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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11447 ***
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11447-h.htm or 11447-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11447/11447-h/11447-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11447/11447-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 14, NO. 401.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Siamese Twins.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Siamese Twins.]
+
+
+The Engraving is an accurate sketch of this extraordinary _lusus
+naturae_, which promises to occupy the attention of the whole Town,
+and has already excited no ordinary curiosity among all ranks of the
+scientific and sight-loving. Deviations from the usual forms of nature
+are almost universally offensive; but, in this case, neither the
+personal appearance of the boys, nor the explanation of the phenomenon
+by which they are united, is calculated to raise a single unpleasant
+emotion. The subject is, therefore, not unfit for our pages, and the
+following descriptive particulars, which we have collected from
+various authentic sources, and our own observation, will, we are
+persuaded, be read with considerable interest:
+
+The earliest account of the Siamese Twins is by Dr. I.C. Warren, of
+Boston, and was published in Professor Silliman's Journal of October
+last. They were received of their mother by Captain Coffin and Mr.
+Hunter, in a village of Siam, where the last-mentioned gentleman saw
+them, fishing on the banks of the river. Their father has been some
+time dead, since which they lived with their mother in a state of
+poverty. They were confined within certain limits, by order of the
+Siamese Government, and supported themselves principally by taking
+fish. Their exhibition to the world was suggested to the mother as a
+means of bettering their condition; to which proposition she acceded
+for a liberal compensation, and the promised return of her sons at a
+specific time. She accompanied them on board the ship and, as it was
+not about to sail for some time, she was invited to remain on board;
+but she declined, observing that she might as well part with them
+then as a few days hence. They were first exhibited at Boston, and
+subsequently at New York, in the United States. At Boston, Dr. Warren
+was appointed to report on them; and such of his observations as are
+free from anatomical technicalities, and otherwise adapted for our
+pages, will be found in the subsequent pages. In the meantime, we
+shall proceed with a more popular account of their present appearance,
+which has some of the most interesting characteristics of human
+nature.
+
+They are two distinct and perfect youths, well formed and straight,
+about eighteen years of age, and possessing all the faculties and
+powers usually enjoyed at that period of life. They are united
+together by a short band at the pit of the stomach. On first seeing
+them, it may be supposed, so closely are their sides together--or
+rather, they over-lap a little--that there is no space between them.
+On examining them, however, they are found not to touch each other,
+the band which connects them being, at its shortest part, which is the
+upper and back part, about two inches long. At the lower front part
+the band, which is there soft and fleshy, or rather like soft thick
+skin, is about five inches long, and would be elastic, were it not for
+a thick rope-like cartilaginous or gristly substance, which forms the
+upper part of the band, and which is not above three inches long. The
+band is probably two inches thick at the upper part, and above an inch
+at the lower part. The back part of the band, which is rounded from a
+thickening at the places where it grows from each body, is not so long
+as the front part, which is comparatively flat. The breadth or depth
+of the band is about four inches. It grows from the lower and centre
+part of the breast of each boy, being a continuation of the
+cartilaginous termination of the breast bone, accompanied by muscles
+and blood-vessels, and enveloped, like every other portion of the
+body, with skin, &c. At present this band is not very flexible; and
+there is reason to believe that the cartilaginous substance of the
+upper part is gradually hardening, and will eventually become bone.
+From the nature of the band, and the manner in which it grows from
+each boy, it is impossible that they should be in any other position
+in relation to each other, but side by side, like soldiers, or coming
+up a little to front each other. Their arms and legs are perfectly
+free to move. The band is the only connexion between them; and their
+proximity does not inconvenience either; each of them, whether
+standing, sitting, or moving, generally has his arm round the neck or
+the waist of the other. When they take the arm from this position, so
+close are they kept together that their shoulders cannot be held
+straight; and the near shoulder of each being obliged to be held down
+or up, to allow them room to stand, gives them the appearance of being
+deformed; but two straighter bodies can scarcely be seen.
+
+In their ordinary motions they may be said to resemble two persons
+waltzing. In a room they seem to roll about, as it were, but when they
+walk to any distance, they proceed straight forward with a gait like
+other people. As they rise up or sit down, or stoop, their movements
+are playful, though strange, not ungraceful, and without the
+appearance of constraint. The average height of their countrymen is
+less than that of Europeans, and they seem rather short for their age,
+even judging them by their own standard. They are much shorter than
+the ordinary run of youths in this country at eighteen years of age,
+and are both of the same height. In personal appearance there is a
+striking resemblance between them; this, however, is but on first
+impression, for, on closer examination, considerable difference will
+be observed. The colour of their skin and form of the nose, lips, and
+eyes, denote them as belonging to the Chinese; but they have not that
+broad and flat face which is characteristic of the Mingol race. Their
+foreheads are higher and narrower than those of their countrymen
+generally. Both are lively and intelligent; they pay much attention to
+what is passing around them; and are very grateful for any little
+attention that is paid to them. As a proof of their intelligence, it
+may be stated that they learned to play at Draughts very readily, and
+were soon able to beat those who had assisted in teaching them. Their
+appearance is perfect health. To their friends and attendants, and to
+each other, they are said to be much attached. They appear to be
+excellent physiognomists, for they read the countenance of the visiter
+readily, and are easily affronted with any contemptuous expressions.
+It is said they have not learnt any manual art beyond rowing a boat,
+but they can run and jump, and climb cracks and rigging with great
+facility. They are dressed in short, loose, green jackets and
+trousers, the costume of their country, which is very convenient, and
+allows the utmost freedom of motion, but does not show the form of the
+boys to advantage. With their arms twined round each other, as they
+bend down or move about, they look like a group of statuary. Dr.
+Warren, in his report, states that he _never heard them speak to each
+other_, though they were very fond of talking with a young Siamese,
+who was brought with them as a companion. They, however, appear to
+have a means of communication more rapid than by words. The point most
+worthy of remark, in regard to their actions and movements, is, that
+they seem, generally speaking, to be actuated but by one will; and
+that from whichever of them the volition of the moment proceeds, it
+seems imperative upon both. Occasionally, there is an exception to
+this remark--as, on the voyage from Siam to the United States, when
+one wanted to bathe, and the other refused, on account of the coldness
+of the weather, they quarrelled on the subject.
+
+Each has a name of his own--the one, _Chang_, and the other, _Eng_;
+but, when persons wish to address them as one--to claim their
+attention to anything, for example, or to call them--they are
+addressed as--_Chang Eng_.
+
+The union of twins is not an unusual occurrence, and various
+anatomical collections present many such objects. Ambrose Paré relates
+several instances. Dr. Warren is, however, of opinion, that the
+_Siamese Boys_ present the most remarkable case of the _lusus naturae_
+which has yet been known, taking into view the perfection and
+distinctness of organization, and the length of time they have lived.
+The whole phenomenon may be described in a very few words--_two
+perfect bodies united and bound together by an inseparable link_. As
+we have already stated, their health is at present good; but, observes
+Dr. Warren, "it is probable that the change of their simple living for
+the luxuries they now obtain, together with the confinement their
+situation necessarily involves, will bring their lives to a close
+within a few years." We hope that such will not be the result of their
+leaving their native shores; and we are much pleased with this passage
+in a letter from Drs. Samuel Mitchill and Anderson to Capt.
+Coffin--"They (the youths) are under the protection of a kind and
+benevolent gentleman, and we know you will take good care of them, and
+if they live, return them to their homes again." Of their strength
+many instances are related: since they have arrived in London they
+have lifted a gentleman of considerable weight, with great ease; and
+on this point Drs. Mitchill and Anderson say--"As they are so vigorous
+and alert, we readily coincide that in ten seconds they can lay a
+stout ordinary man on his back."
+
+We shall not go out of our way to state half the curious questions
+which forcibly arose in our minds on visiting this interesting
+exhibition. One of the most important, and least easy of solution, is
+the structure of the connecting band--how it is kept alive--whether
+blood flows into and circulates through it from each, and passes into
+the system of the other--whether it be composed of bone, as well as of
+cartilage--and whether it could be safely divided? Upon examining the
+connexion, or _cord_, Dr. Warren says--"Placing my hand on this
+substance, I found it extremely hard. On further examination, the
+hardness was found to exist at the upper part of the cord only, and to
+be prolonged into the breast of each boy. Tracing it upwards, I found
+it to be constituted by a prolongation of the _ensiform cartilage of
+the sternum_, or extremity of the breast-bone. The cartilages
+proceeding from each sternum meet at an angle, and then seem to be
+connected by a ligament, so as to form a joint. This joint has a
+motion upwards and downwards, and also a lateral motion--the latter
+operating in such a way, that when the boys turn in either direction,
+the edges of the cartilage are found to open and shut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Besides this there is nothing remarkable felt in the connecting
+substance. I could distinguish no pulsating vessel. The whole of this
+cord is covered by the skin. It is remarkably strong, and has no great
+sensibility, for they allow themselves to be pulled by a rope fastened
+to it, without exhibiting uneasiness. On ship board, one of them
+sometimes climbed on the capstan of the vessel, the other following as
+well as he could, without complaining. When I first saw the boys, I
+expected to see them pull on this cord in different directions, as
+their attention was attracted by different objects. I soon perceived
+that this did not happen. The slightest impulse of one to move in any
+direction is immediately followed by the other; so that they appear to
+be influenced by the same wish."
+
+This harmony in their movements, Dr. Warren thinks, is a habit formed
+by necessity. His further account of their habits is extremely
+curious:
+
+"They always face in one direction, standing nearly side by side,
+and are not able, without inconvenience, to face in the opposite
+direction--so that one is always at the right, and the other at the
+left. Although not placed exactly in a parallel line, they are able to
+run and leap with surprising activity. On some occasions a gentleman,
+in sport, pursued them round the ship, when they came suddenly to the
+hatchway, which had been inadvertently left open. The least check
+would have thrown them down the hatchway, and probably killed one,
+or both, but they leaped over it without difficulty. They differ in
+intellectual vigour; the perceptions of one are more acute than those
+of the other, and there is a corresponding coincidence in moral
+qualities. He who appears most intelligent is somewhat irritable in
+temper, while the other's disposition is mild."
+
+The connexion between these boys might present an opportunity for some
+interesting observations in regard to physiology and pathology. There
+is, no doubt, a network of blood-vessels and some minute nerves
+passing from one to the other. How far these parts are capable of
+transmitting the action of medicines, and of diseases, and especially
+what medicines and diseases, are points well worthy of consideration.
+Dr. W. thinks that any indisposition of one extends to the other; that
+they are inclined to sleep at the same time; eat about the same
+quantity, and perform other acts with great similarity. Both he and
+Mr. Hunter are of opinion that touching one of them when they are
+asleep, awakens both. When they are awake, an impulse given to
+one does not in the least affect the other. There is evidently no
+impression received by him who is not touched. But the opinion just
+mentioned is undoubtedly erroneous. The slightest movement of one
+is so speedily perceived by the other, as to deceive those who have
+not observed closely. There is no part of them which has a common
+perception, excepting the middle of the connecting cord, and a space
+near it. When a pointed instrument is applied precisely to the middle
+of the cord, it is felt by both, and also for about an inch on each
+side; beyond which the impression is limited to the individual of the
+side touched.
+
+"In the function of the circulation there is a remarkable uniformity
+in the two bodies. The pulsations of the hearts of both coincide
+exactly under ordinary circumstances. I counted seventy-three
+pulsations in a minute while they were sitting--counting first in one
+boy and then in the other; I then placed my fingers on an arm of each
+boy, and found the pulsations take place exactly together. One of them
+stooping suddenly to look at my watch, his pulse became much quicker
+than that of the other; but after he had returned to his former
+posture, in about a quarter of a minute his pulse was precisely like
+that of the other; this happened repeatedly. Their respirations are,
+of consequence, exactly simultaneous."
+
+Dr. Warren next starts a question as to their moral identity, and
+says--"There is no reason to doubt that the intellectual operations
+of the two are as perfectly distinct as those of any two individuals
+who might be accidentally confined together. Whether similarity of
+education, and identity of position as to external objects, have
+inspired them with any extraordinary sameness of mental action, I am
+unable to say--any farther, at least, than that they seem to agree
+in their habits and tastes." The concluding observation is on their
+separation, which we may remark, appears to be to them a painful
+subject; for whenever it is mentioned, they weep bitterly. Dr. Warren
+thinks an attempt to cut the cord, or separate them, would be attended
+with danger, though not necessarily fatal, and as they are happy in
+their present state, he reasonably enough thinks such an operation
+uncalled for. "Should one die before the other," adds he, "they should
+be cut apart immediately." He, however, quotes a case from Ambrose
+Paré, of two girls united by the forehead, one of whom died at ten
+years of age, when a separation was made; and the wound of the
+surviving girl soon proved fatal.
+
+From the report of Drs. Mitchill and Anderson, we collect their
+opinion that the band which joins these boys, has a canal with a
+protrusion of viscera from the abdomen of each boy, upon every effort
+of coughing or other exercise. The sense of feeling on the skin of
+this band is connected with each boy, as far as the middle of its
+length from his body. There can be no doubt, but that if the band was
+cut across at any part, a large opening would be made into the belly
+of each, and the wound prove fatal.
+
+Such are the principal and most popular descriptive details of the
+Siamese Youths, with the substance of the reports of the American
+physicians who have examined them. Of course, we look with some
+anxiety for the opinions of the professional men of our own country.
+Of equal importance are the questions connected with the _minds_ of
+the two youths, which can only be settled by continued observation.
+The phenomenon is altogether of the most attractive character, and
+will doubtless receive all the attention it deserves from our
+_savans_, as well as from all those who delight in witnessing the
+curiosities of Nature.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+CURTIUS.
+
+A DRAMATIC SKETCH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+_The Roman Forum.--An opening in the ground. M. Curtius, Soothsayers,
+and a vast concourse of Citizens._
+
+_Cit_.--Place ingot upon ingot, till the mass exceed
+  The bulk of Croesus' wealth, or Sardanapalus' pile.
+  Let every Roman contribution bring
+  An offering worthy of his house, since what
+  Is valued most must in the gulf be cast,
+  To save us from an overwhelming death.
+  A richer treasure than the gorgeous Xerxes knew
+  Will we entomb.
+
+_Cur_.--How base the offering that were made in gold.
+  What are riches to the blood that flows
+  Within a good man's veins? rather let him
+  Who is the wisest, bravest, best amongst us
+  Fall in this fearful pit. Now ye who read
+  The hidden books of nature say--who is
+  The man most envied by his fellows,--by the gods
+  Most lov'd?--That man is more than all the gems
+  This teeming earth can boast. Name but that man
+  And in an instant shall the debt be paid;
+  For Rome's best patriot is her greatest good.
+
+_Sooth_.--Ay, noble Curtius, and that man art thou,
+  Thy words proclaim thy patriotic blood!
+  Thy tongue first names the gift that angry heav'n
+  Asks of rebellious earth. We need thy life.
+  Destruction hovers o'er the trembling crew,
+  That fills this little forum. Thou alone,
+  The noblest, bravest, wisest, best of us,
+  Canst scare the monster from the frowning skies,
+  And fill the gulf that yawns beneath us.
+  Die, Curtius, and thy name shall be enroll'd
+  With gods and heroes--honour'd, lov'd, and fam'd.
+  When senates are forgot!
+
+_Cur_.--Since then by dying I can refound Rome,
+  For Rome preserv'd is built and born again.
+  Be mine a Roman's death. Else 'twere in vain
+  That once Eneas toil'd--that Romulus bore sway!
+  In vain the matron's tears subdued her flinty son!
+  In vain did Manlius for his country fight!
+  In vain Lucretia and Virginia bleed!
+  Romans, farewell!--I look around and see
+  A band of augurs--an assembled senate,
+  Plebeians and patricians--
+  A people and a nation met together
+  In council to avert calamity,
+  And all are friends. Farewell, farewell, farewell!
+  Favourites of Fortune what is it to die?
+  Ye sons of pleasure! look on him who once
+  Did sternly look on you--who dies for you!
+  Scions of Victory! how cracks the heart,
+  In that short moment of a bright career,
+  When the last echo from the couch of Fame
+  Falls on the dying ear? Oh! this mine act
+  Were best done whilst the blood is warm--lest time
+  For thought should mar the purpose. Thought?--a glorious deed
+  Needs none. Come horse!--and at one fearful bound
+  Plunge in the gulf beneath!
+
+_Curtius leaps into the chasm._
+
+_Sooth_.--The gods attest the worth of this bold youth.
+
+_Cit_.--The chasm closes--and the dangers pass:
+  With buried Curtius following envy lies,
+  Nor dare she lift her sickly head
+  Above his giant grave.
+
+CYMBELINE.
+
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+ETYMOLOGICAL CURIOSITIES.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Probably the following observations upon singular words, may amuse
+some of your readers. I should, however, premise that as regards
+myself, the greater part are not original.
+
+Without further preface, allow me in the first place to call your
+attention to a word, which, by adding a syllable, becomes shorter,
+viz. the word _short_--on the other hand we have words of one
+syllable, which, by taking away two letters, become words of two
+syllables, as plague, league, both of which, by such an elision, leave
+_ague_. By dropping the two first letters of the word _monosyllable_,
+we have _no syllable_ remaining.
+
+It has been remarked that _heroine_ is one of the most peculiar words
+in our language, as it may be thus divided--the two first letters of
+it are male--the three first female--the four first a brave man, and
+the whole word a brave woman. Thus: _he, her, hero, heroine_. A beggar
+may address himself, and say, _mend I can't!_--leave out the
+apostrophe and he still remains a _mendicant_. _Tartar, papa, murmur,
+etc._ may be noticed as doubling the first syllable, and _eye, level_,
+and other words as having the same meaning whether read backwards or
+forwards. Some few by a reverse reading give a different sense as
+_leper, revel, etc._
+
+W.F.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE SCHOOL OF PAINTING, AT THE BRITISH
+INSTITUTION.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+My first view of the copies at the British Institution being rather
+too cursory to allow me to do ample justice to several of much merit.
+Another visit has enabled me to make a few additional remarks on the
+performances of many worthy young aspirants, who, it is presumed, will
+receive fresh stimulus from the approbation extended to them.
+
+In my last notice, which appeared in No. 396, of the MIRROR, I
+adverted to Miss Sharpe's water-colour drawing of the Holy Family, by
+Sir J. Reynolds; this is really an inimitable copy, possessing all the
+richness of tint, and even the boldness and texture, of the original.
+It is unquestionably the finest copy in water ever executed in the
+Institution, to which, as well as to the talented lady, it is a very
+high honour. From the numerous _small_ copies _in oil_ of the Holy
+Family, I regret not being able to select more than one--that by Mr.
+Sargeant.
+
+Mr. Heaphy, in all his drawings, evinces considerable artistical
+knowledge; his small study from Vandyke's Portrait of a Gentleman is
+admirable in colour and execution.
+
+Messrs. Drake, Fussell, and Sargeant, have cleverly imitated the fine
+Cattle Piece, by Cuyp; and Messrs. Pasmore and Novice deserve notice for
+their studies from Gainsborough's large landscape with figures. Messrs.
+Anderson and Woolmer are the best imitators of Berghem's Landscape
+and Cattle; and the Interior of a Kitchen, by Maaes, has met with the
+greatest possible attention from Miss Alabaster, Mr. Bone, Jun., and
+Messrs. Novice and Buss. The best attempts from the Canaletti are by
+Miss Dujardin, Mr. F. Watts, and D. Pasmore, Jun. From the copies of
+Titian's Holy Family, we may prefer Mr. Rochard's, which is the same
+size as the original.
+
+Guercino's magnificent work, the Soul of St. Peter ascending into
+Heaven attended by Angels, which was formerly an altar-piece, has
+been copied in small. This is not, perhaps, at first sight, a very
+attractive picture; but the longer we look at it, the longer we seem
+disposed to admire it, for it insensibly conveys to the mind sublime
+ideas, seldom experienced before.
+
+Perhaps the most novel performance in the present school is by Mr.
+Davis; representing a View of the Gallery, with all the original
+pictures, the different styles of which he has well succeeded in. His
+work is a sort of _multum in parvo,_ extremely pretty and interesting.
+
+To conclude--the copies by Mrs. Pearson, Miss Farrier, Miss Kearsley,
+&c. are very clever; as are those by Messrs. Wate, Phillips, Brough,
+Hastings, Mackay, and Irving.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ISABEL.
+
+
+Several years ago I took up my abode at the retired village of D----.
+I had chosen this residence on account of its sequestered situation,
+as solitude was, at that time, more accordant to my feelings than the
+bustle of a populous town. At no great distance from my habitation
+stood the Castle of D----, an ancient Gothic structure, sinking fast
+into decay. The last of its original possessors had been dead more
+than half a century, and it was the property of a gentleman who
+resided on the continent. The interior of the mansion spoke loudly
+of desolation and ruin: the state apartments were despoiled of their
+magnificent decorations, and scarcely a vestige remained of their
+former splendour. An aged female domestic was the sole inhabitant of
+this deserted pile. Born in the service of the family of D----, she
+had survived the last of its race, and remained a solitary relic of
+that illustrious house. It was the business of old Alice to show the
+castle to strangers; and I soon became a favourite with her, from the
+interest I appeared to take in the fate of its former inhabitants. The
+gallery was our chief resort; and, finding me a willing listener, my
+ancient companion delighted to inform me of all tradition had supplied
+her with, respecting the mighty warriors and stately dames, whose
+portraits still hung on the walls, smiling, as if in mockery of the
+desolation around.
+
+One fine autumnal evening found me, as usual, in my favourite retreat.
+The rays of the departing sun streamed in rich dyes through the
+coloured window, and fell with softened glory on the picture of a
+bridal ceremony. I was surprised that it had never before engaged my
+attention. The bridegroom was young, graceful, and noble--the bride,
+fair, soft, and delicate. By her side stood a form of unequalled
+loveliness: it seemed too beautiful to have belonged to a daughter
+of earth; and I imagined the painter had designed it to represent
+the guardian saint of the youthful pair. I inquired of my ancient
+conductress the history of this picture, and whether the beautiful
+female was not an ideal being? "Alas!" said she, "it commemorates a
+heavy day for the house of D----; on that day the last and fairest of
+its race sunk the victim of unrequited affection. That is her picture;
+but, oh! her soul was more angelic than her person; she"--but, reader,
+let me give the story in my own words. The Lady Isabel was the last
+descendant of the family of D----; her father had fallen in battle;
+his lady did not long survive him; and thus, at an early age, Isabel
+became an orphan. Her mother's brother was appointed her guardian,
+and, with his son Albert, came to reside at the Castle. The children,
+thus insulated from the world, and educated entirely at home, saw
+nothing so worthy to be loved as each other, and their attachment was
+as romantic as the scenes around them. They both (but particularly
+Isabel) delighted in the high chivalrous legends of antiquity--and
+the tales of eternal constancy and self-devoted affection recorded
+of some of the earlier heroines of her family, were read with sacred
+veneration by the young enthusiast. In a mind of ordinary temperament,
+little harm would have resulted from the indulgence of such a taste;
+to the impassioned soul of Isabel it was destructive and fatal.
+Deprived by death of the mother who might have taught her to restrain
+and regulate her ardent feelings, they acquired by neglect additional
+strength, and eventually concentrated into a passion deep and lasting
+as her existence. As years passed on, so did her love increase; she
+regarded Albert as the perfection of human excellence, and worshipped
+him with all the full devotedness of her warm heart. It was not
+so with Albert; he thought of his fair cousin with pride--with
+tenderness; but it was only the calm affection of a brother: other
+feelings than those of love possessed him--he languished for fame, for
+honourable distinction among his fellow men, and at length left his
+peaceful home, and the sweet companion of his youth, to fight the
+battles of his country. His career was glorious; and after an absence
+of three years, he was recalled by the death of his father. Isabel
+welcomed him with rapturous joy; he embraced her with a brother's
+fondness, and gazed with delight on her improved beauty. He suspected
+not that she loved him with more than a sisterly affection, and
+thought not of the wound he was about to inflict on this tender,
+enthusiastic being. He told her of his attachment to a fair girl,
+who had consented to become his bride at the expiration of the term
+of mourning for his father. She heard him with death-like silence,
+checked the groan that was bursting from her agonized heart, and
+strove to assume a look of cheerfulness. Retired to the solitude
+of her apartment, she wept in bitter anguish--her young soul was
+blighted; she had nothing left to live for; hope, happiness, and
+love were at an end; for love would now be guilt. At length she grew
+calm, but it was the fearful calmness of despair; she complained
+not--reproached not; for she felt that she had been self-deceived; she
+could not, however, conceal the devastation which sorrow was making in
+her graceful form. Albert beheld her with concern, but ascribed the
+alteration to her grief for his father's loss, for Isabel had tenderly
+loved her uncle. She rejoiced at his mistake, and attempted not to
+undeceive him: one only wish possessed her--it was, to see the chosen
+of her Albert; and, with a feverish impatience, she urged him to
+accelerate his nuptials. The appointed day arrived--Isabel, attired
+in robes of richest state, stood beside the altar, and witnessed the
+annihilation of all her earthly happiness; still she sunk not; but,
+with a mighty effort, pronounced a blessing on the wedded pair. The
+excitement brought back a vivid colour to her cheeks, and rekindled
+the lustre of her large dark eyes. The painter had seized that moment
+to depict her glowing form--the enthusiasm was but momentary--her
+angel face soon lost its lovely tint, and her beautiful eyes sunk
+again into languor. The castle was thronged with noble guests--sick
+at heart the wretched Isabel wandered abstractedly amid the gay
+assembly--her large floating eyes seemed straying vacantly around,
+until they met the bridegroom's look of joy. Then came the madness of
+recollection; with a convulsive shuddering she averted her head, and
+stole unnoticed from the company. Morning came, but she appeared
+not; her chamber was searched--she had not entered it. Albert flew
+distractedly into the park, and, at length perceived her quietly
+sitting by the side of the lake, near a bower, which, when a boy,
+he had helped to decorate. She was still clad in the robes of last
+night's festival. He ran eagerly towards her--she spoke not--he
+entreated her to answer him, but he implored in vain--there was
+neither breath, nor sense, nor motion--she was dead! 'Twas a mournful
+sight! one white hand, stiffened to marble, was pressed upon her
+broken heart, as she had sought to stay its painful throbbings--the
+cold night dews hung in large drops upon her silken hair, and shed
+a tremulous gleam upon the diamonds that sparkled on her pale, icy
+forehead--the withered leaves had found a resting place upon her
+bosom, and her white garments were embroidered by their many
+colourings. The castle became hateful to Albert after this event: he
+removed to a distant part of the country, and never again revisited
+the scenes of his earlier years. He also was dead; and Isabel, her
+love, and her despair, were forgotten by all, save one aged, isolated
+being, whose time-whitened locks and decrepit frame showed that she
+too was rapidly descending to the silence of the grave.
+
+_London University Magazine_. No. II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MOLES
+
+
+Are so voracious as not even to spare their own species. If two are
+shut up together without food, there will shortly be nothing left of
+the weakest but its skin, slit along the belly.--_Cuvier_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCOTCH ALE.
+
+
+The strength of Scotch ale, whence it deserves the name, ranges between
+32 and 44 pounds weight to the imperial barrel, according to the price
+at which it is meant to be sold. The general mode of charge is by the
+hogshead (about a barrel and a half,) for which five pounds, six, seven,
+or eight pounds are paid, as the quality may warrant; the strength for
+every additional pound of price being increased by about four pounds per
+barrel of weight.--_Library of Useful Knowledge_.--Scotch two-penny was
+so called because it was sold at twopence the Scotch pint, which was
+nearly two English quarts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In a Scotch brewer's instructions for Scotch ale, dated 1793, we meet
+with the following curious mystical instruction:--"I throw a little dry
+malt, which is left on purpose, on the top of the mash, with a handful
+of salt, to _keep the witches from it_, and then cover it up. Perhaps
+this custom gave rise to the vulgar term _water bewitched_ for
+indifferent beer."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AMERICAN LAW.
+
+
+A recent traveller, in describing the American courts of law and
+their proceedings, says, in one instance Counsellor Lloyd had grossly
+insulted Judge Turner in the street, and was tried for the offence by
+the judge. He was half-drunk, but defended himself by the vilest abuse
+of the judge, who could not silence him. No jury was appealed to; but
+(we suppose for contempt of court) he was ordered to give security for
+one year's good behaviour, and, not procuring sufficient bail, was
+committed to prison.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The Galwegians who attended David I. of Scotland to Custon Moor, had a
+favourite amusement of tossing infants upon their pikes!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CAT STORY.
+
+
+Lady Morgan tells a story of an "amiable and intelligent" grimalkin,
+which belonged to a young girl who was subject to epileptic fits.
+Puss, by dint of repeated observation, knew when they were coming on,
+and would run, frisking her tail, to the girl's parents, mewing in the
+most heart-breaking tones, and clawing at their legs, till she made
+them follow her. Her name was _Mina_; and her history is extant in
+"choice Italian." At length the girl died, and poor puss went to the
+funeral of her own accord. Being a black cat, she was already in
+mourning--"nature's mourning!" She wanted to jump into the grave, but
+that was prevented. So puss, the "chief mourner," was carried home
+again. But her amiable heart could not survive the shock, for, after
+pining three months, refusing boiled liver and new milk, poor
+grimalkin was found "dead upon the green mound that covered her
+beloved mistress's remains." There was a cat for you!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TURKS AND RUSSIANS.
+
+
+The character of the Russ differs from that of the Turk in little more
+than in the quality of his barbarism. The Turk loves blood;--the Russ
+loves craft;--The Turk takes at once to the dagger;--the Russ begins
+by the snare; but when the matter presses, he will use the steel as
+readily as any Turk on earth. The ferocity of the Turk flourishes in
+the streets, in his own house, in the seraglio--every where that he
+has a victim within his reach, and that it pleases him to destroy that
+victim. The Russ knows something more of the law, and is by no means
+so domestic a cut-throat; but his mercy in the field or in the stormed
+city, is massacre.--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. PITT.
+
+
+Lady Hester Stanhope related the following to Mr. Madden:--
+
+When Mr. Pitt was out of office, I acted as his secretary, and he had
+then as much business as when he was in. He very seldom opposed my
+opinions, and always respected my antipathies. In private life he
+was cheerful and affable; he would rise in the midst of his gravest
+avocations to hand me a fallen handkerchief; he was always polite to
+women, and a great favourite with many of them; but he was wedded to
+the state, and nothing but death could divorce him from his country.
+He was fond of me; he loved originality in any shape. His great
+recreation, after the fatigue of business, was stealing into the
+country, entering a clean cottage, where there was a tidy woman and a
+nicely-scoured table, and there he would eat bread and cheese like any
+ploughman. He detested routs, and always sat down to plain dinners. He
+never ate before he went to the House; but when any thing important
+was to be discussed, he was in the habit of taking a glass of port
+wine with a tea-spoonful of bark.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
+
+
+In the arts, while French productions display resource, ingenuity, and
+dexterity, they at the same time show a striking want of the sense of
+fitness, and are unfinished and flimsy. Such, in the cities of France,
+is remarkably the case with whatever regards furniture and decoration,
+while the productions of cookery are at once impregnated with filth,
+and admirably calculated to conceal it. In the country, again, with a
+climate superior to that of England, there is everywhere to be seen open
+fields, later harvests, corn full of weeds, and inferior grain. The
+difference between French and English taste in dress is very remarkable.
+Even when English women take a hint from French contrivances, they
+endeavour to be more natural, modest, and classical. As to male dress,
+an English gentleman always desires his tailor to avoid the extremes of
+fashion; and, as his dress is grave and manly, it is generally followed
+throughout Europe. The French use of forks, napkins, &c. really requires
+some notice. A French gentleman, in adjusting himself at his coarse deal
+table and shabby cloth, does not hesitate to fix a napkin about his
+neck, in such a manner as to protect his clothes in front against the
+certainty of being bespattered by his mode of eating. An Englishman of
+the middle class would be ashamed of such a contrivance; for, without
+any particular care, he eats so as not even to stain the damask cloth
+with which his mahogany table is covered. The French gentleman is
+perpetually wiping his dirty fingers on a napkin spread out before him,
+and of which the beauties are not invisible to his neighbours on each
+side. The Englishman of the middle class requires no napkin, because his
+fingers are never soiled. The French gentleman, incapable of raising
+his left hand properly to his mouth, first hastily hacks his meat into
+fragments, then throws down his dirty knife on the cloth, and seizing
+the fork in his right hand, while his left fixes a mass of bread on his
+plate, he runs up each fragment against it, and having eaten these, he
+wipes up his plate with the bread and swallows it. An English peasant
+would blush at such bestiality. A French gentleman not only washes his
+filthy hands at table, but, after gulping a mouthful, and using it as a
+gargle, squirts it into the basin standing before him, and the company,
+who may see the charybdis or maelstrom he has made in it, and the
+floating filth he has discharged, and which is now whirling in its
+vortex. In England this practice is unknown, except to those whose taste
+and stomach are too strong for offence. It has been stupidly borrowed
+from the Oriental nations, who use no knives and forks, and where,
+though it has this apology, it has always excited the disgust of
+enlightened travellers. When dinner is over, the Englishman's carpet
+is as clean as before; the Frenchman's bare boards resemble those of a
+hog-sty. In short, in all that regards the table, the French are some
+centuries behind the English.--_Blackwood's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the last _Quarterly Review_ we find that "the safety of the British
+empire is now entrusted to 130,000 men. Now France, we believe,
+maintains about 200,000 soldiers. The forces of Austria and Prussia have
+always been on a much higher footing than ours. Even the late King of
+Bavaria kept, we know not how, 70,000 men under arms. Indeed Old England
+is by nothing more happily distinguished from her neighbours than by the
+silence of the trumpet and drum. At this moment, moreover, the due level
+of our peace establishment is but an object of speculative research. No
+man who looks to the placing of Roumelia, or whose vision reaches even
+to the palace of Elysée Bourbon, would consent that this country should
+lose the aid of a single right."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALI PACHA'S HEAD.
+
+
+Dr. Walsh tells us that the head of Ali Pacha was sent to
+Constantinople, and exhibited to the public on a dish. As the name of
+Ali had made a considerable noise in Europe, and more particularly in
+England, in consequence of his negociations with Sir Thomas Maitland,
+and still more, perhaps, the stanzas in _Childe Harold_, a merchant of
+Constantinople thought it no bad speculation to purchase the head and
+dish, and send them to London for exhibition; but a former confidential
+agent obtained it from the executioner for a higher price than the
+merchant had offered; and together with the heads of his three sons and
+grandson, who, according to custom, were all seized and decapitated,
+had them deposited near one of the city gates, with a tombstone and
+inscription.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GOUT.
+
+
+Imagine a sensation in the great toe, as if it had been suddenly
+seized with a pair of red-hot pincers. Whew! There they are at it!
+nipping and tearing the flesh, and then rubbing the lacerated joint
+with aquafortis, or a solution of blue vitriol. And now, the pain
+shoots along the nerves on that side, till my head bumps and bumps
+as if a legion of imps were playing at leap-frog in it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AMERICA.
+
+
+The state of business in the United States is thus described in a
+letter from Boston, dated the 7th of last July:--"The commercial world
+over the globe seems paralyzed, and many manufactories on a large
+scale, with the proprietors and stockholders, have failed, and are
+utterly ruined. All business is confined to the wants only of the day,
+teaching a necessary absolute economy, which men of business in times
+past have not been accustomed to."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Rice Paper is the pith of the Tong-t-sao--a valuable Chinese tree.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR and LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EMIGRATION TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+People who are accustomed to sit half the day with their hands folded,
+over a bright November fire, talking of hard times and other standing
+grievances, will do well to read "_A Letter from Sydney, the principal
+town of Australasia, edited by Robert Ganger_;" and study an annexed
+system of colonization as a remedy for their distress. The Letter is
+written by a plain-sailing, plain-dealing man of the world, and though
+on a foreign topic, is in a homely style. We are therefore persuaded
+that a few extracts will be useful to the above class of thinkers and
+readers, as well as to others who do not, like the great man of
+antiquity, sigh for new worlds.
+
+
+_Climate and Soil_.
+
+All that you read in the works of Wentworth and Cunningham, as to the
+healthfulness and beauty of the climate, is strictly true. There are
+scarcely any diseases but what result immediately from intemperance.
+Dropsy, palsy, and the whole train of nervous complaints, are common
+enough; but then, drunkenness is the vice _par excellence_ of the
+lower orders; and the better class of settlers have not learned those
+habits of temperance which are suited to the climate of Naples. The
+two classes often remind me of English squires and their grooms, as I
+used to see them at Florence, just after the peace; masters drinking
+at dinner, because they were abroad, and after dinner because they
+were Englishmen; the servants drinking always, because wine and brandy
+were cheap. Perhaps a generation must pass away before the people here
+will accommodate their habits to the climate, which is that of Italy,
+without either malaria or the sirocco.
+
+The soil of New South Wales is not particularly fertile. The plains of
+the Granges, and of the great rivers of China, the lowlands of the West
+India islands, the swamps of the Gulf of Mexico, and even the marshes
+of Essex, produce crops of which the people here have no conception;
+but then, as we are without great masses of alluvial deposit, so are
+agues and intermittent fevers absolutely unknown. In point of natural
+fertility, I am inclined to compare this soil to that of France; and I
+have no doubt that, if the same quantity of agricultural labour as is
+employed in France, were here bestowed upon an area equal to the French
+territory, the quantity of produce would fully equal that of France.
+Timber, coal, iron, and other useful minerals, abound; the harbours and
+rivers teem with fish; cattle of all sorts thrive and multiply with
+astonishing rapidity; every fruit that flourishes in Spain and Italy
+comes to the highest perfection; and Nature fully performs her part in
+bestowing upon man the necessaries, comforts, and luxuries of life.
+
+
+_Value of Land, &c._
+
+I was told that an estate of 10,000 acres might be obtained for a mere
+trifle. This was true. I have got 20,000 acres, and they did not cost
+me more than 2s. per acre. But I imagined that a domain of that extent
+would be very valuable. In this I was wholly mistaken. As my estate
+cost me next to nothing, so it is worth next to nothing. It is a noble
+property to look at; and "20,000 acres in a ring fence," sounds very
+well in England; but here, such a property possesses no exchangeable
+value. The reason is plain: there are millions upon millions of acres,
+as fertile as mine, to be had for nothing; and, what is more, there
+are not people to take them. Of my 20,000 acres I reckon about 5,000
+to be woodland, though, indeed, there are trees scattered over the
+whole property, as in an English park. For my amusement, I had a rough
+estimate made of the money that I could obtain for all this timber,
+were it growing in any part of England. The valuation amounts to above
+£150,000.
+
+
+_Building_.
+
+Having fortune enough for all my wants, I proposed to get a large
+domain, to build a good house, to keep enough land in my own hands for
+pleasure-grounds, park, and game preserves; and to let the rest, after
+erecting farm-houses in the most suitable spots. My mansion, park,
+preserves, and tenants, were all a mere dream. I have not one of them.
+When, upon my first arrival, I talked of these things to some sensible
+men, to whom I was recommended, they laughed in my face. I soon found
+that a house would, though the stone and timber were to be had for
+nothing, cost three times as much as in England. This was on account
+of the very high wages required by mechanics; but this was not all.
+None of the materials of a house, except stone and timber, are
+produced in the colony. Every pane of glass, every nail, every grain
+of paint, and every piece of furniture, from the kitchen copper to the
+drawing-room curtains, must have come from England. My property is at
+a distance of nearly seventy miles from the sea, and there is no road,
+but a track through the forest, for two-thirds of that distance. The
+whole colony did not contain as many masons, carpenters, glaziers,
+painters, black and whitesmiths, and other mechanics, as I should have
+required. Of course, I soon abandoned all thought of building a
+mansion. As for a park, my whole property was a park, and a preserve
+for kangaroos and emus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A friend of ours, a free emigrant, has more than once facetiously
+wished for our company in the colony; but judging from the following,
+we had rather "let well alone," and stay at home, than play the
+schoolmaster or march-of-intellect-man at Sydney:--
+
+As for mental wants, talking and reading are out of the question,
+except it be to scold your servants, and to con over a Sydney
+newspaper, which contains little else but the miserable party politics
+of this speck upon the globe, reports of crime and punishment, and
+low-lived slang and flash, such as fill the pothouse Sunday papers of
+London.
