particulars above referred to, my duty to it and
+    myself is, to tender you this as my resignation of the office of
+    Vice President for Pennsylvania, and not to await another
+    election for withdrawing from it.
+
+    "With no heart for the controversies which have got in among my
+    brethren, the common friends of the enslaved, and which are
+    sadly wasting their anti-slavery strength, but with a warm heart
+    for the legitimate objects of the American Anti-Slavery Society,
+    I shall not cease anxiously to desire its prosperity and speedy
+    triumph with these just limitations.
+
+    "Your friend,
+
+    "(Signed) ABRAHAM L. PENNOCK.
+
+    "_Haverford, 6th Month 28th_, 1841."
+
+
+
+APPENDIX I. P. 146.
+
+
+GERRIT SMITH'S SLAVES.
+
+
+_Extract of a Letter from James Cannings Fuller to Joseph Sturge_.
+
+
+    "DEAR FRIEND,--Doubtless thou hast often thought of the visit to
+    our mutual friend, Gerrit Smith, and dwelt on the recollection
+    with pleasure. As thou requested me to furnish thee with the
+    result of the case which was brought under our notice from the
+    correspondence in the case of Sam and Harriet, I cheerfully
+    comply, by giving thee a somewhat detailed account, believing it
+    may be interesting to thee, and not unproductive of benefit to
+    others.
+
+    "There are in America no small number of individuals whose
+    circumstances, by parental gift or marriage endowments, are
+    similar to those of our dear friend, Ann Carroll Smith. I would
+    there were a host prepared, like her and her noble husband, to
+    do sacrifice of their substance on the altar of human rights.
+
+    "Ann Carroll Fitzhugh is the daughter of the late Col. Wm.
+    Fitzhugh, a slaveholder, who formerly resided in Hagerstown,
+    Maryland. About twenty-three years ago, he removed to Geneseo,
+    New York. Twenty human chattels, whom he brought with him,
+    became free by the law of 1817; the remainder were left on his
+    plantation, in Maryland. Mammy Rachael, who nursed the Colonel's
+    wife, on the births of James Fitzhugh and his sister Ann, gave
+    to the former a boy, who was named Sam; and to the latter a
+    girl, called Harriet. They grew up together, and ultimately
+    formed a strong attachment. When Ann Fitzhugh was about eighteen
+    years old, her brother wrote to inquire if she would give him
+    Harriet, that she might become Sam's wife. When it is considered
+    that Ann was young and inexperienced; that she had been educated
+    to consider slavery right; that the doctrine of inalienable
+    personal ownership had not then been urged; and that the idea of
+    bestowing a wife on her brother's slave was naturally pleasing,
+    it is no marvel that she cheerfully granted the request.
+
+    "James Fitzhugh removed from Maryland to Kentucky. In the course
+    of events, his pecuniary affairs became embarrassed, and
+    creditors grew clamorous for the adjustment of their claims. His
+    effects were likely to be sold by the sheriff, and it was
+    reported he had no legal title to Harriet. Under these
+    circumstances, Gabriel Jackson prevailed on him to transfer Sam,
+    his wife, and first-born child, to him, in payment of his debt.
+    This man afterwards sold them to Samuel Worthington, a cotton
+    planter of Mississippi; whose letter, in reply to Gerrit Smith,
+    arrived the day we were at his house; and he being in doubt how
+    to effect the redemption of the family, and their safe
+    transportation, thou wilt remember that I agreed to effect both,
+    to what I shall call the Elysian Fields, or, more properly,
+    Eden. I started on the 26th of Seventh Month, via Lake Erie and
+    the Erie Canal, which extends from north to south three hundred
+    and nine miles through the State of Ohio. From the canal I took
+    steam-boat down the Ohio, to Maysville, Kentucky. The mistress
+    of the Eagle Hotel sat at her table as a queen, surrounded by
+    many slaves. There seemed to be twice as many hands to do the
+    work as were needful.
+
+    "From Maysville to Lexington (sixty-five miles) is the best road
+    I ever travelled, not excepting the English roads. It is made
+    and repaired with whitish limestone, from beginning to end. They
+    told me the repairs were principally made by Irishmen, as slaves
+    were not to be trusted to do the work. At starting, I observed
+    that the mail bags were nearly empty; and the driver being
+    questioned, informed me, that I could carry the whole mail in my
+    coat pockets. When he told me he was a Pennsylvanian, I asked
+    whether he could not earn as much in a free, as in a slave
+    State. He said that eighteen dollars a month was the most he
+    ever received for driving a team in a free State, and that now
+    he received thirty dollars a month. This opened the way for a
+    little anti-slavery talk. 'Last Sunday night,' said he, 'I saw a
+    big black man making the best of his way for Canada; I might
+    have stopped him, and had the reward of two hundred dollars,
+    which was offered.'
+
+    "I asked him whether it was best to have God's blessing, with
+    the fruits of his honest industry, or his curse, with two
+    hundred dollars blood money. He answered, with moistened eyes,
+    'I wish all the slaves were free,' to which I responded, 'Amen.'
+
+    "Some incidents connected with the escape of this negro, go to
+    prove that slaves can 'take care of themselves,' by a little
+    ingenuity, when occasion requires. Thinking it would be more
+    expeditious, as well as more agreeable, to ride from slavery
+    than to run from it, he took a horse; whether his master's or
+    not, I did not ascertain. The turnpike gates were a great
+    hindrance, and greatly increased the risk of apprehension. To
+    avoid this, just before reaching a turnpike gate, he let down a
+    fence, carefully put it up again, to avoid pursuit, passed round
+    the back of the keeper's house, and came out through the fence
+    beyond. As he was remounting his horse on one of these
+    occasions, the driver came up with him. Supposing him to be one
+    of the keeper's family, he wished him good night, but instantly
+    discovered by his voice that he was a colored man, putting his
+    horse to full speed. When he returned to Paynestown, he heard
+    people talking about a runaway, and told Dr. Whitehead he
+    believed he had seen the man the night before: 'I hope that
+    he'll get safe into Canada,' was the reply.