+
+Literary men, men of science, philosophers, do not emigrate to new
+countries where their acquirements would be neither rewarded nor
+admired. Sir Walter Scott, Sir Humphry Davy, and Mr. Malthus, would
+not earn as much in this colony as three brawny experienced ploughmen;
+and though the inordinate vanity of a new people might be gratified by
+the possession of them, they would be considered as mere ornaments,
+and would often be wholly neglected for things of greater utility.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+House-rent, that great bugbear of certain economists, is indeed a
+grievous affair at Sydney, as page 20 proves:--
+
+Behold me established at Sydney, in a small house, a poor vamped-up
+building, more inconvenient, and far more ugly, than you can imagine,
+for which I pay a rent of £250 a year. For half the money you could
+get twice as good a house in any English country town. This excessive
+house-rent is caused by the dearness of labour, which enhances
+the cost of building; for, either the builder will exact a rent
+proportioned to his outlay, or (if he cannot obtain such a rent)
+he will not build.
+
+
+_Free Emigrants_.
+
+Of what class then, you ask, have been the great mass of emigrants from
+England, not convicts? Excellent people in their way, most of them;
+farmers, army and navy surgeons, subalterns on half-pay, and a number
+of indescribable adventurers, from about the twentieth rank in England.
+They came here to live, not to enjoy; to eat and drink, not to refine;
+"to settle"--that is, to roll in a gross plenty for the body, but to
+starve their minds. To these must be added convicts, many of whom are
+become rich and influential; and some, not exactly convicts, to whom
+England ceased to be a convenient residence. The English who live at
+Boulogne, some for cheapness, some from misfortune, and some from fear,
+would offer, I should think, a fair sample of the materials which
+compose the best society in New South Wales; though, I must admit, that
+the bustling, thriving settler of New South Wales is a companion, rather
+ignorant though he be--far away preferable to the not more enlightened,
+but melancholy English sluggard of Boulogne. To form a due conception of
+the "upper classes" here, suppose all the natives of France annihilated,
+and the whole country belonging to the English residents of Boulogne.
+In that case, there would be an almost perfect resemblance between those
+Englishmen who, across a narrow channel, can see their own country, and
+those who, at its antipodes look upon the Pacific Ocean.
+
+
+_Society and Manners_.
+
+As in France, the first class call themselves "gens comme il faut;" and
+in England, "people of fashion," or "the world"--so here, the leaders
+of society are distinguished by a peculiar term. They are called
+"respectable." Not to speak of France, it is difficult to say what in
+England constitutes "fashion." Not high birth, certainly--for some of
+the despots of English society are sprung from the dunghill. Our epithet
+to express exclusiveness is, I think better chosen--for, though strictly
+speaking, it means worthy of respect, it is claimed, here, only by those
+to whom respect is paid. In England, the _Quarterly Review_ tells us,
+"respectability" sometimes means keeping a gig--here it always means
+dining with the governor.
+
+Our manners set the fashion. Those whom we exclude, exclude others.
+Free emigrants claim to be of a nature superior to convicts; convicts,
+whose terms of punishment have expired, behave as if their flesh and
+blood were wholly unlike that of convicts still in durance; convicts,
+who have not been convicted south of the line, scorn those who have;
+and these several classes, except the last, are as proud and tenacious
+of their privileges as is every distinctive class in England, except
+the unhappy lowest; or, as is every shade of colour in the West Indies
+except the perfect black.
+
+
+_The Population_
+
+Of the settlement may amount in round numbers to 45,000. Of these only
+14,000, including women and children, have not been convicted of
+felony; and two-thirds of the remainder, seven-eights being grown men,
+are galley-slaves, still in chains!
+
+
+_Influence of Convict Labour_.
+
+Little more than forty years ago this country was an absolute waste.
+By way of contrast, behold, in the parts first settled, the following
+proofs of wealth: a thriving capital, and several interior towns, the
+latter being larger and better constructed than the capitals of some
+English settlements in America, a hundred years after their foundation;
+excellent roads; productive turnpikes; crowded market-places; public
+hotels, superior to the best in North America, even at this late hour;
+warehouses, through which there is a constant flow of luxuries from all
+parts of the world; public carriages, almost as well managed as those of
+England; an astonishing number of private carriages, built in Long Acre;
+several newspapers, and other periodical works; booksellers' shops, well
+supplied from Europe; two banks of deposit and discount; many churches
+and chapels; very good schools for rich and poor; scientific, literary,
+and philanthropic societies; a botanical garden; a turf club; packs of
+hounds; dinner parties, concerts and balls; fine furniture, plate, and
+jewels; and though last, not least, many gradations in society, being
+so many gradations in wealth.
+
+Whence have come all those things, over and above mere subsistence,
+which astonish the beholder, when he reflects that this colony has
+been planted little more than forty years?
+
+An example has just passed my window, in the shape of a dashing English
+landau. It contains a "lady," who married a poor half-pay lieutenant,
+and who now drinks tea that would cost in England twenty shillings
+the pound. They emigrated to New South Wales in 1815. But how did she
+get that carriage, and how does she manage to send to China for the
+gunpowder? Thus:--Her husband is both landowner and merchant. Being
+constantly supplied with a number of convict labourers, he breeds cattle
+and cultivates grain; and as he gives to his labourers but just enough
+for their subsistence, he has a large surplus produce. Having sold
+to the local government wheat and beef for the supply of prisons,
+hospitals, and barracks, he is paid partly with bills upon the English
+treasury, and partly with dollars, sent from England for the support of
+the great penitentiary. He remits one of those bills to his London
+agent, and desires him to purchase, with the proceeds thereof, a superb
+landau. In less than a year, his wife "rides in her coach." He sends
+some of the dollars to Canton, and purchases therewith a cargo of tea,
+of which he gives to his wife as much as she likes, and sells the rest
+to the wives of other men, who pay him with bills or dollars, received
+again from the government for wheat and beef. Thus, you see, Mrs. ----
+is indebted for two decided proofs of wealth to the prevalence of crime
+in England. Even the coat of arms on her landau was found by your
+Herald's College, in return for a part of the proceeds of that bill,
+which was drawn _to pay for the food of the soldiers who drove the
+convicts, who produced the food_. Our old friend Sir George Nayler would
+no doubt start at being told of his obligation to the pickpockets of
+London. And the rogues are little aware of their influence in political
+economy; but I have stated a plain fact, which, if you have any doubts
+about it, pray submit both to Sir George himself, and to Mr. M'Culloch.
+
+That is, indeed, an ill-wind which blows no good. We owe every thing,
+over and above mere subsistence, to the wickedness of the people of
+England. Who built Sydney? Convicts. Who made the excellent roads from
+Sydney to Parramatta, Windsor, and Liverpool? Convicts. By whom is the
+land made to produce? By convicts. Why do not all our labourers exact
+high wages, and, by taking a large share of the produce of labour,
+prevent their employers from becoming rich? Because most of them are
+convicts. What has enabled the landowner readily to dispose of his
+surplus produce? The demand of the keepers of convicts. What has
+brought so many ships to Port Jackson, and occasioned a further demand
+for agricultural produce? The transportation of convicts. What has
+tempted free emigrants to bring capital into the settlement? The true
+stories that they heard of fortunes made by employing the cheap labour
+of convicts. But here are questions and answers enough. The case is
+plain. Nearly all that we possess has arisen from the happy influence
+of penal emigration and discipline, on production, distribution, and
+consumption. Thanks to the system of transportation, we have had cheap
+labour and a ready market; production, consequently, has exceeded
+consumption; and the degree of that excess is the measure of our
+accumulation--that is, of our wealth.
+
+The transportation of at least ten males for one female, maintains a
+great disproportion between the sexes. This is the greatest evil of
+all.
+
+
+_A Rover_.
+
+On the banks of the Illinois, I met with a labouring man, who was always
+tipsy without ever being drunk. Enervated by dram-drinking, he had not
+the courage to obtain a bit of forest and settle; but he could earn
+seven shillings a day by his labour. When I spoke to him, he complained
+of low wages. "At New York, friend," said I, "five shillings a day are
+thought quite enough." "I know that," he answered; "I was born there,
+and came here to get eight shillings a day, which, I was told, was the
+lowest rate hereabouts." It turned out that he never worked more than
+three days in the week, and that, in order to obtain twenty-four
+shillings a week by three days' labour, he had made a circuitous voyage
+of some thousand miles from the place where he was born, and where he
+could have earned thirty shillings a week by working every day.
+
+
+_Slang_.
+
+The base language of English thieves is becoming the established
+language of the colony. Terms of slang and flash are used, as a matter
+of course, every where, from the gaols to the Viceroy's palace, not
+excepting the Bar and the Bench. No doubt they will be reckoned quite
+parliamentary, as soon as we obtain a parliament.
+
+
+_Bush-ranging_
+
+Is a dreadful evil, being a kind of land piracy. None but back settlers,
+it is true, are exposed to its burnings, rapes, and massacres; but these
+are as much British subjects as the inhabitants of Sydney or of Downing
+Street. And, if the inhabitants of towns escape those horrors, they are
+liable to be murdered in a quiet way, and their property is exposed to
+every kind of depredation. Their actual losses by robbery, including the
+expense and loss of time occasioned by prosecutions, are very great.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The concluding observations on "the extension of Britain," and her
+colonial interests, are in a forcible and liberal tone, but as they
+take rather too political a turn for our pages, we recommend the
+anxious reader to the volume itself, which is altogether the
+production of an original thinker and an impartial writer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CRUISE OF H.M. SHIP TORCH.
+
+_A Fragment_.
+
+
+I was the mate of the morning watch, and, as day dawned, I had amused
+myself with other younkers over the side, examining the shot holes and
+other injuries sustained from the fire of the frigate, and contrasting
+the clean, sharp, well-defined apertures, made by the 24 lb. shot from
+the long guns, with the bruised and splintered ones from the 32 lb.
+carronades; but the men had begun to wash down the decks, and the
+first gush of clotted blood and water from the scuppers fairly turned
+me sick. I turned away, when Mr. Kennedy, our gunner, a good steady
+old Scotchman, with whom I was a bit of a favourite, came up to
+me--"Mr. Cringle, the captain has sent for you; poor Mr. Johnstone
+is fast going, he wants to see you."
+
+I knew my young messmate had been wounded, for I had seen him carried
+below after the frigate's second broad-side; but the excitement of a
+boy, who had never smelled powder fired in anger before, had kept me
+on deck the whole night, and it never once occurred to me to ask for
+him, until the old gunner spoke.
+
+I hastened down to our small confined berth, and there I saw a sight
+that quickly brought me to myself. Poor Johnstone was indeed going; a
+grape shot had struck him, and torn his belly open. There he lay in his
+bloody hammock on the deck, pale and motionless as if he had already
+departed, except a slight twitching at the corners of his mouth, and
+a convulsive contraction and distension of his nostrils. His brown
+ringlets still clustered over his marble forehead, but they were
+drenched in the cold sweat of death. The surgeon could do nothing for
+him, and had left him; but our old captain--bless him for it--I little
+expected, from his usual crusty bearing, to find him so employed--had
+knelt by his side, and, whilst he read from the Prayer Book one of those
+beautiful petitions in our church service to Almighty God, for mercy
+to the passing soul of one so young, and so early cut off, the tears
+trickled down the old man's cheeks, and filled the furrows worn in them
+by the washing up of many a salt spray. On the other side of his narrow
+bed, fomenting the rigid muscles of his neck and chest, sat Mistress
+Connolly, one of three women on board--a rough enough creature, heaven
+knows, in common weather; but her stifled sobs showed that the mournful
+sight had stirred up all the woman within her. She had opened the bosom
+of the poor boy's shirt, and untying the ribbon that fastened a small
+gold crucifix round his neck, she placed it in his cold hand. The young
+midshipman was of a respectable family in Limerick, her native place,
+and a Catholic--another strand of the cord that bound her to him. When
+the captain finished reading, he bent over the departing youth, and
+kissed his cheek. "Your young messmate just now desired to see you,
+Mr. Cringle, but it is too late, he is insensible and dying." Whilst he
+spoke, a strong shiver passed through the boy's frame, his face became
+slightly convulsed, and all was over! The captain rose, and Connolly,
+with a delicacy of feeling which many might not have looked for in her
+situation, spread one of our clean mess table-cloths over the body. "And
+is it really gone you are, my poor, dear boy!" forgetting all difference
+of rank in the fulness of her heart. "Who will tell this to your mother,
+and nobody here to wake you but ould Kate Connolly, and no time will
+they be giving me, nor whisky--Ochon! ochon!"
+
+But enough and to spare of this piping work. The boatswain's whistle now
+called me to the gangway, to superintend the handing up, from a shore
+boat alongside, a supply of the grand staples of the island--ducks and
+onions. The three 'Mudians in her were characteristic samples of the
+inhabitants. Their faces and skins, where exposed, were not tanned,
+but absolutely burnt into a fiery-red colour by the sun. They guessed
+and drawled like any buckskin from Virginia, superadding to their
+accomplishments their insular peculiarity of always shutting one eye
+when they spoke to you. They are all Yankees at bottom; and if they
+could get their 365 _Islands_--so they call the large stones on which
+they live--under weigh, they would not be long in towing them into the
+Chesapeake.
+
+The word had been passed to get six of the larboard guns and all the
+shot over to the other side, to give the brig a list of a streak or
+two a-starboard, so that the stage on which the carpenter and his crew
+were at work over the side, stopping the shot holes above the water
+line, might swing clear of the wash of the sea. I had jumped from
+the nettings, where I was perched, to assist in unbolting one of the
+carronade slides, when I slipped and capsized against a peg sticking
+out of one of the scuppers. I took it for something else and damned
+the ring-bolt incontinently. Caboose, the cook, was passing with his
+mate, a Jamaica negro of the name of Johncrow, at the time. "Don't
+damn the remains of your fellow-mortals, Master Cringle; that is my
+leg." The cook of a man-of-war is no small beer, he is his Majesty's
+warrant officer, a much bigger wig than a poor little mid, with whom
+it is condescension on his part to jest.
+
+It seems to be a sort of rule, that no old sailor who has not lost a
+limb, or an eye at least, shall be eligible to the office; but as the
+kind of maiming is so far circumscribed that all cooks must have two
+arms, a laughable proportion of them have but one leg. Besides the
+honour, the perquisites are good; accordingly, all old quartermasters,
+captains of tops, &c., look forward to the cookdom, as the cardinals
+look to the popedom; and really there is some analogy between them,
+for neither is preferred from any especial fitness for the office.
+A cardinal is made pope because he is old, infirm, and imbecile--our
+friend Caboose was made cook because he had been Lord Nelson's
+coxswain, was a drunken rascal, and had a wooden leg; for, as to his
+gastronomical qualifications, he knew no more of the science than just
+sufficient to watch the copper where the salt junk and potatoes were
+boiling. Having been a little in the wind overnight, he had quartered
+himself, in the superabundance of his heroism, at a gun where he
+had no business to be, and in running it out, he had jammed his toe
+in a scupper hole, so fast that there was no extricating him; and
+notwithstanding his piteous entreaty "to be eased out handsomely, as
+the leg was made out of a plank of the Victory, and the ring at the
+end out of one of her bolts," the captain of the gun finding, after a
+stout pull, that the man was like to come "home in his hand _without_
+the leg," was forced "to break him short off," as he phrased it, to
+get him out of the way, and let the carriage traverse. In the morning
+when he sobered, he had quite forgotten where the leg was, and how
+he broke it; he therefore got Kelson to splice the stump with the
+butt-end of a mop; but in the hurry it had been left three inches too
+long, so that he had to jerk himself up to the top of his peg at every
+step. The doctor, glad to breathe the fresh air after the horrible
+work he had gone through, was leaning over the side, speaking to
+Kelson. When I fell, he turned round and drew Cookee's fire on
+himself. "Doctor, you have not prescribed for me yet."--"No, Caboose,
+I have not; what is wrong?"--"Wrong, sir! why, I have lost my leg, and
+the captain's clerk says I am not in the return!--Look here, sir, had
+doctor Kelson not coopered me, where should I have been?--Why, doctor,
+had I been looked after, amputation might have been unnecessary; a
+_fish_ might have done, whereas I have had to be _spliced_." He was
+here cut short by the voice of his mate, who had gone forward to slay
+a pig for the gunroom mess. "Oh, Lad, oh!--Massa Caboose!--Dem dam
+Yankee! De Purser killed, massa!--Dem shoot him troo de head!--Oh,
+Oh, Lad!" Captain Deadeye had come on deck. "You, Johncrow, what _is_
+wrong with you?"--"Why, de Purser killed, captain, dat all."--"Purser
+killed?--Doctor, is Saveall hurt?" Treenail could stand it no longer.
+"No, sir, no; it is one of the gunroom pigs that we shipped at
+Halifax, three cruises ago; I am sure I don't know how he survived
+one, but the seamen took a fancy to him, and nicknamed him the Purser.
+You know, sir, they make pets of any thing, and every thing, at a
+pinch!"
+
+Here Johncrow drew the carcass from the hog-pen, and sure enough a
+shot had cut the poor Purser's head nearly off. Blackee looked at him
+with a most whimsical expression; they say no one can fathom a negro's
+affection for a pig. "Poor Purser! de people call him Purser, sir,
+because him knowing chap; him cabbage all de grub, slush, and stuff in
+him own corner, and give only de small bit, and de bad piece, to de
+oder pig; so, captain"--Splinter saw the poor fellow was like to get
+into a scrape. "That will do, Johncrow--forward with you now, and lend
+a hand to cat the anchor.--All hands up anchor!" The boatswain's
+hoarse voice repeated the command, and he in turn was re-echoed by his
+mates; the capstan was manned, and the crew stamped round to a point
+of war most villanously performed by a bad drummer and a worse fifer,
+in as high glee as if those who were killed had been snug and well in
+their hammocks on the berth-deck, in place of at the bottom of the
+sea, with each a shot at his feet. We weighed, and began to work up,
+tack and tack, towards the island of Ireland, where the arsenal is,
+amongst a perfect labyrinth of shoals, through which the 'Mudian pilot
+_cunned_ the ship with great skill, taking his stand, to our no small
+wonderment, not at the gangway or poop, as usual, but on the bowsprit
+end, so that he might see the rocks under foot, and shun them
+accordingly, for they are so steep and numerous, (they look like large
+fish in the clear water), and the channel is so intricate, that you
+have to go quite close to them. At noon we arrived at the anchorage,
+and hauled our moorings on board. _Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCRAPS.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+DODSLEY.
+
+
+About five or six miles from Mansfield is the mill where the incident
+took place on which Dodsley founded his pleasing drama of _The Miller
+of Mansfield_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Bottles for ginger-beer, soda-water, ink, blacking, &c. are
+principally manufactured near Codnor Castle, in Derbyshire. About
+fifty women and children finish one hundred gross per day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Glauber Salts are a more tonic aperient than Epsom Salts, which is
+accounted for by the presence of a little iron, in the one, which has
+not been detected in the other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The tip of the cat's nose is always cold, except on the day of the
+summer solstice, when it becomes lukewarm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Cod-fish are sorely attacked by dog and cuttle-fish. The latter, with
+their hard mouths, resembling parrots' bills, cut up the mackerel and
+herrings with great adroitness. The cuttle-fish are, in their turn,
+sometimes attacked by the dog-fish; but they generally escape, by
+ejecting a liquid resembling _ink_, which renders the water dark and
+turbid.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACKEREL.
+
+
+When red mullet are abundant in fishmongers' shops, a fine mackerel
+season may be expected. The early mackerel are frequently attended by
+a few mullet; and whenever they nearly, if not altogether, equal the
+mackerel in number, the circumstance is generally the presage of the
+approach of great shoals of mackerel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The course of herrings and mackerel is traced by their eggs, which,
+during a calm, may be seen floating on the surface of the water, like
+saw-dust, amidst an appearance like the wake or track of a vessel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPRATS AND WHITE BAIT.
+
+
+Mr. Yarrell has recently shown that the sprat is not the young of the
+herring and pilchard, as has been generally supposed. One of the most
+material differences is, that the vertebrae in the sprat are forty-eight
+in number, while in the herring there are fifty-six. The same gentleman
+has also proved that _white bait_ are not the young of the shad, or
+mother of herrings; but that they are a well-marked and distinct
+species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+WHISKY.
+
+
+It is a curious fact, that until the legal distillation of whisky was
+prohibited in the Highlands, it was never drunk at gentlemen's tables.
+"Mountain dew," and such poetic names, are of modern invention, since
+this liquor became fashionable. It is altogether of modern introduction
+into the Highlands; the name being only mentioned in modern ballads.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1830.
+
+
+The Second SUPPLEMENT, containing Choice Extracts from the "Keepsake,"
+"Forget-me-not," &c., with a fine Large Engraving from the "Landscape
+Annual," will be published with our next number.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.
+
+CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand,
+near Somerset House.
+
+The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150
+Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each.
+
+The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each.
+
+The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. 4 Parts, 6d each.
+
+PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s each.
+
+COWPER'S POEMS with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED 27 Nos.
+2d. each.
+
+BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 36 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d.
+
+GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d.
+
+DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d.
+
+BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d.
+
+SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11447 ***
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829, by Various</title>
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11447 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829, by Various</h1>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Jewell, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>[pg
+  353]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XIV, NO. 401.]</b></td>
+
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1829.</b></td>
+
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The Siamese Twins.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/401-1.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/401-1.png" alt="The Siamese Twins." /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The Engraving is an accurate sketch of this extraordinary
+  <i>lusus naturae</i>, which promises to occupy the attention of
+  the whole Town, and has already excited no ordinary curiosity
+  among all ranks of the scientific and sight-loving. Deviations
+  from the usual forms of nature are almost universally offensive;
+  but, in this case, neither the personal appearance of the boys,
+  nor the explanation of the phenomenon by which they are united,
+  is calculated to raise a single unpleasant emotion. The subject
+  is, therefore, not unfit for our pages, and the following
+  descriptive particulars, which we have collected from various
+  authentic sources, and our own observation, will, we are
+  persuaded, be read with considerable interest:</p>
+
+  <p>The earliest account of the Siamese Twins is by Dr. I.C.
+  Warren, of Boston, and was published in Professor Silliman's
+  Journal of October last. They were received of their mother by
+  Captain Coffin and Mr. Hunter, in a village of Siam, where the
+  last-mentioned gentleman saw them, fishing on the banks of the
+  river. Their father has been some time dead, since which they
+  lived with their mother in a state of poverty. They were confined
+  within certain limits, by order of the Siamese Government, and
+  supported themselves principally by taking fish. Their exhibition
+  to the world was suggested to the mother as a means of bettering
+  their condition; to which proposition she acceded for a liberal
+  compensation, and the promised return of her sons at a specific
+  time. She accompanied them on board the <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>[pg 354]</span> ship
+  and, as it was not about to sail for some time, she was invited
+  to remain on board; but she declined, observing that she might as
+  well part with them then as a few days hence. They were first
+  exhibited at Boston, and subsequently at New York, in the United
+  States. At Boston, Dr. Warren was appointed to report on them;
+  and such of his observations as are free from anatomical
+  technicalities, and otherwise adapted for our pages, will be
+  found in the subsequent pages. In the meantime, we shall proceed
+  with a more popular account of their present appearance, which
+  has some of the most interesting characteristics of human
+  nature.</p>
+
+  <p>They are two distinct and perfect youths, well formed and
+  straight, about eighteen years of age, and possessing all the
+  faculties and powers usually enjoyed at that period of life. They
+  are united together by a short band at the pit of the stomach. On
+  first seeing them, it may be supposed, so closely are their sides
+  together&mdash;or rather, they over-lap a little&mdash;that there
+  is no space between them. On examining them, however, they are
+  found not to touch each other, the band which connects them
+  being, at its shortest part, which is the upper and back part,
+  about two inches long. At the lower front part the band, which is
+  there soft and fleshy, or rather like soft thick skin, is about
+  five inches long, and would be elastic, were it not for a thick
+  rope-like cartilaginous or gristly substance, which forms the
+  upper part of the band, and which is not above three inches long.
+  The band is probably two inches thick at the upper part, and
+  above an inch at the lower part. The back part of the band, which
+  is rounded from a thickening at the places where it grows from
+  each body, is not so long as the front part, which is
+  comparatively flat. The breadth or depth of the band is about
+  four inches. It grows from the lower and centre part of the
+  breast of each boy, being a continuation of the cartilaginous
+  termination of the breast bone, accompanied by muscles and
+  blood-vessels, and enveloped, like every other portion of the
+  body, with skin, &amp;c. At present this band is not very
+  flexible; and there is reason to believe that the cartilaginous
+  substance of the upper part is gradually hardening, and will
+  eventually become bone. From the nature of the band, and the
+  manner in which it grows from each boy, it is impossible that
+  they should be in any other position in relation to each other,
+  but side by side, like soldiers, or coming up a little to front
+  each other. Their arms and legs are perfectly free to move. The
+  band is the only connexion between them; and their proximity does
+  not inconvenience either; each of them, whether standing,
+  sitting, or moving, generally has his arm round the neck or the
+  waist of the other. When they take the arm from this position, so
+  close are they kept together that their shoulders cannot be held
+  straight; and the near shoulder of each being obliged to be held
+  down or up, to allow them room to stand, gives them the
+  appearance of being deformed; but two straighter bodies can
+  scarcely be seen.</p>
+
+  <p>In their ordinary motions they may be said to resemble two
+  persons waltzing. In a room they seem to roll about, as it were,
+  but when they walk to any distance, they proceed straight forward
+  with a gait like other people. As they rise up or sit down, or
+  stoop, their movements are playful, though strange, not
+  ungraceful, and without the appearance of constraint. The average
+  height of their countrymen is less than that of Europeans, and
+  they seem rather short for their age, even judging them by their
+  own standard. They are much shorter than the ordinary run of
+  youths in this country at eighteen years of age, and are both of
+  the same height. In personal appearance there is a striking
+  resemblance between them; this, however, is but on first
+  impression, for, on closer examination, considerable difference
+  will be observed. The colour of their skin and form of the nose,
+  lips, and eyes, denote them as belonging to the Chinese; but they
+  have not that broad and flat face which is characteristic of the
+  Mingol race. Their foreheads are higher and narrower than those
+  of their countrymen generally. Both are lively and intelligent;
+  they pay much attention to what is passing around them; and are
+  very grateful for any little attention that is paid to them. As a
+  proof of their intelligence, it may be stated that they learned
+  to play at Draughts very readily, and were soon able to beat
+  those who had assisted in teaching them. Their appearance is
+  perfect health. To their friends and attendants, and to each
+  other, they are said to be much attached. They appear to be
+  excellent physiognomists, for they read the countenance of the
+  visiter readily, and are easily affronted with any contemptuous
+  expressions. It is said they have not learnt any manual art
+  beyond rowing a boat, but they can run and jump, and climb cracks
+  and rigging with great facility. They are dressed in short,
+  loose, green jackets and trousers, <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page355" name="page355"></a>[pg 355]</span> the costume of their
+  country, which is very convenient, and allows the utmost freedom
+  of motion, but does not show the form of the boys to advantage.
+  With their arms twined round each other, as they bend down or
+  move about, they look like a group of statuary. Dr. Warren, in
+  his report, states that he <i>never heard them speak to each
+  other</i>, though they were very fond of talking with a young
+  Siamese, who was brought with them as a companion. They, however,
+  appear to have a means of communication more rapid than by words.
+  The point most worthy of remark, in regard to their actions and
+  movements, is, that they seem, generally speaking, to be actuated
+  but by one will; and that from whichever of them the volition of
+  the moment proceeds, it seems imperative upon both. Occasionally,
+  there is an exception to this remark&mdash;as, on the voyage from
+  Siam to the United States, when one wanted to bathe, and the
+  other refused, on account of the coldness of the weather, they
+  quarrelled on the subject.</p>
+
+  <p>Each has a name of his own&mdash;the one, <i>Chang</i>, and
+  the other, <i>Eng</i>; but, when persons wish to address them as
+  one&mdash;to claim their attention to anything, for example, or
+  to call them&mdash;they are addressed as&mdash;<i>Chang
+  Eng</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The union of twins is not an unusual occurrence, and various
+  anatomical collections present many such objects. Ambrose
+  Par&eacute; relates several instances. Dr. Warren is, however, of
+  opinion, that the <i>Siamese Boys</i> present the most remarkable
+  case of the <i>lusus naturae</i> which has yet been known, taking
+  into view the perfection and distinctness of organization, and
+  the length of time they have lived. The whole phenomenon may be
+  described in a very few words&mdash;<i>two perfect bodies united
+  and bound together by an inseparable link</i>. As we have already
+  stated, their health is at present good; but, observes Dr.
+  Warren, "it is probable that the change of their simple living
+  for the luxuries they now obtain, together with the confinement
+  their situation necessarily involves, will bring their lives to a
+  close within a few years." We hope that such will not be the
+  result of their leaving their native shores; and we are much
+  pleased with this passage in a letter from Drs. Samuel Mitchill
+  and Anderson to Capt. Coffin&mdash;"They (the youths) are under
+  the protection of a kind and benevolent gentleman, and we know
+  you will take good care of them, and if they live, return them to
+  their homes again." Of their strength many instances are related:
+  since they have arrived in London they have lifted a gentleman of
+  considerable weight, with great ease; and on this point Drs.
+  Mitchill and Anderson say&mdash;"As they are so vigorous and
+  alert, we readily coincide that in ten seconds they can lay a
+  stout ordinary man on his back."</p>
+
+  <p>We shall not go out of our way to state half the curious
+  questions which forcibly arose in our minds on visiting this
+  interesting exhibition. One of the most important, and least easy
+  of solution, is the structure of the connecting band&mdash;how it
+  is kept alive&mdash;whether blood flows into and circulates
+  through it from each, and passes into the system of the
+  other&mdash;whether it be composed of bone, as well as of
+  cartilage&mdash;and whether it could be safely divided? Upon
+  examining the connexion, or <i>cord</i>, Dr. Warren
+  says&mdash;"Placing my hand on this substance, I found it
+  extremely hard. On further examination, the hardness was found to
+  exist at the upper part of the cord only, and to be prolonged
+  into the breast of each boy. Tracing it upwards, I found it to be
+  constituted by a prolongation of the <i>ensiform cartilage of the
+  sternum</i>, or extremity of the breast-bone. The cartilages
+  proceeding from each sternum meet at an angle, and then seem to
+  be connected by a ligament, so as to form a joint. This joint has
+  a motion upwards and downwards, and also a lateral
+  motion&mdash;the latter operating in such a way, that when the
+  boys turn in either direction, the edges of the cartilage are
+  found to open and shut.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>"Besides this there is nothing remarkable felt in the
+  connecting substance. I could distinguish no pulsating vessel.
+  The whole of this cord is covered by the skin. It is remarkably
+  strong, and has no great sensibility, for they allow themselves
+  to be pulled by a rope fastened to it, without exhibiting
+  uneasiness. On ship board, one of them sometimes climbed on the
+  capstan of the vessel, the other following as well as he could,
+  without complaining. When I first saw the boys, I expected to see
+  them pull on this cord in different directions, as their
+  attention was attracted by different objects. I soon perceived
+  that this did not happen. The slightest impulse of one to move in
+  any direction is immediately followed by the other; so that they
+  appear to be influenced by the same wish."</p>
+
+  <p>This harmony in their movements, Dr. Warren thinks, is a habit
+  formed by necessity. His further account of their habits is
+  extremely curious:</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>[pg
+  356]</span> "They always face in one direction, standing nearly
+  side by side, and are not able, without inconvenience, to face in
+  the opposite direction&mdash;so that one is always at the right,
+  and the other at the left. Although not placed exactly in a
+  parallel line, they are able to run and leap with surprising
+  activity. On some occasions a gentleman, in sport, pursued them
+  round the ship, when they came suddenly to the hatchway, which
+  had been inadvertently left open. The least check would have
+  thrown them down the hatchway, and probably killed one, or both,
+  but they leaped over it without difficulty. They differ in
+  intellectual vigour; the perceptions of one are more acute than
+  those of the other, and there is a corresponding coincidence in
+  moral qualities. He who appears most intelligent is somewhat
+  irritable in temper, while the other's disposition is mild."</p>
+
+  <p>The connexion between these boys might present an opportunity
+  for some interesting observations in regard to physiology and
+  pathology. There is, no doubt, a network of blood-vessels and
+  some minute nerves passing from one to the other. How far these
+  parts are capable of transmitting the action of medicines, and of
+  diseases, and especially what medicines and diseases, are points
+  well worthy of consideration. Dr. W. thinks that any
+  indisposition of one extends to the other; that they are inclined
+  to sleep at the same time; eat about the same quantity, and
+  perform other acts with great similarity. Both he and Mr. Hunter
+  are of opinion that touching one of them when they are asleep,
+  awakens both. When they are awake, an impulse given to one does
+  not in the least affect the other. There is evidently no
+  impression received by him who is not touched. But the opinion
+  just mentioned is undoubtedly erroneous. The slightest movement
+  of one is so speedily perceived by the other, as to deceive those
+  who have not observed closely. There is no part of them which has
+  a common perception, excepting the middle of the connecting cord,
+  and a space near it. When a pointed instrument is applied
+  precisely to the middle of the cord, it is felt by both, and also
+  for about an inch on each side; beyond which the impression is
+  limited to the individual of the side touched.</p>
+
+  <p>"In the function of the circulation there is a remarkable
+  uniformity in the two bodies. The pulsations of the hearts of
+  both coincide exactly under ordinary circumstances. I counted
+  seventy-three pulsations in a minute while they were
+  sitting&mdash;counting first in one boy and then in the other; I
+  then placed my fingers on an arm of each boy, and found the
+  pulsations take place exactly together. One of them stooping
+  suddenly to look at my watch, his pulse became much quicker than
+  that of the other; but after he had returned to his former
+  posture, in about a quarter of a minute his pulse was precisely
+  like that of the other; this happened repeatedly. Their
+  respirations are, of consequence, exactly simultaneous."</p>
+
+  <p>Dr. Warren next starts a question as to their moral identity,
+  and says&mdash;"There is no reason to doubt that the intellectual
+  operations of the two are as perfectly distinct as those of any
+  two individuals who might be accidentally confined together.
+  Whether similarity of education, and identity of position as to
+  external objects, have inspired them with any extraordinary
+  sameness of mental action, I am unable to say&mdash;any farther,
+  at least, than that they seem to agree in their habits and
+  tastes." The concluding observation is on their separation, which
+  we may remark, appears to be to them a painful subject; for
+  whenever it is mentioned, they weep bitterly. Dr. Warren thinks
+  an attempt to cut the cord, or separate them, would be attended
+  with danger, though not necessarily fatal, and as they are happy
+  in their present state, he reasonably enough thinks such an
+  operation uncalled for. "Should one die before the other," adds
+  he, "they should be cut apart immediately." He, however, quotes a
+  case from Ambrose Par&eacute;, of two girls united by the
+  forehead, one of whom died at ten years of age, when a separation
+  was made; and the wound of the surviving girl soon proved
+  fatal.</p>
+
+  <p>From the report of Drs. Mitchill and Anderson, we collect
+  their opinion that the band which joins these boys, has a canal
+  with a protrusion of viscera from the abdomen of each boy, upon
+  every effort of coughing or other exercise. The sense of feeling
+  on the skin of this band is connected with each boy, as far as
+  the middle of its length from his body. There can be no doubt,
+  but that if the band was cut across at any part, a large opening
+  would be made into the belly of each, and the wound prove
+  fatal.</p>
+
+  <p>Such are the principal and most popular descriptive details of
+  the Siamese Youths, with the substance of the reports of the
+  American physicians who have examined them. Of course, we look
+  with some anxiety for the opinions of the professional men of our
+  own <span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>[pg
+  357]</span> country. Of equal importance are the questions
+  connected with the <i>minds</i> of the two youths, which can only
+  be settled by continued observation. The phenomenon is altogether
+  of the most attractive character, and will doubtless receive all
+  the attention it deserves from our <i>savans</i>, as well as from
+  all those who delight in witnessing the curiosities of
+  Nature.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>CURTIUS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    A DRAMATIC SKETCH.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Roman Forum.&mdash;An opening in the ground. M.
+  Curtius, Soothsayers, and a vast concourse of Citizens.</i></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cit</i>.&mdash;Place ingot upon ingot, till the mass
+      exceed</p>
+
+      <p>The bulk of Croesus' wealth, or Sardanapalus' pile.</p>
+
+      <p>Let every Roman contribution bring</p>
+
+      <p>An offering worthy of his house, since what</p>
+
+      <p>Is valued most must in the gulf be cast,</p>
+
+      <p>To save us from an overwhelming death.</p>
+
+      <p>A richer treasure than the gorgeous Xerxes knew</p>
+
+      <p>Will we entomb.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cur</i>.&mdash;How base the offering that were made in
+      gold.</p>
+
+      <p>What are riches to the blood that flows</p>
+
+      <p>Within a good man's veins? rather let him</p>
+
+      <p>Who is the wisest, bravest, best amongst us</p>
+
+      <p>Fall in this fearful pit. Now ye who read</p>
+
+      <p>The hidden books of nature say&mdash;who is</p>
+
+      <p>The man most envied by his fellows,&mdash;by the gods</p>
+
+      <p>Most lov'd?&mdash;That man is more than all the gems</p>
+
+      <p>This teeming earth can boast. Name but that man</p>
+
+      <p>And in an instant shall the debt be paid;</p>
+
+      <p>For Rome's best patriot is her greatest good.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Sooth</i>.&mdash;Ay, noble Curtius, and that man art
+      thou,</p>
+
+      <p>Thy words proclaim thy patriotic blood!</p>
+
+      <p>Thy tongue first names the gift that angry heav'n</p>
+
+      <p>Asks of rebellious earth. We need thy life.</p>
+
+      <p>Destruction hovers o'er the trembling crew,</p>
+
+      <p>That fills this little forum. Thou alone,</p>
+
+      <p>The noblest, bravest, wisest, best of us,</p>
+
+      <p>Canst scare the monster from the frowning skies,</p>
+
+      <p>And fill the gulf that yawns beneath us.</p>
+
+      <p>Die, Curtius, and thy name shall be enroll'd</p>
+
+      <p>With gods and heroes&mdash;honour'd, lov'd, and fam'd.</p>
+
+      <p>When senates are forgot!</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cur</i>.&mdash;Since then by dying I can refound
+      Rome,</p>
+
+      <p>For Rome preserv'd is built and born again.</p>
+
+      <p>Be mine a Roman's death. Else 'twere in vain</p>
+
+      <p>That once Eneas toil'd&mdash;that Romulus bore sway!</p>
+
+      <p>In vain the matron's tears subdued her flinty son!</p>
+
+      <p>In vain did Manlius for his country fight!</p>
+
+      <p>In vain Lucretia and Virginia bleed!</p>
+
+      <p>Romans, farewell!&mdash;I look around and see</p>
+
+      <p>A band of augurs&mdash;an assembled senate,</p>
+
+      <p>Plebeians and patricians&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>A people and a nation met together</p>
+
+      <p>In council to avert calamity,</p>
+
+      <p>And all are friends. Farewell, farewell, farewell!</p>
+
+      <p>Favourites of Fortune what is it to die?</p>
+
+      <p>Ye sons of pleasure! look on him who once</p>
+
+      <p>Did sternly look on you&mdash;who dies for you!</p>
+
+      <p>Scions of Victory! how cracks the heart,</p>
+
+      <p>In that short moment of a bright career,</p>
+
+      <p>When the last echo from the couch of Fame</p>
+
+      <p>Falls on the dying ear? Oh! this mine act</p>
+
+      <p>Were best done whilst the blood is warm&mdash;lest
+      time</p>
+
+      <p>For thought should mar the purpose. Thought?&mdash;a
+      glorious deed</p>
+
+      <p>Needs none. Come horse!&mdash;and at one fearful bound</p>
+
+      <p>Plunge in the gulf beneath!</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Curtius leaps into the chasm.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Sooth</i>.&mdash;The gods attest the worth of this bold
+  youth.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cit</i>.&mdash;The chasm closes&mdash;and the dangers
+      pass:</p>
+
+      <p>With buried Curtius following envy lies,</p>
+
+      <p>Nor dare she lift her sickly head</p>
+
+      <p>Above his giant grave.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>CYMBELINE.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ETYMOLOGICAL CURIOSITIES.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Probably the following observations upon singular words, may
+  amuse some of your readers. I should, however, premise that as
+  regards myself, the greater part are not original.</p>
+
+  <p>Without further preface, allow me in the first place to call
+  your attention to a word, which, by adding a syllable, becomes
+  shorter, viz. the word <i>short</i>&mdash;on the other hand we
+  have words of one syllable, which, by taking away two letters,
+  become words of two syllables, as plague, league, both of which,
+  by such an elision, leave <i>ague</i>. By dropping the two first
+  letters of the word <i>monosyllable</i>, we have <i>no
+  syllable</i> remaining.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been remarked that <i>heroine</i> is one of the most
+  peculiar words in our language, as it may be thus
+  divided&mdash;the two first letters of it are male&mdash;the
+  three first female&mdash;the four first a brave man, and the
+  whole word a brave woman. Thus: <i>he, her, hero, heroine</i>. A
+  beggar may address himself, and say, <i>mend I
+  can't!</i>&mdash;leave out the apostrophe and he still remains a
+  <i>mendicant</i>. <i>Tartar, papa, murmur, etc.</i> may be
+  noticed as doubling the first syllable, and <i>eye, level</i>,
+  and other words as having the same meaning whether read backwards
+  or forwards. Some few by a reverse reading give a different sense
+  as <i>leper, revel, etc.</i></p>
+
+  <p>W.F.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>[pg
+  358]</span></p>
+
+  <h2>FINE ARTS</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE SCHOOL OF PAINTING, AT THE BRITISH
+  INSTITUTION.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>My first view of the copies at the British Institution being
+  rather too cursory to allow me to do ample justice to several of
+  much merit. Another visit has enabled me to make a few additional
+  remarks on the performances of many worthy young aspirants, who,
+  it is presumed, will receive fresh stimulus from the approbation
+  extended to them.</p>
+
+  <p>In my last notice, which appeared in No. 396, of the MIRROR, I
+  adverted to Miss Sharpe's water-colour drawing of the Holy
+  Family, by Sir J. Reynolds; this is really an inimitable copy,
+  possessing all the richness of tint, and even the boldness and
+  texture, of the original. It is unquestionably the finest copy in
+  water ever executed in the Institution, to which, as well as to
+  the talented lady, it is a very high honour. From the numerous
+  <i>small</i> copies <i>in oil</i> of the Holy Family, I regret
+  not being able to select more than one&mdash;that by Mr.