+
+    "'How can you say that, and be a slave-holder?' asked the
+    coachman.
+
+    "'I wish there were no slaves,' replied he; 'and as soon as
+    others will liberate theirs, mine shall go free.'
+
+    "Stage coaches afford no facilities to the poor fugitives. By
+    the law of the United States' Government, no colored man can
+    drive a mail stage; neither can any colored man ride on one,
+    unless he is known to be free, or is a slave travelling with his
+    master. Stage owners incur heavy penalties if they infringe
+    these rules. A verdict of one thousand six hundred dollars was
+    lately recovered by a slave-master against the company.
+
+    "At Washington the stage was stopped to know if a colored boy
+    could be put on. 'Yes; where is he?' 'Up at the jail yonder.'
+    The querist took a seat inside; and soon after I spied a colored
+    man on the outside, with keepers. He was a re-captured runaway,
+    who had taken a horse with him, and imitated the Israelites, in
+    borrowing various other articles, when he escaped from bondage.
+    He assumed false whiskers and a pair of spectacles; and on
+    reaching the Ohio river, produced free papers duly stamped with
+    the county seal. But, unfortunately, when questioned where he
+    had staid the preceding night, he foolishly attempted to
+    describe the place, and was thus detected; two hundred dollars
+    had been offered for him if taken out of the State, and one
+    hundred dollars if taken in the State. To ride in a stage, with
+    a man behind, whose legs and arms were fastened together with
+    rivetted chains and padlocks, was enough to make one feel the
+    force of Patrick Henry's exclamation, 'Give me liberty, or give
+    me death!' It was a poor consolation to administer to the
+    gnawings of his hunger, while beholding his manly frame thus
+    manacled: but I thought he seemed to eat my gingerbread with a
+    better relish, when I told him it was made where colored men
+    were free. At Payne's tavern, in Fairview, the poor fellow had
+    to undergo an examination from the landlord, and listen to a
+    homily about truth-telling; so little do slave-holders seem
+    aware that stealing and lying are constituent parts of their own
+    system. In the stage office at Lexington, we encountered the man
+    who claimed this poor fugitive. The driver, who had come with us
+    the two last stages, was a native of Duchess Co., N.Y.; and he
+    began to plead with the slave-holder in behalf of the slave. I
+    heard of another case where the angry master threatened to flog
+    and sell a recovered runaway, whom he had with him; but the
+    stage driver remonstrated with him so effectually, that he wept
+    like a child, and promised forgiveness to his slave.
+
+    "Having a great desire to see the imported cattle on Henry
+    Clay's plantation, I went thither. On approaching the house I
+    saw a colored man, to whom I said, 'Where wert thou raised?' 'In
+    Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Wilt thou shew me
+    his improved cattle?' He pointed to the orchard, and said the
+    man who had charge of them was there. As I followed his
+    direction, I encountered a very intelligent-looking boy,
+    apparently eight or nine years old. I said to him, 'Canst thou
+    read?' 'No.' 'Is there a school for colored people on Henry
+    Clay's plantation?' 'No.' 'How old art thou?' 'Don't know.' In
+    the orchard I found a woman at work with her needle. I asked
+    'How old art thou?' 'A big fifty.' 'How old is that?' 'Near
+    sixty.' 'How many children hast thou?' 'Fifteen or sixteen.'
+    'Where are they?' 'Colored folks don't know where their children
+    is; they are sent all over the country.' 'Where wert thou
+    raised?' 'Washington.' 'Did Henry Clay buy thee there?' 'Yes.'
+    'How many children hadst thou then?' 'Four.' 'Where are they?'
+    'I don't know. They tell me they are dead.' The hut, in which
+    this '_source of wealth_' lives, was neither as good, nor as
+    well floored as my stable. Several slaves were picking fruit in
+    the orchard. I asked one of the young men whether they were
+    taught to read on this plantation, and he answered, 'No.' I
+    found the overseer of the cattle with a short handled stout
+    whip, which had been broken. He said it answered both for a
+    riding whip, and occasionally 'to whip off the slaves.'
+
+    "What, my friend, is to be learned from these gleanings at
+    Ashland?--from the doings of our mutual friend, Joseph John
+    Gurney's 'dear friend,' Henry Clay: the man who boasts that
+    'every pulsation of his heart beats high for liberty,' yet is
+    not ashamed to buy men and women at the Capitol!--that place
+    which, above all others, ought not to be cursed by the footsteps
+    of a slave. Yet I fear there are not wanting in the abolition
+    ranks men so wedded to political party, that they may be tempted
+    to vote for Henry Clay; serving their party and themselves
+    thereby, and perchance thinking they serve their country.
+
+    "Do not think Clay a sinner above all other men. His slaves
+    appeared to be well fed and well clothed. Indeed, the general
+    superiority of condition in Kentucky slaves, over those of
+    Maryland and Virginia, cannot fail to strike the most
+    superficial observer.
+
+    "Pursuing my journey, I came to Blue Lick, whose waters are
+    celebrated throughout the United States. At the spring I found
+    several men, white and colored. I asked if I could have a drink.