+  Sargeant.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Heaphy, in all his drawings, evinces considerable
+  artistical knowledge; his small study from Vandyke's Portrait of
+  a Gentleman is admirable in colour and execution.</p>
+
+  <p>Messrs. Drake, Fussell, and Sargeant, have cleverly imitated
+  the fine Cattle Piece, by Cuyp; and Messrs. Pasmore and Novice
+  deserve notice for their studies from Gainsborough's large
+  landscape with figures. Messrs. Anderson and Woolmer are the best
+  imitators of Berghem's Landscape and Cattle; and the Interior of
+  a Kitchen, by Maaes, has met with the greatest possible attention
+  from Miss Alabaster, Mr. Bone, Jun., and Messrs. Novice and Buss.
+  The best attempts from the Canaletti are by Miss Dujardin, Mr. F.
+  Watts, and D. Pasmore, Jun. From the copies of Titian's Holy
+  Family, we may prefer Mr. Rochard's, which is the same size as
+  the original.</p>
+
+  <p>Guercino's magnificent work, the Soul of St. Peter ascending
+  into Heaven attended by Angels, which was formerly an
+  altar-piece, has been copied in small. This is not, perhaps, at
+  first sight, a very attractive picture; but the longer we look at
+  it, the longer we seem disposed to admire it, for it insensibly
+  conveys to the mind sublime ideas, seldom experienced before.</p>
+
+  <p>Perhaps the most novel performance in the present school is by
+  Mr. Davis; representing a View of the Gallery, with all the
+  original pictures, the different styles of which he has well
+  succeeded in. His work is a sort of <i>multum in parvo,</i>
+  extremely pretty and interesting.</p>
+
+  <p>To conclude&mdash;the copies by Mrs. Pearson, Miss Farrier,
+  Miss Kearsley, &amp;c. are very clever; as are those by Messrs.
+  Wate, Phillips, Brough, Hastings, Mackay, and Irving.</p>
+
+  <p>G.W.N.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE NOVELIST</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ISABEL.</h3>
+
+  <p>Several years ago I took up my abode at the retired village of
+  D&mdash;&mdash;. I had chosen this residence on account of its
+  sequestered situation, as solitude was, at that time, more
+  accordant to my feelings than the bustle of a populous town. At
+  no great distance from my habitation stood the Castle of
+  D&mdash;&mdash;, an ancient Gothic structure, sinking fast into
+  decay. The last of its original possessors had been dead more
+  than half a century, and it was the property of a gentleman who
+  resided on the continent. The interior of the mansion spoke
+  loudly of desolation and ruin: the state apartments were
+  despoiled of their magnificent decorations, and scarcely a
+  vestige remained of their former splendour. An aged female
+  domestic was the sole inhabitant of this deserted pile. Born in
+  the service of the family of D&mdash;&mdash;, she had survived
+  the last of its race, and remained a solitary relic of that
+  illustrious house. It was the business of old Alice to show the
+  castle to strangers; and I soon became a favourite with her, from
+  the interest I appeared to take in the fate of its former
+  inhabitants. The gallery was our chief resort; and, finding me a
+  willing listener, my ancient companion delighted to inform me of
+  all tradition had supplied her with, respecting the mighty
+  warriors and stately dames, whose portraits still hung on the
+  walls, smiling, as if in mockery of the desolation around.</p>
+
+  <p>One fine autumnal evening found me, as usual, in my favourite
+  retreat. The rays of the departing sun streamed in rich dyes
+  through the coloured window, and fell with softened glory on the
+  picture of a bridal ceremony. I was surprised that it had never
+  before engaged my attention. The bridegroom was young, graceful,
+  and noble&mdash;the bride, fair, soft, and delicate. By her side
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>[pg
+  359]</span> stood a form of unequalled loveliness: it seemed too
+  beautiful to have belonged to a daughter of earth; and I imagined
+  the painter had designed it to represent the guardian saint of
+  the youthful pair. I inquired of my ancient conductress the
+  history of this picture, and whether the beautiful female was not
+  an ideal being? "Alas!" said she, "it commemorates a heavy day
+  for the house of D&mdash;&mdash;; on that day the last and
+  fairest of its race sunk the victim of unrequited affection. That
+  is her picture; but, oh! her soul was more angelic than her
+  person; she"&mdash;but, reader, let me give the story in my own
+  words. The Lady Isabel was the last descendant of the family of
+  D&mdash;&mdash;; her father had fallen in battle; his lady did
+  not long survive him; and thus, at an early age, Isabel became an
+  orphan. Her mother's brother was appointed her guardian, and,
+  with his son Albert, came to reside at the Castle. The children,
+  thus insulated from the world, and educated entirely at home, saw
+  nothing so worthy to be loved as each other, and their attachment
+  was as romantic as the scenes around them. They both (but
+  particularly Isabel) delighted in the high chivalrous legends of
+  antiquity&mdash;and the tales of eternal constancy and
+  self-devoted affection recorded of some of the earlier heroines
+  of her family, were read with sacred veneration by the young
+  enthusiast. In a mind of ordinary temperament, little harm would
+  have resulted from the indulgence of such a taste; to the
+  impassioned soul of Isabel it was destructive and fatal. Deprived
+  by death of the mother who might have taught her to restrain and
+  regulate her ardent feelings, they acquired by neglect additional
+  strength, and eventually concentrated into a passion deep and
+  lasting as her existence. As years passed on, so did her love
+  increase; she regarded Albert as the perfection of human
+  excellence, and worshipped him with all the full devotedness of
+  her warm heart. It was not so with Albert; he thought of his fair
+  cousin with pride&mdash;with tenderness; but it was only the calm
+  affection of a brother: other feelings than those of love
+  possessed him&mdash;he languished for fame, for honourable
+  distinction among his fellow men, and at length left his peaceful
+  home, and the sweet companion of his youth, to fight the battles
+  of his country. His career was glorious; and after an absence of
+  three years, he was recalled by the death of his father. Isabel
+  welcomed him with rapturous joy; he embraced her with a brother's
+  fondness, and gazed with delight on her improved beauty. He
+  suspected not that she loved him with more than a sisterly
+  affection, and thought not of the wound he was about to inflict
+  on this tender, enthusiastic being. He told her of his attachment
+  to a fair girl, who had consented to become his bride at the
+  expiration of the term of mourning for his father. She heard him
+  with death-like silence, checked the groan that was bursting from
+  her agonized heart, and strove to assume a look of cheerfulness.
+  Retired to the solitude of her apartment, she wept in bitter
+  anguish&mdash;her young soul was blighted; she had nothing left
+  to live for; hope, happiness, and love were at an end; for love
+  would now be guilt. At length she grew calm, but it was the
+  fearful calmness of despair; she complained not&mdash;reproached
+  not; for she felt that she had been self-deceived; she could not,
+  however, conceal the devastation which sorrow was making in her
+  graceful form. Albert beheld her with concern, but ascribed the
+  alteration to her grief for his father's loss, for Isabel had
+  tenderly loved her uncle. She rejoiced at his mistake, and
+  attempted not to undeceive him: one only wish possessed
+  her&mdash;it was, to see the chosen of her Albert; and, with a
+  feverish impatience, she urged him to accelerate his nuptials.
+  The appointed day arrived&mdash;Isabel, attired in robes of
+  richest state, stood beside the altar, and witnessed the
+  annihilation of all her earthly happiness; still she sunk not;
+  but, with a mighty effort, pronounced a blessing on the wedded
+  pair. The excitement brought back a vivid colour to her cheeks,
+  and rekindled the lustre of her large dark eyes. The painter had
+  seized that moment to depict her glowing form&mdash;the
+  enthusiasm was but momentary&mdash;her angel face soon lost its
+  lovely tint, and her beautiful eyes sunk again into languor. The
+  castle was thronged with noble guests&mdash;sick at heart the
+  wretched Isabel wandered abstractedly amid the gay
+  assembly&mdash;her large floating eyes seemed straying vacantly
+  around, until they met the bridegroom's look of joy. Then came
+  the madness of recollection; with a convulsive shuddering she
+  averted her head, and stole unnoticed from the company. Morning
+  came, but she appeared not; her chamber was searched&mdash;she
+  had not entered it. Albert flew distractedly into the park, and,
+  at length perceived her quietly sitting by the side of the lake,
+  near a bower, which, when a boy, he had helped to decorate. She
+  was still clad in the robes of last night's festival. He ran
+  eagerly towards her&mdash;she <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page360" name="page360"></a>[pg 360]</span> spoke not&mdash;he
+  entreated her to answer him, but he implored in vain&mdash;there
+  was neither breath, nor sense, nor motion&mdash;she was dead!
+  'Twas a mournful sight! one white hand, stiffened to marble, was
+  pressed upon her broken heart, as she had sought to stay its
+  painful throbbings&mdash;the cold night dews hung in large drops
+  upon her silken hair, and shed a tremulous gleam upon the
+  diamonds that sparkled on her pale, icy forehead&mdash;the
+  withered leaves had found a resting place upon her bosom, and her
+  white garments were embroidered by their many colourings. The
+  castle became hateful to Albert after this event: he removed to a
+  distant part of the country, and never again revisited the scenes
+  of his earlier years. He also was dead; and Isabel, her love, and
+  her despair, were forgotten by all, save one aged, isolated
+  being, whose time-whitened locks and decrepit frame showed that
+  she too was rapidly descending to the silence of the grave.</p>
+
+  <p><i>London University Magazine</i>. No. II.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MOLES</h3>
+
+  <p>Are so voracious as not even to spare their own species. If
+  two are shut up together without food, there will shortly be
+  nothing left of the weakest but its skin, slit along the
+  belly.&mdash;<i>Cuvier</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SCOTCH ALE.</h3>
+
+  <p>The strength of Scotch ale, whence it deserves the name,
+  ranges between 32 and 44 pounds weight to the imperial barrel,
+  according to the price at which it is meant to be sold. The
+  general mode of charge is by the hogshead (about a barrel and a
+  half,) for which five pounds, six, seven, or eight pounds are
+  paid, as the quality may warrant; the strength for every
+  additional pound of price being increased by about four pounds
+  per barrel of weight.&mdash;<i>Library of Useful
+  Knowledge</i>.&mdash;Scotch two-penny was so called because it
+  was sold at twopence the Scotch pint, which was nearly two
+  English quarts.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>In a Scotch brewer's instructions for Scotch ale, dated 1793,
+  we meet with the following curious mystical instruction:&mdash;"I
+  throw a little dry malt, which is left on purpose, on the top of
+  the mash, with a handful of salt, to <i>keep the witches from
+  it</i>, and then cover it up. Perhaps this custom gave rise to
+  the vulgar term <i>water bewitched</i> for indifferent beer."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AMERICAN LAW.</h3>
+
+  <p>A recent traveller, in describing the American courts of law
+  and their proceedings, says, in one instance Counsellor Lloyd had
+  grossly insulted Judge Turner in the street, and was tried for
+  the offence by the judge. He was half-drunk, but defended himself
+  by the vilest abuse of the judge, who could not silence him. No
+  jury was appealed to; but (we suppose for contempt of court) he
+  was ordered to give security for one year's good behaviour, and,
+  not procuring sufficient bail, was committed to prison.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The Galwegians who attended David I. of Scotland to Custon
+  Moor, had a favourite amusement of tossing infants upon their
+  pikes!</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>A CAT STORY.</h3>
+
+  <p>Lady Morgan tells a story of an "amiable and intelligent"
+  grimalkin, which belonged to a young girl who was subject to
+  epileptic fits. Puss, by dint of repeated observation, knew when
+  they were coming on, and would run, frisking her tail, to the
+  girl's parents, mewing in the most heart-breaking tones, and
+  clawing at their legs, till she made them follow her. Her name
+  was <i>Mina</i>; and her history is extant in "choice Italian."
+  At length the girl died, and poor puss went to the funeral of her
+  own accord. Being a black cat, she was already in
+  mourning&mdash;"nature's mourning!" She wanted to jump into the
+  grave, but that was prevented. So puss, the "chief mourner," was
+  carried home again. But her amiable heart could not survive the
+  shock, for, after pining three months, refusing boiled liver and
+  new milk, poor grimalkin was found "dead upon the green mound
+  that covered her beloved mistress's remains." There was a cat for
+  you!</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>TURKS AND RUSSIANS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The character of the Russ differs from that of the Turk in
+  little more than in the quality of his barbarism. The Turk loves
+  blood;&mdash;the Russ loves craft;&mdash;The Turk takes at once
+  to the dagger;&mdash;the Russ begins by the snare; but when the
+  matter presses, he will use the steel as readily as any Turk on
+  earth. The ferocity of the Turk flourishes in the streets, in his
+  own house, in the seraglio&mdash;every where that he has a victim
+  within his reach, and that it pleases him to destroy that victim.
+  The Russ knows something more of the <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page361" name="page361"></a>[pg 361]</span> law, and is by no
+  means so domestic a cut-throat; but his mercy in the field or in
+  the stormed city, is massacre.&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MR. PITT.</h3>
+
+  <p>Lady Hester Stanhope related the following to Mr.
+  Madden:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>When Mr. Pitt was out of office, I acted as his secretary, and
+  he had then as much business as when he was in. He very seldom
+  opposed my opinions, and always respected my antipathies. In
+  private life he was cheerful and affable; he would rise in the
+  midst of his gravest avocations to hand me a fallen handkerchief;
+  he was always polite to women, and a great favourite with many of
+  them; but he was wedded to the state, and nothing but death could
+  divorce him from his country. He was fond of me; he loved
+  originality in any shape. His great recreation, after the fatigue
+  of business, was stealing into the country, entering a clean
+  cottage, where there was a tidy woman and a nicely-scoured table,
+  and there he would eat bread and cheese like any ploughman. He
+  detested routs, and always sat down to plain dinners. He never
+  ate before he went to the House; but when any thing important was
+  to be discussed, he was in the habit of taking a glass of port
+  wine with a tea-spoonful of bark.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ENGLISH AND FRENCH.</h3>
+
+  <p>In the arts, while French productions display resource,
+  ingenuity, and dexterity, they at the same time show a striking
+  want of the sense of fitness, and are unfinished and flimsy.
+  Such, in the cities of France, is remarkably the case with
+  whatever regards furniture and decoration, while the productions
+  of cookery are at once impregnated with filth, and admirably
+  calculated to conceal it. In the country, again, with a climate
+  superior to that of England, there is everywhere to be seen open
+  fields, later harvests, corn full of weeds, and inferior grain.
+  The difference between French and English taste in dress is very
+  remarkable. Even when English women take a hint from French
+  contrivances, they endeavour to be more natural, modest, and
+  classical. As to male dress, an English gentleman always desires
+  his tailor to avoid the extremes of fashion; and, as his dress is
+  grave and manly, it is generally followed throughout Europe. The
+  French use of forks, napkins, &amp;c. really requires some
+  notice. A French gentleman, in adjusting himself at his coarse
+  deal table and shabby cloth, does not hesitate to fix a napkin
+  about his neck, in such a manner as to protect his clothes in
+  front against the certainty of being bespattered by his mode of
+  eating. An Englishman of the middle class would be ashamed of
+  such a contrivance; for, without any particular care, he eats so
+  as not even to stain the damask cloth with which his mahogany
+  table is covered. The French gentleman is perpetually wiping his
+  dirty fingers on a napkin spread out before him, and of which the
+  beauties are not invisible to his neighbours on each side. The
+  Englishman of the middle class requires no napkin, because his
+  fingers are never soiled. The French gentleman, incapable of
+  raising his left hand properly to his mouth, first hastily hacks
+  his meat into fragments, then throws down his dirty knife on the
+  cloth, and seizing the fork in his right hand, while his left
+  fixes a mass of bread on his plate, he runs up each fragment
+  against it, and having eaten these, he wipes up his plate with
+  the bread and swallows it. An English peasant would blush at such
+  bestiality. A French gentleman not only washes his filthy hands
+  at table, but, after gulping a mouthful, and using it as a
+  gargle, squirts it into the basin standing before him, and the
+  company, who may see the charybdis or maelstrom he has made in
+  it, and the floating filth he has discharged, and which is now
+  whirling in its vortex. In England this practice is unknown,
+  except to those whose taste and stomach are too strong for
+  offence. It has been stupidly borrowed from the Oriental nations,
+  who use no knives and forks, and where, though it has this
+  apology, it has always excited the disgust of enlightened
+  travellers. When dinner is over, the Englishman's carpet is as
+  clean as before; the Frenchman's bare boards resemble those of a
+  hog-sty. In short, in all that regards the table, the French are
+  some centuries behind the English.&mdash;<i>Blackwood's
+  Magazine.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>In the last <i>Quarterly Review</i> we find that "the safety
+  of the British empire is now entrusted to 130,000 men. Now
+  France, we believe, maintains about 200,000 soldiers. The forces
+  of Austria and Prussia have always been on a much higher footing
+  than ours. Even the late King of Bavaria kept, we know not how,
+  70,000 men under arms. Indeed Old England is by nothing more
+  happily distinguished from her neighbours <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>[pg 362]</span> than
+  by the silence of the trumpet and drum. At this moment, moreover,
+  the due level of our peace establishment is but an object of
+  speculative research. No man who looks to the placing of
+  Roumelia, or whose vision reaches even to the palace of
+  Elys&eacute;e Bourbon, would consent that this country should
+  lose the aid of a single right."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ALI PACHA'S HEAD.</h3>
+
+  <p>Dr. Walsh tells us that the head of Ali Pacha was sent to
+  Constantinople, and exhibited to the public on a dish. As the
+  name of Ali had made a considerable noise in Europe, and more
+  particularly in England, in consequence of his negociations with
+  Sir Thomas Maitland, and still more, perhaps, the stanzas in
+  <i>Childe Harold</i>, a merchant of Constantinople thought it no
+  bad speculation to purchase the head and dish, and send them to
+  London for exhibition; but a former confidential agent obtained
+  it from the executioner for a higher price than the merchant had
+  offered; and together with the heads of his three sons and
+  grandson, who, according to custom, were all seized and
+  decapitated, had them deposited near one of the city gates, with
+  a tombstone and inscription.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE GOUT.</h3>
+
+  <p>Imagine a sensation in the great toe, as if it had been
+  suddenly seized with a pair of red-hot pincers. Whew! There they
+  are at it! nipping and tearing the flesh, and then rubbing the
+  lacerated joint with aquafortis, or a solution of blue vitriol.
+  And now, the pain shoots along the nerves on that side, till my
+  head bumps and bumps as if a legion of imps were playing at
+  leap-frog in it.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AMERICA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The state of business in the United States is thus described
+  in a letter from Boston, dated the 7th of last July:&mdash;"The
+  commercial world over the globe seems paralyzed, and many
+  manufactories on a large scale, with the proprietors and
+  stockholders, have failed, and are utterly ruined. All business
+  is confined to the wants only of the day, teaching a necessary
+  absolute economy, which men of business in times past have not
+  been accustomed to."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Rice Paper is the pith of the Tong-t-sao&mdash;a valuable
+  Chinese tree.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE SELECTOR and LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>EMIGRATION TO NEW SOUTH WALES.</h3>
+
+  <p>People who are accustomed to sit half the day with their hands
+  folded, over a bright November fire, talking of hard times and
+  other standing grievances, will do well to read "<i>A Letter from
+  Sydney, the principal town of Australasia, edited by Robert
+  Ganger</i>;" and study an annexed system of colonization as a
+  remedy for their distress. The Letter is written by a
+  plain-sailing, plain-dealing man of the world, and though on a
+  foreign topic, is in a homely style. We are therefore persuaded
+  that a few extracts will be useful to the above class of thinkers
+  and readers, as well as to others who do not, like the great man
+  of antiquity, sigh for new worlds.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Climate and Soil</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>All that you read in the works of Wentworth and Cunningham, as
+  to the healthfulness and beauty of the climate, is strictly true.
+  There are scarcely any diseases but what result immediately from
+  intemperance. Dropsy, palsy, and the whole train of nervous
+  complaints, are common enough; but then, drunkenness is the vice
+  <i>par excellence</i> of the lower orders; and the better class
+  of settlers have not learned those habits of temperance which are
+  suited to the climate of Naples. The two classes often remind me
+  of English squires and their grooms, as I used to see them at
+  Florence, just after the peace; masters drinking at dinner,
+  because they were abroad, and after dinner because they were
+  Englishmen; the servants drinking always, because wine and brandy
+  were cheap. Perhaps a generation must pass away before the people
+  here will accommodate their habits to the climate, which is that
+  of Italy, without either malaria or the sirocco.</p>
+
+  <p>The soil of New South Wales is not particularly fertile. The
+  plains of the Granges, and of the great rivers of China, the
+  lowlands of the West India islands, the swamps of the Gulf of
+  Mexico, and even the marshes of Essex, produce crops of which the
+  people here have no conception; but then, as we are without great
+  masses of alluvial deposit, so are agues and intermittent fevers
+  absolutely unknown. In point of natural fertility, I am inclined
+  to compare this soil to that of France; and I have no doubt that,
+  if the same quantity of agricultural labour as is employed in
+  France, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page363" name=
+  "page363"></a>[pg 363]</span> were here bestowed upon an area
+  equal to the French territory, the quantity of produce would
+  fully equal that of France. Timber, coal, iron, and other useful
+  minerals, abound; the harbours and rivers teem with fish; cattle
+  of all sorts thrive and multiply with astonishing rapidity; every
+  fruit that flourishes in Spain and Italy comes to the highest
+  perfection; and Nature fully performs her part in bestowing upon
+  man the necessaries, comforts, and luxuries of life.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Value of Land, &amp;c.</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>I was told that an estate of 10,000 acres might be obtained
+  for a mere trifle. This was true. I have got 20,000 acres, and
+  they did not cost me more than 2s. per acre. But I imagined that
+  a domain of that extent would be very valuable. In this I was
+  wholly mistaken. As my estate cost me next to nothing, so it is
+  worth next to nothing. It is a noble property to look at; and
+  "20,000 acres in a ring fence," sounds very well in England; but
+  here, such a property possesses no exchangeable value. The reason
+  is plain: there are millions upon millions of acres, as fertile
+  as mine, to be had for nothing; and, what is more, there are not
+  people to take them. Of my 20,000 acres I reckon about 5,000 to
+  be woodland, though, indeed, there are trees scattered over the
+  whole property, as in an English park. For my amusement, I had a
+  rough estimate made of the money that I could obtain for all this
+  timber, were it growing in any part of England. The valuation
+  amounts to above &pound;150,000.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Building</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Having fortune enough for all my wants, I proposed to get a
+  large domain, to build a good house, to keep enough land in my
+  own hands for pleasure-grounds, park, and game preserves; and to
+  let the rest, after erecting farm-houses in the most suitable
+  spots. My mansion, park, preserves, and tenants, were all a mere
+  dream. I have not one of them. When, upon my first arrival, I
+  talked of these things to some sensible men, to whom I was
+  recommended, they laughed in my face. I soon found that a house
+  would, though the stone and timber were to be had for nothing,
+  cost three times as much as in England. This was on account of
+  the very high wages required by mechanics; but this was not all.
+  None of the materials of a house, except stone and timber, are
+  produced in the colony. Every pane of glass, every nail, every
+  grain of paint, and every piece of furniture, from the kitchen
+  copper to the drawing-room curtains, must have come from England.
+  My property is at a distance of nearly seventy miles from the
+  sea, and there is no road, but a track through the forest, for
+  two-thirds of that distance. The whole colony did not contain as
+  many masons, carpenters, glaziers, painters, black and
+  whitesmiths, and other mechanics, as I should have required. Of
+  course, I soon abandoned all thought of building a mansion. As
+  for a park, my whole property was a park, and a preserve for
+  kangaroos and emus.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>A friend of ours, a free emigrant, has more than once
+  facetiously wished for our company in the colony; but judging
+  from the following, we had rather "let well alone," and stay at
+  home, than play the schoolmaster or march-of-intellect-man at
+  Sydney:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>As for mental wants, talking and reading are out of the
+  question, except it be to scold your servants, and to con over a
+  Sydney newspaper, which contains little else but the miserable
+  party politics of this speck upon the globe, reports of crime and
+  punishment, and low-lived slang and flash, such as fill the
+  pothouse Sunday papers of London.</p>
+
+  <p>Literary men, men of science, philosophers, do not emigrate to
+  new countries where their acquirements would be neither rewarded
+  nor admired. Sir Walter Scott, Sir Humphry Davy, and Mr. Malthus,
+  would not earn as much in this colony as three brawny experienced
+  ploughmen; and though the inordinate vanity of a new people might
+  be gratified by the possession of them, they would be considered
+  as mere ornaments, and would often be wholly neglected for things
+  of greater utility.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>House-rent, that great bugbear of certain economists, is
+  indeed a grievous affair at Sydney, as page 20 proves:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Behold me established at Sydney, in a small house, a poor
+  vamped-up building, more inconvenient, and far more ugly, than
+  you can imagine, for which I pay a rent of &pound;250 a year. For
+  half the money you could get twice as good a house in any English
+  country town. This excessive house-rent is caused by the dearness
+  of labour, which enhances the cost of building; for, either the
+  builder will exact a rent proportioned to his outlay, or (if he
+  cannot obtain such a rent) he will not build.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Free Emigrants</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Of what class then, you ask, have been the great mass of
+  emigrants from England, not convicts? Excellent people in
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>[pg
+  364]</span> their way, most of them; farmers, army and navy
+  surgeons, subalterns on half-pay, and a number of indescribable
+  adventurers, from about the twentieth rank in England. They came
+  here to live, not to enjoy; to eat and drink, not to refine; "to
+  settle"&mdash;that is, to roll in a gross plenty for the body,
+  but to starve their minds. To these must be added convicts, many
+  of whom are become rich and influential; and some, not exactly
+  convicts, to whom England ceased to be a convenient residence.
+  The English who live at Boulogne, some for cheapness, some from
+  misfortune, and some from fear, would offer, I should think, a
+  fair sample of the materials which compose the best society in
+  New South Wales; though, I must admit, that the bustling,
+  thriving settler of New South Wales is a companion, rather
+  ignorant though he be&mdash;far away preferable to the not more
+  enlightened, but melancholy English sluggard of Boulogne. To form
+  a due conception of the "upper classes" here, suppose all the
+  natives of France annihilated, and the whole country belonging to
+  the English residents of Boulogne. In that case, there would be
+  an almost perfect resemblance between those Englishmen who,
+  across a narrow channel, can see their own country, and those
+  who, at its antipodes look upon the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Society and Manners</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>As in France, the first class call themselves "gens comme il
+  faut;" and in England, "people of fashion," or "the
+  world"&mdash;so here, the leaders of society are distinguished by
+  a peculiar term. They are called "respectable." Not to speak of
+  France, it is difficult to say what in England constitutes
+  "fashion." Not high birth, certainly&mdash;for some of the
+  despots of English society are sprung from the dunghill. Our
+  epithet to express exclusiveness is, I think better
+  chosen&mdash;for, though strictly speaking, it means worthy of
+  respect, it is claimed, here, only by those to whom respect is
+  paid. In England, the <i>Quarterly Review</i> tells us,
+  "respectability" sometimes means keeping a gig&mdash;here it
+  always means dining with the governor.</p>
+
+  <p>Our manners set the fashion. Those whom we exclude, exclude
+  others. Free emigrants claim to be of a nature superior to
+  convicts; convicts, whose terms of punishment have expired,
+  behave as if their flesh and blood were wholly unlike that of
+  convicts still in durance; convicts, who have not been convicted
+  south of the line, scorn those who have; and these several
+  classes, except the last, are as proud and tenacious of their
+  privileges as is every distinctive class in England, except the
+  unhappy lowest; or, as is every shade of colour in the West
+  Indies except the perfect black.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>The Population</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Of the settlement may amount in round numbers to 45,000. Of
+  these only 14,000, including women and children, have not been
+  convicted of felony; and two-thirds of the remainder,
+  seven-eights being grown men, are galley-slaves, still in
+  chains!</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Influence of Convict Labour</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Little more than forty years ago this country was an absolute
+  waste. By way of contrast, behold, in the parts first settled,
+  the following proofs of wealth: a thriving capital, and several
+  interior towns, the latter being larger and better constructed
+  than the capitals of some English settlements in America, a
+  hundred years after their foundation; excellent roads; productive
+  turnpikes; crowded market-places; public hotels, superior to the
+  best in North America, even at this late hour; warehouses,
+  through which there is a constant flow of luxuries from all parts
+  of the world; public carriages, almost as well managed as those
+  of England; an astonishing number of private carriages, built in
+  Long Acre; several newspapers, and other periodical works;
+  booksellers' shops, well supplied from Europe; two banks of
+  deposit and discount; many churches and chapels; very good
+  schools for rich and poor; scientific, literary, and
+  philanthropic societies; a botanical garden; a turf club; packs
+  of hounds; dinner parties, concerts and balls; fine furniture,
+  plate, and jewels; and though last, not least, many gradations in
+  society, being so many gradations in wealth.</p>
+
+  <p>Whence have come all those things, over and above mere
+  subsistence, which astonish the beholder, when he reflects that
+  this colony has been planted little more than forty years?</p>
+
+  <p>An example has just passed my window, in the shape of a
+  dashing English landau. It contains a "lady," who married a poor
+  half-pay lieutenant, and who now drinks tea that would cost in
+  England twenty shillings the pound. They emigrated to New South
+  Wales in 1815. But how did she get that carriage, and how does
+  she manage to send to China for the gunpowder? Thus:&mdash;Her
+  husband is both landowner and merchant. Being constantly supplied
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page365" name="page365"></a>[pg
+  365]</span> with a number of convict labourers, he breeds cattle
+  and cultivates grain; and as he gives to his labourers but just
+  enough for their subsistence, he has a large surplus produce.
+  Having sold to the local government wheat and beef for the supply
+  of prisons, hospitals, and barracks, he is paid partly with bills
+  upon the English treasury, and partly with dollars, sent from
+  England for the support of the great penitentiary. He remits one
+  of those bills to his London agent, and desires him to purchase,
+  with the proceeds thereof, a superb landau. In less than a year,
+  his wife "rides in her coach." He sends some of the dollars to
+  Canton, and purchases therewith a cargo of tea, of which he gives
+  to his wife as much as she likes, and sells the rest to the wives
+  of other men, who pay him with bills or dollars, received again
+  from the government for wheat and beef. Thus, you see, Mrs.
+  &mdash;&mdash; is indebted for two decided proofs of wealth to
+  the prevalence of crime in England. Even the coat of arms on her
+  landau was found by your Herald's College, in return for a part
+  of the proceeds of that bill, which was drawn <i>to pay for the
+  food of the soldiers who drove the convicts, who produced the
+  food</i>. Our old friend Sir George Nayler would no doubt start
+  at being told of his obligation to the pickpockets of London. And
+  the rogues are little aware of their influence in political
+  economy; but I have stated a plain fact, which, if you have any
+  doubts about it, pray submit both to Sir George himself, and to
+  Mr. M'Culloch.</p>
+
+  <p>That is, indeed, an ill-wind which blows no good. We owe every
+  thing, over and above mere subsistence, to the wickedness of the
+  people of England. Who built Sydney? Convicts. Who made the
+  excellent roads from Sydney to Parramatta, Windsor, and
+  Liverpool? Convicts. By whom is the land made to produce? By
+  convicts. Why do not all our labourers exact high wages, and, by
+  taking a large share of the produce of labour, prevent their
+  employers from becoming rich? Because most of them are convicts.
+  What has enabled the landowner readily to dispose of his surplus
+  produce? The demand of the keepers of convicts. What has brought
+  so many ships to Port Jackson, and occasioned a further demand
+  for agricultural produce? The transportation of convicts. What
+  has tempted free emigrants to bring capital into the settlement?
+  The true stories that they heard of fortunes made by employing
+  the cheap labour of convicts. But here are questions and answers
+  enough. The case is plain. Nearly all that we possess has arisen
+  from the happy influence of penal emigration and discipline, on
+  production, distribution, and consumption. Thanks to the system
+  of transportation, we have had cheap labour and a ready market;
+  production, consequently, has exceeded consumption; and the
+  degree of that excess is the measure of our
+  accumulation&mdash;that is, of our wealth.</p>
+
+  <p>The transportation of at least ten males for one female,
+  maintains a great disproportion between the sexes. This is the
+  greatest evil of all.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>A Rover</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>On the banks of the Illinois, I met with a labouring man, who
+  was always tipsy without ever being drunk. Enervated by
+  dram-drinking, he had not the courage to obtain a bit of forest
+  and settle; but he could earn seven shillings a day by his
+  labour. When I spoke to him, he complained of low wages. "At New
+  York, friend," said I, "five shillings a day are thought quite
+  enough." "I know that," he answered; "I was born there, and came
+  here to get eight shillings a day, which, I was told, was the
+  lowest rate hereabouts." It turned out that he never worked more
+  than three days in the week, and that, in order to obtain
+  twenty-four shillings a week by three days' labour, he had made a
+  circuitous voyage of some thousand miles from the place where he
+  was born, and where he could have earned thirty shillings a week
+  by working every day.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Slang</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>The base language of English thieves is becoming the
+  established language of the colony. Terms of slang and flash are
+  used, as a matter of course, every where, from the gaols to the
+  Viceroy's palace, not excepting the Bar and the Bench. No doubt
+  they will be reckoned quite parliamentary, as soon as we obtain a
+  parliament.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Bush-ranging</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Is a dreadful evil, being a kind of land piracy. None but back
+  settlers, it is true, are exposed to its burnings, rapes, and
+  massacres; but these are as much British subjects as the
+  inhabitants of Sydney or of Downing Street. And, if the
+  inhabitants of towns escape those horrors, they are liable to be
+  murdered in a quiet way, and their property is exposed to every
+  kind of depredation. Their actual losses by robbery, including
+  the expense and loss of time occasioned by prosecutions, are very
+  great.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The concluding observations on "the <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+  extension of Britain," and her colonial interests, are in a
+  forcible and liberal tone, but as they take rather too political
+  a turn for our pages, we recommend the anxious reader to the
+  volume itself, which is altogether the production of an original
+  thinker and an impartial writer.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE CRUISE OF H.M. SHIP TORCH.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>A Fragment</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>I was the mate of the morning watch, and, as day dawned, I had
+  amused myself with other younkers over the side, examining the
+  shot holes and other injuries sustained from the fire of the
+  frigate, and contrasting the clean, sharp, well-defined
+  apertures, made by the 24 lb. shot from the long guns, with the
+  bruised and splintered ones from the 32 lb. carronades; but the
+  men had begun to wash down the decks, and the first gush of
+  clotted blood and water from the scuppers fairly turned me sick.
+  I turned away, when Mr. Kennedy, our gunner, a good steady old
+  Scotchman, with whom I was a bit of a favourite, came up to
+  me&mdash;"Mr. Cringle, the captain has sent for you; poor Mr.
+  Johnstone is fast going, he wants to see you."</p>
+
+  <p>I knew my young messmate had been wounded, for I had seen him
+  carried below after the frigate's second broad-side; but the
+  excitement of a boy, who had never smelled powder fired in anger
+  before, had kept me on deck the whole night, and it never once
+  occurred to me to ask for him, until the old gunner spoke.</p>
+
+  <p>I hastened down to our small confined berth, and there I saw a
+  sight that quickly brought me to myself. Poor Johnstone was
+  indeed going; a grape shot had struck him, and torn his belly
+  open. There he lay in his bloody hammock on the deck, pale and
+  motionless as if he had already departed, except a slight
+  twitching at the corners of his mouth, and a convulsive
+  contraction and distension of his nostrils. His brown ringlets
+  still clustered over his marble forehead, but they were drenched
+  in the cold sweat of death. The surgeon could do nothing for him,
+  and had left him; but our old captain&mdash;bless him for
+  it&mdash;I little expected, from his usual crusty bearing, to
+  find him so employed&mdash;had knelt by his side, and, whilst he
+  read from the Prayer Book one of those beautiful petitions in our
+  church service to Almighty God, for mercy to the passing soul of
+  one so young, and so early cut off, the tears trickled down the
+  old man's cheeks, and filled the furrows worn in them by the
+  washing up of many a salt spray. On the other side of his narrow
+  bed, fomenting the rigid muscles of his neck and chest, sat
+  Mistress Connolly, one of three women on board&mdash;a rough
+  enough creature, heaven knows, in common weather; but her stifled
+  sobs showed that the mournful sight had stirred up all the woman
+  within her. She had opened the bosom of the poor boy's shirt, and
+  untying the ribbon that fastened a small gold crucifix round his
+  neck, she placed it in his cold hand. The young midshipman was of
+  a respectable family in Limerick, her native place, and a
+  Catholic&mdash;another strand of the cord that bound her to him.
+  When the captain finished reading, he bent over the departing
+  youth, and kissed his cheek. "Your young messmate just now
+  desired to see you, Mr. Cringle, but it is too late, he is
+  insensible and dying." Whilst he spoke, a strong shiver passed
+  through the boy's frame, his face became slightly convulsed, and
+  all was over! The captain rose, and Connolly, with a delicacy of
+  feeling which many might not have looked for in her situation,
+  spread one of our clean mess table-cloths over the body. "And is
+  it really gone you are, my poor, dear boy!" forgetting all
+  difference of rank in the fulness of her heart. "Who will tell
+  this to your mother, and nobody here to wake you but ould Kate
+  Connolly, and no time will they be giving me, nor
+  whisky&mdash;Ochon! ochon!"</p>
+
+  <p>But enough and to spare of this piping work. The boatswain's
+  whistle now called me to the gangway, to superintend the handing
+  up, from a shore boat alongside, a supply of the grand staples of
+  the island&mdash;ducks and onions. The three 'Mudians in her were
+  characteristic samples of the inhabitants. Their faces and skins,
+  where exposed, were not tanned, but absolutely burnt into a
+  fiery-red colour by the sun. They guessed and drawled like any
+  buckskin from Virginia, superadding to their accomplishments
+  their insular peculiarity of always shutting one eye when they
+  spoke to you. They are all Yankees at bottom; and if they could
+  get their 365 <i>Islands</i>&mdash;so they call the large stones
+  on which they live&mdash;under weigh, they would not be long in
+  towing them into the Chesapeake.</p>
+
+  <p>The word had been passed to get six of the larboard guns and
+  all the shot over to the other side, to give the brig a list
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>[pg
+  367]</span> of a streak or two a-starboard, so that the stage on
+  which the carpenter and his crew were at work over the side,
+  stopping the shot holes above the water line, might swing clear
+  of the wash of the sea. I had jumped from the nettings, where I
+  was perched, to assist in unbolting one of the carronade slides,
+  when I slipped and capsized against a peg sticking out of one of
+  the scuppers. I took it for something else and damned the
+  ring-bolt incontinently. Caboose, the cook, was passing with his
+  mate, a Jamaica negro of the name of Johncrow, at the time.
+  "Don't damn the remains of your fellow-mortals, Master Cringle;
+  that is my leg." The cook of a man-of-war is no small beer, he is
+  his Majesty's warrant officer, a much bigger wig than a poor
+  little mid, with whom it is condescension on his part to
+  jest.</p>
+
+  <p>It seems to be a sort of rule, that no old sailor who has not
+  lost a limb, or an eye at least, shall be eligible to the office;
+  but as the kind of maiming is so far circumscribed that all cooks
+  must have two arms, a laughable proportion of them have but one
+  leg. Besides the honour, the perquisites are good; accordingly,
+  all old quartermasters, captains of tops, &amp;c., look forward
+  to the cookdom, as the cardinals look to the popedom; and really
+  there is some analogy between them, for neither is preferred from
+  any especial fitness for the office. A cardinal is made pope
+  because he is old, infirm, and imbecile&mdash;our friend Caboose
+  was made cook because he had been Lord Nelson's coxswain, was a
+  drunken rascal, and had a wooden leg; for, as to his
+  gastronomical qualifications, he knew no more of the science than
+  just sufficient to watch the copper where the salt junk and
+  potatoes were boiling. Having been a little in the wind
+  overnight, he had quartered himself, in the superabundance of his
+  heroism, at a gun where he had no business to be, and in running
+  it out, he had jammed his toe in a scupper hole, so fast that
+  there was no extricating him; and notwithstanding his piteous
+  entreaty "to be eased out handsomely, as the leg was made out of
+  a plank of the Victory, and the ring at the end out of one of her
+  bolts," the captain of the gun finding, after a stout pull, that
+  the man was like to come "home in his hand <i>without</i> the
+  leg," was forced "to break him short off," as he phrased it, to
+  get him out of the way, and let the carriage traverse. In the
+  morning when he sobered, he had quite forgotten where the leg
+  was, and how he broke it; he therefore got Kelson to splice the
+  stump with the butt-end of a mop; but in the hurry it had been
+  left three inches too long, so that he had to jerk himself up to
+  the top of his peg at every step. The doctor, glad to breathe the
+  fresh air after the horrible work he had gone through, was
+  leaning over the side, speaking to Kelson. When I fell, he turned
+  round and drew Cookee's fire on himself. "Doctor, you have not
+  prescribed for me yet."&mdash;"No, Caboose, I have not; what is
+  wrong?"&mdash;"Wrong, sir! why, I have lost my leg, and the
+  captain's clerk says I am not in the return!&mdash;Look here,
+  sir, had doctor Kelson not coopered me, where should I have
+  been?&mdash;Why, doctor, had I been looked after, amputation
+  might have been unnecessary; a <i>fish</i> might have done,
+  whereas I have had to be <i>spliced</i>." He was here cut short
+  by the voice of his mate, who had gone forward to slay a pig for
+  the gunroom mess. "Oh, Lad, oh!&mdash;Massa Caboose!&mdash;Dem
+  dam Yankee! De Purser killed, massa!&mdash;Dem shoot him troo de
+  head!&mdash;Oh, Oh, Lad!" Captain Deadeye had come on deck. "You,
+  Johncrow, what <i>is</i> wrong with you?"&mdash;"Why, de Purser
+  killed, captain, dat all."&mdash;"Purser killed?&mdash;Doctor, is
+  Saveall hurt?" Treenail could stand it no longer. "No, sir, no;
+  it is one of the gunroom pigs that we shipped at Halifax, three
+  cruises ago; I am sure I don't know how he survived one, but the
+  seamen took a fancy to him, and nicknamed him the Purser. You
+  know, sir, they make pets of any thing, and every thing, at a
+  pinch!"</p>
+
+  <p>Here Johncrow drew the carcass from the hog-pen, and sure
+  enough a shot had cut the poor Purser's head nearly off. Blackee
+  looked at him with a most whimsical expression; they say no one
+  can fathom a negro's affection for a pig. "Poor Purser! de people
+  call him Purser, sir, because him knowing chap; him cabbage all
+  de grub, slush, and stuff in him own corner, and give only de
+  small bit, and de bad piece, to de oder pig; so,
+  captain"&mdash;Splinter saw the poor fellow was like to get into
+  a scrape. "That will do, Johncrow&mdash;forward with you now, and
+  lend a hand to cat the anchor.&mdash;All hands up anchor!" The
+  boatswain's hoarse voice repeated the command, and he in turn was
+  re-echoed by his mates; the capstan was manned, and the crew
+  stamped round to a point of war most villanously performed by a
+  bad drummer and a worse fifer, in as high glee as if those who
+  were killed had been snug and well in their hammocks on the
+  berth-deck, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name=
+  "page368"></a>[pg 368]</span> in place of at the bottom of the
+  sea, with each a shot at his feet. We weighed, and began to work
+  up, tack and tack, towards the island of Ireland, where the
+  arsenal is, amongst a perfect labyrinth of shoals, through which
+  the 'Mudian pilot <i>cunned</i> the ship with great skill, taking
+  his stand, to our no small wonderment, not at the gangway or
+  poop, as usual, but on the bowsprit end, so that he might see the
+  rocks under foot, and shun them accordingly, for they are so
+  steep and numerous, (they look like large fish in the clear
+  water), and the channel is so intricate, that you have to go
+  quite close to them. At noon we arrived at the anchorage, and
+  hauled our moorings on board. <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.</p>
+
+      <p>SHAKSPEARE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SCRAPS.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <h3>DODSLEY.</h3>
+
+  <p>About five or six miles from Mansfield is the mill where the
+  incident took place on which Dodsley founded his pleasing drama
+  of <i>The Miller of Mansfield</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Bottles for ginger-beer, soda-water, ink, blacking, &amp;c.
+  are principally manufactured near Codnor Castle, in Derbyshire.
+  About fifty women and children finish one hundred gross per
+  day.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Glauber Salts are a more tonic aperient than Epsom Salts,
+  which is accounted for by the presence of a little iron, in the
+  one, which has not been detected in the other.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The tip of the cat's nose is always cold, except on the day of
+  the summer solstice, when it becomes lukewarm.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Cod-fish are sorely attacked by dog and cuttle-fish. The
+  latter, with their hard mouths, resembling parrots' bills, cut up
+  the mackerel and herrings with great adroitness. The cuttle-fish
+  are, in their turn, sometimes attacked by the dog-fish; but they
+  generally escape, by ejecting a liquid resembling <i>ink</i>,
+  which renders the water dark and turbid.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MACKEREL.</h3>
+
+  <p>When red mullet are abundant in fishmongers' shops, a fine
+  mackerel season may be expected. The early mackerel are
+  frequently attended by a few mullet; and whenever they nearly, if
+  not altogether, equal the mackerel in number, the circumstance is
+  generally the presage of the approach of great shoals of
+  mackerel.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The course of herrings and mackerel is traced by their eggs,
+  which, during a calm, may be seen floating on the surface of the
+  water, like saw-dust, amidst an appearance like the wake or track
+  of a vessel.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SPRATS AND WHITE BAIT.</h3>
+
+  <p>Mr. Yarrell has recently shown that the sprat is not the young
+  of the herring and pilchard, as has been generally supposed. One
+  of the most material differences is, that the vertebrae in the
+  sprat are forty-eight in number, while in the herring there are
+  fifty-six. The same gentleman has also proved that <i>white
+  bait</i> are not the young of the shad, or mother of herrings;
+  but that they are a well-marked and distinct species.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>WHISKY.</h3>
+
+  <p>It is a curious fact, that until the legal distillation of
+  whisky was prohibited in the Highlands, it was never drunk at
+  gentlemen's tables. "Mountain dew," and such poetic names, are of
+  modern invention, since this liquor became fashionable. It is
+  altogether of modern introduction into the Highlands; the name
+  being only mentioned in modern ballads.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ANNUALS FOR 1830.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Second SUPPLEMENT, containing Choice Extracts from the
+  "Keepsake," "Forget-me-not," &amp;c., with a fine Large Engraving
+  from the "Landscape Annual," will be published with our next
+  number.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.</h3>
+
+  <p>CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the
+  Strand, near Somerset House.</p>
+
+  <p>The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly
+  150 Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &amp;c. 4 Parts,
+  6d each.</p>
+
+  <p>PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s each.</p>
+
+  <p>COWPER'S POEMS with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED
+  27 Nos. 2d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 36 Numbers, 3d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d.</p>
+
+  <p>GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d.</p>
+
+  <p>DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d.</p>
+
+  <p>BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d.</p>
+
+  <p>SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+  Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+  Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11447 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11447 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11447)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14,
+Issue 401, November 28, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2004  [eBook #11447]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: iso-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 401, NOVEMBER 28, 1829***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Jewell, David Garcia, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11447-h.htm or 11447-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11447/11447-h/11447-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11447/11447-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 14, NO. 401.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Siamese Twins.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Siamese Twins.]
+
+
+The Engraving is an accurate sketch of this extraordinary _lusus
+naturae_, which promises to occupy the attention of the whole Town,
+and has already excited no ordinary curiosity among all ranks of the
+scientific and sight-loving. Deviations from the usual forms of nature
+are almost universally offensive; but, in this case, neither the
+personal appearance of the boys, nor the explanation of the phenomenon
+by which they are united, is calculated to raise a single unpleasant
+emotion. The subject is, therefore, not unfit for our pages, and the
+following descriptive particulars, which we have collected from
+various authentic sources, and our own observation, will, we are
+persuaded, be read with considerable interest:
+
+The earliest account of the Siamese Twins is by Dr. I.C. Warren, of
+Boston, and was published in Professor Silliman's Journal of October
+last. They were received of their mother by Captain Coffin and Mr.
+Hunter, in a village of Siam, where the last-mentioned gentleman saw
+them, fishing on the banks of the river. Their father has been some
+time dead, since which they lived with their mother in a state of
+poverty. They were confined within certain limits, by order of the
+Siamese Government, and supported themselves principally by taking
+fish. Their exhibition to the world was suggested to the mother as a
+means of bettering their condition; to which proposition she acceded
+for a liberal compensation, and the promised return of her sons at a
+specific time. She accompanied them on board the ship and, as it was
+not about to sail for some time, she was invited to remain on board;
+but she declined, observing that she might as well part with them
+then as a few days hence. They were first exhibited at Boston, and
+subsequently at New York, in the United States. At Boston, Dr. Warren
+was appointed to report on them; and such of his observations as are
+free from anatomical technicalities, and otherwise adapted for our
+pages, will be found in the subsequent pages. In the meantime, we
+shall proceed with a more popular account of their present appearance,
+which has some of the most interesting characteristics of human
+nature.
+
+They are two distinct and perfect youths, well formed and straight,
+about eighteen years of age, and possessing all the faculties and
+powers usually enjoyed at that period of life. They are united
+together by a short band at the pit of the stomach. On first seeing
+them, it may be supposed, so closely are their sides together--or
+rather, they over-lap a little--that there is no space between them.
+On examining them, however, they are found not to touch each other,
+the band which connects them being, at its shortest part, which is the
+upper and back part, about two inches long. At the lower front part
+the band, which is there soft and fleshy, or rather like soft thick
+skin, is about five inches long, and would be elastic, were it not for
+a thick rope-like cartilaginous or gristly substance, which forms the
+upper part of the band, and which is not above three inches long. The
+band is probably two inches thick at the upper part, and above an inch
+at the lower part. The back part of the band, which is rounded from a
+thickening at the places where it grows from each body, is not so long
+as the front part, which is comparatively flat. The breadth or depth
+of the band is about four inches. It grows from the lower and centre
+part of the breast of each boy, being a continuation of the
+cartilaginous termination of the breast bone, accompanied by muscles
+and blood-vessels, and enveloped, like every other portion of the
+body, with skin, &c. At present this band is not very flexible; and
+there is reason to believe that the cartilaginous substance of the
+upper part is gradually hardening, and will eventually become bone.
+From the nature of the band, and the manner in which it grows from
+each boy, it is impossible that they should be in any other position
+in relation to each other, but side by side, like soldiers, or coming
+up a little to front each other. Their arms and legs are perfectly
+free to move. The band is the only connexion between them; and their
+proximity does not inconvenience either; each of them, whether
+standing, sitting, or moving, generally has his arm round the neck or
+the waist of the other. When they take the arm from this position, so
+close are they kept together that their shoulders cannot be held
+straight; and the near shoulder of each being obliged to be held down
+or up, to allow them room to stand, gives them the appearance of being
+deformed; but two straighter bodies can scarcely be seen.
+
+In their ordinary motions they may be said to resemble two persons
+waltzing. In a room they seem to roll about, as it were, but when they
+walk to any distance, they proceed straight forward with a gait like
+other people. As they rise up or sit down, or stoop, their movements
+are playful, though strange, not ungraceful, and without the
+appearance of constraint. The average height of their countrymen is
+less than that of Europeans, and they seem rather short for their age,
+even judging them by their own standard. They are much shorter than
+the ordinary run of youths in this country at eighteen years of age,
+and are both of the same height. In personal appearance there is a
+striking resemblance between them; this, however, is but on first
+impression, for, on closer examination, considerable difference will
+be observed. The colour of their skin and form of the nose, lips, and
+eyes, denote them as belonging to the Chinese; but they have not that
+broad and flat face which is characteristic of the Mingol race. Their
+foreheads are higher and narrower than those of their countrymen
+generally. Both are lively and intelligent; they pay much attention to
+what is passing around them; and are very grateful for any little
+attention that is paid to them. As a proof of their intelligence, it
+may be stated that they learned to play at Draughts very readily, and
+were soon able to beat those who had assisted in teaching them. Their
+appearance is perfect health. To their friends and attendants, and to
+each other, they are said to be much attached. They appear to be
+excellent physiognomists, for they read the countenance of the visiter
+readily, and are easily affronted with any contemptuous expressions.
+It is said they have not learnt any manual art beyond rowing a boat,
+but they can run and jump, and climb cracks and rigging with great
+facility. They are dressed in short, loose, green jackets and
+trousers, the costume of their country, which is very convenient, and
+allows the utmost freedom of motion, but does not show the form of the
+boys to advantage. With their arms twined round each other, as they
+bend down or move about, they look like a group of statuary. Dr.
+Warren, in his report, states that he _never heard them speak to each
+other_, though they were very fond of talking with a young Siamese,
+who was brought with them as a companion. They, however, appear to
+have a means of communication more rapid than by words. The point most
+worthy of remark, in regard to their actions and movements, is, that
+they seem, generally speaking, to be actuated but by one will; and
+that from whichever of them the volition of the moment proceeds, it
+seems imperative upon both. Occasionally, there is an exception to
+this remark--as, on the voyage from Siam to the United States, when
+one wanted to bathe, and the other refused, on account of the coldness
+of the weather, they quarrelled on the subject.
+
+Each has a name of his own--the one, _Chang_, and the other, _Eng_;
+but, when persons wish to address them as one--to claim their
+attention to anything, for example, or to call them--they are
+addressed as--_Chang Eng_.
+
+The union of twins is not an unusual occurrence, and various
+anatomical collections present many such objects. Ambrose Paré relates
+several instances. Dr. Warren is, however, of opinion, that the
+_Siamese Boys_ present the most remarkable case of the _lusus naturae_
+which has yet been known, taking into view the perfection and
+distinctness of organization, and the length of time they have lived.
+The whole phenomenon may be described in a very few words--_two
+perfect bodies united and bound together by an inseparable link_. As
+we have already stated, their health is at present good; but, observes
+Dr. Warren, "it is probable that the change of their simple living for
+the luxuries they now obtain, together with the confinement their
+situation necessarily involves, will bring their lives to a close
+within a few years." We hope that such will not be the result of their
+leaving their native shores; and we are much pleased with this passage
+in a letter from Drs. Samuel Mitchill and Anderson to Capt.
+Coffin--"They (the youths) are under the protection of a kind and
+benevolent gentleman, and we know you will take good care of them, and
+if they live, return them to their homes again." Of their strength
+many instances are related: since they have arrived in London they
+have lifted a gentleman of considerable weight, with great ease; and
+on this point Drs. Mitchill and Anderson say--"As they are so vigorous
+and alert, we readily coincide that in ten seconds they can lay a
+stout ordinary man on his back."
+
+We shall not go out of our way to state half the curious questions
+which forcibly arose in our minds on visiting this interesting
+exhibition. One of the most important, and least easy of solution, is
+the structure of the connecting band--how it is kept alive--whether
+blood flows into and circulates through it from each, and passes into
+the system of the other--whether it be composed of bone, as well as of
+cartilage--and whether it could be safely divided? Upon examining the
+connexion, or _cord_, Dr. Warren says--"Placing my hand on this
+substance, I found it extremely hard. On further examination, the
+hardness was found to exist at the upper part of the cord only, and to
+be prolonged into the breast of each boy. Tracing it upwards, I found
+it to be constituted by a prolongation of the _ensiform cartilage of
+the sternum_, or extremity of the breast-bone. The cartilages
+proceeding from each sternum meet at an angle, and then seem to be
+connected by a ligament, so as to form a joint. This joint has a
+motion upwards and downwards, and also a lateral motion--the latter
+operating in such a way, that when the boys turn in either direction,
+the edges of the cartilage are found to open and shut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Besides this there is nothing remarkable felt in the connecting
+substance. I could distinguish no pulsating vessel. The whole of this
+cord is covered by the skin. It is remarkably strong, and has no great
+sensibility, for they allow themselves to be pulled by a rope fastened
+to it, without exhibiting uneasiness. On ship board, one of them
+sometimes climbed on the capstan of the vessel, the other following as
+well as he could, without complaining. When I first saw the boys, I
+expected to see them pull on this cord in different directions, as
+their attention was attracted by different objects. I soon perceived
+that this did not happen. The slightest impulse of one to move in any
+direction is immediately followed by the other; so that they appear to
+be influenced by the same wish."
+
+This harmony in their movements, Dr. Warren thinks, is a habit formed
+by necessity. His further account of their habits is extremely
+curious:
+
+"They always face in one direction, standing nearly side by side,
+and are not able, without inconvenience, to face in the opposite
+direction--so that one is always at the right, and the other at the
+left. Although not placed exactly in a parallel line, they are able to
+run and leap with surprising activity. On some occasions a gentleman,
+in sport, pursued them round the ship, when they came suddenly to the
+hatchway, which had been inadvertently left open. The least check
+would have thrown them down the hatchway, and probably killed one,
+or both, but they leaped over it without difficulty. They differ in
+intellectual vigour; the perceptions of one are more acute than those
+of the other, and there is a corresponding coincidence in moral
+qualities. He who appears most intelligent is somewhat irritable in
+temper, while the other's disposition is mild."
+
+The connexion between these boys might present an opportunity for some
+interesting observations in regard to physiology and pathology. There
+is, no doubt, a network of blood-vessels and some minute nerves
+passing from one to the other. How far these parts are capable of
+transmitting the action of medicines, and of diseases, and especially
+what medicines and diseases, are points well worthy of consideration.
+Dr. W. thinks that any indisposition of one extends to the other; that
+they are inclined to sleep at the same time; eat about the same
+quantity, and perform other acts with great similarity. Both he and
+Mr. Hunter are of opinion that touching one of them when they are
+asleep, awakens both. When they are awake, an impulse given to
+one does not in the least affect the other. There is evidently no
+impression received by him who is not touched. But the opinion just
+mentioned is undoubtedly erroneous. The slightest movement of one
+is so speedily perceived by the other, as to deceive those who have
+not observed closely. There is no part of them which has a common
+perception, excepting the middle of the connecting cord, and a space
+near it. When a pointed instrument is applied precisely to the middle
+of the cord, it is felt by both, and also for about an inch on each
+side; beyond which the impression is limited to the individual of the
+side touched.
+
+"In the function of the circulation there is a remarkable uniformity
+in the two bodies. The pulsations of the hearts of both coincide
+exactly under ordinary circumstances. I counted seventy-three
+pulsations in a minute while they were sitting--counting first in one
+boy and then in the other; I then placed my fingers on an arm of each
+boy, and found the pulsations take place exactly together. One of them
+stooping suddenly to look at my watch, his pulse became much quicker
+than that of the other; but after he had returned to his former
+posture, in about a quarter of a minute his pulse was precisely like
+that of the other; this happened repeatedly. Their respirations are,
+of consequence, exactly simultaneous."
+
+Dr. Warren next starts a question as to their moral identity, and
+says--"There is no reason to doubt that the intellectual operations
+of the two are as perfectly distinct as those of any two individuals
+who might be accidentally confined together. Whether similarity of
+education, and identity of position as to external objects, have
+inspired them with any extraordinary sameness of mental action, I am
+unable to say--any farther, at least, than that they seem to agree
+in their habits and tastes." The concluding observation is on their
+separation, which we may remark, appears to be to them a painful
+subject; for whenever it is mentioned, they weep bitterly. Dr. Warren
+thinks an attempt to cut the cord, or separate them, would be attended
+with danger, though not necessarily fatal, and as they are happy in
+their present state, he reasonably enough thinks such an operation
+uncalled for. "Should one die before the other," adds he, "they should
+be cut apart immediately." He, however, quotes a case from Ambrose
+Paré, of two girls united by the forehead, one of whom died at ten
+years of age, when a separation was made; and the wound of the
+surviving girl soon proved fatal.
+
+From the report of Drs. Mitchill and Anderson, we collect their
+opinion that the band which joins these boys, has a canal with a
+protrusion of viscera from the abdomen of each boy, upon every effort
+of coughing or other exercise. The sense of feeling on the skin of
+this band is connected with each boy, as far as the middle of its
+length from his body. There can be no doubt, but that if the band was
+cut across at any part, a large opening would be made into the belly
+of each, and the wound prove fatal.
+
+Such are the principal and most popular descriptive details of the
+Siamese Youths, with the substance of the reports of the American
+physicians who have examined them. Of course, we look with some
+anxiety for the opinions of the professional men of our own country.
+Of equal importance are the questions connected with the _minds_ of
+the two youths, which can only be settled by continued observation.
+The phenomenon is altogether of the most attractive character, and
+will doubtless receive all the attention it deserves from our
+_savans_, as well as from all those who delight in witnessing the
+curiosities of Nature.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+CURTIUS.
+
+A DRAMATIC SKETCH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+_The Roman Forum.--An opening in the ground. M. Curtius, Soothsayers,
+and a vast concourse of Citizens._
+
+_Cit_.--Place ingot upon ingot, till the mass exceed
+  The bulk of Croesus' wealth, or Sardanapalus' pile.
+  Let every Roman contribution bring
+  An offering worthy of his house, since what
+  Is valued most must in the gulf be cast,
+  To save us from an overwhelming death.
+  A richer treasure than the gorgeous Xerxes knew
+  Will we entomb.
+
+_Cur_.--How base the offering that were made in gold.
+  What are riches to the blood that flows
+  Within a good man's veins? rather let him
+  Who is the wisest, bravest, best amongst us
+  Fall in this fearful pit. Now ye who read
+  The hidden books of nature say--who is
+  The man most envied by his fellows,--by the gods
+  Most lov'd?--That man is more than all the gems
+  This teeming earth can boast. Name but that man
+  And in an instant shall the debt be paid;
+  For Rome's best patriot is her greatest good.
+
+_Sooth_.--Ay, noble Curtius, and that man art thou,
+  Thy words proclaim thy patriotic blood!
+  Thy tongue first names the gift that angry heav'n
+  Asks of rebellious earth. We need thy life.
+  Destruction hovers o'er the trembling crew,
+  That fills this little forum. Thou alone,
+  The noblest, bravest, wisest, best of us,
+  Canst scare the monster from the frowning skies,
+  And fill the gulf that yawns beneath us.
+  Die, Curtius, and thy name shall be enroll'd
+  With gods and heroes--honour'd, lov'd, and fam'd.
+  When senates are forgot!
+
+_Cur_.--Since then by dying I can refound Rome,
+  For Rome preserv'd is built and born again.
+  Be mine a Roman's death. Else 'twere in vain
+  That once Eneas toil'd--that Romulus bore sway!
+  In vain the matron's tears subdued her flinty son!
+  In vain did Manlius for his country fight!
+  In vain Lucretia and Virginia bleed!
+  Romans, farewell!--I look around and see
+  A band of augurs--an assembled senate,
+  Plebeians and patricians--
+  A people and a nation met together
+  In council to avert calamity,
+  And all are friends. Farewell, farewell, farewell!
+  Favourites of Fortune what is it to die?
+  Ye sons of pleasure! look on him who once
+  Did sternly look on you--who dies for you!
+  Scions of Victory! how cracks the heart,
+  In that short moment of a bright career,
+  When the last echo from the couch of Fame
+  Falls on the dying ear? Oh! this mine act
+  Were best done whilst the blood is warm--lest time
+  For thought should mar the purpose. Thought?--a glorious deed
+  Needs none. Come horse!--and at one fearful bound
+  Plunge in the gulf beneath!
+
+_Curtius leaps into the chasm._
+
+_Sooth_.--The gods attest the worth of this bold youth.
+
+_Cit_.--The chasm closes--and the dangers pass:
+  With buried Curtius following envy lies,
+  Nor dare she lift her sickly head
+  Above his giant grave.
+
+CYMBELINE.
+
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+ETYMOLOGICAL CURIOSITIES.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Probably the following observations upon singular words, may amuse
+some of your readers. I should, however, premise that as regards
+myself, the greater part are not original.
+
+Without further preface, allow me in the first place to call your
+attention to a word, which, by adding a syllable, becomes shorter,
+viz. the word _short_--on the other hand we have words of one
+syllable, which, by taking away two letters, become words of two
+syllables, as plague, league, both of which, by such an elision, leave
+_ague_. By dropping the two first letters of the word _monosyllable_,
+we have _no syllable_ remaining.
+
+It has been remarked that _heroine_ is one of the most peculiar words
+in our language, as it may be thus divided--the two first letters of
+it are male--the three first female--the four first a brave man, and
+the whole word a brave woman. Thus: _he, her, hero, heroine_. A beggar
+may address himself, and say, _mend I can't!_--leave out the
+apostrophe and he still remains a _mendicant_. _Tartar, papa, murmur,
+etc._ may be noticed as doubling the first syllable, and _eye, level_,
+and other words as having the same meaning whether read backwards or
+forwards. Some few by a reverse reading give a different sense as
+_leper, revel, etc._
+
+W.F.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE SCHOOL OF PAINTING, AT THE BRITISH
+INSTITUTION.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+My first view of the copies at the British Institution being rather
+too cursory to allow me to do ample justice to several of much merit.
+Another visit has enabled me to make a few additional remarks on the
+performances of many worthy young aspirants, who, it is presumed, will
+receive fresh stimulus from the approbation extended to them.
+
+In my last notice, which appeared in No. 396, of the MIRROR, I
+adverted to Miss Sharpe's water-colour drawing of the Holy Family, by
+Sir J. Reynolds; this is really an inimitable copy, possessing all the
+richness of tint, and even the boldness and texture, of the original.
+It is unquestionably the finest copy in water ever executed in the
+Institution, to which, as well as to the talented lady, it is a very
+high honour. From the numerous _small_ copies _in oil_ of the Holy
+Family, I regret not being able to select more than one--that by Mr.
+Sargeant.
+
+Mr. Heaphy, in all his drawings, evinces considerable artistical
+knowledge; his small study from Vandyke's Portrait of a Gentleman is
+admirable in colour and execution.
+
+Messrs. Drake, Fussell, and Sargeant, have cleverly imitated the fine
+Cattle Piece, by Cuyp; and Messrs. Pasmore and Novice deserve notice for
+their studies from Gainsborough's large landscape with figures. Messrs.
+Anderson and Woolmer are the best imitators of Berghem's Landscape
+and Cattle; and the Interior of a Kitchen, by Maaes, has met with the
+greatest possible attention from Miss Alabaster, Mr. Bone, Jun., and
+Messrs. Novice and Buss. The best attempts from the Canaletti are by
+Miss Dujardin, Mr. F. Watts, and D. Pasmore, Jun. From the copies of
+Titian's Holy Family, we may prefer Mr. Rochard's, which is the same
+size as the original.
+
+Guercino's magnificent work, the Soul of St. Peter ascending into
+Heaven attended by Angels, which was formerly an altar-piece, has
+been copied in small. This is not, perhaps, at first sight, a very
+attractive picture; but the longer we look at it, the longer we seem
+disposed to admire it, for it insensibly conveys to the mind sublime
+ideas, seldom experienced before.
+
+Perhaps the most novel performance in the present school is by Mr.
+Davis; representing a View of the Gallery, with all the original
+pictures, the different styles of which he has well succeeded in. His
+work is a sort of _multum in parvo,_ extremely pretty and interesting.
+
+To conclude--the copies by Mrs. Pearson, Miss Farrier, Miss Kearsley,
+&c. are very clever; as are those by Messrs. Wate, Phillips, Brough,
+Hastings, Mackay, and Irving.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ISABEL.
+
+
+Several years ago I took up my abode at the retired village of D----.
+I had chosen this residence on account of its sequestered situation,
+as solitude was, at that time, more accordant to my feelings than the
+bustle of a populous town. At no great distance from my habitation
+stood the Castle of D----, an ancient Gothic structure, sinking fast
+into decay. The last of its original possessors had been dead more
+than half a century, and it was the property of a gentleman who
+resided on the continent. The interior of the mansion spoke loudly
+of desolation and ruin: the state apartments were despoiled of their
+magnificent decorations, and scarcely a vestige remained of their
+former splendour. An aged female domestic was the sole inhabitant of
+this deserted pile. Born in the service of the family of D----, she
+had survived the last of its race, and remained a solitary relic of
+that illustrious house. It was the business of old Alice to show the
+castle to strangers; and I soon became a favourite with her, from the
+interest I appeared to take in the fate of its former inhabitants. The
+gallery was our chief resort; and, finding me a willing listener, my
+ancient companion delighted to inform me of all tradition had supplied
+her with, respecting the mighty warriors and stately dames, whose
+portraits still hung on the walls, smiling, as if in mockery of the
+desolation around.
+
+One fine autumnal evening found me, as usual, in my favourite retreat.
+The rays of the departing sun streamed in rich dyes through the
+coloured window, and fell with softened glory on the picture of a
+bridal ceremony. I was surprised that it had never before engaged my
+attention. The bridegroom was young, graceful, and noble--the bride,
+fair, soft, and delicate. By her side stood a form of unequalled
+loveliness: it seemed too beautiful to have belonged to a daughter
+of earth; and I imagined the painter had designed it to represent
+the guardian saint of the youthful pair. I inquired of my ancient
+conductress the history of this picture, and whether the beautiful
+female was not an ideal being? "Alas!" said she, "it commemorates a
+heavy day for the house of D----; on that day the last and fairest of
+its race sunk the victim of unrequited affection. That is her picture;
+but, oh! her soul was more angelic than her person; she"--but, reader,
+let me give the story in my own words. The Lady Isabel was the last
+descendant of the family of D----; her father had fallen in battle;
+his lady did not long survive him; and thus, at an early age, Isabel
+became an orphan. Her mother's brother was appointed her guardian,
+and, with his son Albert, came to reside at the Castle. The children,
+thus insulated from the world, and educated entirely at home, saw
+nothing so worthy to be loved as each other, and their attachment was
+as romantic as the scenes around them. They both (but particularly
+Isabel) delighted in the high chivalrous legends of antiquity--and
+the tales of eternal constancy and self-devoted affection recorded
+of some of the earlier heroines of her family, were read with sacred
+veneration by the young enthusiast. In a mind of ordinary temperament,
+little harm would have resulted from the indulgence of such a taste;
+to the impassioned soul of Isabel it was destructive and fatal.
+Deprived by death of the mother who might have taught her to restrain
+and regulate her ardent feelings, they acquired by neglect additional
+strength, and eventually concentrated into a passion deep and lasting
+as her existence. As years passed on, so did her love increase; she
+regarded Albert as the perfection of human excellence, and worshipped
+him with all the full devotedness of her warm heart. It was not
+so with Albert; he thought of his fair cousin with pride--with
+tenderness; but it was only the calm affection of a brother: other
+feelings than those of love possessed him--he languished for fame, for
+honourable distinction among his fellow men, and at length left his
+peaceful home, and the sweet companion of his youth, to fight the
+battles of his country. His career was glorious; and after an absence
+of three years, he was recalled by the death of his father. Isabel
+welcomed him with rapturous joy; he embraced her with a brother's
+fondness, and gazed with delight on her improved beauty. He suspected
+not that she loved him with more than a sisterly affection, and
+thought not of the wound he was about to inflict on this tender,
+enthusiastic being. He told her of his attachment to a fair girl,
+who had consented to become his bride at the expiration of the term
+of mourning for his father. She heard him with death-like silence,
+checked the groan that was bursting from her agonized heart, and
+strove to assume a look of cheerfulness. Retired to the solitude
+of her apartment, she wept in bitter anguish--her young soul was
+blighted; she had nothing left to live for; hope, happiness, and
+love were at an end; for love would now be guilt. At length she grew
+calm, but it was the fearful calmness of despair; she complained
+not--reproached not; for she felt that she had been self-deceived; she
+could not, however, conceal the devastation which sorrow was making in
+her graceful form. Albert beheld her with concern, but ascribed the
+alteration to her grief for his father's loss, for Isabel had tenderly
+loved her uncle. She rejoiced at his mistake, and attempted not to
+undeceive him: one only wish possessed her--it was, to see the chosen
+of her Albert; and, with a feverish impatience, she urged him to
+accelerate his nuptials. The appointed day arrived--Isabel, attired
+in robes of richest state, stood beside the altar, and witnessed the
+annihilation of all her earthly happiness; still she sunk not; but,
+with a mighty effort, pronounced a blessing on the wedded pair. The
+excitement brought back a vivid colour to her cheeks, and rekindled
+the lustre of her large dark eyes. The painter had seized that moment
+to depict her glowing form--the enthusiasm was but momentary--her
+angel face soon lost its lovely tint, and her beautiful eyes sunk
+again into languor. The castle was thronged with noble guests--sick
+at heart the wretched Isabel wandered abstractedly amid the gay
+assembly--her large floating eyes seemed straying vacantly around,
+until they met the bridegroom's look of joy. Then came the madness of
+recollection; with a convulsive shuddering she averted her head, and
+stole unnoticed from the company. Morning came, but she appeared
+not; her chamber was searched--she had not entered it. Albert flew
+distractedly into the park, and, at length perceived her quietly
+sitting by the side of the lake, near a bower, which, when a boy,
+he had helped to decorate. She was still clad in the robes of last
+night's festival. He ran eagerly towards her--she spoke not--he
+entreated her to answer him, but he implored in vain--there was
+neither breath, nor sense, nor motion--she was dead! 'Twas a mournful
+sight! one white hand, stiffened to marble, was pressed upon her
+broken heart, as she had sought to stay its painful throbbings--the
+cold night dews hung in large drops upon her silken hair, and shed
+a tremulous gleam upon the diamonds that sparkled on her pale, icy
+forehead--the withered leaves had found a resting place upon her
+bosom, and her white garments were embroidered by their many
+colourings. The castle became hateful to Albert after this event: he
+removed to a distant part of the country, and never again revisited
+the scenes of his earlier years. He also was dead; and Isabel, her
+love, and her despair, were forgotten by all, save one aged, isolated
+being, whose time-whitened locks and decrepit frame showed that she
+too was rapidly descending to the silence of the grave.
+
+_London University Magazine_. No. II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MOLES
+
+
+Are so voracious as not even to spare their own species. If two are
+shut up together without food, there will shortly be nothing left of
+the weakest but its skin, slit along the belly.--_Cuvier_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCOTCH ALE.
+
+
+The strength of Scotch ale, whence it deserves the name, ranges between
+32 and 44 pounds weight to the imperial barrel, according to the price
+at which it is meant to be sold. The general mode of charge is by the
+hogshead (about a barrel and a half,) for which five pounds, six, seven,
+or eight pounds are paid, as the quality may warrant; the strength for
+every additional pound of price being increased by about four pounds per
+barrel of weight.--_Library of Useful Knowledge_.--Scotch two-penny was
+so called because it was sold at twopence the Scotch pint, which was
+nearly two English quarts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In a Scotch brewer's instructions for Scotch ale, dated 1793, we meet
+with the following curious mystical instruction:--"I throw a little dry
+malt, which is left on purpose, on the top of the mash, with a handful
+of salt, to _keep the witches from it_, and then cover it up. Perhaps
+this custom gave rise to the vulgar term _water bewitched_ for
+indifferent beer."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AMERICAN LAW.
+
+
+A recent traveller, in describing the American courts of law and
+their proceedings, says, in one instance Counsellor Lloyd had grossly
+insulted Judge Turner in the street, and was tried for the offence by
+the judge. He was half-drunk, but defended himself by the vilest abuse
+of the judge, who could not silence him. No jury was appealed to; but
+(we suppose for contempt of court) he was ordered to give security for
+one year's good behaviour, and, not procuring sufficient bail, was
+committed to prison.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The Galwegians who attended David I. of Scotland to Custon Moor, had a
+favourite amusement of tossing infants upon their pikes!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CAT STORY.
+
+
+Lady Morgan tells a story of an "amiable and intelligent" grimalkin,
+which belonged to a young girl who was subject to epileptic fits.
+Puss, by dint of repeated observation, knew when they were coming on,
+and would run, frisking her tail, to the girl's parents, mewing in the
+most heart-breaking tones, and clawing at their legs, till she made
+them follow her. Her name was _Mina_; and her history is extant in
+"choice Italian." At length the girl died, and poor puss went to the
+funeral of her own accord. Being a black cat, she was already in
+mourning--"nature's mourning!" She wanted to jump into the grave, but
+that was prevented. So puss, the "chief mourner," was carried home
+again. But her amiable heart could not survive the shock, for, after
+pining three months, refusing boiled liver and new milk, poor
+grimalkin was found "dead upon the green mound that covered her
+beloved mistress's remains." There was a cat for you!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TURKS AND RUSSIANS.
+
+
+The character of the Russ differs from that of the Turk in little more
+than in the quality of his barbarism. The Turk loves blood;--the Russ
+loves craft;--The Turk takes at once to the dagger;--the Russ begins
+by the snare; but when the matter presses, he will use the steel as
+readily as any Turk on earth. The ferocity of the Turk flourishes in
+the streets, in his own house, in the seraglio--every where that he
+has a victim within his reach, and that it pleases him to destroy that
+victim. The Russ knows something more of the law, and is by no means
+so domestic a cut-throat; but his mercy in the field or in the stormed
+city, is massacre.--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. PITT.
+
+
+Lady Hester Stanhope related the following to Mr. Madden:--
+
+When Mr. Pitt was out of office, I acted as his secretary, and he had
+then as much business as when he was in. He very seldom opposed my
+opinions, and always respected my antipathies. In private life he
+was cheerful and affable; he would rise in the midst of his gravest
+avocations to hand me a fallen handkerchief; he was always polite to
+women, and a great favourite with many of them; but he was wedded to
+the state, and nothing but death could divorce him from his country.
+He was fond of me; he loved originality in any shape. His great
+recreation, after the fatigue of business, was stealing into the
+country, entering a clean cottage, where there was a tidy woman and a
+nicely-scoured table, and there he would eat bread and cheese like any
+ploughman. He detested routs, and always sat down to plain dinners. He
+never ate before he went to the House; but when any thing important
+was to be discussed, he was in the habit of taking a glass of port
+wine with a tea-spoonful of bark.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
+
+
+In the arts, while French productions display resource, ingenuity, and
+dexterity, they at the same time show a striking want of the sense of
+fitness, and are unfinished and flimsy. Such, in the cities of France,
+is remarkably the case with whatever regards furniture and decoration,
+while the productions of cookery are at once impregnated with filth,
+and admirably calculated to conceal it. In the country, again, with a
+climate superior to that of England, there is everywhere to be seen open
+fields, later harvests, corn full of weeds, and inferior grain. The
+difference between French and English taste in dress is very remarkable.