+    A white man said the waters were free to all. I asked, 'Will
+    they make all free?' They again replied that the spring was free
+    to all. 'I perceive thou dost not understand my question,' said
+    I. But the countenances of the colored men brightened, and, with
+    a cheerful tone, they answered significantly, 'We know what you
+    mean.'
+
+    "I found Samuel Worthington quite a different person than his
+    letters had led me to imagine. When I introduced myself he
+    appeared nervous and embarrassed. He was a Kentuckian by birth,
+    but having met with reverses in fortune he went to Mississippi,
+    and became an overseer; first on a salary of six hundred
+    dollars, and afterwards two thousand dollars. He now owns a
+    cotton plantation, with about one hundred and twenty slaves, and
+    is reputed wealthy. He is considered an accomplished gentleman,
+    of sound, discriminating, and feeling mind. I believe he is a
+    kind master, in the common acceptation of the term; that is, he
+    feeds and clothes his slaves well, and does not overwork them,
+    though the overseer's whip is the stimulus to labor. He gave me
+    some account of provision; but the only item I remember is, that
+    he cured twenty-five thousand pounds of pork annually, for his
+    slaves. Far be it from me to say any thing disrespectful of him,
+    except that he is a slave-holder; a word which, in my view,
+    comprises 'the sum of all villany,' In my transactions with him,
+    I found him fair and honorable, as far as it can be honorable to
+    sell human flesh.
+
+    "He said he had long since received a letter from J. Fitzhugh,
+    concerning Sam's family; but as he knew their situation would
+    not be bettered by being transferred to him, he had taken no
+    notice of the application. When Gerrit Smith's letter came, he
+    supposed that the writer was not in earnest, 'that it was all
+    done for effect, and would end in smoke.' He was surprised to
+    learn, by G. Smith's reply to him, that it was my intention to
+    come to Harrodsburg; he regretted that it was so, as it
+    disturbed him, and might break up his family arrangements. His
+    wife had three small children, one of them a babe, and the
+    proposed arrangements would leave her without assistance. He
+    told me he was not a man to be driven; and I answered that we
+    were well matched on that point, it would, however, be better
+    for us both to ascertain coolly how far we could agree. He began
+    by saying that he did not feel bound to sell the family, in
+    consequence of what he had written to G. Smith; for he had only
+    said that he might be induced to take four thousand dollars for
+    them. After some preliminaries, he proposed that I should have a
+    conversation with Sam; for he did not think he could be
+    prevailed upon to leave him. I assured him I should do no such
+    thing, until he and I had settled the question of dollars and
+    cents. I had no idea of presenting the cup of freedom to Sam's
+    lips, and then having it dashed to the ground. 'I do not
+    believe,' said I, 'that there is a man on these grounds whom I
+    could not induce to go with me from slavery; but if Sam has
+    objections, let me talk with his wife.'
+
+    "'No, that will not do,' replied he; 'she would go with you.'
+    'Yes,' said I, 'let me talk to your women of a mother's right to
+    herself and her offspring, and then see how many of them you
+    would find willing to remain in bondage!'
+
+    "After various pros and cons, we concluded a bargain, subject of
+    course to the parties being _willing_ to leave the 'patriarchal
+    institution.' Three thousand five hundred dollars were to be
+    paid, and both of us together were to have an opportunity of
+    conversing with Sam and his wife. The master probably felt so
+    confident that his slave would not leave him, that he had not
+    patience to wait the promised interview; for he popped the
+    delicate question to him alone. Sam had been informed of the
+    whole progress of the affair, from the time of G. Smith's first
+    letter; and he answered promptly that he would go so that before
+    I met him, that _difficult_ part of the business had 'ended in
+    smoke.'
+
+    "S. Worthington's disappointment was the greater because I had
+    told him that I had felt like one of old: 'If the woman will not
+    be _willing_ to follow thee, then thou shalt be clear from
+    this;' that I could go back with a quiet mind; and that the
+    consciences of my friends in Peterboro' would doubtless be
+    satisfied, having given Harriet and her family the liberty of
+    choice, and thus made all the reparation in their power for
+    having ever held her in slavery.
+
+    "The large price paid for the redemption of this family may
+    surprise thee, especially if thou hast not forgotten that
+    passage in Worthington's letter where he says, 'I am, to some
+    extent, opposed to slavery; nor do I object to the efforts of
+    abolitionists when done in a good spirit.' It is, however, but
+    justice to say that the description he gave of the family is
+    strictly correct 'They are all sprightly, remarkable for good
+    character, and of course most valuable for house servants.' He
+    said he had repeatedly been offered two thousand dollars for
+    Sam, and he believed he would command that sum any day from
+    those who knew his worth; that his old master prised him very
+    highly, particularly for his moral excellence; and, speaking of
+    his conduct, described him as a 'gentleman.' Yet he talked as if
+    he were certain that Sam and his family would be reduced to
+    beggary if left to themselves at the North! The children, it is
+    true, have had little preparation in slavery for self reliance;
+    for the most favored of them cannot spell their own names.
+
+    "S. Worthington said many had inquired of him what business
+    brought me there; and being informed of the object of my
+    mission, they advised him to have nothing to do with me. 'But,'
+    said he, 'though I am certain the condition of Sam and his wife
+    cannot be bettered, I do not think the same with regard to their
+    children; and as Mr. Smith seems disposed to do a kind action, I
+    cannot, in conscience, attempt to frustrate it. If I were to
+    send you home without this family, I should have a troubled
+    mind.'
+
+    "One of Worthington's greatest difficulties in parting with
+    these slaves was, that it would leave his wife destitute of
+    servants. I pitied her, and felt it right to express my
+    sympathy. I told her my compassion was increased, because I
+    apprehended there was a struggle in her own breast between duty
+    and interest; and I appealed to her whether she did not know it
+    was a duty to let them go, though personal interest would induce
+    her to keep them in her service. I was glad to perceive that
+    these remarks enabled her to relieve herself of a weight--her
+    countenance brightened up, and she appeared quite willing I
+    should take them away. She showed great kindness to Harriet and
+    her children, and evidently felt deeply moved at parting with
+    the nurse, who had thrice been with her through nature's sorest
+    trials. She appeared to me to be a nice lady-like person; and,
+    if I judge aright, she knows what estimate ought to be placed
+    upon slavery in a woman's mind.
+
+    "Those who know me will not suspect that I sought to conceal my
+    abolition, even in the hot-bed of slavery. Yet I assure thee I
+    had no intention of making it a common topic of conversation,
+    unless the way appeared to open; but thy experience, I doubt
+    not, as well as mine, proves that it is ever opening. The most
+    we need to do is to embrace opportunities, without seeking to
+    make them. I had not expected to say as much as I did, but it
+    was such a curiosity for a Quaker to be seen in such company,
+    that it was soon universally known why I had come and what I had
+    done. This gave rise to many conversations with slave holders,
+    which I trust did some good. I was astonished at their extreme
+    ignorance concerning the laboring population of the North. Thou
+    wilt perhaps be surprised to hear me assert that slave holders
+    do not know what slavery is. Still more strange will it seem
+    when I tell thee that thy old friend was highly complimented by
+    them for his prudence and discretion! The story had become
+    current that I would not talk to Sam till I had settled the
+    business with his master; and as they generally professed to
+    believe that abolitionists wished to incite the slave against
+    their master, by every mischievous incentive they could devise,
+    my conduct naturally enough seemed to them remarkable. I told
+    them I must honestly abjure such complimentary language; for, so
+    far from being what they would consider discreet, I was in fact
+    an abolitionist of the most ultra school. I assured them that
+    most of my associates at the North would have proceeded as I had
+    done, and some of them probably with more discretion. I like
+    much better to talk to a southerner on slavery than with a
+    northern apologist. I regard him as far less mean. There is a
+    mind to be appealed to for _facts_, and there is a feeling that
+    can be reached by a simple testimony of republican truth. In
+    this, the slave holder sometimes 'sees his face as in a glass;
+    but he goeth away and forgetteth what manner of man he is.'
+
+    "As my prudence and discretion had excited observation, I
+    ventured to remark that it would be a great gratification to me,
+    if the slave holders would meet together and let me occupy an
+    hour or so in defining the true position and principles of the
+    abolitionists; but this, as I had expected, was declined.
+
+    "When I paid the money, I felt constrained to testify that I
+    could in no degree sanction the principle that man could hold
+    property in man; that the slaves were our equals by creation,
+    and for their salvation, equally with ours, did Christ leave the
+    right hand of the Father to suffer on the cross. I told them
+    that contradictory as it might seem to them, the man who was now
+    paying money for slaves, had such a detestation of the system,
+    that he deemed it a duty to abstain from eating or wearing any
+    of the products of slavery. This seemed to them wondrous
+    strange, and they inquired if there were many at the North who
+    agreed with me in this scruple. I told them yes; that the number
+    was increasing, and that my friend, Gerrit Smith, had abstained
+    from slave produce for many years.
+
+    "A few hours previous to my final departure one after another
+    gathered around me, and as we stood in the open piazza, I said
+    what I could to explain the principles and practice of
+    abolitionists. I think S. Worthington felt a little hurt at my
+    being thus engaged, for when the stage drove up, he came in
+    great haste to inform me that it was ready. I found it
+    surrounded by many persons, principally colored, who had
+    assembled to bid farewell to the objects of my charge. Their
+    master shook each slave by the hand and bade them farewell. I
+    observed him as we moved away, and thought he seemed to be a
+    good deal moved from some cause or other.
+
+    "I took care that coachman and passengers should be informed of
+    the history of Sam and his wife; and some one or other of them
+    was sure to make it a subject of conversation wherever we
+    stopped. At Lawrenceburg, where we put up for the night, the
+    landlord was also stage proprietor and a slave holder. He tried
+    to make me believe that his slaves were much better off than
+    himself. He enumerated his troubles and perplexities in contrast
+    with the blessed freedom from care enjoyed by his slaves. I told
+    him he had made out his case very well; but to test his
+    sincerity, I merely wished him to declare candidly, whether he
+    should be altogether willing that himself and family should
+    exchange places with a slave family. The test was too severe,
+    and he walked off. Two young men at table then took up the
+    conversation. The tyranny which slavery exercises over the
+    entire community, was illustrated by the assertion that the head
+    of a certain college did not dare to acknowledge himself an
+    abolitionist; for if he did he would lose his office, which
+    brought him in a good salary; and, moreover, the people of D----
+    would dismiss him from his pastoral charge. I of course took the
+    ground that he could not be a truly Christian minister, who
+    would purchase his bread and cheese at the expense of denying
+    his own belief, or suppressing his own convictions.
+
+    "My host inquired whether I would sit at table with colored
+    people; and he seemed much surprised when I answered, 'I do not
+    judge persons by their complexion, but by moral worth. At my own
+    table I sit with colored people, and I shall with these.'
+
+    "The South, however, is much more free from prejudice against
+    color than the north; provided the distinction between the
+    classes is understood.--A gentleman may seat his slave beside
+    him in a stage coach, and a lady makes no objection to ride next
+    a fat negro woman, even when the thermometer is at ninety
+    degrees; provided always that her fellow travellers understand
+    she is her _property_.