+Even when English women take a hint from French contrivances, they
+endeavour to be more natural, modest, and classical. As to male dress,
+an English gentleman always desires his tailor to avoid the extremes of
+fashion; and, as his dress is grave and manly, it is generally followed
+throughout Europe. The French use of forks, napkins, &c. really requires
+some notice. A French gentleman, in adjusting himself at his coarse deal
+table and shabby cloth, does not hesitate to fix a napkin about his
+neck, in such a manner as to protect his clothes in front against the
+certainty of being bespattered by his mode of eating. An Englishman of
+the middle class would be ashamed of such a contrivance; for, without
+any particular care, he eats so as not even to stain the damask cloth
+with which his mahogany table is covered. The French gentleman is
+perpetually wiping his dirty fingers on a napkin spread out before him,
+and of which the beauties are not invisible to his neighbours on each
+side. The Englishman of the middle class requires no napkin, because his
+fingers are never soiled. The French gentleman, incapable of raising
+his left hand properly to his mouth, first hastily hacks his meat into
+fragments, then throws down his dirty knife on the cloth, and seizing
+the fork in his right hand, while his left fixes a mass of bread on his
+plate, he runs up each fragment against it, and having eaten these, he
+wipes up his plate with the bread and swallows it. An English peasant
+would blush at such bestiality. A French gentleman not only washes his
+filthy hands at table, but, after gulping a mouthful, and using it as a
+gargle, squirts it into the basin standing before him, and the company,
+who may see the charybdis or maelstrom he has made in it, and the
+floating filth he has discharged, and which is now whirling in its
+vortex. In England this practice is unknown, except to those whose taste
+and stomach are too strong for offence. It has been stupidly borrowed
+from the Oriental nations, who use no knives and forks, and where,
+though it has this apology, it has always excited the disgust of
+enlightened travellers. When dinner is over, the Englishman's carpet
+is as clean as before; the Frenchman's bare boards resemble those of a
+hog-sty. In short, in all that regards the table, the French are some
+centuries behind the English.--_Blackwood's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the last _Quarterly Review_ we find that "the safety of the British
+empire is now entrusted to 130,000 men. Now France, we believe,
+maintains about 200,000 soldiers. The forces of Austria and Prussia have
+always been on a much higher footing than ours. Even the late King of
+Bavaria kept, we know not how, 70,000 men under arms. Indeed Old England
+is by nothing more happily distinguished from her neighbours than by the
+silence of the trumpet and drum. At this moment, moreover, the due level
+of our peace establishment is but an object of speculative research. No
+man who looks to the placing of Roumelia, or whose vision reaches even
+to the palace of Elysée Bourbon, would consent that this country should
+lose the aid of a single right."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALI PACHA'S HEAD.
+
+
+Dr. Walsh tells us that the head of Ali Pacha was sent to
+Constantinople, and exhibited to the public on a dish. As the name of
+Ali had made a considerable noise in Europe, and more particularly in
+England, in consequence of his negociations with Sir Thomas Maitland,
+and still more, perhaps, the stanzas in _Childe Harold_, a merchant of
+Constantinople thought it no bad speculation to purchase the head and
+dish, and send them to London for exhibition; but a former confidential
+agent obtained it from the executioner for a higher price than the
+merchant had offered; and together with the heads of his three sons and
+grandson, who, according to custom, were all seized and decapitated,
+had them deposited near one of the city gates, with a tombstone and
+inscription.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GOUT.
+
+
+Imagine a sensation in the great toe, as if it had been suddenly
+seized with a pair of red-hot pincers. Whew! There they are at it!
+nipping and tearing the flesh, and then rubbing the lacerated joint
+with aquafortis, or a solution of blue vitriol. And now, the pain
+shoots along the nerves on that side, till my head bumps and bumps
+as if a legion of imps were playing at leap-frog in it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AMERICA.
+
+
+The state of business in the United States is thus described in a
+letter from Boston, dated the 7th of last July:--"The commercial world
+over the globe seems paralyzed, and many manufactories on a large
+scale, with the proprietors and stockholders, have failed, and are
+utterly ruined. All business is confined to the wants only of the day,
+teaching a necessary absolute economy, which men of business in times
+past have not been accustomed to."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Rice Paper is the pith of the Tong-t-sao--a valuable Chinese tree.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR and LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EMIGRATION TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+People who are accustomed to sit half the day with their hands folded,
+over a bright November fire, talking of hard times and other standing
+grievances, will do well to read "_A Letter from Sydney, the principal
+town of Australasia, edited by Robert Ganger_;" and study an annexed
+system of colonization as a remedy for their distress. The Letter is
+written by a plain-sailing, plain-dealing man of the world, and though
+on a foreign topic, is in a homely style. We are therefore persuaded
+that a few extracts will be useful to the above class of thinkers and
+readers, as well as to others who do not, like the great man of
+antiquity, sigh for new worlds.
+
+
+_Climate and Soil_.
+
+All that you read in the works of Wentworth and Cunningham, as to the
+healthfulness and beauty of the climate, is strictly true. There are
+scarcely any diseases but what result immediately from intemperance.
+Dropsy, palsy, and the whole train of nervous complaints, are common
+enough; but then, drunkenness is the vice _par excellence_ of the
+lower orders; and the better class of settlers have not learned those
+habits of temperance which are suited to the climate of Naples. The
+two classes often remind me of English squires and their grooms, as I
+used to see them at Florence, just after the peace; masters drinking
+at dinner, because they were abroad, and after dinner because they
+were Englishmen; the servants drinking always, because wine and brandy
+were cheap. Perhaps a generation must pass away before the people here
+will accommodate their habits to the climate, which is that of Italy,
+without either malaria or the sirocco.
+
+The soil of New South Wales is not particularly fertile. The plains of
+the Granges, and of the great rivers of China, the lowlands of the West
+India islands, the swamps of the Gulf of Mexico, and even the marshes
+of Essex, produce crops of which the people here have no conception;
+but then, as we are without great masses of alluvial deposit, so are
+agues and intermittent fevers absolutely unknown. In point of natural
+fertility, I am inclined to compare this soil to that of France; and I
+have no doubt that, if the same quantity of agricultural labour as is
+employed in France, were here bestowed upon an area equal to the French
+territory, the quantity of produce would fully equal that of France.
+Timber, coal, iron, and other useful minerals, abound; the harbours and
+rivers teem with fish; cattle of all sorts thrive and multiply with
+astonishing rapidity; every fruit that flourishes in Spain and Italy
+comes to the highest perfection; and Nature fully performs her part in
+bestowing upon man the necessaries, comforts, and luxuries of life.
+
+
+_Value of Land, &c._
+
+I was told that an estate of 10,000 acres might be obtained for a mere
+trifle. This was true. I have got 20,000 acres, and they did not cost
+me more than 2s. per acre. But I imagined that a domain of that extent
+would be very valuable. In this I was wholly mistaken. As my estate
+cost me next to nothing, so it is worth next to nothing. It is a noble
+property to look at; and "20,000 acres in a ring fence," sounds very
+well in England; but here, such a property possesses no exchangeable
+value. The reason is plain: there are millions upon millions of acres,
+as fertile as mine, to be had for nothing; and, what is more, there
+are not people to take them. Of my 20,000 acres I reckon about 5,000
+to be woodland, though, indeed, there are trees scattered over the
+whole property, as in an English park. For my amusement, I had a rough
+estimate made of the money that I could obtain for all this timber,
+were it growing in any part of England. The valuation amounts to above
+£150,000.
+
+
+_Building_.
+
+Having fortune enough for all my wants, I proposed to get a large
+domain, to build a good house, to keep enough land in my own hands for
+pleasure-grounds, park, and game preserves; and to let the rest, after
+erecting farm-houses in the most suitable spots. My mansion, park,
+preserves, and tenants, were all a mere dream. I have not one of them.
+When, upon my first arrival, I talked of these things to some sensible
+men, to whom I was recommended, they laughed in my face. I soon found
+that a house would, though the stone and timber were to be had for
+nothing, cost three times as much as in England. This was on account
+of the very high wages required by mechanics; but this was not all.
+None of the materials of a house, except stone and timber, are
+produced in the colony. Every pane of glass, every nail, every grain
+of paint, and every piece of furniture, from the kitchen copper to the
+drawing-room curtains, must have come from England. My property is at
+a distance of nearly seventy miles from the sea, and there is no road,
+but a track through the forest, for two-thirds of that distance. The
+whole colony did not contain as many masons, carpenters, glaziers,
+painters, black and whitesmiths, and other mechanics, as I should have
+required. Of course, I soon abandoned all thought of building a
+mansion. As for a park, my whole property was a park, and a preserve
+for kangaroos and emus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A friend of ours, a free emigrant, has more than once facetiously
+wished for our company in the colony; but judging from the following,
+we had rather "let well alone," and stay at home, than play the
+schoolmaster or march-of-intellect-man at Sydney:--
+
+As for mental wants, talking and reading are out of the question,
+except it be to scold your servants, and to con over a Sydney
+newspaper, which contains little else but the miserable party politics
+of this speck upon the globe, reports of crime and punishment, and
+low-lived slang and flash, such as fill the pothouse Sunday papers of
+London.
+
+Literary men, men of science, philosophers, do not emigrate to new
+countries where their acquirements would be neither rewarded nor
+admired. Sir Walter Scott, Sir Humphry Davy, and Mr. Malthus, would
+not earn as much in this colony as three brawny experienced ploughmen;
+and though the inordinate vanity of a new people might be gratified by
+the possession of them, they would be considered as mere ornaments,
+and would often be wholly neglected for things of greater utility.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+House-rent, that great bugbear of certain economists, is indeed a
+grievous affair at Sydney, as page 20 proves:--
+
+Behold me established at Sydney, in a small house, a poor vamped-up
+building, more inconvenient, and far more ugly, than you can imagine,
+for which I pay a rent of £250 a year. For half the money you could
+get twice as good a house in any English country town. This excessive
+house-rent is caused by the dearness of labour, which enhances
+the cost of building; for, either the builder will exact a rent
+proportioned to his outlay, or (if he cannot obtain such a rent)
+he will not build.
+
+
+_Free Emigrants_.
+
+Of what class then, you ask, have been the great mass of emigrants from
+England, not convicts? Excellent people in their way, most of them;
+farmers, army and navy surgeons, subalterns on half-pay, and a number
+of indescribable adventurers, from about the twentieth rank in England.
+They came here to live, not to enjoy; to eat and drink, not to refine;
+"to settle"--that is, to roll in a gross plenty for the body, but to
+starve their minds. To these must be added convicts, many of whom are
+become rich and influential; and some, not exactly convicts, to whom
+England ceased to be a convenient residence. The English who live at
+Boulogne, some for cheapness, some from misfortune, and some from fear,
+would offer, I should think, a fair sample of the materials which
+compose the best society in New South Wales; though, I must admit, that
+the bustling, thriving settler of New South Wales is a companion, rather
+ignorant though he be--far away preferable to the not more enlightened,
+but melancholy English sluggard of Boulogne. To form a due conception of
+the "upper classes" here, suppose all the natives of France annihilated,
+and the whole country belonging to the English residents of Boulogne.
+In that case, there would be an almost perfect resemblance between those
+Englishmen who, across a narrow channel, can see their own country, and
+those who, at its antipodes look upon the Pacific Ocean.
+
+
+_Society and Manners_.
+
+As in France, the first class call themselves "gens comme il faut;" and
+in England, "people of fashion," or "the world"--so here, the leaders
+of society are distinguished by a peculiar term. They are called
+"respectable." Not to speak of France, it is difficult to say what in
+England constitutes "fashion." Not high birth, certainly--for some of
+the despots of English society are sprung from the dunghill. Our epithet
+to express exclusiveness is, I think better chosen--for, though strictly
+speaking, it means worthy of respect, it is claimed, here, only by those
+to whom respect is paid. In England, the _Quarterly Review_ tells us,
+"respectability" sometimes means keeping a gig--here it always means
+dining with the governor.
+
+Our manners set the fashion. Those whom we exclude, exclude others.
+Free emigrants claim to be of a nature superior to convicts; convicts,
+whose terms of punishment have expired, behave as if their flesh and
+blood were wholly unlike that of convicts still in durance; convicts,
+who have not been convicted south of the line, scorn those who have;
+and these several classes, except the last, are as proud and tenacious
+of their privileges as is every distinctive class in England, except
+the unhappy lowest; or, as is every shade of colour in the West Indies
+except the perfect black.
+
+
+_The Population_
+
+Of the settlement may amount in round numbers to 45,000. Of these only
+14,000, including women and children, have not been convicted of
+felony; and two-thirds of the remainder, seven-eights being grown men,
+are galley-slaves, still in chains!
+
+
+_Influence of Convict Labour_.
+
+Little more than forty years ago this country was an absolute waste.
+By way of contrast, behold, in the parts first settled, the following
+proofs of wealth: a thriving capital, and several interior towns, the
+latter being larger and better constructed than the capitals of some
+English settlements in America, a hundred years after their foundation;
+excellent roads; productive turnpikes; crowded market-places; public
+hotels, superior to the best in North America, even at this late hour;
+warehouses, through which there is a constant flow of luxuries from all
+parts of the world; public carriages, almost as well managed as those of
+England; an astonishing number of private carriages, built in Long Acre;
+several newspapers, and other periodical works; booksellers' shops, well
+supplied from Europe; two banks of deposit and discount; many churches
+and chapels; very good schools for rich and poor; scientific, literary,
+and philanthropic societies; a botanical garden; a turf club; packs of
+hounds; dinner parties, concerts and balls; fine furniture, plate, and
+jewels; and though last, not least, many gradations in society, being
+so many gradations in wealth.
+
+Whence have come all those things, over and above mere subsistence,
+which astonish the beholder, when he reflects that this colony has
+been planted little more than forty years?
+
+An example has just passed my window, in the shape of a dashing English
+landau. It contains a "lady," who married a poor half-pay lieutenant,
+and who now drinks tea that would cost in England twenty shillings
+the pound. They emigrated to New South Wales in 1815. But how did she
+get that carriage, and how does she manage to send to China for the
+gunpowder? Thus:--Her husband is both landowner and merchant. Being
+constantly supplied with a number of convict labourers, he breeds cattle
+and cultivates grain; and as he gives to his labourers but just enough
+for their subsistence, he has a large surplus produce. Having sold
+to the local government wheat and beef for the supply of prisons,
+hospitals, and barracks, he is paid partly with bills upon the English
+treasury, and partly with dollars, sent from England for the support of
+the great penitentiary. He remits one of those bills to his London
+agent, and desires him to purchase, with the proceeds thereof, a superb
+landau. In less than a year, his wife "rides in her coach." He sends
+some of the dollars to Canton, and purchases therewith a cargo of tea,
+of which he gives to his wife as much as she likes, and sells the rest
+to the wives of other men, who pay him with bills or dollars, received
+again from the government for wheat and beef. Thus, you see, Mrs. ----
+is indebted for two decided proofs of wealth to the prevalence of crime
+in England. Even the coat of arms on her landau was found by your
+Herald's College, in return for a part of the proceeds of that bill,
+which was drawn _to pay for the food of the soldiers who drove the
+convicts, who produced the food_. Our old friend Sir George Nayler would
+no doubt start at being told of his obligation to the pickpockets of
+London. And the rogues are little aware of their influence in political
+economy; but I have stated a plain fact, which, if you have any doubts
+about it, pray submit both to Sir George himself, and to Mr. M'Culloch.
+
+That is, indeed, an ill-wind which blows no good. We owe every thing,
+over and above mere subsistence, to the wickedness of the people of
+England. Who built Sydney? Convicts. Who made the excellent roads from
+Sydney to Parramatta, Windsor, and Liverpool? Convicts. By whom is the
+land made to produce? By convicts. Why do not all our labourers exact
+high wages, and, by taking a large share of the produce of labour,
+prevent their employers from becoming rich? Because most of them are
+convicts. What has enabled the landowner readily to dispose of his
+surplus produce? The demand of the keepers of convicts. What has
+brought so many ships to Port Jackson, and occasioned a further demand
+for agricultural produce? The transportation of convicts. What has
+tempted free emigrants to bring capital into the settlement? The true
+stories that they heard of fortunes made by employing the cheap labour
+of convicts. But here are questions and answers enough. The case is
+plain. Nearly all that we possess has arisen from the happy influence
+of penal emigration and discipline, on production, distribution, and
+consumption. Thanks to the system of transportation, we have had cheap
+labour and a ready market; production, consequently, has exceeded
+consumption; and the degree of that excess is the measure of our
+accumulation--that is, of our wealth.
+
+The transportation of at least ten males for one female, maintains a
+great disproportion between the sexes. This is the greatest evil of
+all.
+
+
+_A Rover_.
+
+On the banks of the Illinois, I met with a labouring man, who was always
+tipsy without ever being drunk. Enervated by dram-drinking, he had not
+the courage to obtain a bit of forest and settle; but he could earn
+seven shillings a day by his labour. When I spoke to him, he complained
+of low wages. "At New York, friend," said I, "five shillings a day are
+thought quite enough." "I know that," he answered; "I was born there,
+and came here to get eight shillings a day, which, I was told, was the
+lowest rate hereabouts." It turned out that he never worked more than
+three days in the week, and that, in order to obtain twenty-four
+shillings a week by three days' labour, he had made a circuitous voyage
+of some thousand miles from the place where he was born, and where he
+could have earned thirty shillings a week by working every day.
+
+
+_Slang_.
+
+The base language of English thieves is becoming the established
+language of the colony. Terms of slang and flash are used, as a matter
+of course, every where, from the gaols to the Viceroy's palace, not
+excepting the Bar and the Bench. No doubt they will be reckoned quite
+parliamentary, as soon as we obtain a parliament.
+
+
+_Bush-ranging_
+
+Is a dreadful evil, being a kind of land piracy. None but back settlers,
+it is true, are exposed to its burnings, rapes, and massacres; but these
+are as much British subjects as the inhabitants of Sydney or of Downing
+Street. And, if the inhabitants of towns escape those horrors, they are
+liable to be murdered in a quiet way, and their property is exposed to
+every kind of depredation. Their actual losses by robbery, including the
+expense and loss of time occasioned by prosecutions, are very great.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The concluding observations on "the extension of Britain," and her
+colonial interests, are in a forcible and liberal tone, but as they
+take rather too political a turn for our pages, we recommend the
+anxious reader to the volume itself, which is altogether the
+production of an original thinker and an impartial writer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CRUISE OF H.M. SHIP TORCH.
+
+_A Fragment_.
+
+
+I was the mate of the morning watch, and, as day dawned, I had amused
+myself with other younkers over the side, examining the shot holes and
+other injuries sustained from the fire of the frigate, and contrasting
+the clean, sharp, well-defined apertures, made by the 24 lb. shot from
+the long guns, with the bruised and splintered ones from the 32 lb.
+carronades; but the men had begun to wash down the decks, and the
+first gush of clotted blood and water from the scuppers fairly turned
+me sick. I turned away, when Mr. Kennedy, our gunner, a good steady
+old Scotchman, with whom I was a bit of a favourite, came up to
+me--"Mr. Cringle, the captain has sent for you; poor Mr. Johnstone
+is fast going, he wants to see you."
+
+I knew my young messmate had been wounded, for I had seen him carried
+below after the frigate's second broad-side; but the excitement of a
+boy, who had never smelled powder fired in anger before, had kept me
+on deck the whole night, and it never once occurred to me to ask for
+him, until the old gunner spoke.
+
+I hastened down to our small confined berth, and there I saw a sight
+that quickly brought me to myself. Poor Johnstone was indeed going; a
+grape shot had struck him, and torn his belly open. There he lay in his
+bloody hammock on the deck, pale and motionless as if he had already
+departed, except a slight twitching at the corners of his mouth, and
+a convulsive contraction and distension of his nostrils. His brown
+ringlets still clustered over his marble forehead, but they were
+drenched in the cold sweat of death. The surgeon could do nothing for
+him, and had left him; but our old captain--bless him for it--I little
+expected, from his usual crusty bearing, to find him so employed--had
+knelt by his side, and, whilst he read from the Prayer Book one of those
+beautiful petitions in our church service to Almighty God, for mercy
+to the passing soul of one so young, and so early cut off, the tears
+trickled down the old man's cheeks, and filled the furrows worn in them
+by the washing up of many a salt spray. On the other side of his narrow
+bed, fomenting the rigid muscles of his neck and chest, sat Mistress
+Connolly, one of three women on board--a rough enough creature, heaven
+knows, in common weather; but her stifled sobs showed that the mournful
+sight had stirred up all the woman within her. She had opened the bosom
+of the poor boy's shirt, and untying the ribbon that fastened a small
+gold crucifix round his neck, she placed it in his cold hand. The young
+midshipman was of a respectable family in Limerick, her native place,
+and a Catholic--another strand of the cord that bound her to him. When
+the captain finished reading, he bent over the departing youth, and
+kissed his cheek. "Your young messmate just now desired to see you,
+Mr. Cringle, but it is too late, he is insensible and dying." Whilst he
+spoke, a strong shiver passed through the boy's frame, his face became
+slightly convulsed, and all was over! The captain rose, and Connolly,
+with a delicacy of feeling which many might not have looked for in her
+situation, spread one of our clean mess table-cloths over the body. "And
+is it really gone you are, my poor, dear boy!" forgetting all difference
+of rank in the fulness of her heart. "Who will tell this to your mother,
+and nobody here to wake you but ould Kate Connolly, and no time will
+they be giving me, nor whisky--Ochon! ochon!"
+
+But enough and to spare of this piping work. The boatswain's whistle now
+called me to the gangway, to superintend the handing up, from a shore
+boat alongside, a supply of the grand staples of the island--ducks and
+onions. The three 'Mudians in her were characteristic samples of the
+inhabitants. Their faces and skins, where exposed, were not tanned,
+but absolutely burnt into a fiery-red colour by the sun. They guessed
+and drawled like any buckskin from Virginia, superadding to their
+accomplishments their insular peculiarity of always shutting one eye
+when they spoke to you. They are all Yankees at bottom; and if they
+could get their 365 _Islands_--so they call the large stones on which
+they live--under weigh, they would not be long in towing them into the
+Chesapeake.
+
+The word had been passed to get six of the larboard guns and all the
+shot over to the other side, to give the brig a list of a streak or
+two a-starboard, so that the stage on which the carpenter and his crew
+were at work over the side, stopping the shot holes above the water
+line, might swing clear of the wash of the sea. I had jumped from
+the nettings, where I was perched, to assist in unbolting one of the
+carronade slides, when I slipped and capsized against a peg sticking
+out of one of the scuppers. I took it for something else and damned
+the ring-bolt incontinently. Caboose, the cook, was passing with his
+mate, a Jamaica negro of the name of Johncrow, at the time. "Don't
+damn the remains of your fellow-mortals, Master Cringle; that is my
+leg." The cook of a man-of-war is no small beer, he is his Majesty's
+warrant officer, a much bigger wig than a poor little mid, with whom
+it is condescension on his part to jest.
+
+It seems to be a sort of rule, that no old sailor who has not lost a
+limb, or an eye at least, shall be eligible to the office; but as the
+kind of maiming is so far circumscribed that all cooks must have two
+arms, a laughable proportion of them have but one leg. Besides the
+honour, the perquisites are good; accordingly, all old quartermasters,
+captains of tops, &c., look forward to the cookdom, as the cardinals
+look to the popedom; and really there is some analogy between them,
+for neither is preferred from any especial fitness for the office.
+A cardinal is made pope because he is old, infirm, and imbecile--our
+friend Caboose was made cook because he had been Lord Nelson's
+coxswain, was a drunken rascal, and had a wooden leg; for, as to his
+gastronomical qualifications, he knew no more of the science than just
+sufficient to watch the copper where the salt junk and potatoes were
+boiling. Having been a little in the wind overnight, he had quartered
+himself, in the superabundance of his heroism, at a gun where he
+had no business to be, and in running it out, he had jammed his toe
+in a scupper hole, so fast that there was no extricating him; and
+notwithstanding his piteous entreaty "to be eased out handsomely, as
+the leg was made out of a plank of the Victory, and the ring at the
+end out of one of her bolts," the captain of the gun finding, after a
+stout pull, that the man was like to come "home in his hand _without_
+the leg," was forced "to break him short off," as he phrased it, to
+get him out of the way, and let the carriage traverse. In the morning
+when he sobered, he had quite forgotten where the leg was, and how
+he broke it; he therefore got Kelson to splice the stump with the
+butt-end of a mop; but in the hurry it had been left three inches too
+long, so that he had to jerk himself up to the top of his peg at every
+step. The doctor, glad to breathe the fresh air after the horrible
+work he had gone through, was leaning over the side, speaking to
+Kelson. When I fell, he turned round and drew Cookee's fire on
+himself. "Doctor, you have not prescribed for me yet."--"No, Caboose,
+I have not; what is wrong?"--"Wrong, sir! why, I have lost my leg, and
+the captain's clerk says I am not in the return!--Look here, sir, had
+doctor Kelson not coopered me, where should I have been?--Why, doctor,
+had I been looked after, amputation might have been unnecessary; a
+_fish_ might have done, whereas I have had to be _spliced_." He was
+here cut short by the voice of his mate, who had gone forward to slay
+a pig for the gunroom mess. "Oh, Lad, oh!--Massa Caboose!--Dem dam
+Yankee! De Purser killed, massa!--Dem shoot him troo de head!--Oh,
+Oh, Lad!" Captain Deadeye had come on deck. "You, Johncrow, what _is_
+wrong with you?"--"Why, de Purser killed, captain, dat all."--"Purser
+killed?--Doctor, is Saveall hurt?" Treenail could stand it no longer.
+"No, sir, no; it is one of the gunroom pigs that we shipped at
+Halifax, three cruises ago; I am sure I don't know how he survived
+one, but the seamen took a fancy to him, and nicknamed him the Purser.
+You know, sir, they make pets of any thing, and every thing, at a
+pinch!"
+
+Here Johncrow drew the carcass from the hog-pen, and sure enough a
+shot had cut the poor Purser's head nearly off. Blackee looked at him
+with a most whimsical expression; they say no one can fathom a negro's
+affection for a pig. "Poor Purser! de people call him Purser, sir,
+because him knowing chap; him cabbage all de grub, slush, and stuff in
+him own corner, and give only de small bit, and de bad piece, to de
+oder pig; so, captain"--Splinter saw the poor fellow was like to get
+into a scrape. "That will do, Johncrow--forward with you now, and lend
+a hand to cat the anchor.--All hands up anchor!" The boatswain's
+hoarse voice repeated the command, and he in turn was re-echoed by his
+mates; the capstan was manned, and the crew stamped round to a point
+of war most villanously performed by a bad drummer and a worse fifer,
+in as high glee as if those who were killed had been snug and well in
+their hammocks on the berth-deck, in place of at the bottom of the
+sea, with each a shot at his feet. We weighed, and began to work up,
+tack and tack, towards the island of Ireland, where the arsenal is,
+amongst a perfect labyrinth of shoals, through which the 'Mudian pilot
+_cunned_ the ship with great skill, taking his stand, to our no small
+wonderment, not at the gangway or poop, as usual, but on the bowsprit
+end, so that he might see the rocks under foot, and shun them
+accordingly, for they are so steep and numerous, (they look like large
+fish in the clear water), and the channel is so intricate, that you
+have to go quite close to them. At noon we arrived at the anchorage,
+and hauled our moorings on board. _Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCRAPS.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+DODSLEY.
+
+
+About five or six miles from Mansfield is the mill where the incident
+took place on which Dodsley founded his pleasing drama of _The Miller
+of Mansfield_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Bottles for ginger-beer, soda-water, ink, blacking, &c. are
+principally manufactured near Codnor Castle, in Derbyshire. About
+fifty women and children finish one hundred gross per day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Glauber Salts are a more tonic aperient than Epsom Salts, which is
+accounted for by the presence of a little iron, in the one, which has
+not been detected in the other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The tip of the cat's nose is always cold, except on the day of the
+summer solstice, when it becomes lukewarm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Cod-fish are sorely attacked by dog and cuttle-fish. The latter, with
+their hard mouths, resembling parrots' bills, cut up the mackerel and
+herrings with great adroitness. The cuttle-fish are, in their turn,
+sometimes attacked by the dog-fish; but they generally escape, by
+ejecting a liquid resembling _ink_, which renders the water dark and
+turbid.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACKEREL.
+
+
+When red mullet are abundant in fishmongers' shops, a fine mackerel
+season may be expected. The early mackerel are frequently attended by
+a few mullet; and whenever they nearly, if not altogether, equal the
+mackerel in number, the circumstance is generally the presage of the
+approach of great shoals of mackerel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The course of herrings and mackerel is traced by their eggs, which,
+during a calm, may be seen floating on the surface of the water, like
+saw-dust, amidst an appearance like the wake or track of a vessel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPRATS AND WHITE BAIT.
+
+
+Mr. Yarrell has recently shown that the sprat is not the young of the
+herring and pilchard, as has been generally supposed. One of the most
+material differences is, that the vertebrae in the sprat are forty-eight
+in number, while in the herring there are fifty-six. The same gentleman
+has also proved that _white bait_ are not the young of the shad, or
+mother of herrings; but that they are a well-marked and distinct
+species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+WHISKY.
+
+
+It is a curious fact, that until the legal distillation of whisky was
+prohibited in the Highlands, it was never drunk at gentlemen's tables.
+"Mountain dew," and such poetic names, are of modern invention, since
+this liquor became fashionable. It is altogether of modern introduction
+into the Highlands; the name being only mentioned in modern ballads.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1830.
+
+
+The Second SUPPLEMENT, containing Choice Extracts from the "Keepsake,"
+"Forget-me-not," &c., with a fine Large Engraving from the "Landscape
+Annual," will be published with our next number.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.
+
+CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand,
+near Somerset House.
+
+The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150
+Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each.
+
+The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each.
+
+The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. 4 Parts, 6d each.
+
+PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s each.
+
+COWPER'S POEMS with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED 27 Nos.
+2d. each.
+
+BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 36 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d.
+
+GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d.
+
+DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d.
+
+BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d.
+
+SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 401, NOVEMBER 28, 1829***
+
+
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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829, by Various</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829, by Various</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829</p>
+<p>Author: Various</p>
+<p>Release Date: March 4, 2004  [eBook #11447]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: iso-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 401, NOVEMBER 28, 1829***</p>
+<br />
+<br />
+<center><b>E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Jewell, David Garcia,<br />
+           and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team</b></center>
+<br />
+<br />
+  <hr class="full" />
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page353" name="page353"></a>[pg
+  353]</span>
+
+  <h1>THE MIRROR<br />
+  OF<br />
+  LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.</h1>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <table width="100%" summary="Banner">
+    <tr>
+      <td align="left"><b>VOL. XIV, NO. 401.]</b></td>
+
+      <td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1829.</b></td>
+
+      <td align="right"><b>[PRICE 2d.</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>The Siamese Twins.</h2>
+
+  <div class="figure" style="width: 100%;">
+    <a href="images/401-1.png"><img width="100%" src=
+    "images/401-1.png" alt="The Siamese Twins." /></a>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>The Engraving is an accurate sketch of this extraordinary
+  <i>lusus naturae</i>, which promises to occupy the attention of
+  the whole Town, and has already excited no ordinary curiosity
+  among all ranks of the scientific and sight-loving. Deviations
+  from the usual forms of nature are almost universally offensive;
+  but, in this case, neither the personal appearance of the boys,
+  nor the explanation of the phenomenon by which they are united,
+  is calculated to raise a single unpleasant emotion. The subject
+  is, therefore, not unfit for our pages, and the following
+  descriptive particulars, which we have collected from various
+  authentic sources, and our own observation, will, we are
+  persuaded, be read with considerable interest:</p>
+
+  <p>The earliest account of the Siamese Twins is by Dr. I.C.
+  Warren, of Boston, and was published in Professor Silliman's
+  Journal of October last. They were received of their mother by
+  Captain Coffin and Mr. Hunter, in a village of Siam, where the
+  last-mentioned gentleman saw them, fishing on the banks of the
+  river. Their father has been some time dead, since which they
+  lived with their mother in a state of poverty. They were confined
+  within certain limits, by order of the Siamese Government, and
+  supported themselves principally by taking fish. Their exhibition
+  to the world was suggested to the mother as a means of bettering
+  their condition; to which proposition she acceded for a liberal
+  compensation, and the promised return of her sons at a specific
+  time. She accompanied them on board the <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page354" name="page354"></a>[pg 354]</span> ship
+  and, as it was not about to sail for some time, she was invited
+  to remain on board; but she declined, observing that she might as
+  well part with them then as a few days hence. They were first
+  exhibited at Boston, and subsequently at New York, in the United
+  States. At Boston, Dr. Warren was appointed to report on them;
+  and such of his observations as are free from anatomical
+  technicalities, and otherwise adapted for our pages, will be
+  found in the subsequent pages. In the meantime, we shall proceed
+  with a more popular account of their present appearance, which
+  has some of the most interesting characteristics of human
+  nature.</p>
+
+  <p>They are two distinct and perfect youths, well formed and
+  straight, about eighteen years of age, and possessing all the
+  faculties and powers usually enjoyed at that period of life. They
+  are united together by a short band at the pit of the stomach. On
+  first seeing them, it may be supposed, so closely are their sides
+  together&mdash;or rather, they over-lap a little&mdash;that there
+  is no space between them. On examining them, however, they are
+  found not to touch each other, the band which connects them
+  being, at its shortest part, which is the upper and back part,
+  about two inches long. At the lower front part the band, which is
+  there soft and fleshy, or rather like soft thick skin, is about
+  five inches long, and would be elastic, were it not for a thick
+  rope-like cartilaginous or gristly substance, which forms the
+  upper part of the band, and which is not above three inches long.
+  The band is probably two inches thick at the upper part, and
+  above an inch at the lower part. The back part of the band, which
+  is rounded from a thickening at the places where it grows from
+  each body, is not so long as the front part, which is
+  comparatively flat. The breadth or depth of the band is about
+  four inches. It grows from the lower and centre part of the
+  breast of each boy, being a continuation of the cartilaginous
+  termination of the breast bone, accompanied by muscles and
+  blood-vessels, and enveloped, like every other portion of the
+  body, with skin, &amp;c. At present this band is not very
+  flexible; and there is reason to believe that the cartilaginous
+  substance of the upper part is gradually hardening, and will
+  eventually become bone. From the nature of the band, and the
+  manner in which it grows from each boy, it is impossible that
+  they should be in any other position in relation to each other,
+  but side by side, like soldiers, or coming up a little to front
+  each other. Their arms and legs are perfectly free to move. The
+  band is the only connexion between them; and their proximity does
+  not inconvenience either; each of them, whether standing,
+  sitting, or moving, generally has his arm round the neck or the
+  waist of the other. When they take the arm from this position, so
+  close are they kept together that their shoulders cannot be held
+  straight; and the near shoulder of each being obliged to be held
+  down or up, to allow them room to stand, gives them the
+  appearance of being deformed; but two straighter bodies can
+  scarcely be seen.</p>
+
+  <p>In their ordinary motions they may be said to resemble two
+  persons waltzing. In a room they seem to roll about, as it were,
+  but when they walk to any distance, they proceed straight forward
+  with a gait like other people. As they rise up or sit down, or
+  stoop, their movements are playful, though strange, not
+  ungraceful, and without the appearance of constraint. The average
+  height of their countrymen is less than that of Europeans, and
+  they seem rather short for their age, even judging them by their
+  own standard. They are much shorter than the ordinary run of
+  youths in this country at eighteen years of age, and are both of
+  the same height. In personal appearance there is a striking
+  resemblance between them; this, however, is but on first
+  impression, for, on closer examination, considerable difference
+  will be observed. The colour of their skin and form of the nose,
+  lips, and eyes, denote them as belonging to the Chinese; but they
+  have not that broad and flat face which is characteristic of the
+  Mingol race. Their foreheads are higher and narrower than those
+  of their countrymen generally. Both are lively and intelligent;
+  they pay much attention to what is passing around them; and are
+  very grateful for any little attention that is paid to them. As a
+  proof of their intelligence, it may be stated that they learned
+  to play at Draughts very readily, and were soon able to beat
+  those who had assisted in teaching them. Their appearance is
+  perfect health. To their friends and attendants, and to each
+  other, they are said to be much attached. They appear to be
+  excellent physiognomists, for they read the countenance of the
+  visiter readily, and are easily affronted with any contemptuous
+  expressions. It is said they have not learnt any manual art
+  beyond rowing a boat, but they can run and jump, and climb cracks
+  and rigging with great facility. They are dressed in short,
+  loose, green jackets and trousers, <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page355" name="page355"></a>[pg 355]</span> the costume of their
+  country, which is very convenient, and allows the utmost freedom
+  of motion, but does not show the form of the boys to advantage.
+  With their arms twined round each other, as they bend down or
+  move about, they look like a group of statuary. Dr. Warren, in
+  his report, states that he <i>never heard them speak to each
+  other</i>, though they were very fond of talking with a young
+  Siamese, who was brought with them as a companion. They, however,
+  appear to have a means of communication more rapid than by words.
+  The point most worthy of remark, in regard to their actions and
+  movements, is, that they seem, generally speaking, to be actuated
+  but by one will; and that from whichever of them the volition of
+  the moment proceeds, it seems imperative upon both. Occasionally,
+  there is an exception to this remark&mdash;as, on the voyage from
+  Siam to the United States, when one wanted to bathe, and the
+  other refused, on account of the coldness of the weather, they
+  quarrelled on the subject.</p>
+
+  <p>Each has a name of his own&mdash;the one, <i>Chang</i>, and
+  the other, <i>Eng</i>; but, when persons wish to address them as
+  one&mdash;to claim their attention to anything, for example, or
+  to call them&mdash;they are addressed as&mdash;<i>Chang
+  Eng</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The union of twins is not an unusual occurrence, and various
+  anatomical collections present many such objects. Ambrose
+  Par&eacute; relates several instances. Dr. Warren is, however, of
+  opinion, that the <i>Siamese Boys</i> present the most remarkable
+  case of the <i>lusus naturae</i> which has yet been known, taking
+  into view the perfection and distinctness of organization, and
+  the length of time they have lived. The whole phenomenon may be
+  described in a very few words&mdash;<i>two perfect bodies united
+  and bound together by an inseparable link</i>. As we have already
+  stated, their health is at present good; but, observes Dr.
+  Warren, "it is probable that the change of their simple living
+  for the luxuries they now obtain, together with the confinement
+  their situation necessarily involves, will bring their lives to a
+  close within a few years." We hope that such will not be the
+  result of their leaving their native shores; and we are much
+  pleased with this passage in a letter from Drs. Samuel Mitchill
+  and Anderson to Capt. Coffin&mdash;"They (the youths) are under
+  the protection of a kind and benevolent gentleman, and we know
+  you will take good care of them, and if they live, return them to
+  their homes again." Of their strength many instances are related:
+  since they have arrived in London they have lifted a gentleman of
+  considerable weight, with great ease; and on this point Drs.
+  Mitchill and Anderson say&mdash;"As they are so vigorous and
+  alert, we readily coincide that in ten seconds they can lay a
+  stout ordinary man on his back."</p>
+
+  <p>We shall not go out of our way to state half the curious
+  questions which forcibly arose in our minds on visiting this
+  interesting exhibition. One of the most important, and least easy
+  of solution, is the structure of the connecting band&mdash;how it
+  is kept alive&mdash;whether blood flows into and circulates
+  through it from each, and passes into the system of the
+  other&mdash;whether it be composed of bone, as well as of
+  cartilage&mdash;and whether it could be safely divided? Upon
+  examining the connexion, or <i>cord</i>, Dr. Warren
+  says&mdash;"Placing my hand on this substance, I found it
+  extremely hard. On further examination, the hardness was found to
+  exist at the upper part of the cord only, and to be prolonged
+  into the breast of each boy. Tracing it upwards, I found it to be
+  constituted by a prolongation of the <i>ensiform cartilage of the
+  sternum</i>, or extremity of the breast-bone. The cartilages
+  proceeding from each sternum meet at an angle, and then seem to
+  be connected by a ligament, so as to form a joint. This joint has
+  a motion upwards and downwards, and also a lateral
+  motion&mdash;the latter operating in such a way, that when the
+  boys turn in either direction, the edges of the cartilage are
+  found to open and shut.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>"Besides this there is nothing remarkable felt in the
+  connecting substance. I could distinguish no pulsating vessel.