+
+    "At Shelbyville the stage was likely to be crowded with new
+    passengers, when I said to some young men who were about to get
+    in, that I had a family with me who must not be turned out of
+    the seats they had occupied. Samuel and his family took their
+    accustomed seats, and those who could not find room rode on the
+    roof of the coach; among them was a member elect of the
+    Legislature. As we started, a well dressed man, among the crowd
+    at the tavern-door, called out, 'Go it abolition!'
+
+    "A crowd at this place attracted my attention, and I found it
+    was an executor's sale; comprising 'lands, houses, furniture,
+    horses, cows, hogs, and twenty likely negroes.' Slaves must,
+    however, be more of a cash article than other commodities; for
+    they were to be sold on four months' credit; real estate, on
+    twelve and twenty four months, and all other property, six
+    months'.
+
+    "At Louisville, we fell in with Elisha, brother of Samuel
+    Worthington, on his return to Arkansas, where he had a cotton
+    plantation. He manifested much openness and good will, and
+    pressingly invited me to visit him, should I ever go down the
+    Mississippi. After considerable conversation on slavery, he
+    asked me what I thought would be the effect of my late visit. I
+    replied, it was a subject I had often contemplated myself, but I
+    did not know whether it had entered the heads of others. For my
+    own part, I thought I had taught the slaveholders a lesson. They
+    maintained that the slaves did not want their freedom; yet here
+    was one, well fed and well clothed, and in fact living in
+    clover, as far as a slave could do so, ready, without my asking
+    him, to go with me among strangers. If he would leave such a
+    kind master, what might not be expected of the oppressed field
+    hand?
+
+    "'Perhaps a quotation from Latimer would furnish you with a more
+    direct reply to your question,' said I, 'You know he said at the
+    stake--"We shall this day light such a fire in England, as I
+    trust, by God's grace, will never be put out." And I believe my
+    visit has kindled a flame of liberty in Harrodsburg, that shall
+    burn for years to come; and, by its light, I trust, that many
+    will find their way into Canada.'
+
+    "I told him, too, I had a question to ask, and I wanted a direct
+    answer--yes, or no. 'Were the slaves any worse off, since the
+    question of abolition has been agitated?'
+
+    "He said they were not, excepting in one respect. Formerly, when
+    a preacher came among them to hold meetings with the slaves,
+    they had no objection; but now, they feared that slaves from
+    different plantations might thus congregate together and plot
+    mischief. I asked him if slaves in Mississippi were aware of
+    abolition efforts in the North; and he said he believed they
+    were.
+
+    "We parted with Samuel at Louisville, we taking the steam boat
+    for Cincinnati, and leaving him to proceed to Worthington
+    plantation for his boys. He stood and watched the departure of
+    our boat with a soul full of emotion. He felt himself a
+    connecting link between his sons in distant Mississippi, and his
+    wife and daughters on their way to Peterboro'; and I was glad to
+    see nature and affection gush forth in tears. They say colored
+    people cannot take care of themselves, but I assure thee I had
+    hard work to make these people move a step, till a safe plan was
+    arranged for their absent children.
+
+    "When I went to pay the captain my fare, he asked whether the
+    colored woman and girls were my property. I answered yes; but
+    explained to him my peculiar situation, and I told him I
+    detested the very name of slavery. He said they usually asked
+    for a reference, but he felt sure that a person of my appearance
+    would not tell him a falsehood. I told him I would show him my
+    bill of sale, as soon as the hurry had subsided; not because I
+    acknowledged his right to demand it, but because he was civil
+    and polite, and I was willing to satisfy him. When I showed him
+    the bill, he knew both the seller and the witness, as I had
+    expected. I asked him whether, if I had brought a barrel of lard
+    on board, he would have troubled me to prove property? He
+    apologized by saying, that they had been imposed on by white
+    men, who put slaves on board, under the pretence that they were
+    free; and that the owners of the line had been obliged to pay
+    six thousand dollars for fugitive slaves. I noticed there were
+    no colored hands on board.
+
+    "On arriving at Buffalo, we put up at the Mansion House; and the
+    first object that caught my eye was an advertisement, dated
+    LIBERTY, in Missouri, offering three hundred dollars reward for
+    three fugitive slaves. This is a free state with a vengeance! No
+    stage riding for colored people here; moreover, it was with
+    great difficulty I could obtain breakfast for my companions,
+    though I had paid for it. I hope abolitionists will keep clear
+    of such a pro-slavery atmosphere as surrounds the Mansion House.
+
+    "On board the cars, Colorophobia again began to rage; but the
+    agent soon quelled it, by finding other seats for two persons,
+    who thought better of themselves than others did of them. In the
+    stage to Auburn, difficulty again occurred, and the driver
+    wanted to return my money, when some of the passengers objected
+    to the complexion of some of my companions. I told him the stage
+    was too crowded to hold us at any event; but unless he sent us
+    on to Auburn in good season, I should teach the company a lesson
+    they would not soon forget. He did so; and I arrived safely at
+    my own house, after an absence of twenty-six days, and a travel
+    of one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five miles. The whole
+    cost of redemption, including our travelling expenses, was three
+    thousand five hundred and eighty-three dollars and eighty-one
+    cents. (L807.)
+
+    "We had not been long there before Harriet said to my wife,
+    'Madam, I return you a thousand thanks for letting your
+    gentleman fetch us;' and I believe she said no more than she
+    felt, and I felt the force of her grateful acknowledgments.
+
+    "After two days' rest, we proceeded to Gerrit Smith's; where, as
+    thou mayest well believe, we received the friendly welcome which
+    those are wont to receive who visit his house.
+
+    "_Skaneateles, 9th Month 14th, 1841._"
+
+
+
+APPENDIX K. PAGE 159.
+
+
+_The Society of Friends in America and the Colonization Society_.
+
+
+The "Friends" alluded to in the text as supporting the Colonization
+Society in a collective capacity, are those of North Carolina. In 1832
+two influential "Friends" appeared at the Annual Meeting of the
+Colonization Society, as delegates from the Society of Friends in North
+Carolina. One of the resolutions passed at the time, is as
+follows:--"That the thanks of this Meeting be presented to the Society
+of Friends in North Carolina, for the aid they have liberally bestowed
+and repeatedly rendered to the cause of African Colonization." The
+Yearly meeting of Friends in North Carolina stands among the donors of
+that year, as having contributed five hundred dollars to the
+Colonization Society. I fear no change has since taken place in the
+favorable disposition of "Friends" of that region towards this
+institution, for during one of my visits to Philadelphia, I was informed
+by a "Friend," just returned from North Carolina, that an agent of the
+Colonization Society had been recently permitted to make an appeal
+before the members of the "Meeting of Sufferings" of that Yearly
+Meeting, which had afterwards granted him two hundred dollars out of the
+common stock of the Society. Nothing is more certain than that
+approbation of the principles and measures of the Colonization Society,
+cannot co-exist with any lively desires for the extinction of slavery,
+by the only practical means--_emancipation_; and accordingly I was not
+surprised to find it urged by some prominent individuals as a reason for
+their own inactivity, and that of the Society at large, on this subject,
+that "Friends" living within the slave States, urged their brethren at
+the North not to unite with the Anti-slavery Societies. It appears,
+however, that "Friends" of North Carolina do not, at all events, object
+to uniting or co-operating with those of other denominations, in
+promoting an object which they approve. Their objection to abolition
+societies evidently rests on quite different grounds.
+
+I must here be permitted to say a few words, respecting the character
+and objects of the society, thus officially patronized by the Friends of
+North Carolina.
+
+The greatest objection to this society, is its representing slavery, and
+the prejudice against color, as necessary and incurable evils, for which
+its own mockery of a remedy is the only palliative; and thus
+administering an opiate to the consciences, not only of slave-holders,
+but of others who are unwilling to part with their sinful prejudices,
+and to enter into that fellowship of suffering with the enslaved,
+without which no efforts for the removal of slavery will be effectual.
+
+The following extracts, elucidating this subject, are from a printed
+letter written by a friend of high station and extensive influence, then
+residing in North Carolina, but now of the State of Indiana, in defence
+of the Colonization Society. It is dated "Third Month 4th, 1834," and I
+suppress his name, because time and reflection have, I believe, in some
+degree modified his views.
+
+Speaking of the opposition of Friends in England to the Colonization
+Society, he says, "I have supposed that they would think it more
+consistent with Christian principles to emancipate them in the Southern
+States, and let them remain there, as they have done in the Northern
+States. I apprehend that Friends in England are not fully apprised of
+some important circumstances, which place the Southern States in a very
+different situation from the Northern. In the first place, there never
+were so many people of color in the Northern States, as there are in the
+Southern; and another circumstance that diminished them there, and
+increased them greatly here, was while the Northern States were
+legislating on the subject of gradual emancipation, avaricious masters
+sent them by thousands to the Southern markets, before the emancipating
+laws were actually passed, which left a small proportion in those
+States, in comparison to the whites; not many more, perhaps, than they
+were willing to have for laborers, waiting men, waiting women, et cet.
+And notwithstanding they have freed their slaves, for which they are
+entitled to applause, yet they never dreamed of raising them to equal
+citizenship and privileges with the white people. No, my friend, they
+can no more reconcile to themselves the idea of sitting down by the side
+of a colored African, (American?) in any legislative or judiciary
+department, than the high spirited Southern slaveholder; _and not only
+so, they never intend to admit them to these privileges, while the State
+Government, and the United States' Government continue in existence_."
+Again, after stating various objections to emancipation, he goes on to
+say, "I need not dwell much upon the subject of universal emancipation,
+in stating the best, or the worst, or most probable results of such a
+measure, because the Southern people have no more idea of the general
+emancipation of slaves, without colonizing them, than the Northern
+people have of admitting the few among _them_ to equal rights and
+privileges. Not even the friends of humanity here, think that a general
+emancipation, to remain here, would better their condition," et cet.
+
+The inferences plainly to be drawn from all this, and from much besides
+to the same purport, are, that the wicked determination of the white
+people to retain their sinful prejudices, is, like the laws of the Medes
+and Persians, immutable; and must, therefore, be accommodated by the
+transportation of the unoffending objects of their intense dislike. On
+this point I will observe that, if it be so, the remedy is worse than
+the disease; but that Christian principle is powerful enough, as daily
+experience testifies, to combat and destroy this unholy prejudice. The
+next inference is, that because the slave population in the Southern
+States is much more numerous than it was in the Northern, _therefore_
+the same reasons for emancipation do not exist. Is not the true
+conclusion from such premises, the very reverse of this? The motives to
+abolition increase, both in weight and number, in proportion to the
+absolute and relative increase of the slave population. The British West
+Indies present an example of the safety and advantages of the measure in
+a community, where the whites are a mere handful compared to the colored
+population.