+  The whole of this cord is covered by the skin. It is remarkably
+  strong, and has no great sensibility, for they allow themselves
+  to be pulled by a rope fastened to it, without exhibiting
+  uneasiness. On ship board, one of them sometimes climbed on the
+  capstan of the vessel, the other following as well as he could,
+  without complaining. When I first saw the boys, I expected to see
+  them pull on this cord in different directions, as their
+  attention was attracted by different objects. I soon perceived
+  that this did not happen. The slightest impulse of one to move in
+  any direction is immediately followed by the other; so that they
+  appear to be influenced by the same wish."</p>
+
+  <p>This harmony in their movements, Dr. Warren thinks, is a habit
+  formed by necessity. His further account of their habits is
+  extremely curious:</p>
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page356" name="page356"></a>[pg
+  356]</span> "They always face in one direction, standing nearly
+  side by side, and are not able, without inconvenience, to face in
+  the opposite direction&mdash;so that one is always at the right,
+  and the other at the left. Although not placed exactly in a
+  parallel line, they are able to run and leap with surprising
+  activity. On some occasions a gentleman, in sport, pursued them
+  round the ship, when they came suddenly to the hatchway, which
+  had been inadvertently left open. The least check would have
+  thrown them down the hatchway, and probably killed one, or both,
+  but they leaped over it without difficulty. They differ in
+  intellectual vigour; the perceptions of one are more acute than
+  those of the other, and there is a corresponding coincidence in
+  moral qualities. He who appears most intelligent is somewhat
+  irritable in temper, while the other's disposition is mild."</p>
+
+  <p>The connexion between these boys might present an opportunity
+  for some interesting observations in regard to physiology and
+  pathology. There is, no doubt, a network of blood-vessels and
+  some minute nerves passing from one to the other. How far these
+  parts are capable of transmitting the action of medicines, and of
+  diseases, and especially what medicines and diseases, are points
+  well worthy of consideration. Dr. W. thinks that any
+  indisposition of one extends to the other; that they are inclined
+  to sleep at the same time; eat about the same quantity, and
+  perform other acts with great similarity. Both he and Mr. Hunter
+  are of opinion that touching one of them when they are asleep,
+  awakens both. When they are awake, an impulse given to one does
+  not in the least affect the other. There is evidently no
+  impression received by him who is not touched. But the opinion
+  just mentioned is undoubtedly erroneous. The slightest movement
+  of one is so speedily perceived by the other, as to deceive those
+  who have not observed closely. There is no part of them which has
+  a common perception, excepting the middle of the connecting cord,
+  and a space near it. When a pointed instrument is applied
+  precisely to the middle of the cord, it is felt by both, and also
+  for about an inch on each side; beyond which the impression is
+  limited to the individual of the side touched.</p>
+
+  <p>"In the function of the circulation there is a remarkable
+  uniformity in the two bodies. The pulsations of the hearts of
+  both coincide exactly under ordinary circumstances. I counted
+  seventy-three pulsations in a minute while they were
+  sitting&mdash;counting first in one boy and then in the other; I
+  then placed my fingers on an arm of each boy, and found the
+  pulsations take place exactly together. One of them stooping
+  suddenly to look at my watch, his pulse became much quicker than
+  that of the other; but after he had returned to his former
+  posture, in about a quarter of a minute his pulse was precisely
+  like that of the other; this happened repeatedly. Their
+  respirations are, of consequence, exactly simultaneous."</p>
+
+  <p>Dr. Warren next starts a question as to their moral identity,
+  and says&mdash;"There is no reason to doubt that the intellectual
+  operations of the two are as perfectly distinct as those of any
+  two individuals who might be accidentally confined together.
+  Whether similarity of education, and identity of position as to
+  external objects, have inspired them with any extraordinary
+  sameness of mental action, I am unable to say&mdash;any farther,
+  at least, than that they seem to agree in their habits and
+  tastes." The concluding observation is on their separation, which
+  we may remark, appears to be to them a painful subject; for
+  whenever it is mentioned, they weep bitterly. Dr. Warren thinks
+  an attempt to cut the cord, or separate them, would be attended
+  with danger, though not necessarily fatal, and as they are happy
+  in their present state, he reasonably enough thinks such an
+  operation uncalled for. "Should one die before the other," adds
+  he, "they should be cut apart immediately." He, however, quotes a
+  case from Ambrose Par&eacute;, of two girls united by the
+  forehead, one of whom died at ten years of age, when a separation
+  was made; and the wound of the surviving girl soon proved
+  fatal.</p>
+
+  <p>From the report of Drs. Mitchill and Anderson, we collect
+  their opinion that the band which joins these boys, has a canal
+  with a protrusion of viscera from the abdomen of each boy, upon
+  every effort of coughing or other exercise. The sense of feeling
+  on the skin of this band is connected with each boy, as far as
+  the middle of its length from his body. There can be no doubt,
+  but that if the band was cut across at any part, a large opening
+  would be made into the belly of each, and the wound prove
+  fatal.</p>
+
+  <p>Such are the principal and most popular descriptive details of
+  the Siamese Youths, with the substance of the reports of the
+  American physicians who have examined them. Of course, we look
+  with some anxiety for the opinions of the professional men of our
+  own <span class="pagenum"><a id="page357" name="page357"></a>[pg
+  357]</span> country. Of equal importance are the questions
+  connected with the <i>minds</i> of the two youths, which can only
+  be settled by continued observation. The phenomenon is altogether
+  of the most attractive character, and will doubtless receive all
+  the attention it deserves from our <i>savans</i>, as well as from
+  all those who delight in witnessing the curiosities of
+  Nature.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>CURTIUS.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    A DRAMATIC SKETCH.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Roman Forum.&mdash;An opening in the ground. M.
+  Curtius, Soothsayers, and a vast concourse of Citizens.</i></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cit</i>.&mdash;Place ingot upon ingot, till the mass
+      exceed</p>
+
+      <p>The bulk of Croesus' wealth, or Sardanapalus' pile.</p>
+
+      <p>Let every Roman contribution bring</p>
+
+      <p>An offering worthy of his house, since what</p>
+
+      <p>Is valued most must in the gulf be cast,</p>
+
+      <p>To save us from an overwhelming death.</p>
+
+      <p>A richer treasure than the gorgeous Xerxes knew</p>
+
+      <p>Will we entomb.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cur</i>.&mdash;How base the offering that were made in
+      gold.</p>
+
+      <p>What are riches to the blood that flows</p>
+
+      <p>Within a good man's veins? rather let him</p>
+
+      <p>Who is the wisest, bravest, best amongst us</p>
+
+      <p>Fall in this fearful pit. Now ye who read</p>
+
+      <p>The hidden books of nature say&mdash;who is</p>
+
+      <p>The man most envied by his fellows,&mdash;by the gods</p>
+
+      <p>Most lov'd?&mdash;That man is more than all the gems</p>
+
+      <p>This teeming earth can boast. Name but that man</p>
+
+      <p>And in an instant shall the debt be paid;</p>
+
+      <p>For Rome's best patriot is her greatest good.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Sooth</i>.&mdash;Ay, noble Curtius, and that man art
+      thou,</p>
+
+      <p>Thy words proclaim thy patriotic blood!</p>
+
+      <p>Thy tongue first names the gift that angry heav'n</p>
+
+      <p>Asks of rebellious earth. We need thy life.</p>
+
+      <p>Destruction hovers o'er the trembling crew,</p>
+
+      <p>That fills this little forum. Thou alone,</p>
+
+      <p>The noblest, bravest, wisest, best of us,</p>
+
+      <p>Canst scare the monster from the frowning skies,</p>
+
+      <p>And fill the gulf that yawns beneath us.</p>
+
+      <p>Die, Curtius, and thy name shall be enroll'd</p>
+
+      <p>With gods and heroes&mdash;honour'd, lov'd, and fam'd.</p>
+
+      <p>When senates are forgot!</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cur</i>.&mdash;Since then by dying I can refound
+      Rome,</p>
+
+      <p>For Rome preserv'd is built and born again.</p>
+
+      <p>Be mine a Roman's death. Else 'twere in vain</p>
+
+      <p>That once Eneas toil'd&mdash;that Romulus bore sway!</p>
+
+      <p>In vain the matron's tears subdued her flinty son!</p>
+
+      <p>In vain did Manlius for his country fight!</p>
+
+      <p>In vain Lucretia and Virginia bleed!</p>
+
+      <p>Romans, farewell!&mdash;I look around and see</p>
+
+      <p>A band of augurs&mdash;an assembled senate,</p>
+
+      <p>Plebeians and patricians&mdash;</p>
+
+      <p>A people and a nation met together</p>
+
+      <p>In council to avert calamity,</p>
+
+      <p>And all are friends. Farewell, farewell, farewell!</p>
+
+      <p>Favourites of Fortune what is it to die?</p>
+
+      <p>Ye sons of pleasure! look on him who once</p>
+
+      <p>Did sternly look on you&mdash;who dies for you!</p>
+
+      <p>Scions of Victory! how cracks the heart,</p>
+
+      <p>In that short moment of a bright career,</p>
+
+      <p>When the last echo from the couch of Fame</p>
+
+      <p>Falls on the dying ear? Oh! this mine act</p>
+
+      <p>Were best done whilst the blood is warm&mdash;lest
+      time</p>
+
+      <p>For thought should mar the purpose. Thought?&mdash;a
+      glorious deed</p>
+
+      <p>Needs none. Come horse!&mdash;and at one fearful bound</p>
+
+      <p>Plunge in the gulf beneath!</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Curtius leaps into the chasm.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Sooth</i>.&mdash;The gods attest the worth of this bold
+  youth.</p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p><i>Cit</i>.&mdash;The chasm closes&mdash;and the dangers
+      pass:</p>
+
+      <p>With buried Curtius following envy lies,</p>
+
+      <p>Nor dare she lift her sickly head</p>
+
+      <p>Above his giant grave.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>CYMBELINE.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ETYMOLOGICAL CURIOSITIES.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>Probably the following observations upon singular words, may
+  amuse some of your readers. I should, however, premise that as
+  regards myself, the greater part are not original.</p>
+
+  <p>Without further preface, allow me in the first place to call
+  your attention to a word, which, by adding a syllable, becomes
+  shorter, viz. the word <i>short</i>&mdash;on the other hand we
+  have words of one syllable, which, by taking away two letters,
+  become words of two syllables, as plague, league, both of which,
+  by such an elision, leave <i>ague</i>. By dropping the two first
+  letters of the word <i>monosyllable</i>, we have <i>no
+  syllable</i> remaining.</p>
+
+  <p>It has been remarked that <i>heroine</i> is one of the most
+  peculiar words in our language, as it may be thus
+  divided&mdash;the two first letters of it are male&mdash;the
+  three first female&mdash;the four first a brave man, and the
+  whole word a brave woman. Thus: <i>he, her, hero, heroine</i>. A
+  beggar may address himself, and say, <i>mend I
+  can't!</i>&mdash;leave out the apostrophe and he still remains a
+  <i>mendicant</i>. <i>Tartar, papa, murmur, etc.</i> may be
+  noticed as doubling the first syllable, and <i>eye, level</i>,
+  and other words as having the same meaning whether read backwards
+  or forwards. Some few by a reverse reading give a different sense
+  as <i>leper, revel, etc.</i></p>
+
+  <p>W.F.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><span class="pagenum"><a id="page358" name="page358"></a>[pg
+  358]</span></p>
+
+  <h2>FINE ARTS</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE SCHOOL OF PAINTING, AT THE BRITISH
+  INSTITUTION.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>To the Editor of the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p>My first view of the copies at the British Institution being
+  rather too cursory to allow me to do ample justice to several of
+  much merit. Another visit has enabled me to make a few additional
+  remarks on the performances of many worthy young aspirants, who,
+  it is presumed, will receive fresh stimulus from the approbation
+  extended to them.</p>
+
+  <p>In my last notice, which appeared in No. 396, of the MIRROR, I
+  adverted to Miss Sharpe's water-colour drawing of the Holy
+  Family, by Sir J. Reynolds; this is really an inimitable copy,
+  possessing all the richness of tint, and even the boldness and
+  texture, of the original. It is unquestionably the finest copy in
+  water ever executed in the Institution, to which, as well as to
+  the talented lady, it is a very high honour. From the numerous
+  <i>small</i> copies <i>in oil</i> of the Holy Family, I regret
+  not being able to select more than one&mdash;that by Mr.
+  Sargeant.</p>
+
+  <p>Mr. Heaphy, in all his drawings, evinces considerable
+  artistical knowledge; his small study from Vandyke's Portrait of
+  a Gentleman is admirable in colour and execution.</p>
+
+  <p>Messrs. Drake, Fussell, and Sargeant, have cleverly imitated
+  the fine Cattle Piece, by Cuyp; and Messrs. Pasmore and Novice
+  deserve notice for their studies from Gainsborough's large
+  landscape with figures. Messrs. Anderson and Woolmer are the best
+  imitators of Berghem's Landscape and Cattle; and the Interior of
+  a Kitchen, by Maaes, has met with the greatest possible attention
+  from Miss Alabaster, Mr. Bone, Jun., and Messrs. Novice and Buss.
+  The best attempts from the Canaletti are by Miss Dujardin, Mr. F.
+  Watts, and D. Pasmore, Jun. From the copies of Titian's Holy
+  Family, we may prefer Mr. Rochard's, which is the same size as
+  the original.</p>
+
+  <p>Guercino's magnificent work, the Soul of St. Peter ascending
+  into Heaven attended by Angels, which was formerly an
+  altar-piece, has been copied in small. This is not, perhaps, at
+  first sight, a very attractive picture; but the longer we look at
+  it, the longer we seem disposed to admire it, for it insensibly
+  conveys to the mind sublime ideas, seldom experienced before.</p>
+
+  <p>Perhaps the most novel performance in the present school is by
+  Mr. Davis; representing a View of the Gallery, with all the
+  original pictures, the different styles of which he has well
+  succeeded in. His work is a sort of <i>multum in parvo,</i>
+  extremely pretty and interesting.</p>
+
+  <p>To conclude&mdash;the copies by Mrs. Pearson, Miss Farrier,
+  Miss Kearsley, &amp;c. are very clever; as are those by Messrs.
+  Wate, Phillips, Brough, Hastings, Mackay, and Irving.</p>
+
+  <p>G.W.N.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE NOVELIST</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ISABEL.</h3>
+
+  <p>Several years ago I took up my abode at the retired village of
+  D&mdash;&mdash;. I had chosen this residence on account of its
+  sequestered situation, as solitude was, at that time, more
+  accordant to my feelings than the bustle of a populous town. At
+  no great distance from my habitation stood the Castle of
+  D&mdash;&mdash;, an ancient Gothic structure, sinking fast into
+  decay. The last of its original possessors had been dead more
+  than half a century, and it was the property of a gentleman who
+  resided on the continent. The interior of the mansion spoke
+  loudly of desolation and ruin: the state apartments were
+  despoiled of their magnificent decorations, and scarcely a
+  vestige remained of their former splendour. An aged female
+  domestic was the sole inhabitant of this deserted pile. Born in
+  the service of the family of D&mdash;&mdash;, she had survived
+  the last of its race, and remained a solitary relic of that
+  illustrious house. It was the business of old Alice to show the
+  castle to strangers; and I soon became a favourite with her, from
+  the interest I appeared to take in the fate of its former
+  inhabitants. The gallery was our chief resort; and, finding me a
+  willing listener, my ancient companion delighted to inform me of
+  all tradition had supplied her with, respecting the mighty
+  warriors and stately dames, whose portraits still hung on the
+  walls, smiling, as if in mockery of the desolation around.</p>
+
+  <p>One fine autumnal evening found me, as usual, in my favourite
+  retreat. The rays of the departing sun streamed in rich dyes
+  through the coloured window, and fell with softened glory on the
+  picture of a bridal ceremony. I was surprised that it had never
+  before engaged my attention. The bridegroom was young, graceful,
+  and noble&mdash;the bride, fair, soft, and delicate. By her side
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page359" name="page359"></a>[pg
+  359]</span> stood a form of unequalled loveliness: it seemed too
+  beautiful to have belonged to a daughter of earth; and I imagined
+  the painter had designed it to represent the guardian saint of
+  the youthful pair. I inquired of my ancient conductress the
+  history of this picture, and whether the beautiful female was not
+  an ideal being? "Alas!" said she, "it commemorates a heavy day
+  for the house of D&mdash;&mdash;; on that day the last and
+  fairest of its race sunk the victim of unrequited affection. That
+  is her picture; but, oh! her soul was more angelic than her
+  person; she"&mdash;but, reader, let me give the story in my own
+  words. The Lady Isabel was the last descendant of the family of
+  D&mdash;&mdash;; her father had fallen in battle; his lady did
+  not long survive him; and thus, at an early age, Isabel became an
+  orphan. Her mother's brother was appointed her guardian, and,
+  with his son Albert, came to reside at the Castle. The children,
+  thus insulated from the world, and educated entirely at home, saw
+  nothing so worthy to be loved as each other, and their attachment
+  was as romantic as the scenes around them. They both (but
+  particularly Isabel) delighted in the high chivalrous legends of
+  antiquity&mdash;and the tales of eternal constancy and
+  self-devoted affection recorded of some of the earlier heroines
+  of her family, were read with sacred veneration by the young
+  enthusiast. In a mind of ordinary temperament, little harm would
+  have resulted from the indulgence of such a taste; to the
+  impassioned soul of Isabel it was destructive and fatal. Deprived
+  by death of the mother who might have taught her to restrain and
+  regulate her ardent feelings, they acquired by neglect additional
+  strength, and eventually concentrated into a passion deep and
+  lasting as her existence. As years passed on, so did her love
+  increase; she regarded Albert as the perfection of human
+  excellence, and worshipped him with all the full devotedness of
+  her warm heart. It was not so with Albert; he thought of his fair
+  cousin with pride&mdash;with tenderness; but it was only the calm
+  affection of a brother: other feelings than those of love
+  possessed him&mdash;he languished for fame, for honourable
+  distinction among his fellow men, and at length left his peaceful
+  home, and the sweet companion of his youth, to fight the battles
+  of his country. His career was glorious; and after an absence of
+  three years, he was recalled by the death of his father. Isabel
+  welcomed him with rapturous joy; he embraced her with a brother's
+  fondness, and gazed with delight on her improved beauty. He
+  suspected not that she loved him with more than a sisterly
+  affection, and thought not of the wound he was about to inflict
+  on this tender, enthusiastic being. He told her of his attachment
+  to a fair girl, who had consented to become his bride at the
+  expiration of the term of mourning for his father. She heard him
+  with death-like silence, checked the groan that was bursting from
+  her agonized heart, and strove to assume a look of cheerfulness.
+  Retired to the solitude of her apartment, she wept in bitter
+  anguish&mdash;her young soul was blighted; she had nothing left
+  to live for; hope, happiness, and love were at an end; for love
+  would now be guilt. At length she grew calm, but it was the
+  fearful calmness of despair; she complained not&mdash;reproached
+  not; for she felt that she had been self-deceived; she could not,
+  however, conceal the devastation which sorrow was making in her
+  graceful form. Albert beheld her with concern, but ascribed the
+  alteration to her grief for his father's loss, for Isabel had
+  tenderly loved her uncle. She rejoiced at his mistake, and
+  attempted not to undeceive him: one only wish possessed
+  her&mdash;it was, to see the chosen of her Albert; and, with a
+  feverish impatience, she urged him to accelerate his nuptials.
+  The appointed day arrived&mdash;Isabel, attired in robes of
+  richest state, stood beside the altar, and witnessed the
+  annihilation of all her earthly happiness; still she sunk not;
+  but, with a mighty effort, pronounced a blessing on the wedded
+  pair. The excitement brought back a vivid colour to her cheeks,
+  and rekindled the lustre of her large dark eyes. The painter had
+  seized that moment to depict her glowing form&mdash;the
+  enthusiasm was but momentary&mdash;her angel face soon lost its
+  lovely tint, and her beautiful eyes sunk again into languor. The
+  castle was thronged with noble guests&mdash;sick at heart the
+  wretched Isabel wandered abstractedly amid the gay
+  assembly&mdash;her large floating eyes seemed straying vacantly
+  around, until they met the bridegroom's look of joy. Then came
+  the madness of recollection; with a convulsive shuddering she
+  averted her head, and stole unnoticed from the company. Morning
+  came, but she appeared not; her chamber was searched&mdash;she
+  had not entered it. Albert flew distractedly into the park, and,
+  at length perceived her quietly sitting by the side of the lake,
+  near a bower, which, when a boy, he had helped to decorate. She
+  was still clad in the robes of last night's festival. He ran
+  eagerly towards her&mdash;she <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page360" name="page360"></a>[pg 360]</span> spoke not&mdash;he
+  entreated her to answer him, but he implored in vain&mdash;there
+  was neither breath, nor sense, nor motion&mdash;she was dead!
+  'Twas a mournful sight! one white hand, stiffened to marble, was
+  pressed upon her broken heart, as she had sought to stay its
+  painful throbbings&mdash;the cold night dews hung in large drops
+  upon her silken hair, and shed a tremulous gleam upon the
+  diamonds that sparkled on her pale, icy forehead&mdash;the
+  withered leaves had found a resting place upon her bosom, and her
+  white garments were embroidered by their many colourings. The
+  castle became hateful to Albert after this event: he removed to a
+  distant part of the country, and never again revisited the scenes
+  of his earlier years. He also was dead; and Isabel, her love, and
+  her despair, were forgotten by all, save one aged, isolated
+  being, whose time-whitened locks and decrepit frame showed that
+  she too was rapidly descending to the silence of the grave.</p>
+
+  <p><i>London University Magazine</i>. No. II.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>NOTES OF A READER.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MOLES</h3>
+
+  <p>Are so voracious as not even to spare their own species. If
+  two are shut up together without food, there will shortly be
+  nothing left of the weakest but its skin, slit along the
+  belly.&mdash;<i>Cuvier</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SCOTCH ALE.</h3>
+
+  <p>The strength of Scotch ale, whence it deserves the name,
+  ranges between 32 and 44 pounds weight to the imperial barrel,
+  according to the price at which it is meant to be sold. The
+  general mode of charge is by the hogshead (about a barrel and a
+  half,) for which five pounds, six, seven, or eight pounds are
+  paid, as the quality may warrant; the strength for every
+  additional pound of price being increased by about four pounds
+  per barrel of weight.&mdash;<i>Library of Useful
+  Knowledge</i>.&mdash;Scotch two-penny was so called because it
+  was sold at twopence the Scotch pint, which was nearly two
+  English quarts.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>In a Scotch brewer's instructions for Scotch ale, dated 1793,
+  we meet with the following curious mystical instruction:&mdash;"I
+  throw a little dry malt, which is left on purpose, on the top of
+  the mash, with a handful of salt, to <i>keep the witches from
+  it</i>, and then cover it up. Perhaps this custom gave rise to
+  the vulgar term <i>water bewitched</i> for indifferent beer."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AMERICAN LAW.</h3>
+
+  <p>A recent traveller, in describing the American courts of law
+  and their proceedings, says, in one instance Counsellor Lloyd had
+  grossly insulted Judge Turner in the street, and was tried for
+  the offence by the judge. He was half-drunk, but defended himself
+  by the vilest abuse of the judge, who could not silence him. No
+  jury was appealed to; but (we suppose for contempt of court) he
+  was ordered to give security for one year's good behaviour, and,
+  not procuring sufficient bail, was committed to prison.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The Galwegians who attended David I. of Scotland to Custon
+  Moor, had a favourite amusement of tossing infants upon their
+  pikes!</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>A CAT STORY.</h3>
+
+  <p>Lady Morgan tells a story of an "amiable and intelligent"
+  grimalkin, which belonged to a young girl who was subject to
+  epileptic fits. Puss, by dint of repeated observation, knew when
+  they were coming on, and would run, frisking her tail, to the
+  girl's parents, mewing in the most heart-breaking tones, and
+  clawing at their legs, till she made them follow her. Her name
+  was <i>Mina</i>; and her history is extant in "choice Italian."
+  At length the girl died, and poor puss went to the funeral of her
+  own accord. Being a black cat, she was already in
+  mourning&mdash;"nature's mourning!" She wanted to jump into the
+  grave, but that was prevented. So puss, the "chief mourner," was
+  carried home again. But her amiable heart could not survive the
+  shock, for, after pining three months, refusing boiled liver and
+  new milk, poor grimalkin was found "dead upon the green mound
+  that covered her beloved mistress's remains." There was a cat for
+  you!</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>TURKS AND RUSSIANS.</h3>
+
+  <p>The character of the Russ differs from that of the Turk in
+  little more than in the quality of his barbarism. The Turk loves
+  blood;&mdash;the Russ loves craft;&mdash;The Turk takes at once
+  to the dagger;&mdash;the Russ begins by the snare; but when the
+  matter presses, he will use the steel as readily as any Turk on
+  earth. The ferocity of the Turk flourishes in the streets, in his
+  own house, in the seraglio&mdash;every where that he has a victim
+  within his reach, and that it pleases him to destroy that victim.
+  The Russ knows something more of the <span class="pagenum"><a id=
+  "page361" name="page361"></a>[pg 361]</span> law, and is by no
+  means so domestic a cut-throat; but his mercy in the field or in
+  the stormed city, is massacre.&mdash;<i>Monthly Magazine.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MR. PITT.</h3>
+
+  <p>Lady Hester Stanhope related the following to Mr.
+  Madden:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>When Mr. Pitt was out of office, I acted as his secretary, and
+  he had then as much business as when he was in. He very seldom
+  opposed my opinions, and always respected my antipathies. In
+  private life he was cheerful and affable; he would rise in the
+  midst of his gravest avocations to hand me a fallen handkerchief;
+  he was always polite to women, and a great favourite with many of
+  them; but he was wedded to the state, and nothing but death could
+  divorce him from his country. He was fond of me; he loved
+  originality in any shape. His great recreation, after the fatigue
+  of business, was stealing into the country, entering a clean
+  cottage, where there was a tidy woman and a nicely-scoured table,
+  and there he would eat bread and cheese like any ploughman. He
+  detested routs, and always sat down to plain dinners. He never
+  ate before he went to the House; but when any thing important was
+  to be discussed, he was in the habit of taking a glass of port
+  wine with a tea-spoonful of bark.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ENGLISH AND FRENCH.</h3>
+
+  <p>In the arts, while French productions display resource,
+  ingenuity, and dexterity, they at the same time show a striking
+  want of the sense of fitness, and are unfinished and flimsy.
+  Such, in the cities of France, is remarkably the case with
+  whatever regards furniture and decoration, while the productions
+  of cookery are at once impregnated with filth, and admirably
+  calculated to conceal it. In the country, again, with a climate
+  superior to that of England, there is everywhere to be seen open
+  fields, later harvests, corn full of weeds, and inferior grain.
+  The difference between French and English taste in dress is very
+  remarkable. Even when English women take a hint from French
+  contrivances, they endeavour to be more natural, modest, and
+  classical. As to male dress, an English gentleman always desires
+  his tailor to avoid the extremes of fashion; and, as his dress is
+  grave and manly, it is generally followed throughout Europe. The
+  French use of forks, napkins, &amp;c. really requires some
+  notice. A French gentleman, in adjusting himself at his coarse
+  deal table and shabby cloth, does not hesitate to fix a napkin
+  about his neck, in such a manner as to protect his clothes in
+  front against the certainty of being bespattered by his mode of
+  eating. An Englishman of the middle class would be ashamed of
+  such a contrivance; for, without any particular care, he eats so
+  as not even to stain the damask cloth with which his mahogany
+  table is covered. The French gentleman is perpetually wiping his
+  dirty fingers on a napkin spread out before him, and of which the
+  beauties are not invisible to his neighbours on each side. The
+  Englishman of the middle class requires no napkin, because his
+  fingers are never soiled. The French gentleman, incapable of
+  raising his left hand properly to his mouth, first hastily hacks
+  his meat into fragments, then throws down his dirty knife on the
+  cloth, and seizing the fork in his right hand, while his left
+  fixes a mass of bread on his plate, he runs up each fragment
+  against it, and having eaten these, he wipes up his plate with
+  the bread and swallows it. An English peasant would blush at such
+  bestiality. A French gentleman not only washes his filthy hands
+  at table, but, after gulping a mouthful, and using it as a
+  gargle, squirts it into the basin standing before him, and the
+  company, who may see the charybdis or maelstrom he has made in
+  it, and the floating filth he has discharged, and which is now
+  whirling in its vortex. In England this practice is unknown,
+  except to those whose taste and stomach are too strong for
+  offence. It has been stupidly borrowed from the Oriental nations,
+  who use no knives and forks, and where, though it has this
+  apology, it has always excited the disgust of enlightened
+  travellers. When dinner is over, the Englishman's carpet is as
+  clean as before; the Frenchman's bare boards resemble those of a
+  hog-sty. In short, in all that regards the table, the French are
+  some centuries behind the English.&mdash;<i>Blackwood's
+  Magazine.</i></p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>In the last <i>Quarterly Review</i> we find that "the safety
+  of the British empire is now entrusted to 130,000 men. Now
+  France, we believe, maintains about 200,000 soldiers. The forces
+  of Austria and Prussia have always been on a much higher footing
+  than ours. Even the late King of Bavaria kept, we know not how,
+  70,000 men under arms. Indeed Old England is by nothing more
+  happily distinguished from her neighbours <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page362" name="page362"></a>[pg 362]</span> than
+  by the silence of the trumpet and drum. At this moment, moreover,
+  the due level of our peace establishment is but an object of
+  speculative research. No man who looks to the placing of
+  Roumelia, or whose vision reaches even to the palace of
+  Elys&eacute;e Bourbon, would consent that this country should
+  lose the aid of a single right."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ALI PACHA'S HEAD.</h3>
+
+  <p>Dr. Walsh tells us that the head of Ali Pacha was sent to
+  Constantinople, and exhibited to the public on a dish. As the
+  name of Ali had made a considerable noise in Europe, and more
+  particularly in England, in consequence of his negociations with
+  Sir Thomas Maitland, and still more, perhaps, the stanzas in
+  <i>Childe Harold</i>, a merchant of Constantinople thought it no
+  bad speculation to purchase the head and dish, and send them to
+  London for exhibition; but a former confidential agent obtained
+  it from the executioner for a higher price than the merchant had
+  offered; and together with the heads of his three sons and
+  grandson, who, according to custom, were all seized and
+  decapitated, had them deposited near one of the city gates, with
+  a tombstone and inscription.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE GOUT.</h3>
+
+  <p>Imagine a sensation in the great toe, as if it had been
+  suddenly seized with a pair of red-hot pincers. Whew! There they
+  are at it! nipping and tearing the flesh, and then rubbing the
+  lacerated joint with aquafortis, or a solution of blue vitriol.
+  And now, the pain shoots along the nerves on that side, till my
+  head bumps and bumps as if a legion of imps were playing at
+  leap-frog in it.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>AMERICA.</h3>
+
+  <p>The state of business in the United States is thus described
+  in a letter from Boston, dated the 7th of last July:&mdash;"The
+  commercial world over the globe seems paralyzed, and many
+  manufactories on a large scale, with the proprietors and
+  stockholders, have failed, and are utterly ruined. All business
+  is confined to the wants only of the day, teaching a necessary
+  absolute economy, which men of business in times past have not
+  been accustomed to."</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Rice Paper is the pith of the Tong-t-sao&mdash;a valuable
+  Chinese tree.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE SELECTOR and LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>EMIGRATION TO NEW SOUTH WALES.</h3>
+
+  <p>People who are accustomed to sit half the day with their hands
+  folded, over a bright November fire, talking of hard times and
+  other standing grievances, will do well to read "<i>A Letter from
+  Sydney, the principal town of Australasia, edited by Robert
+  Ganger</i>;" and study an annexed system of colonization as a
+  remedy for their distress. The Letter is written by a
+  plain-sailing, plain-dealing man of the world, and though on a
+  foreign topic, is in a homely style. We are therefore persuaded
+  that a few extracts will be useful to the above class of thinkers
+  and readers, as well as to others who do not, like the great man
+  of antiquity, sigh for new worlds.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Climate and Soil</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>All that you read in the works of Wentworth and Cunningham, as
+  to the healthfulness and beauty of the climate, is strictly true.
+  There are scarcely any diseases but what result immediately from
+  intemperance. Dropsy, palsy, and the whole train of nervous
+  complaints, are common enough; but then, drunkenness is the vice
+  <i>par excellence</i> of the lower orders; and the better class
+  of settlers have not learned those habits of temperance which are
+  suited to the climate of Naples. The two classes often remind me
+  of English squires and their grooms, as I used to see them at
+  Florence, just after the peace; masters drinking at dinner,
+  because they were abroad, and after dinner because they were
+  Englishmen; the servants drinking always, because wine and brandy
+  were cheap. Perhaps a generation must pass away before the people
+  here will accommodate their habits to the climate, which is that
+  of Italy, without either malaria or the sirocco.</p>
+
+  <p>The soil of New South Wales is not particularly fertile. The
+  plains of the Granges, and of the great rivers of China, the
+  lowlands of the West India islands, the swamps of the Gulf of
+  Mexico, and even the marshes of Essex, produce crops of which the
+  people here have no conception; but then, as we are without great
+  masses of alluvial deposit, so are agues and intermittent fevers
+  absolutely unknown. In point of natural fertility, I am inclined
+  to compare this soil to that of France; and I have no doubt that,
+  if the same quantity of agricultural labour as is employed in
+  France, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page363" name=
+  "page363"></a>[pg 363]</span> were here bestowed upon an area
+  equal to the French territory, the quantity of produce would
+  fully equal that of France. Timber, coal, iron, and other useful
+  minerals, abound; the harbours and rivers teem with fish; cattle
+  of all sorts thrive and multiply with astonishing rapidity; every
+  fruit that flourishes in Spain and Italy comes to the highest
+  perfection; and Nature fully performs her part in bestowing upon
+  man the necessaries, comforts, and luxuries of life.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Value of Land, &amp;c.</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>I was told that an estate of 10,000 acres might be obtained
+  for a mere trifle. This was true. I have got 20,000 acres, and
+  they did not cost me more than 2s. per acre. But I imagined that
+  a domain of that extent would be very valuable. In this I was
+  wholly mistaken. As my estate cost me next to nothing, so it is
+  worth next to nothing. It is a noble property to look at; and
+  "20,000 acres in a ring fence," sounds very well in England; but
+  here, such a property possesses no exchangeable value. The reason
+  is plain: there are millions upon millions of acres, as fertile
+  as mine, to be had for nothing; and, what is more, there are not
+  people to take them. Of my 20,000 acres I reckon about 5,000 to
+  be woodland, though, indeed, there are trees scattered over the
+  whole property, as in an English park. For my amusement, I had a
+  rough estimate made of the money that I could obtain for all this
+  timber, were it growing in any part of England. The valuation
+  amounts to above &pound;150,000.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Building</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Having fortune enough for all my wants, I proposed to get a
+  large domain, to build a good house, to keep enough land in my
+  own hands for pleasure-grounds, park, and game preserves; and to
+  let the rest, after erecting farm-houses in the most suitable
+  spots. My mansion, park, preserves, and tenants, were all a mere
+  dream. I have not one of them. When, upon my first arrival, I
+  talked of these things to some sensible men, to whom I was
+  recommended, they laughed in my face. I soon found that a house
+  would, though the stone and timber were to be had for nothing,
+  cost three times as much as in England. This was on account of
+  the very high wages required by mechanics; but this was not all.
+  None of the materials of a house, except stone and timber, are
+  produced in the colony. Every pane of glass, every nail, every
+  grain of paint, and every piece of furniture, from the kitchen
+  copper to the drawing-room curtains, must have come from England.
+  My property is at a distance of nearly seventy miles from the
+  sea, and there is no road, but a track through the forest, for
+  two-thirds of that distance. The whole colony did not contain as
+  many masons, carpenters, glaziers, painters, black and
+  whitesmiths, and other mechanics, as I should have required. Of
+  course, I soon abandoned all thought of building a mansion. As
+  for a park, my whole property was a park, and a preserve for
+  kangaroos and emus.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>A friend of ours, a free emigrant, has more than once
+  facetiously wished for our company in the colony; but judging
+  from the following, we had rather "let well alone," and stay at
+  home, than play the schoolmaster or march-of-intellect-man at
+  Sydney:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>As for mental wants, talking and reading are out of the
+  question, except it be to scold your servants, and to con over a
+  Sydney newspaper, which contains little else but the miserable
+  party politics of this speck upon the globe, reports of crime and
+  punishment, and low-lived slang and flash, such as fill the
+  pothouse Sunday papers of London.</p>
+
+  <p>Literary men, men of science, philosophers, do not emigrate to
+  new countries where their acquirements would be neither rewarded
+  nor admired. Sir Walter Scott, Sir Humphry Davy, and Mr. Malthus,
+  would not earn as much in this colony as three brawny experienced
+  ploughmen; and though the inordinate vanity of a new people might
+  be gratified by the possession of them, they would be considered
+  as mere ornaments, and would often be wholly neglected for things
+  of greater utility.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>House-rent, that great bugbear of certain economists, is
+  indeed a grievous affair at Sydney, as page 20 proves:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <p>Behold me established at Sydney, in a small house, a poor
+  vamped-up building, more inconvenient, and far more ugly, than
+  you can imagine, for which I pay a rent of &pound;250 a year. For
+  half the money you could get twice as good a house in any English
+  country town. This excessive house-rent is caused by the dearness
+  of labour, which enhances the cost of building; for, either the
+  builder will exact a rent proportioned to his outlay, or (if he
+  cannot obtain such a rent) he will not build.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Free Emigrants</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Of what class then, you ask, have been the great mass of
+  emigrants from England, not convicts? Excellent people in
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page364" name="page364"></a>[pg
+  364]</span> their way, most of them; farmers, army and navy
+  surgeons, subalterns on half-pay, and a number of indescribable
+  adventurers, from about the twentieth rank in England. They came
+  here to live, not to enjoy; to eat and drink, not to refine; "to
+  settle"&mdash;that is, to roll in a gross plenty for the body,
+  but to starve their minds. To these must be added convicts, many
+  of whom are become rich and influential; and some, not exactly
+  convicts, to whom England ceased to be a convenient residence.
+  The English who live at Boulogne, some for cheapness, some from
+  misfortune, and some from fear, would offer, I should think, a
+  fair sample of the materials which compose the best society in
+  New South Wales; though, I must admit, that the bustling,
+  thriving settler of New South Wales is a companion, rather
+  ignorant though he be&mdash;far away preferable to the not more
+  enlightened, but melancholy English sluggard of Boulogne. To form
+  a due conception of the "upper classes" here, suppose all the
+  natives of France annihilated, and the whole country belonging to
+  the English residents of Boulogne. In that case, there would be
+  an almost perfect resemblance between those Englishmen who,
+  across a narrow channel, can see their own country, and those
+  who, at its antipodes look upon the Pacific Ocean.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Society and Manners</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>As in France, the first class call themselves "gens comme il
+  faut;" and in England, "people of fashion," or "the
+  world"&mdash;so here, the leaders of society are distinguished by
+  a peculiar term. They are called "respectable." Not to speak of
+  France, it is difficult to say what in England constitutes
+  "fashion." Not high birth, certainly&mdash;for some of the
+  despots of English society are sprung from the dunghill. Our
+  epithet to express exclusiveness is, I think better
+  chosen&mdash;for, though strictly speaking, it means worthy of
+  respect, it is claimed, here, only by those to whom respect is
+  paid. In England, the <i>Quarterly Review</i> tells us,
+  "respectability" sometimes means keeping a gig&mdash;here it
+  always means dining with the governor.</p>
+
+  <p>Our manners set the fashion. Those whom we exclude, exclude
+  others. Free emigrants claim to be of a nature superior to
+  convicts; convicts, whose terms of punishment have expired,
+  behave as if their flesh and blood were wholly unlike that of
+  convicts still in durance; convicts, who have not been convicted
+  south of the line, scorn those who have; and these several
+  classes, except the last, are as proud and tenacious of their
+  privileges as is every distinctive class in England, except the
+  unhappy lowest; or, as is every shade of colour in the West
+  Indies except the perfect black.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>The Population</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Of the settlement may amount in round numbers to 45,000. Of
+  these only 14,000, including women and children, have not been
+  convicted of felony; and two-thirds of the remainder,
+  seven-eights being grown men, are galley-slaves, still in
+  chains!</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Influence of Convict Labour</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Little more than forty years ago this country was an absolute
+  waste. By way of contrast, behold, in the parts first settled,
+  the following proofs of wealth: a thriving capital, and several
+  interior towns, the latter being larger and better constructed
+  than the capitals of some English settlements in America, a
+  hundred years after their foundation; excellent roads; productive
+  turnpikes; crowded market-places; public hotels, superior to the
+  best in North America, even at this late hour; warehouses,
+  through which there is a constant flow of luxuries from all parts
+  of the world; public carriages, almost as well managed as those
+  of England; an astonishing number of private carriages, built in
+  Long Acre; several newspapers, and other periodical works;
+  booksellers' shops, well supplied from Europe; two banks of
+  deposit and discount; many churches and chapels; very good
+  schools for rich and poor; scientific, literary, and
+  philanthropic societies; a botanical garden; a turf club; packs
+  of hounds; dinner parties, concerts and balls; fine furniture,
+  plate, and jewels; and though last, not least, many gradations in
+  society, being so many gradations in wealth.</p>
+
+  <p>Whence have come all those things, over and above mere
+  subsistence, which astonish the beholder, when he reflects that
+  this colony has been planted little more than forty years?</p>
+
+  <p>An example has just passed my window, in the shape of a
+  dashing English landau. It contains a "lady," who married a poor
+  half-pay lieutenant, and who now drinks tea that would cost in
+  England twenty shillings the pound. They emigrated to New South
+  Wales in 1815. But how did she get that carriage, and how does
+  she manage to send to China for the gunpowder? Thus:&mdash;Her
+  husband is both landowner and merchant. Being constantly supplied
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page365" name="page365"></a>[pg
+  365]</span> with a number of convict labourers, he breeds cattle
+  and cultivates grain; and as he gives to his labourers but just
+  enough for their subsistence, he has a large surplus produce.