+
+That state of feeling from which the Colonization Society sprung, is
+well illustrated by this writer, in giving, in natural language, a
+picture of his own mind. After again repeating his statement of the vast
+proportion which the colored population bears to the white, in the Slave
+States, he says, "Now, my friend, the general emancipation of such a
+number of these poor, degraded creatures, say more than two millions,
+always to remain here with the white people, even if the Government
+should take the necessary care for their education and preparation for
+freedom and civilized life, which to be sure it ought, they must or will
+be a degraded people, while the reins of government remain in the hands
+of the whites. Supposing the very best consequences that could follow
+such a measure, even that both classes should generally exercise
+Christian feelings towards each other, which is very improbable, if not
+morally impossible, the peculiarly marked difference of features and
+color, will be always an insurmountable barrier to general
+amalgamation." Again, "Were they of the same color and features that we
+are, in an elective republican government like this, where talents and
+merit are the common footsteps to esteem and preferment, there would be
+no difficulty in universal emancipation, without a separation. I have no
+idea that they are at all inferior to the white people in intellect;
+give them the same opportunity for enterprise and improvement." Their
+only sin, it appears, after all, is being "guilty of a skin not colored
+like our own." I may observe, in passing, that amalgamation, the bugbear
+of anti-abolitionists, is the necessary result of slavery, not of
+emancipation.
+
+The preceding extracts present a faithful picture of colonization
+principles, though it is not every colonizationist who would avow them
+with so much simplicity. The writer notwithstanding, manifests some
+benevolent feeling towards the slaves. His conscience cannot be
+satisfied with the present state of things, and he, like too many
+others, takes refuge in the pleasing delusion that it would be
+practicable to convey these colored Americans across the Atlantic and
+make them comfortable in Africa, because their ancestors were born
+there. As reasonably and as justly might he talk of transporting the
+white Americans to England because their ancestors removed from this
+country.
+
+It is very easily demonstrable, that this could not possibly be
+accomplished--that neither the means of transport could be found, nor
+the means of settlement provided; and were these impossibilities
+removed, it might also be shown, very easily, that it would be suicidal
+policy to remove the entire laboring population of the Southern States
+from a soil and climate for which they only are adapted. Yet
+emancipation by removal is the theory of the Colonization Society, and
+in this point of view that Society must be characterized as a grand
+imposture. What must be the power of that delusion which can render
+intelligent and philanthropic men the victims of such a fallacy? If the
+whites, who hold the reins of government, could but be brought to
+exercise Christian feelings towards the people of color, which this
+worthy friend thinks is perhaps "morally impossible," how rapidly would
+all difficulties vanish? To accomplish this desirable end is the object
+of the abolitionists; they feel it to be difficult, but they know it to
+be not impossible.
+
+The writer of this pamphlet uniformly couples "ultra slaveholders" and
+"northern manumissionists" in the same censure. They are the two
+objectionable extremes; colonizationists and moderate slave-holders
+being, I suppose, the golden mean. One illustration more of the animus
+with which he regards a black population.
+
+"And so it is with the New England immediate manumissionists; they have
+so few people of color that they do not consider them an evil; and hence
+they conclude that the Southern States may do as they have done--free
+them at once; but I have no doubt at all, if there was as large a
+proportion of colored people in the New England States as in the
+Southern, there would be but one voice, and that would be for colonizing
+them somewhere."
+
+The following passage is historically interesting:
+
+"The Yearly Meeting of Friends of North Carolina have sent several
+hundreds of those they have had under their care to Liberia, for whose
+emancipation in this State they could never obtain a law, though they
+petitioned for it oftentimes for the space of fifty years, always
+finding the chief objection of the legislature to be that of the great
+number and degraded and low character of the free persons of color
+already in the State. We prefer sending them to Africa rather than to
+any of the free States or to Canada--because we believe _that_ is their
+proper home. We sent some to the State of Ohio; and since then hundreds
+of blacks have been in a manner compelled, by the laws of that State, or
+the prejudices of some of its citizens, to leave it and go to Canada. We
+have sent some to Indiana, but that State has passed laws, we hear, to
+prevent any more coming. We have sent some to Pennsylvania, but, about
+two years ago, we shipped near one hundred from Newbern and Beaufort to
+Chester; they were not suffered to land, neither there nor at
+Philadelphia, nor yet on the Jersey shore opposite, but had to float on
+the Delaware river until the Colonization Society took them into
+possession; then they were landed in Jersey, ten miles below
+Philadelphia, and re-shipped for Africa. North Carolina Yearly Meeting
+has contributed thousands of dollars to the Colonization Society; it has
+probably done more for it than any other religious community has in
+America, not merely because it has provided us an asylum for the people
+of color under our care, but upon the ground of our belief that it is a
+great, humane, and benevolent institution. I am not informed of a single
+member of the Society of Friends in this country, not even in any of the
+slave States, who is not in favor of colonizing them in Africa. We
+believe generally that colonizing them there gradually is the most
+likely way to put a peaceful end to slavery, and place them in the great
+scale of equality with the rest of the civilized world."
+
+I have devoted a space to this letter for several reasons; first,
+because the writer is a man of note and influence in his own country,
+and has plainly uttered what many of the Society of Friends even now
+feel, secondly, he has shown what was the prevalent sentiment among
+Friends not longer than seven years since, though I hope and believe a
+considerable change has taken place in the interval; and lastly,
+because, within a few months past, a well-known American, a zealous
+agent of the Colonization Society, has privately employed this very
+letter to induce abolitionists in England to look favorably on that
+Society.