+  Having sold to the local government wheat and beef for the supply
+  of prisons, hospitals, and barracks, he is paid partly with bills
+  upon the English treasury, and partly with dollars, sent from
+  England for the support of the great penitentiary. He remits one
+  of those bills to his London agent, and desires him to purchase,
+  with the proceeds thereof, a superb landau. In less than a year,
+  his wife "rides in her coach." He sends some of the dollars to
+  Canton, and purchases therewith a cargo of tea, of which he gives
+  to his wife as much as she likes, and sells the rest to the wives
+  of other men, who pay him with bills or dollars, received again
+  from the government for wheat and beef. Thus, you see, Mrs.
+  &mdash;&mdash; is indebted for two decided proofs of wealth to
+  the prevalence of crime in England. Even the coat of arms on her
+  landau was found by your Herald's College, in return for a part
+  of the proceeds of that bill, which was drawn <i>to pay for the
+  food of the soldiers who drove the convicts, who produced the
+  food</i>. Our old friend Sir George Nayler would no doubt start
+  at being told of his obligation to the pickpockets of London. And
+  the rogues are little aware of their influence in political
+  economy; but I have stated a plain fact, which, if you have any
+  doubts about it, pray submit both to Sir George himself, and to
+  Mr. M'Culloch.</p>
+
+  <p>That is, indeed, an ill-wind which blows no good. We owe every
+  thing, over and above mere subsistence, to the wickedness of the
+  people of England. Who built Sydney? Convicts. Who made the
+  excellent roads from Sydney to Parramatta, Windsor, and
+  Liverpool? Convicts. By whom is the land made to produce? By
+  convicts. Why do not all our labourers exact high wages, and, by
+  taking a large share of the produce of labour, prevent their
+  employers from becoming rich? Because most of them are convicts.
+  What has enabled the landowner readily to dispose of his surplus
+  produce? The demand of the keepers of convicts. What has brought
+  so many ships to Port Jackson, and occasioned a further demand
+  for agricultural produce? The transportation of convicts. What
+  has tempted free emigrants to bring capital into the settlement?
+  The true stories that they heard of fortunes made by employing
+  the cheap labour of convicts. But here are questions and answers
+  enough. The case is plain. Nearly all that we possess has arisen
+  from the happy influence of penal emigration and discipline, on
+  production, distribution, and consumption. Thanks to the system
+  of transportation, we have had cheap labour and a ready market;
+  production, consequently, has exceeded consumption; and the
+  degree of that excess is the measure of our
+  accumulation&mdash;that is, of our wealth.</p>
+
+  <p>The transportation of at least ten males for one female,
+  maintains a great disproportion between the sexes. This is the
+  greatest evil of all.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>A Rover</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>On the banks of the Illinois, I met with a labouring man, who
+  was always tipsy without ever being drunk. Enervated by
+  dram-drinking, he had not the courage to obtain a bit of forest
+  and settle; but he could earn seven shillings a day by his
+  labour. When I spoke to him, he complained of low wages. "At New
+  York, friend," said I, "five shillings a day are thought quite
+  enough." "I know that," he answered; "I was born there, and came
+  here to get eight shillings a day, which, I was told, was the
+  lowest rate hereabouts." It turned out that he never worked more
+  than three days in the week, and that, in order to obtain
+  twenty-four shillings a week by three days' labour, he had made a
+  circuitous voyage of some thousand miles from the place where he
+  was born, and where he could have earned thirty shillings a week
+  by working every day.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Slang</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>The base language of English thieves is becoming the
+  established language of the colony. Terms of slang and flash are
+  used, as a matter of course, every where, from the gaols to the
+  Viceroy's palace, not excepting the Bar and the Bench. No doubt
+  they will be reckoned quite parliamentary, as soon as we obtain a
+  parliament.</p>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>Bush-ranging</i>
+  </center>
+
+  <p>Is a dreadful evil, being a kind of land piracy. None but back
+  settlers, it is true, are exposed to its burnings, rapes, and
+  massacres; but these are as much British subjects as the
+  inhabitants of Sydney or of Downing Street. And, if the
+  inhabitants of towns escape those horrors, they are liable to be
+  murdered in a quiet way, and their property is exposed to every
+  kind of depredation. Their actual losses by robbery, including
+  the expense and loss of time occasioned by prosecutions, are very
+  great.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The concluding observations on "the <span class=
+  "pagenum"><a id="page366" name="page366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+  extension of Britain," and her colonial interests, are in a
+  forcible and liberal tone, but as they take rather too political
+  a turn for our pages, we recommend the anxious reader to the
+  volume itself, which is altogether the production of an original
+  thinker and an impartial writer.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS</h2>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>THE CRUISE OF H.M. SHIP TORCH.</h3>
+
+  <center>
+    <i>A Fragment</i>.
+  </center>
+
+  <p>I was the mate of the morning watch, and, as day dawned, I had
+  amused myself with other younkers over the side, examining the
+  shot holes and other injuries sustained from the fire of the
+  frigate, and contrasting the clean, sharp, well-defined
+  apertures, made by the 24 lb. shot from the long guns, with the
+  bruised and splintered ones from the 32 lb. carronades; but the
+  men had begun to wash down the decks, and the first gush of
+  clotted blood and water from the scuppers fairly turned me sick.
+  I turned away, when Mr. Kennedy, our gunner, a good steady old
+  Scotchman, with whom I was a bit of a favourite, came up to
+  me&mdash;"Mr. Cringle, the captain has sent for you; poor Mr.
+  Johnstone is fast going, he wants to see you."</p>
+
+  <p>I knew my young messmate had been wounded, for I had seen him
+  carried below after the frigate's second broad-side; but the
+  excitement of a boy, who had never smelled powder fired in anger
+  before, had kept me on deck the whole night, and it never once
+  occurred to me to ask for him, until the old gunner spoke.</p>
+
+  <p>I hastened down to our small confined berth, and there I saw a
+  sight that quickly brought me to myself. Poor Johnstone was
+  indeed going; a grape shot had struck him, and torn his belly
+  open. There he lay in his bloody hammock on the deck, pale and
+  motionless as if he had already departed, except a slight
+  twitching at the corners of his mouth, and a convulsive
+  contraction and distension of his nostrils. His brown ringlets
+  still clustered over his marble forehead, but they were drenched
+  in the cold sweat of death. The surgeon could do nothing for him,
+  and had left him; but our old captain&mdash;bless him for
+  it&mdash;I little expected, from his usual crusty bearing, to
+  find him so employed&mdash;had knelt by his side, and, whilst he
+  read from the Prayer Book one of those beautiful petitions in our
+  church service to Almighty God, for mercy to the passing soul of
+  one so young, and so early cut off, the tears trickled down the
+  old man's cheeks, and filled the furrows worn in them by the
+  washing up of many a salt spray. On the other side of his narrow
+  bed, fomenting the rigid muscles of his neck and chest, sat
+  Mistress Connolly, one of three women on board&mdash;a rough
+  enough creature, heaven knows, in common weather; but her stifled
+  sobs showed that the mournful sight had stirred up all the woman
+  within her. She had opened the bosom of the poor boy's shirt, and
+  untying the ribbon that fastened a small gold crucifix round his
+  neck, she placed it in his cold hand. The young midshipman was of
+  a respectable family in Limerick, her native place, and a
+  Catholic&mdash;another strand of the cord that bound her to him.
+  When the captain finished reading, he bent over the departing
+  youth, and kissed his cheek. "Your young messmate just now
+  desired to see you, Mr. Cringle, but it is too late, he is
+  insensible and dying." Whilst he spoke, a strong shiver passed
+  through the boy's frame, his face became slightly convulsed, and
+  all was over! The captain rose, and Connolly, with a delicacy of
+  feeling which many might not have looked for in her situation,
+  spread one of our clean mess table-cloths over the body. "And is
+  it really gone you are, my poor, dear boy!" forgetting all
+  difference of rank in the fulness of her heart. "Who will tell
+  this to your mother, and nobody here to wake you but ould Kate
+  Connolly, and no time will they be giving me, nor
+  whisky&mdash;Ochon! ochon!"</p>
+
+  <p>But enough and to spare of this piping work. The boatswain's
+  whistle now called me to the gangway, to superintend the handing
+  up, from a shore boat alongside, a supply of the grand staples of
+  the island&mdash;ducks and onions. The three 'Mudians in her were
+  characteristic samples of the inhabitants. Their faces and skins,
+  where exposed, were not tanned, but absolutely burnt into a
+  fiery-red colour by the sun. They guessed and drawled like any
+  buckskin from Virginia, superadding to their accomplishments
+  their insular peculiarity of always shutting one eye when they
+  spoke to you. They are all Yankees at bottom; and if they could
+  get their 365 <i>Islands</i>&mdash;so they call the large stones
+  on which they live&mdash;under weigh, they would not be long in
+  towing them into the Chesapeake.</p>
+
+  <p>The word had been passed to get six of the larboard guns and
+  all the shot over to the other side, to give the brig a list
+  <span class="pagenum"><a id="page367" name="page367"></a>[pg
+  367]</span> of a streak or two a-starboard, so that the stage on
+  which the carpenter and his crew were at work over the side,
+  stopping the shot holes above the water line, might swing clear
+  of the wash of the sea. I had jumped from the nettings, where I
+  was perched, to assist in unbolting one of the carronade slides,
+  when I slipped and capsized against a peg sticking out of one of
+  the scuppers. I took it for something else and damned the
+  ring-bolt incontinently. Caboose, the cook, was passing with his
+  mate, a Jamaica negro of the name of Johncrow, at the time.
+  "Don't damn the remains of your fellow-mortals, Master Cringle;
+  that is my leg." The cook of a man-of-war is no small beer, he is
+  his Majesty's warrant officer, a much bigger wig than a poor
+  little mid, with whom it is condescension on his part to
+  jest.</p>
+
+  <p>It seems to be a sort of rule, that no old sailor who has not
+  lost a limb, or an eye at least, shall be eligible to the office;
+  but as the kind of maiming is so far circumscribed that all cooks
+  must have two arms, a laughable proportion of them have but one
+  leg. Besides the honour, the perquisites are good; accordingly,
+  all old quartermasters, captains of tops, &amp;c., look forward
+  to the cookdom, as the cardinals look to the popedom; and really
+  there is some analogy between them, for neither is preferred from
+  any especial fitness for the office. A cardinal is made pope
+  because he is old, infirm, and imbecile&mdash;our friend Caboose
+  was made cook because he had been Lord Nelson's coxswain, was a
+  drunken rascal, and had a wooden leg; for, as to his
+  gastronomical qualifications, he knew no more of the science than
+  just sufficient to watch the copper where the salt junk and
+  potatoes were boiling. Having been a little in the wind
+  overnight, he had quartered himself, in the superabundance of his
+  heroism, at a gun where he had no business to be, and in running
+  it out, he had jammed his toe in a scupper hole, so fast that
+  there was no extricating him; and notwithstanding his piteous
+  entreaty "to be eased out handsomely, as the leg was made out of
+  a plank of the Victory, and the ring at the end out of one of her
+  bolts," the captain of the gun finding, after a stout pull, that
+  the man was like to come "home in his hand <i>without</i> the
+  leg," was forced "to break him short off," as he phrased it, to
+  get him out of the way, and let the carriage traverse. In the
+  morning when he sobered, he had quite forgotten where the leg
+  was, and how he broke it; he therefore got Kelson to splice the
+  stump with the butt-end of a mop; but in the hurry it had been
+  left three inches too long, so that he had to jerk himself up to
+  the top of his peg at every step. The doctor, glad to breathe the
+  fresh air after the horrible work he had gone through, was
+  leaning over the side, speaking to Kelson. When I fell, he turned
+  round and drew Cookee's fire on himself. "Doctor, you have not
+  prescribed for me yet."&mdash;"No, Caboose, I have not; what is
+  wrong?"&mdash;"Wrong, sir! why, I have lost my leg, and the
+  captain's clerk says I am not in the return!&mdash;Look here,
+  sir, had doctor Kelson not coopered me, where should I have
+  been?&mdash;Why, doctor, had I been looked after, amputation
+  might have been unnecessary; a <i>fish</i> might have done,
+  whereas I have had to be <i>spliced</i>." He was here cut short
+  by the voice of his mate, who had gone forward to slay a pig for
+  the gunroom mess. "Oh, Lad, oh!&mdash;Massa Caboose!&mdash;Dem
+  dam Yankee! De Purser killed, massa!&mdash;Dem shoot him troo de
+  head!&mdash;Oh, Oh, Lad!" Captain Deadeye had come on deck. "You,
+  Johncrow, what <i>is</i> wrong with you?"&mdash;"Why, de Purser
+  killed, captain, dat all."&mdash;"Purser killed?&mdash;Doctor, is
+  Saveall hurt?" Treenail could stand it no longer. "No, sir, no;
+  it is one of the gunroom pigs that we shipped at Halifax, three
+  cruises ago; I am sure I don't know how he survived one, but the
+  seamen took a fancy to him, and nicknamed him the Purser. You
+  know, sir, they make pets of any thing, and every thing, at a
+  pinch!"</p>
+
+  <p>Here Johncrow drew the carcass from the hog-pen, and sure
+  enough a shot had cut the poor Purser's head nearly off. Blackee
+  looked at him with a most whimsical expression; they say no one
+  can fathom a negro's affection for a pig. "Poor Purser! de people
+  call him Purser, sir, because him knowing chap; him cabbage all
+  de grub, slush, and stuff in him own corner, and give only de
+  small bit, and de bad piece, to de oder pig; so,
+  captain"&mdash;Splinter saw the poor fellow was like to get into
+  a scrape. "That will do, Johncrow&mdash;forward with you now, and
+  lend a hand to cat the anchor.&mdash;All hands up anchor!" The
+  boatswain's hoarse voice repeated the command, and he in turn was
+  re-echoed by his mates; the capstan was manned, and the crew
+  stamped round to a point of war most villanously performed by a
+  bad drummer and a worse fifer, in as high glee as if those who
+  were killed had been snug and well in their hammocks on the
+  berth-deck, <span class="pagenum"><a id="page368" name=
+  "page368"></a>[pg 368]</span> in place of at the bottom of the
+  sea, with each a shot at his feet. We weighed, and began to work
+  up, tack and tack, towards the island of Ireland, where the
+  arsenal is, amongst a perfect labyrinth of shoals, through which
+  the 'Mudian pilot <i>cunned</i> the ship with great skill, taking
+  his stand, to our no small wonderment, not at the gangway or
+  poop, as usual, but on the bowsprit end, so that he might see the
+  rocks under foot, and shun them accordingly, for they are so
+  steep and numerous, (they look like large fish in the clear
+  water), and the channel is so intricate, that you have to go
+  quite close to them. At noon we arrived at the anchorage, and
+  hauled our moorings on board. <i>Blackwood's Magazine</i>.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <h2>THE GATHERER.</h2>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <div class="stanza">
+      <p>A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.</p>
+
+      <p>SHAKSPEARE.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SCRAPS.</h3>
+
+  <p>(<i>For the Mirror</i>.)</p>
+
+  <h3>DODSLEY.</h3>
+
+  <p>About five or six miles from Mansfield is the mill where the
+  incident took place on which Dodsley founded his pleasing drama
+  of <i>The Miller of Mansfield</i>.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Bottles for ginger-beer, soda-water, ink, blacking, &amp;c.
+  are principally manufactured near Codnor Castle, in Derbyshire.
+  About fifty women and children finish one hundred gross per
+  day.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Glauber Salts are a more tonic aperient than Epsom Salts,
+  which is accounted for by the presence of a little iron, in the
+  one, which has not been detected in the other.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The tip of the cat's nose is always cold, except on the day of
+  the summer solstice, when it becomes lukewarm.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>Cod-fish are sorely attacked by dog and cuttle-fish. The
+  latter, with their hard mouths, resembling parrots' bills, cut up
+  the mackerel and herrings with great adroitness. The cuttle-fish
+  are, in their turn, sometimes attacked by the dog-fish; but they
+  generally escape, by ejecting a liquid resembling <i>ink</i>,
+  which renders the water dark and turbid.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>MACKEREL.</h3>
+
+  <p>When red mullet are abundant in fishmongers' shops, a fine
+  mackerel season may be expected. The early mackerel are
+  frequently attended by a few mullet; and whenever they nearly, if
+  not altogether, equal the mackerel in number, the circumstance is
+  generally the presage of the approach of great shoals of
+  mackerel.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <p>The course of herrings and mackerel is traced by their eggs,
+  which, during a calm, may be seen floating on the surface of the
+  water, like saw-dust, amidst an appearance like the wake or track
+  of a vessel.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>SPRATS AND WHITE BAIT.</h3>
+
+  <p>Mr. Yarrell has recently shown that the sprat is not the young
+  of the herring and pilchard, as has been generally supposed. One
+  of the most material differences is, that the vertebrae in the
+  sprat are forty-eight in number, while in the herring there are
+  fifty-six. The same gentleman has also proved that <i>white
+  bait</i> are not the young of the shad, or mother of herrings;
+  but that they are a well-marked and distinct species.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>WHISKY.</h3>
+
+  <p>It is a curious fact, that until the legal distillation of
+  whisky was prohibited in the Highlands, it was never drunk at
+  gentlemen's tables. "Mountain dew," and such poetic names, are of
+  modern invention, since this liquor became fashionable. It is
+  altogether of modern introduction into the Highlands; the name
+  being only mentioned in modern ballads.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>ANNUALS FOR 1830.</h3>
+
+  <p>The Second SUPPLEMENT, containing Choice Extracts from the
+  "Keepsake," "Forget-me-not," &amp;c., with a fine Large Engraving
+  from the "Landscape Annual," will be published with our next
+  number.</p>
+  <hr />
+
+  <h3>LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.</h3>
+
+  <p>CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the
+  Strand, near Somerset House.</p>
+
+  <p>The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly
+  150 Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &amp;c. 4 Parts,
+  6d each.</p>
+
+  <p>PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s each.</p>
+
+  <p>COWPER'S POEMS with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED
+  27 Nos. 2d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 36 Numbers, 3d. each.</p>
+
+  <p>The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d.</p>
+
+  <p>GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d.</p>
+
+  <p>DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d.</p>
+
+  <p>BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d.</p>
+
+  <p>SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+
+  <p><i>Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near
+  Somerset House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New
+  Market, Leipsic; and by all Newsmen and Booksellers</i>.</p>
+  <hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 401, NOVEMBER 28, 1829***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and
+Instruction, Vol. 14, Issue 401, November 28, 1829, by Various
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Mirror of Literature, Amusement, and Instruction, Vol. 14,
+Issue 401, November 28, 1829
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: March 4, 2004  [eBook #11447]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE,
+AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 401, NOVEMBER 28, 1829***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Jonathan Ingram, Andy Jewell, David Garcia, and the
+Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustration.
+      See 11447-h.htm or 11447-h.zip:
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11447/11447-h/11447-h.htm)
+      or
+      (http://www.ibiblio.org/gutenberg/1/1/4/4/11447/11447-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT, AND INSTRUCTION.
+
+VOL. 14, NO. 401.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 28, 1829. [PRICE 2d.
+
+
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+The Siamese Twins.
+
+
+[Illustration: The Siamese Twins.]
+
+
+The Engraving is an accurate sketch of this extraordinary _lusus
+naturae_, which promises to occupy the attention of the whole Town,
+and has already excited no ordinary curiosity among all ranks of the
+scientific and sight-loving. Deviations from the usual forms of nature
+are almost universally offensive; but, in this case, neither the
+personal appearance of the boys, nor the explanation of the phenomenon
+by which they are united, is calculated to raise a single unpleasant
+emotion. The subject is, therefore, not unfit for our pages, and the
+following descriptive particulars, which we have collected from
+various authentic sources, and our own observation, will, we are
+persuaded, be read with considerable interest:
+
+The earliest account of the Siamese Twins is by Dr. I.C. Warren, of
+Boston, and was published in Professor Silliman's Journal of October
+last. They were received of their mother by Captain Coffin and Mr.
+Hunter, in a village of Siam, where the last-mentioned gentleman saw
+them, fishing on the banks of the river. Their father has been some
+time dead, since which they lived with their mother in a state of
+poverty. They were confined within certain limits, by order of the
+Siamese Government, and supported themselves principally by taking
+fish. Their exhibition to the world was suggested to the mother as a
+means of bettering their condition; to which proposition she acceded
+for a liberal compensation, and the promised return of her sons at a
+specific time. She accompanied them on board the ship and, as it was
+not about to sail for some time, she was invited to remain on board;
+but she declined, observing that she might as well part with them
+then as a few days hence. They were first exhibited at Boston, and
+subsequently at New York, in the United States. At Boston, Dr. Warren
+was appointed to report on them; and such of his observations as are
+free from anatomical technicalities, and otherwise adapted for our
+pages, will be found in the subsequent pages. In the meantime, we
+shall proceed with a more popular account of their present appearance,
+which has some of the most interesting characteristics of human
+nature.
+
+They are two distinct and perfect youths, well formed and straight,
+about eighteen years of age, and possessing all the faculties and
+powers usually enjoyed at that period of life. They are united
+together by a short band at the pit of the stomach. On first seeing
+them, it may be supposed, so closely are their sides together--or
+rather, they over-lap a little--that there is no space between them.
+On examining them, however, they are found not to touch each other,
+the band which connects them being, at its shortest part, which is the
+upper and back part, about two inches long. At the lower front part
+the band, which is there soft and fleshy, or rather like soft thick
+skin, is about five inches long, and would be elastic, were it not for
+a thick rope-like cartilaginous or gristly substance, which forms the
+upper part of the band, and which is not above three inches long. The
+band is probably two inches thick at the upper part, and above an inch
+at the lower part. The back part of the band, which is rounded from a
+thickening at the places where it grows from each body, is not so long
+as the front part, which is comparatively flat. The breadth or depth
+of the band is about four inches. It grows from the lower and centre
+part of the breast of each boy, being a continuation of the
+cartilaginous termination of the breast bone, accompanied by muscles
+and blood-vessels, and enveloped, like every other portion of the
+body, with skin, &c. At present this band is not very flexible; and
+there is reason to believe that the cartilaginous substance of the
+upper part is gradually hardening, and will eventually become bone.
+From the nature of the band, and the manner in which it grows from
+each boy, it is impossible that they should be in any other position
+in relation to each other, but side by side, like soldiers, or coming
+up a little to front each other. Their arms and legs are perfectly
+free to move. The band is the only connexion between them; and their
+proximity does not inconvenience either; each of them, whether
+standing, sitting, or moving, generally has his arm round the neck or
+the waist of the other. When they take the arm from this position, so
+close are they kept together that their shoulders cannot be held
+straight; and the near shoulder of each being obliged to be held down
+or up, to allow them room to stand, gives them the appearance of being
+deformed; but two straighter bodies can scarcely be seen.
+
+In their ordinary motions they may be said to resemble two persons
+waltzing. In a room they seem to roll about, as it were, but when they
+walk to any distance, they proceed straight forward with a gait like
+other people. As they rise up or sit down, or stoop, their movements
+are playful, though strange, not ungraceful, and without the
+appearance of constraint. The average height of their countrymen is
+less than that of Europeans, and they seem rather short for their age,
+even judging them by their own standard. They are much shorter than
+the ordinary run of youths in this country at eighteen years of age,
+and are both of the same height. In personal appearance there is a
+striking resemblance between them; this, however, is but on first
+impression, for, on closer examination, considerable difference will
+be observed. The colour of their skin and form of the nose, lips, and
+eyes, denote them as belonging to the Chinese; but they have not that
+broad and flat face which is characteristic of the Mingol race. Their
+foreheads are higher and narrower than those of their countrymen
+generally. Both are lively and intelligent; they pay much attention to
+what is passing around them; and are very grateful for any little
+attention that is paid to them. As a proof of their intelligence, it
+may be stated that they learned to play at Draughts very readily, and
+were soon able to beat those who had assisted in teaching them. Their
+appearance is perfect health. To their friends and attendants, and to
+each other, they are said to be much attached. They appear to be
+excellent physiognomists, for they read the countenance of the visiter
+readily, and are easily affronted with any contemptuous expressions.
+It is said they have not learnt any manual art beyond rowing a boat,
+but they can run and jump, and climb cracks and rigging with great
+facility. They are dressed in short, loose, green jackets and
+trousers, the costume of their country, which is very convenient, and
+allows the utmost freedom of motion, but does not show the form of the
+boys to advantage. With their arms twined round each other, as they
+bend down or move about, they look like a group of statuary. Dr.
+Warren, in his report, states that he _never heard them speak to each
+other_, though they were very fond of talking with a young Siamese,
+who was brought with them as a companion. They, however, appear to
+have a means of communication more rapid than by words. The point most
+worthy of remark, in regard to their actions and movements, is, that
+they seem, generally speaking, to be actuated but by one will; and
+that from whichever of them the volition of the moment proceeds, it
+seems imperative upon both. Occasionally, there is an exception to
+this remark--as, on the voyage from Siam to the United States, when
+one wanted to bathe, and the other refused, on account of the coldness
+of the weather, they quarrelled on the subject.
+
+Each has a name of his own--the one, _Chang_, and the other, _Eng_;
+but, when persons wish to address them as one--to claim their
+attention to anything, for example, or to call them--they are
+addressed as--_Chang Eng_.
+
+The union of twins is not an unusual occurrence, and various
+anatomical collections present many such objects. Ambrose Pare relates
+several instances. Dr. Warren is, however, of opinion, that the
+_Siamese Boys_ present the most remarkable case of the _lusus naturae_
+which has yet been known, taking into view the perfection and
+distinctness of organization, and the length of time they have lived.
+The whole phenomenon may be described in a very few words--_two
+perfect bodies united and bound together by an inseparable link_. As
+we have already stated, their health is at present good; but, observes
+Dr. Warren, "it is probable that the change of their simple living for
+the luxuries they now obtain, together with the confinement their
+situation necessarily involves, will bring their lives to a close
+within a few years." We hope that such will not be the result of their
+leaving their native shores; and we are much pleased with this passage
+in a letter from Drs. Samuel Mitchill and Anderson to Capt.
+Coffin--"They (the youths) are under the protection of a kind and
+benevolent gentleman, and we know you will take good care of them, and
+if they live, return them to their homes again." Of their strength
+many instances are related: since they have arrived in London they
+have lifted a gentleman of considerable weight, with great ease; and
+on this point Drs. Mitchill and Anderson say--"As they are so vigorous
+and alert, we readily coincide that in ten seconds they can lay a
+stout ordinary man on his back."
+
+We shall not go out of our way to state half the curious questions
+which forcibly arose in our minds on visiting this interesting
+exhibition. One of the most important, and least easy of solution, is
+the structure of the connecting band--how it is kept alive--whether
+blood flows into and circulates through it from each, and passes into
+the system of the other--whether it be composed of bone, as well as of
+cartilage--and whether it could be safely divided? Upon examining the
+connexion, or _cord_, Dr. Warren says--"Placing my hand on this
+substance, I found it extremely hard. On further examination, the
+hardness was found to exist at the upper part of the cord only, and to
+be prolonged into the breast of each boy. Tracing it upwards, I found
+it to be constituted by a prolongation of the _ensiform cartilage of
+the sternum_, or extremity of the breast-bone. The cartilages
+proceeding from each sternum meet at an angle, and then seem to be
+connected by a ligament, so as to form a joint. This joint has a
+motion upwards and downwards, and also a lateral motion--the latter
+operating in such a way, that when the boys turn in either direction,
+the edges of the cartilage are found to open and shut.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+"Besides this there is nothing remarkable felt in the connecting
+substance. I could distinguish no pulsating vessel. The whole of this
+cord is covered by the skin. It is remarkably strong, and has no great
+sensibility, for they allow themselves to be pulled by a rope fastened
+to it, without exhibiting uneasiness. On ship board, one of them
+sometimes climbed on the capstan of the vessel, the other following as
+well as he could, without complaining. When I first saw the boys, I
+expected to see them pull on this cord in different directions, as
+their attention was attracted by different objects. I soon perceived
+that this did not happen. The slightest impulse of one to move in any
+direction is immediately followed by the other; so that they appear to
+be influenced by the same wish."
+
+This harmony in their movements, Dr. Warren thinks, is a habit formed
+by necessity. His further account of their habits is extremely
+curious:
+
+"They always face in one direction, standing nearly side by side,
+and are not able, without inconvenience, to face in the opposite
+direction--so that one is always at the right, and the other at the
+left. Although not placed exactly in a parallel line, they are able to
+run and leap with surprising activity. On some occasions a gentleman,
+in sport, pursued them round the ship, when they came suddenly to the
+hatchway, which had been inadvertently left open. The least check
+would have thrown them down the hatchway, and probably killed one,
+or both, but they leaped over it without difficulty. They differ in
+intellectual vigour; the perceptions of one are more acute than those
+of the other, and there is a corresponding coincidence in moral
+qualities. He who appears most intelligent is somewhat irritable in
+temper, while the other's disposition is mild."
+
+The connexion between these boys might present an opportunity for some
+interesting observations in regard to physiology and pathology. There
+is, no doubt, a network of blood-vessels and some minute nerves
+passing from one to the other. How far these parts are capable of
+transmitting the action of medicines, and of diseases, and especially
+what medicines and diseases, are points well worthy of consideration.
+Dr. W. thinks that any indisposition of one extends to the other; that
+they are inclined to sleep at the same time; eat about the same
+quantity, and perform other acts with great similarity. Both he and
+Mr. Hunter are of opinion that touching one of them when they are
+asleep, awakens both. When they are awake, an impulse given to
+one does not in the least affect the other. There is evidently no
+impression received by him who is not touched. But the opinion just
+mentioned is undoubtedly erroneous. The slightest movement of one
+is so speedily perceived by the other, as to deceive those who have
+not observed closely. There is no part of them which has a common
+perception, excepting the middle of the connecting cord, and a space
+near it. When a pointed instrument is applied precisely to the middle
+of the cord, it is felt by both, and also for about an inch on each
+side; beyond which the impression is limited to the individual of the
+side touched.
+
+"In the function of the circulation there is a remarkable uniformity
+in the two bodies. The pulsations of the hearts of both coincide
+exactly under ordinary circumstances. I counted seventy-three
+pulsations in a minute while they were sitting--counting first in one
+boy and then in the other; I then placed my fingers on an arm of each
+boy, and found the pulsations take place exactly together. One of them
+stooping suddenly to look at my watch, his pulse became much quicker
+than that of the other; but after he had returned to his former
+posture, in about a quarter of a minute his pulse was precisely like
+that of the other; this happened repeatedly. Their respirations are,
+of consequence, exactly simultaneous."
+
+Dr. Warren next starts a question as to their moral identity, and
+says--"There is no reason to doubt that the intellectual operations
+of the two are as perfectly distinct as those of any two individuals
+who might be accidentally confined together. Whether similarity of
+education, and identity of position as to external objects, have
+inspired them with any extraordinary sameness of mental action, I am
+unable to say--any farther, at least, than that they seem to agree
+in their habits and tastes." The concluding observation is on their
+separation, which we may remark, appears to be to them a painful
+subject; for whenever it is mentioned, they weep bitterly. Dr. Warren
+thinks an attempt to cut the cord, or separate them, would be attended
+with danger, though not necessarily fatal, and as they are happy in
+their present state, he reasonably enough thinks such an operation
+uncalled for. "Should one die before the other," adds he, "they should
+be cut apart immediately." He, however, quotes a case from Ambrose
+Pare, of two girls united by the forehead, one of whom died at ten
+years of age, when a separation was made; and the wound of the
+surviving girl soon proved fatal.
+
+From the report of Drs. Mitchill and Anderson, we collect their
+opinion that the band which joins these boys, has a canal with a
+protrusion of viscera from the abdomen of each boy, upon every effort
+of coughing or other exercise. The sense of feeling on the skin of
+this band is connected with each boy, as far as the middle of its
+length from his body. There can be no doubt, but that if the band was
+cut across at any part, a large opening would be made into the belly
+of each, and the wound prove fatal.
+
+Such are the principal and most popular descriptive details of the
+Siamese Youths, with the substance of the reports of the American
+physicians who have examined them. Of course, we look with some
+anxiety for the opinions of the professional men of our own country.
+Of equal importance are the questions connected with the _minds_ of
+the two youths, which can only be settled by continued observation.
+The phenomenon is altogether of the most attractive character, and
+will doubtless receive all the attention it deserves from our
+_savans_, as well as from all those who delight in witnessing the
+curiosities of Nature.
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+CURTIUS.
+
+A DRAMATIC SKETCH.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+_The Roman Forum.--An opening in the ground. M. Curtius, Soothsayers,
+and a vast concourse of Citizens._
+
+_Cit_.--Place ingot upon ingot, till the mass exceed
+  The bulk of Croesus' wealth, or Sardanapalus' pile.
+  Let every Roman contribution bring
+  An offering worthy of his house, since what
+  Is valued most must in the gulf be cast,
+  To save us from an overwhelming death.
+  A richer treasure than the gorgeous Xerxes knew
+  Will we entomb.
+
+_Cur_.--How base the offering that were made in gold.
+  What are riches to the blood that flows
+  Within a good man's veins? rather let him
+  Who is the wisest, bravest, best amongst us
+  Fall in this fearful pit. Now ye who read
+  The hidden books of nature say--who is
+  The man most envied by his fellows,--by the gods
+  Most lov'd?--That man is more than all the gems
+  This teeming earth can boast. Name but that man
+  And in an instant shall the debt be paid;
+  For Rome's best patriot is her greatest good.
+
+_Sooth_.--Ay, noble Curtius, and that man art thou,
+  Thy words proclaim thy patriotic blood!
+  Thy tongue first names the gift that angry heav'n
+  Asks of rebellious earth. We need thy life.
+  Destruction hovers o'er the trembling crew,
+  That fills this little forum. Thou alone,
+  The noblest, bravest, wisest, best of us,
+  Canst scare the monster from the frowning skies,
+  And fill the gulf that yawns beneath us.
+  Die, Curtius, and thy name shall be enroll'd
+  With gods and heroes--honour'd, lov'd, and fam'd.
+  When senates are forgot!
+
+_Cur_.--Since then by dying I can refound Rome,
+  For Rome preserv'd is built and born again.
+  Be mine a Roman's death. Else 'twere in vain
+  That once Eneas toil'd--that Romulus bore sway!
+  In vain the matron's tears subdued her flinty son!
+  In vain did Manlius for his country fight!
+  In vain Lucretia and Virginia bleed!
+  Romans, farewell!--I look around and see
+  A band of augurs--an assembled senate,
+  Plebeians and patricians--
+  A people and a nation met together
+  In council to avert calamity,
+  And all are friends. Farewell, farewell, farewell!
+  Favourites of Fortune what is it to die?
+  Ye sons of pleasure! look on him who once
+  Did sternly look on you--who dies for you!
+  Scions of Victory! how cracks the heart,
+  In that short moment of a bright career,
+  When the last echo from the couch of Fame
+  Falls on the dying ear? Oh! this mine act
+  Were best done whilst the blood is warm--lest time
+  For thought should mar the purpose. Thought?--a glorious deed
+  Needs none. Come horse!--and at one fearful bound
+  Plunge in the gulf beneath!
+
+_Curtius leaps into the chasm._
+
+_Sooth_.--The gods attest the worth of this bold youth.
+
+_Cit_.--The chasm closes--and the dangers pass:
+  With buried Curtius following envy lies,
+  Nor dare she lift her sickly head
+  Above his giant grave.
+
+CYMBELINE.
+
+
+       *        *        *        *        *
+
+
+ETYMOLOGICAL CURIOSITIES.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+Probably the following observations upon singular words, may amuse
+some of your readers. I should, however, premise that as regards
+myself, the greater part are not original.
+
+Without further preface, allow me in the first place to call your
+attention to a word, which, by adding a syllable, becomes shorter,
+viz. the word _short_--on the other hand we have words of one
+syllable, which, by taking away two letters, become words of two
+syllables, as plague, league, both of which, by such an elision, leave
+_ague_. By dropping the two first letters of the word _monosyllable_,
+we have _no syllable_ remaining.
+
+It has been remarked that _heroine_ is one of the most peculiar words
+in our language, as it may be thus divided--the two first letters of
+it are male--the three first female--the four first a brave man, and
+the whole word a brave woman. Thus: _he, her, hero, heroine_. A beggar
+may address himself, and say, _mend I can't!_--leave out the
+apostrophe and he still remains a _mendicant_. _Tartar, papa, murmur,
+etc._ may be noticed as doubling the first syllable, and _eye, level_,
+and other words as having the same meaning whether read backwards or
+forwards. Some few by a reverse reading give a different sense as
+_leper, revel, etc._
+
+W.F.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FINE ARTS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE SCHOOL OF PAINTING, AT THE BRITISH
+INSTITUTION.
+
+(_To the Editor of the Mirror_.)
+
+
+My first view of the copies at the British Institution being rather
+too cursory to allow me to do ample justice to several of much merit.
+Another visit has enabled me to make a few additional remarks on the
+performances of many worthy young aspirants, who, it is presumed, will
+receive fresh stimulus from the approbation extended to them.
+
+In my last notice, which appeared in No. 396, of the MIRROR, I
+adverted to Miss Sharpe's water-colour drawing of the Holy Family, by
+Sir J. Reynolds; this is really an inimitable copy, possessing all the
+richness of tint, and even the boldness and texture, of the original.
+It is unquestionably the finest copy in water ever executed in the
+Institution, to which, as well as to the talented lady, it is a very
+high honour. From the numerous _small_ copies _in oil_ of the Holy
+Family, I regret not being able to select more than one--that by Mr.
+Sargeant.
+
+Mr. Heaphy, in all his drawings, evinces considerable artistical
+knowledge; his small study from Vandyke's Portrait of a Gentleman is
+admirable in colour and execution.
+
+Messrs. Drake, Fussell, and Sargeant, have cleverly imitated the fine
+Cattle Piece, by Cuyp; and Messrs. Pasmore and Novice deserve notice for
+their studies from Gainsborough's large landscape with figures. Messrs.
+Anderson and Woolmer are the best imitators of Berghem's Landscape
+and Cattle; and the Interior of a Kitchen, by Maaes, has met with the
+greatest possible attention from Miss Alabaster, Mr. Bone, Jun., and
+Messrs. Novice and Buss. The best attempts from the Canaletti are by
+Miss Dujardin, Mr. F. Watts, and D. Pasmore, Jun. From the copies of
+Titian's Holy Family, we may prefer Mr. Rochard's, which is the same
+size as the original.
+
+Guercino's magnificent work, the Soul of St. Peter ascending into
+Heaven attended by Angels, which was formerly an altar-piece, has
+been copied in small. This is not, perhaps, at first sight, a very
+attractive picture; but the longer we look at it, the longer we seem
+disposed to admire it, for it insensibly conveys to the mind sublime
+ideas, seldom experienced before.
+
+Perhaps the most novel performance in the present school is by Mr.