+
+I would add, also, that I learn, on the authority of an English
+"Friend," who has lately visited the various Yearly Meetings in America,
+that in those parts of the slave States in which "Friends" chiefly
+reside, their influence is very perceptible in mitigating the treatment
+of the slaves in their neighborhood. This, I willingly believe; indeed
+the example of a body who refuse to hold slaves, cannot but be highly
+beneficial.
+
+
+
+APPENDIX L.--Page 96.
+
+
+
+"_Memorial of citizens of Boston, United States, to the Lords of the
+Admiralty, Great Britain_.
+
+
+
+    "To the Right Honorable the Lords of the Admiralty of Great
+    Britain.
+
+    "The undersigned, the citizens of Boston, in the United States
+    of America, of different religious denominations, respectfully
+    represent--
+
+    "That by existing arrangements for the sailing of the Cunard
+    line of steamers between Boston and Liverpool, it becomes
+    necessary for them to leave this port on the Sabbath, whenever
+    that happens to be the regular day appointed for sailing; and
+    that this occurs a number of times in the course of a year. That
+    the sailing of a steamer on that day is a source of deep regret
+    to many good citizens, who are compelled, whenever the event
+    happens, either to defer their departure to a future day, or to
+    yield to an arrangement which violates their Christian feelings.
+    And what is still more to be lamented, as a consequence growing
+    out of the present regulation, is that aside from the tumult
+    necessarily attendant on the sailing of these vessels on the
+    Lord's day, it furnishes an occasion for the needless
+    profanation of the day by thousands who assemble as spectators
+    on our wharves to witness their departure.
+
+    "The undersigned regard a proper observance of the Sabbath as
+    vital to the general peace, good order, and welfare of society;
+    and they are deeply impressed with the belief that nothing of a
+    secular or worldly nature should be done on that day by
+    individuals, by governments, or by any of their departments,
+    Which is not in the strictest sense a work of necessity or
+    mercy; and they most respectfully represent, that they are
+    unable to perceive any reasons which render the sailing of
+    steamers from this port on the Lord's day such a work. And
+    believing as they do, that it will be the pleasure of your
+    lordships at all times to cherish and promote, so far as you may
+    be able, a due observance of the Sabbath, they respectfully and
+    earnestly request your lordships so to vary the present
+    arrangements as to the times for the sailing of these steamers,
+    that their departure from this port shall be changed to another
+    day, whenever the appointed day for sailing shall fall upon the
+    Christian Sabbath. And they venture to express their confident
+    belief that not only the public welfare, but also the private
+    advantage of individuals concerned in the enterprize, would be
+    ultimately promoted by the arrangements here prayed for.
+
+    "The undersigned cannot conclude their memorial without
+    adverting to the high and responsible station that has been
+    assigned by Providence to the English and American people, in
+    the great work which they and we rejoice to know is now so
+    rapidly progressing, of improving the moral and religious
+    character and condition of the world; nor can they be unmindful
+    of the fact, that to the same extent as their standing before
+    the world in this respect is permanent, so will be the influence
+    of their example on the nations around them, whether it be good
+    or bad.
+
+    "That the subject here presented may receive your Lordship's
+    favorable and Christian consideration is the sincere and earnest
+    desire of your Lordships' most respectful memorialists."
+
+
+The signatures to this document included the late mayor and one of the
+former ones, who was also Lieutenant-Governor of the State of
+Massachusetts, one bishop, upwards of forty clergymen of different
+denominations, nine gentlemen, upwards of one hundred and twenty
+merchants, seventeen presidents of insurance companies, the postmaster
+of Boston, five physicians, seven members of the legal profession, two
+editors of newspapers; and it was accompanied by the following
+memorandum from one of the gentlemen who had taken it round for
+signature.
+
+
+    "The undersigned having been personally engaged in obtaining the
+    signatures to the memorial, asking a change in the sailing of
+    the Cunard steamers, when the regular sailing day occurs on the
+    Sabbath, hereby certifies that the memorialists are among the
+    most respectable and influential of their respective
+    professions, that the memorial was received with almost
+    universal favor, and that, had time been allowed, and had it
+    been deemed necessary to do it, thousands of names might have
+    been obtained.
+
+    "AMOS A. PHELPS."
+
+    "Boston, July 31, 1841."
+
+
+On my arrival in this country, I found that Lord Melbourne's
+administration was about to resign; I therefore deferred forwarding the
+memorial until the present ministers had entered upon the duties of
+their respective offices; when I called at the Admiralty, and placed it
+in the hands of the Secretary, having little doubt the application would
+have been at once granted; but a few days after it was presented I
+received the following reply:--
+
+
+    "Admiralty, September 21, 1841.
+
+    "Sir,--Having laid before my Lords Commissioners of the
+    Admiralty the communications of the citizens of Boston, United
+    States, representing their wish that the departure of Mr.
+    Cunard's steamers on a Sunday, from their port, should, for the
+    future be discontinued; I am commanded by their lordships to
+    acquaint you, that after having given that attention to the
+    subject, which their respect for the citizens of Boston, and for
+    the religious opinions expressed by them, could not fail to
+    dictate, my lords have, upon mature consideration, come to the
+    conclusion, that, with a due regard to the exigencies of the
+    public service, the proposed alteration cannot be carried into
+    effect. My lords, therefore, beg you will have the goodness to
+    convey their decision to the citizens of Boston, together with
+    the assurance of their respect for the opinions they have
+    expressed, and their consequent regret at being unable to comply
+    with their request.
+
+    "I am, Sir,
+
+
+    "Your most obedient humble servant,
+
+    "JOHN BARROW.
+
+    "Joseph Sturge, Esq., Birmingham."
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of A Visit To The United States In 1841
+by Joseph Sturge
+
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