+Davis; representing a View of the Gallery, with all the original
+pictures, the different styles of which he has well succeeded in. His
+work is a sort of _multum in parvo,_ extremely pretty and interesting.
+
+To conclude--the copies by Mrs. Pearson, Miss Farrier, Miss Kearsley,
+&c. are very clever; as are those by Messrs. Wate, Phillips, Brough,
+Hastings, Mackay, and Irving.
+
+G.W.N.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE NOVELIST
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ISABEL.
+
+
+Several years ago I took up my abode at the retired village of D----.
+I had chosen this residence on account of its sequestered situation,
+as solitude was, at that time, more accordant to my feelings than the
+bustle of a populous town. At no great distance from my habitation
+stood the Castle of D----, an ancient Gothic structure, sinking fast
+into decay. The last of its original possessors had been dead more
+than half a century, and it was the property of a gentleman who
+resided on the continent. The interior of the mansion spoke loudly
+of desolation and ruin: the state apartments were despoiled of their
+magnificent decorations, and scarcely a vestige remained of their
+former splendour. An aged female domestic was the sole inhabitant of
+this deserted pile. Born in the service of the family of D----, she
+had survived the last of its race, and remained a solitary relic of
+that illustrious house. It was the business of old Alice to show the
+castle to strangers; and I soon became a favourite with her, from the
+interest I appeared to take in the fate of its former inhabitants. The
+gallery was our chief resort; and, finding me a willing listener, my
+ancient companion delighted to inform me of all tradition had supplied
+her with, respecting the mighty warriors and stately dames, whose
+portraits still hung on the walls, smiling, as if in mockery of the
+desolation around.
+
+One fine autumnal evening found me, as usual, in my favourite retreat.
+The rays of the departing sun streamed in rich dyes through the
+coloured window, and fell with softened glory on the picture of a
+bridal ceremony. I was surprised that it had never before engaged my
+attention. The bridegroom was young, graceful, and noble--the bride,
+fair, soft, and delicate. By her side stood a form of unequalled
+loveliness: it seemed too beautiful to have belonged to a daughter
+of earth; and I imagined the painter had designed it to represent
+the guardian saint of the youthful pair. I inquired of my ancient
+conductress the history of this picture, and whether the beautiful
+female was not an ideal being? "Alas!" said she, "it commemorates a
+heavy day for the house of D----; on that day the last and fairest of
+its race sunk the victim of unrequited affection. That is her picture;
+but, oh! her soul was more angelic than her person; she"--but, reader,
+let me give the story in my own words. The Lady Isabel was the last
+descendant of the family of D----; her father had fallen in battle;
+his lady did not long survive him; and thus, at an early age, Isabel
+became an orphan. Her mother's brother was appointed her guardian,
+and, with his son Albert, came to reside at the Castle. The children,
+thus insulated from the world, and educated entirely at home, saw
+nothing so worthy to be loved as each other, and their attachment was
+as romantic as the scenes around them. They both (but particularly
+Isabel) delighted in the high chivalrous legends of antiquity--and
+the tales of eternal constancy and self-devoted affection recorded
+of some of the earlier heroines of her family, were read with sacred
+veneration by the young enthusiast. In a mind of ordinary temperament,
+little harm would have resulted from the indulgence of such a taste;
+to the impassioned soul of Isabel it was destructive and fatal.
+Deprived by death of the mother who might have taught her to restrain
+and regulate her ardent feelings, they acquired by neglect additional
+strength, and eventually concentrated into a passion deep and lasting
+as her existence. As years passed on, so did her love increase; she
+regarded Albert as the perfection of human excellence, and worshipped
+him with all the full devotedness of her warm heart. It was not
+so with Albert; he thought of his fair cousin with pride--with
+tenderness; but it was only the calm affection of a brother: other
+feelings than those of love possessed him--he languished for fame, for
+honourable distinction among his fellow men, and at length left his
+peaceful home, and the sweet companion of his youth, to fight the
+battles of his country. His career was glorious; and after an absence
+of three years, he was recalled by the death of his father. Isabel
+welcomed him with rapturous joy; he embraced her with a brother's
+fondness, and gazed with delight on her improved beauty. He suspected
+not that she loved him with more than a sisterly affection, and
+thought not of the wound he was about to inflict on this tender,
+enthusiastic being. He told her of his attachment to a fair girl,
+who had consented to become his bride at the expiration of the term
+of mourning for his father. She heard him with death-like silence,
+checked the groan that was bursting from her agonized heart, and
+strove to assume a look of cheerfulness. Retired to the solitude
+of her apartment, she wept in bitter anguish--her young soul was
+blighted; she had nothing left to live for; hope, happiness, and
+love were at an end; for love would now be guilt. At length she grew
+calm, but it was the fearful calmness of despair; she complained
+not--reproached not; for she felt that she had been self-deceived; she
+could not, however, conceal the devastation which sorrow was making in
+her graceful form. Albert beheld her with concern, but ascribed the
+alteration to her grief for his father's loss, for Isabel had tenderly
+loved her uncle. She rejoiced at his mistake, and attempted not to
+undeceive him: one only wish possessed her--it was, to see the chosen
+of her Albert; and, with a feverish impatience, she urged him to
+accelerate his nuptials. The appointed day arrived--Isabel, attired
+in robes of richest state, stood beside the altar, and witnessed the
+annihilation of all her earthly happiness; still she sunk not; but,
+with a mighty effort, pronounced a blessing on the wedded pair. The
+excitement brought back a vivid colour to her cheeks, and rekindled
+the lustre of her large dark eyes. The painter had seized that moment
+to depict her glowing form--the enthusiasm was but momentary--her
+angel face soon lost its lovely tint, and her beautiful eyes sunk
+again into languor. The castle was thronged with noble guests--sick
+at heart the wretched Isabel wandered abstractedly amid the gay
+assembly--her large floating eyes seemed straying vacantly around,
+until they met the bridegroom's look of joy. Then came the madness of
+recollection; with a convulsive shuddering she averted her head, and
+stole unnoticed from the company. Morning came, but she appeared
+not; her chamber was searched--she had not entered it. Albert flew
+distractedly into the park, and, at length perceived her quietly
+sitting by the side of the lake, near a bower, which, when a boy,
+he had helped to decorate. She was still clad in the robes of last
+night's festival. He ran eagerly towards her--she spoke not--he
+entreated her to answer him, but he implored in vain--there was
+neither breath, nor sense, nor motion--she was dead! 'Twas a mournful
+sight! one white hand, stiffened to marble, was pressed upon her
+broken heart, as she had sought to stay its painful throbbings--the
+cold night dews hung in large drops upon her silken hair, and shed
+a tremulous gleam upon the diamonds that sparkled on her pale, icy
+forehead--the withered leaves had found a resting place upon her
+bosom, and her white garments were embroidered by their many
+colourings. The castle became hateful to Albert after this event: he
+removed to a distant part of the country, and never again revisited
+the scenes of his earlier years. He also was dead; and Isabel, her
+love, and her despair, were forgotten by all, save one aged, isolated
+being, whose time-whitened locks and decrepit frame showed that she
+too was rapidly descending to the silence of the grave.
+
+_London University Magazine_. No. II.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+NOTES OF A READER.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MOLES
+
+
+Are so voracious as not even to spare their own species. If two are
+shut up together without food, there will shortly be nothing left of
+the weakest but its skin, slit along the belly.--_Cuvier_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCOTCH ALE.
+
+
+The strength of Scotch ale, whence it deserves the name, ranges between
+32 and 44 pounds weight to the imperial barrel, according to the price
+at which it is meant to be sold. The general mode of charge is by the
+hogshead (about a barrel and a half,) for which five pounds, six, seven,
+or eight pounds are paid, as the quality may warrant; the strength for
+every additional pound of price being increased by about four pounds per
+barrel of weight.--_Library of Useful Knowledge_.--Scotch two-penny was
+so called because it was sold at twopence the Scotch pint, which was
+nearly two English quarts.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In a Scotch brewer's instructions for Scotch ale, dated 1793, we meet
+with the following curious mystical instruction:--"I throw a little dry
+malt, which is left on purpose, on the top of the mash, with a handful
+of salt, to _keep the witches from it_, and then cover it up. Perhaps
+this custom gave rise to the vulgar term _water bewitched_ for
+indifferent beer."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AMERICAN LAW.
+
+
+A recent traveller, in describing the American courts of law and
+their proceedings, says, in one instance Counsellor Lloyd had grossly
+insulted Judge Turner in the street, and was tried for the offence by
+the judge. He was half-drunk, but defended himself by the vilest abuse
+of the judge, who could not silence him. No jury was appealed to; but
+(we suppose for contempt of court) he was ordered to give security for
+one year's good behaviour, and, not procuring sufficient bail, was
+committed to prison.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The Galwegians who attended David I. of Scotland to Custon Moor, had a
+favourite amusement of tossing infants upon their pikes!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A CAT STORY.
+
+
+Lady Morgan tells a story of an "amiable and intelligent" grimalkin,
+which belonged to a young girl who was subject to epileptic fits.
+Puss, by dint of repeated observation, knew when they were coming on,
+and would run, frisking her tail, to the girl's parents, mewing in the
+most heart-breaking tones, and clawing at their legs, till she made
+them follow her. Her name was _Mina_; and her history is extant in
+"choice Italian." At length the girl died, and poor puss went to the
+funeral of her own accord. Being a black cat, she was already in
+mourning--"nature's mourning!" She wanted to jump into the grave, but
+that was prevented. So puss, the "chief mourner," was carried home
+again. But her amiable heart could not survive the shock, for, after
+pining three months, refusing boiled liver and new milk, poor
+grimalkin was found "dead upon the green mound that covered her
+beloved mistress's remains." There was a cat for you!
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+TURKS AND RUSSIANS.
+
+
+The character of the Russ differs from that of the Turk in little more
+than in the quality of his barbarism. The Turk loves blood;--the Russ
+loves craft;--The Turk takes at once to the dagger;--the Russ begins
+by the snare; but when the matter presses, he will use the steel as
+readily as any Turk on earth. The ferocity of the Turk flourishes in
+the streets, in his own house, in the seraglio--every where that he
+has a victim within his reach, and that it pleases him to destroy that
+victim. The Russ knows something more of the law, and is by no means
+so domestic a cut-throat; but his mercy in the field or in the stormed
+city, is massacre.--_Monthly Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MR. PITT.
+
+
+Lady Hester Stanhope related the following to Mr. Madden:--
+
+When Mr. Pitt was out of office, I acted as his secretary, and he had
+then as much business as when he was in. He very seldom opposed my
+opinions, and always respected my antipathies. In private life he
+was cheerful and affable; he would rise in the midst of his gravest
+avocations to hand me a fallen handkerchief; he was always polite to
+women, and a great favourite with many of them; but he was wedded to
+the state, and nothing but death could divorce him from his country.
+He was fond of me; he loved originality in any shape. His great
+recreation, after the fatigue of business, was stealing into the
+country, entering a clean cottage, where there was a tidy woman and a
+nicely-scoured table, and there he would eat bread and cheese like any
+ploughman. He detested routs, and always sat down to plain dinners. He
+never ate before he went to the House; but when any thing important
+was to be discussed, he was in the habit of taking a glass of port
+wine with a tea-spoonful of bark.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ENGLISH AND FRENCH.
+
+
+In the arts, while French productions display resource, ingenuity, and
+dexterity, they at the same time show a striking want of the sense of
+fitness, and are unfinished and flimsy. Such, in the cities of France,
+is remarkably the case with whatever regards furniture and decoration,
+while the productions of cookery are at once impregnated with filth,
+and admirably calculated to conceal it. In the country, again, with a
+climate superior to that of England, there is everywhere to be seen open
+fields, later harvests, corn full of weeds, and inferior grain. The
+difference between French and English taste in dress is very remarkable.
+Even when English women take a hint from French contrivances, they
+endeavour to be more natural, modest, and classical. As to male dress,
+an English gentleman always desires his tailor to avoid the extremes of
+fashion; and, as his dress is grave and manly, it is generally followed
+throughout Europe. The French use of forks, napkins, &c. really requires
+some notice. A French gentleman, in adjusting himself at his coarse deal
+table and shabby cloth, does not hesitate to fix a napkin about his
+neck, in such a manner as to protect his clothes in front against the
+certainty of being bespattered by his mode of eating. An Englishman of
+the middle class would be ashamed of such a contrivance; for, without
+any particular care, he eats so as not even to stain the damask cloth
+with which his mahogany table is covered. The French gentleman is
+perpetually wiping his dirty fingers on a napkin spread out before him,
+and of which the beauties are not invisible to his neighbours on each
+side. The Englishman of the middle class requires no napkin, because his
+fingers are never soiled. The French gentleman, incapable of raising
+his left hand properly to his mouth, first hastily hacks his meat into
+fragments, then throws down his dirty knife on the cloth, and seizing
+the fork in his right hand, while his left fixes a mass of bread on his
+plate, he runs up each fragment against it, and having eaten these, he
+wipes up his plate with the bread and swallows it. An English peasant
+would blush at such bestiality. A French gentleman not only washes his
+filthy hands at table, but, after gulping a mouthful, and using it as a
+gargle, squirts it into the basin standing before him, and the company,
+who may see the charybdis or maelstrom he has made in it, and the
+floating filth he has discharged, and which is now whirling in its
+vortex. In England this practice is unknown, except to those whose taste
+and stomach are too strong for offence. It has been stupidly borrowed
+from the Oriental nations, who use no knives and forks, and where,
+though it has this apology, it has always excited the disgust of
+enlightened travellers. When dinner is over, the Englishman's carpet
+is as clean as before; the Frenchman's bare boards resemble those of a
+hog-sty. In short, in all that regards the table, the French are some
+centuries behind the English.--_Blackwood's Magazine._
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+In the last _Quarterly Review_ we find that "the safety of the British
+empire is now entrusted to 130,000 men. Now France, we believe,
+maintains about 200,000 soldiers. The forces of Austria and Prussia have
+always been on a much higher footing than ours. Even the late King of
+Bavaria kept, we know not how, 70,000 men under arms. Indeed Old England
+is by nothing more happily distinguished from her neighbours than by the
+silence of the trumpet and drum. At this moment, moreover, the due level
+of our peace establishment is but an object of speculative research. No
+man who looks to the placing of Roumelia, or whose vision reaches even
+to the palace of Elysee Bourbon, would consent that this country should
+lose the aid of a single right."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ALI PACHA'S HEAD.
+
+
+Dr. Walsh tells us that the head of Ali Pacha was sent to
+Constantinople, and exhibited to the public on a dish. As the name of
+Ali had made a considerable noise in Europe, and more particularly in
+England, in consequence of his negociations with Sir Thomas Maitland,
+and still more, perhaps, the stanzas in _Childe Harold_, a merchant of
+Constantinople thought it no bad speculation to purchase the head and
+dish, and send them to London for exhibition; but a former confidential
+agent obtained it from the executioner for a higher price than the
+merchant had offered; and together with the heads of his three sons and
+grandson, who, according to custom, were all seized and decapitated,
+had them deposited near one of the city gates, with a tombstone and
+inscription.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE GOUT.
+
+
+Imagine a sensation in the great toe, as if it had been suddenly
+seized with a pair of red-hot pincers. Whew! There they are at it!
+nipping and tearing the flesh, and then rubbing the lacerated joint
+with aquafortis, or a solution of blue vitriol. And now, the pain
+shoots along the nerves on that side, till my head bumps and bumps
+as if a legion of imps were playing at leap-frog in it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+AMERICA.
+
+
+The state of business in the United States is thus described in a
+letter from Boston, dated the 7th of last July:--"The commercial world
+over the globe seems paralyzed, and many manufactories on a large
+scale, with the proprietors and stockholders, have failed, and are
+utterly ruined. All business is confined to the wants only of the day,
+teaching a necessary absolute economy, which men of business in times
+past have not been accustomed to."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Rice Paper is the pith of the Tong-t-sao--a valuable Chinese tree.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE SELECTOR and LITERARY NOTICES OF NEW WORKS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+EMIGRATION TO NEW SOUTH WALES.
+
+
+People who are accustomed to sit half the day with their hands folded,
+over a bright November fire, talking of hard times and other standing
+grievances, will do well to read "_A Letter from Sydney, the principal
+town of Australasia, edited by Robert Ganger_;" and study an annexed
+system of colonization as a remedy for their distress. The Letter is
+written by a plain-sailing, plain-dealing man of the world, and though
+on a foreign topic, is in a homely style. We are therefore persuaded
+that a few extracts will be useful to the above class of thinkers and
+readers, as well as to others who do not, like the great man of
+antiquity, sigh for new worlds.
+
+
+_Climate and Soil_.
+
+All that you read in the works of Wentworth and Cunningham, as to the
+healthfulness and beauty of the climate, is strictly true. There are
+scarcely any diseases but what result immediately from intemperance.
+Dropsy, palsy, and the whole train of nervous complaints, are common
+enough; but then, drunkenness is the vice _par excellence_ of the
+lower orders; and the better class of settlers have not learned those
+habits of temperance which are suited to the climate of Naples. The
+two classes often remind me of English squires and their grooms, as I
+used to see them at Florence, just after the peace; masters drinking
+at dinner, because they were abroad, and after dinner because they
+were Englishmen; the servants drinking always, because wine and brandy
+were cheap. Perhaps a generation must pass away before the people here
+will accommodate their habits to the climate, which is that of Italy,
+without either malaria or the sirocco.
+
+The soil of New South Wales is not particularly fertile. The plains of
+the Granges, and of the great rivers of China, the lowlands of the West
+India islands, the swamps of the Gulf of Mexico, and even the marshes
+of Essex, produce crops of which the people here have no conception;
+but then, as we are without great masses of alluvial deposit, so are
+agues and intermittent fevers absolutely unknown. In point of natural
+fertility, I am inclined to compare this soil to that of France; and I
+have no doubt that, if the same quantity of agricultural labour as is
+employed in France, were here bestowed upon an area equal to the French
+territory, the quantity of produce would fully equal that of France.
+Timber, coal, iron, and other useful minerals, abound; the harbours and
+rivers teem with fish; cattle of all sorts thrive and multiply with
+astonishing rapidity; every fruit that flourishes in Spain and Italy
+comes to the highest perfection; and Nature fully performs her part in
+bestowing upon man the necessaries, comforts, and luxuries of life.
+
+
+_Value of Land, &c._
+
+I was told that an estate of 10,000 acres might be obtained for a mere
+trifle. This was true. I have got 20,000 acres, and they did not cost
+me more than 2s. per acre. But I imagined that a domain of that extent
+would be very valuable. In this I was wholly mistaken. As my estate
+cost me next to nothing, so it is worth next to nothing. It is a noble
+property to look at; and "20,000 acres in a ring fence," sounds very
+well in England; but here, such a property possesses no exchangeable
+value. The reason is plain: there are millions upon millions of acres,
+as fertile as mine, to be had for nothing; and, what is more, there
+are not people to take them. Of my 20,000 acres I reckon about 5,000
+to be woodland, though, indeed, there are trees scattered over the
+whole property, as in an English park. For my amusement, I had a rough
+estimate made of the money that I could obtain for all this timber,
+were it growing in any part of England. The valuation amounts to above
+L150,000.
+
+
+_Building_.
+
+Having fortune enough for all my wants, I proposed to get a large
+domain, to build a good house, to keep enough land in my own hands for
+pleasure-grounds, park, and game preserves; and to let the rest, after
+erecting farm-houses in the most suitable spots. My mansion, park,
+preserves, and tenants, were all a mere dream. I have not one of them.
+When, upon my first arrival, I talked of these things to some sensible
+men, to whom I was recommended, they laughed in my face. I soon found
+that a house would, though the stone and timber were to be had for
+nothing, cost three times as much as in England. This was on account
+of the very high wages required by mechanics; but this was not all.
+None of the materials of a house, except stone and timber, are
+produced in the colony. Every pane of glass, every nail, every grain
+of paint, and every piece of furniture, from the kitchen copper to the
+drawing-room curtains, must have come from England. My property is at
+a distance of nearly seventy miles from the sea, and there is no road,
+but a track through the forest, for two-thirds of that distance. The
+whole colony did not contain as many masons, carpenters, glaziers,
+painters, black and whitesmiths, and other mechanics, as I should have
+required. Of course, I soon abandoned all thought of building a
+mansion. As for a park, my whole property was a park, and a preserve
+for kangaroos and emus.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+A friend of ours, a free emigrant, has more than once facetiously
+wished for our company in the colony; but judging from the following,
+we had rather "let well alone," and stay at home, than play the
+schoolmaster or march-of-intellect-man at Sydney:--
+
+As for mental wants, talking and reading are out of the question,
+except it be to scold your servants, and to con over a Sydney
+newspaper, which contains little else but the miserable party politics
+of this speck upon the globe, reports of crime and punishment, and
+low-lived slang and flash, such as fill the pothouse Sunday papers of
+London.
+
+Literary men, men of science, philosophers, do not emigrate to new
+countries where their acquirements would be neither rewarded nor
+admired. Sir Walter Scott, Sir Humphry Davy, and Mr. Malthus, would
+not earn as much in this colony as three brawny experienced ploughmen;
+and though the inordinate vanity of a new people might be gratified by
+the possession of them, they would be considered as mere ornaments,
+and would often be wholly neglected for things of greater utility.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+House-rent, that great bugbear of certain economists, is indeed a
+grievous affair at Sydney, as page 20 proves:--
+
+Behold me established at Sydney, in a small house, a poor vamped-up
+building, more inconvenient, and far more ugly, than you can imagine,
+for which I pay a rent of L250 a year. For half the money you could
+get twice as good a house in any English country town. This excessive
+house-rent is caused by the dearness of labour, which enhances
+the cost of building; for, either the builder will exact a rent
+proportioned to his outlay, or (if he cannot obtain such a rent)
+he will not build.
+
+
+_Free Emigrants_.
+
+Of what class then, you ask, have been the great mass of emigrants from
+England, not convicts? Excellent people in their way, most of them;
+farmers, army and navy surgeons, subalterns on half-pay, and a number
+of indescribable adventurers, from about the twentieth rank in England.
+They came here to live, not to enjoy; to eat and drink, not to refine;
+"to settle"--that is, to roll in a gross plenty for the body, but to
+starve their minds. To these must be added convicts, many of whom are
+become rich and influential; and some, not exactly convicts, to whom
+England ceased to be a convenient residence. The English who live at
+Boulogne, some for cheapness, some from misfortune, and some from fear,
+would offer, I should think, a fair sample of the materials which
+compose the best society in New South Wales; though, I must admit, that
+the bustling, thriving settler of New South Wales is a companion, rather
+ignorant though he be--far away preferable to the not more enlightened,
+but melancholy English sluggard of Boulogne. To form a due conception of
+the "upper classes" here, suppose all the natives of France annihilated,
+and the whole country belonging to the English residents of Boulogne.
+In that case, there would be an almost perfect resemblance between those
+Englishmen who, across a narrow channel, can see their own country, and
+those who, at its antipodes look upon the Pacific Ocean.
+
+
+_Society and Manners_.
+
+As in France, the first class call themselves "gens comme il faut;" and
+in England, "people of fashion," or "the world"--so here, the leaders
+of society are distinguished by a peculiar term. They are called
+"respectable." Not to speak of France, it is difficult to say what in
+England constitutes "fashion." Not high birth, certainly--for some of
+the despots of English society are sprung from the dunghill. Our epithet
+to express exclusiveness is, I think better chosen--for, though strictly
+speaking, it means worthy of respect, it is claimed, here, only by those
+to whom respect is paid. In England, the _Quarterly Review_ tells us,
+"respectability" sometimes means keeping a gig--here it always means
+dining with the governor.
+
+Our manners set the fashion. Those whom we exclude, exclude others.
+Free emigrants claim to be of a nature superior to convicts; convicts,
+whose terms of punishment have expired, behave as if their flesh and
+blood were wholly unlike that of convicts still in durance; convicts,
+who have not been convicted south of the line, scorn those who have;
+and these several classes, except the last, are as proud and tenacious
+of their privileges as is every distinctive class in England, except
+the unhappy lowest; or, as is every shade of colour in the West Indies
+except the perfect black.
+
+
+_The Population_
+
+Of the settlement may amount in round numbers to 45,000. Of these only
+14,000, including women and children, have not been convicted of
+felony; and two-thirds of the remainder, seven-eights being grown men,
+are galley-slaves, still in chains!
+
+
+_Influence of Convict Labour_.
+
+Little more than forty years ago this country was an absolute waste.
+By way of contrast, behold, in the parts first settled, the following
+proofs of wealth: a thriving capital, and several interior towns, the
+latter being larger and better constructed than the capitals of some
+English settlements in America, a hundred years after their foundation;
+excellent roads; productive turnpikes; crowded market-places; public
+hotels, superior to the best in North America, even at this late hour;
+warehouses, through which there is a constant flow of luxuries from all
+parts of the world; public carriages, almost as well managed as those of
+England; an astonishing number of private carriages, built in Long Acre;
+several newspapers, and other periodical works; booksellers' shops, well
+supplied from Europe; two banks of deposit and discount; many churches
+and chapels; very good schools for rich and poor; scientific, literary,
+and philanthropic societies; a botanical garden; a turf club; packs of
+hounds; dinner parties, concerts and balls; fine furniture, plate, and
+jewels; and though last, not least, many gradations in society, being
+so many gradations in wealth.
+
+Whence have come all those things, over and above mere subsistence,
+which astonish the beholder, when he reflects that this colony has
+been planted little more than forty years?
+
+An example has just passed my window, in the shape of a dashing English
+landau. It contains a "lady," who married a poor half-pay lieutenant,
+and who now drinks tea that would cost in England twenty shillings
+the pound. They emigrated to New South Wales in 1815. But how did she
+get that carriage, and how does she manage to send to China for the
+gunpowder? Thus:--Her husband is both landowner and merchant. Being
+constantly supplied with a number of convict labourers, he breeds cattle
+and cultivates grain; and as he gives to his labourers but just enough
+for their subsistence, he has a large surplus produce. Having sold
+to the local government wheat and beef for the supply of prisons,
+hospitals, and barracks, he is paid partly with bills upon the English
+treasury, and partly with dollars, sent from England for the support of
+the great penitentiary. He remits one of those bills to his London
+agent, and desires him to purchase, with the proceeds thereof, a superb
+landau. In less than a year, his wife "rides in her coach." He sends
+some of the dollars to Canton, and purchases therewith a cargo of tea,
+of which he gives to his wife as much as she likes, and sells the rest
+to the wives of other men, who pay him with bills or dollars, received
+again from the government for wheat and beef. Thus, you see, Mrs. ----
+is indebted for two decided proofs of wealth to the prevalence of crime
+in England. Even the coat of arms on her landau was found by your
+Herald's College, in return for a part of the proceeds of that bill,
+which was drawn _to pay for the food of the soldiers who drove the
+convicts, who produced the food_. Our old friend Sir George Nayler would
+no doubt start at being told of his obligation to the pickpockets of
+London. And the rogues are little aware of their influence in political
+economy; but I have stated a plain fact, which, if you have any doubts
+about it, pray submit both to Sir George himself, and to Mr. M'Culloch.
+
+That is, indeed, an ill-wind which blows no good. We owe every thing,
+over and above mere subsistence, to the wickedness of the people of
+England. Who built Sydney? Convicts. Who made the excellent roads from
+Sydney to Parramatta, Windsor, and Liverpool? Convicts. By whom is the
+land made to produce? By convicts. Why do not all our labourers exact
+high wages, and, by taking a large share of the produce of labour,
+prevent their employers from becoming rich? Because most of them are
+convicts. What has enabled the landowner readily to dispose of his
+surplus produce? The demand of the keepers of convicts. What has
+brought so many ships to Port Jackson, and occasioned a further demand
+for agricultural produce? The transportation of convicts. What has
+tempted free emigrants to bring capital into the settlement? The true
+stories that they heard of fortunes made by employing the cheap labour
+of convicts. But here are questions and answers enough. The case is
+plain. Nearly all that we possess has arisen from the happy influence
+of penal emigration and discipline, on production, distribution, and
+consumption. Thanks to the system of transportation, we have had cheap
+labour and a ready market; production, consequently, has exceeded
+consumption; and the degree of that excess is the measure of our
+accumulation--that is, of our wealth.
+
+The transportation of at least ten males for one female, maintains a
+great disproportion between the sexes. This is the greatest evil of
+all.
+
+
+_A Rover_.
+
+On the banks of the Illinois, I met with a labouring man, who was always
+tipsy without ever being drunk. Enervated by dram-drinking, he had not
+the courage to obtain a bit of forest and settle; but he could earn
+seven shillings a day by his labour. When I spoke to him, he complained
+of low wages. "At New York, friend," said I, "five shillings a day are
+thought quite enough." "I know that," he answered; "I was born there,
+and came here to get eight shillings a day, which, I was told, was the
+lowest rate hereabouts." It turned out that he never worked more than
+three days in the week, and that, in order to obtain twenty-four
+shillings a week by three days' labour, he had made a circuitous voyage
+of some thousand miles from the place where he was born, and where he
+could have earned thirty shillings a week by working every day.
+
+
+_Slang_.
+
+The base language of English thieves is becoming the established
+language of the colony. Terms of slang and flash are used, as a matter
+of course, every where, from the gaols to the Viceroy's palace, not
+excepting the Bar and the Bench. No doubt they will be reckoned quite
+parliamentary, as soon as we obtain a parliament.
+
+
+_Bush-ranging_
+
+Is a dreadful evil, being a kind of land piracy. None but back settlers,
+it is true, are exposed to its burnings, rapes, and massacres; but these
+are as much British subjects as the inhabitants of Sydney or of Downing
+Street. And, if the inhabitants of towns escape those horrors, they are
+liable to be murdered in a quiet way, and their property is exposed to
+every kind of depredation. Their actual losses by robbery, including the
+expense and loss of time occasioned by prosecutions, are very great.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The concluding observations on "the extension of Britain," and her
+colonial interests, are in a forcible and liberal tone, but as they
+take rather too political a turn for our pages, we recommend the
+anxious reader to the volume itself, which is altogether the
+production of an original thinker and an impartial writer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+THE CRUISE OF H.M. SHIP TORCH.
+
+_A Fragment_.
+
+
+I was the mate of the morning watch, and, as day dawned, I had amused
+myself with other younkers over the side, examining the shot holes and
+other injuries sustained from the fire of the frigate, and contrasting
+the clean, sharp, well-defined apertures, made by the 24 lb. shot from
+the long guns, with the bruised and splintered ones from the 32 lb.
+carronades; but the men had begun to wash down the decks, and the
+first gush of clotted blood and water from the scuppers fairly turned
+me sick. I turned away, when Mr. Kennedy, our gunner, a good steady
+old Scotchman, with whom I was a bit of a favourite, came up to
+me--"Mr. Cringle, the captain has sent for you; poor Mr. Johnstone
+is fast going, he wants to see you."
+
+I knew my young messmate had been wounded, for I had seen him carried
+below after the frigate's second broad-side; but the excitement of a
+boy, who had never smelled powder fired in anger before, had kept me
+on deck the whole night, and it never once occurred to me to ask for
+him, until the old gunner spoke.
+
+I hastened down to our small confined berth, and there I saw a sight
+that quickly brought me to myself. Poor Johnstone was indeed going; a
+grape shot had struck him, and torn his belly open. There he lay in his
+bloody hammock on the deck, pale and motionless as if he had already
+departed, except a slight twitching at the corners of his mouth, and
+a convulsive contraction and distension of his nostrils. His brown
+ringlets still clustered over his marble forehead, but they were
+drenched in the cold sweat of death. The surgeon could do nothing for
+him, and had left him; but our old captain--bless him for it--I little
+expected, from his usual crusty bearing, to find him so employed--had
+knelt by his side, and, whilst he read from the Prayer Book one of those
+beautiful petitions in our church service to Almighty God, for mercy
+to the passing soul of one so young, and so early cut off, the tears
+trickled down the old man's cheeks, and filled the furrows worn in them
+by the washing up of many a salt spray. On the other side of his narrow
+bed, fomenting the rigid muscles of his neck and chest, sat Mistress
+Connolly, one of three women on board--a rough enough creature, heaven
+knows, in common weather; but her stifled sobs showed that the mournful
+sight had stirred up all the woman within her. She had opened the bosom
+of the poor boy's shirt, and untying the ribbon that fastened a small
+gold crucifix round his neck, she placed it in his cold hand. The young
+midshipman was of a respectable family in Limerick, her native place,
+and a Catholic--another strand of the cord that bound her to him. When
+the captain finished reading, he bent over the departing youth, and
+kissed his cheek. "Your young messmate just now desired to see you,
+Mr. Cringle, but it is too late, he is insensible and dying." Whilst he
+spoke, a strong shiver passed through the boy's frame, his face became
+slightly convulsed, and all was over! The captain rose, and Connolly,
+with a delicacy of feeling which many might not have looked for in her
+situation, spread one of our clean mess table-cloths over the body. "And
+is it really gone you are, my poor, dear boy!" forgetting all difference
+of rank in the fulness of her heart. "Who will tell this to your mother,
+and nobody here to wake you but ould Kate Connolly, and no time will
+they be giving me, nor whisky--Ochon! ochon!"
+
+But enough and to spare of this piping work. The boatswain's whistle now
+called me to the gangway, to superintend the handing up, from a shore
+boat alongside, a supply of the grand staples of the island--ducks and
+onions. The three 'Mudians in her were characteristic samples of the
+inhabitants. Their faces and skins, where exposed, were not tanned,
+but absolutely burnt into a fiery-red colour by the sun. They guessed
+and drawled like any buckskin from Virginia, superadding to their
+accomplishments their insular peculiarity of always shutting one eye
+when they spoke to you. They are all Yankees at bottom; and if they
+could get their 365 _Islands_--so they call the large stones on which
+they live--under weigh, they would not be long in towing them into the
+Chesapeake.
+
+The word had been passed to get six of the larboard guns and all the
+shot over to the other side, to give the brig a list of a streak or
+two a-starboard, so that the stage on which the carpenter and his crew
+were at work over the side, stopping the shot holes above the water
+line, might swing clear of the wash of the sea. I had jumped from
+the nettings, where I was perched, to assist in unbolting one of the
+carronade slides, when I slipped and capsized against a peg sticking
+out of one of the scuppers. I took it for something else and damned
+the ring-bolt incontinently. Caboose, the cook, was passing with his
+mate, a Jamaica negro of the name of Johncrow, at the time. "Don't
+damn the remains of your fellow-mortals, Master Cringle; that is my
+leg." The cook of a man-of-war is no small beer, he is his Majesty's
+warrant officer, a much bigger wig than a poor little mid, with whom
+it is condescension on his part to jest.
+
+It seems to be a sort of rule, that no old sailor who has not lost a
+limb, or an eye at least, shall be eligible to the office; but as the
+kind of maiming is so far circumscribed that all cooks must have two
+arms, a laughable proportion of them have but one leg. Besides the
+honour, the perquisites are good; accordingly, all old quartermasters,
+captains of tops, &c., look forward to the cookdom, as the cardinals
+look to the popedom; and really there is some analogy between them,
+for neither is preferred from any especial fitness for the office.
+A cardinal is made pope because he is old, infirm, and imbecile--our
+friend Caboose was made cook because he had been Lord Nelson's
+coxswain, was a drunken rascal, and had a wooden leg; for, as to his
+gastronomical qualifications, he knew no more of the science than just
+sufficient to watch the copper where the salt junk and potatoes were
+boiling. Having been a little in the wind overnight, he had quartered
+himself, in the superabundance of his heroism, at a gun where he
+had no business to be, and in running it out, he had jammed his toe
+in a scupper hole, so fast that there was no extricating him; and
+notwithstanding his piteous entreaty "to be eased out handsomely, as
+the leg was made out of a plank of the Victory, and the ring at the
+end out of one of her bolts," the captain of the gun finding, after a
+stout pull, that the man was like to come "home in his hand _without_
+the leg," was forced "to break him short off," as he phrased it, to
+get him out of the way, and let the carriage traverse. In the morning
+when he sobered, he had quite forgotten where the leg was, and how
+he broke it; he therefore got Kelson to splice the stump with the
+butt-end of a mop; but in the hurry it had been left three inches too
+long, so that he had to jerk himself up to the top of his peg at every
+step. The doctor, glad to breathe the fresh air after the horrible
+work he had gone through, was leaning over the side, speaking to
+Kelson. When I fell, he turned round and drew Cookee's fire on
+himself. "Doctor, you have not prescribed for me yet."--"No, Caboose,
+I have not; what is wrong?"--"Wrong, sir! why, I have lost my leg, and
+the captain's clerk says I am not in the return!--Look here, sir, had
+doctor Kelson not coopered me, where should I have been?--Why, doctor,
+had I been looked after, amputation might have been unnecessary; a
+_fish_ might have done, whereas I have had to be _spliced_." He was
+here cut short by the voice of his mate, who had gone forward to slay
+a pig for the gunroom mess. "Oh, Lad, oh!--Massa Caboose!--Dem dam
+Yankee! De Purser killed, massa!--Dem shoot him troo de head!--Oh,
+Oh, Lad!" Captain Deadeye had come on deck. "You, Johncrow, what _is_
+wrong with you?"--"Why, de Purser killed, captain, dat all."--"Purser
+killed?--Doctor, is Saveall hurt?" Treenail could stand it no longer.
+"No, sir, no; it is one of the gunroom pigs that we shipped at
+Halifax, three cruises ago; I am sure I don't know how he survived
+one, but the seamen took a fancy to him, and nicknamed him the Purser.
+You know, sir, they make pets of any thing, and every thing, at a
+pinch!"
+
+Here Johncrow drew the carcass from the hog-pen, and sure enough a
+shot had cut the poor Purser's head nearly off. Blackee looked at him
+with a most whimsical expression; they say no one can fathom a negro's
+affection for a pig. "Poor Purser! de people call him Purser, sir,
+because him knowing chap; him cabbage all de grub, slush, and stuff in
+him own corner, and give only de small bit, and de bad piece, to de
+oder pig; so, captain"--Splinter saw the poor fellow was like to get
+into a scrape. "That will do, Johncrow--forward with you now, and lend
+a hand to cat the anchor.--All hands up anchor!" The boatswain's
+hoarse voice repeated the command, and he in turn was re-echoed by his
+mates; the capstan was manned, and the crew stamped round to a point
+of war most villanously performed by a bad drummer and a worse fifer,
+in as high glee as if those who were killed had been snug and well in
+their hammocks on the berth-deck, in place of at the bottom of the
+sea, with each a shot at his feet. We weighed, and began to work up,
+tack and tack, towards the island of Ireland, where the arsenal is,
+amongst a perfect labyrinth of shoals, through which the 'Mudian pilot
+_cunned_ the ship with great skill, taking his stand, to our no small
+wonderment, not at the gangway or poop, as usual, but on the bowsprit
+end, so that he might see the rocks under foot, and shun them
+accordingly, for they are so steep and numerous, (they look like large
+fish in the clear water), and the channel is so intricate, that you
+have to go quite close to them. At noon we arrived at the anchorage,
+and hauled our moorings on board. _Blackwood's Magazine_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+THE GATHERER.
+
+  A snapper up of unconsidered trifles.
+SHAKSPEARE.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SCRAPS.
+
+(_For the Mirror_.)
+
+
+DODSLEY.
+
+
+About five or six miles from Mansfield is the mill where the incident
+took place on which Dodsley founded his pleasing drama of _The Miller
+of Mansfield_.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Bottles for ginger-beer, soda-water, ink, blacking, &c. are
+principally manufactured near Codnor Castle, in Derbyshire. About
+fifty women and children finish one hundred gross per day.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Glauber Salts are a more tonic aperient than Epsom Salts, which is
+accounted for by the presence of a little iron, in the one, which has
+not been detected in the other.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The tip of the cat's nose is always cold, except on the day of the
+summer solstice, when it becomes lukewarm.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+Cod-fish are sorely attacked by dog and cuttle-fish. The latter, with
+their hard mouths, resembling parrots' bills, cut up the mackerel and
+herrings with great adroitness. The cuttle-fish are, in their turn,
+sometimes attacked by the dog-fish; but they generally escape, by
+ejecting a liquid resembling _ink_, which renders the water dark and
+turbid.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+MACKEREL.
+
+
+When red mullet are abundant in fishmongers' shops, a fine mackerel
+season may be expected. The early mackerel are frequently attended by
+a few mullet; and whenever they nearly, if not altogether, equal the
+mackerel in number, the circumstance is generally the presage of the
+approach of great shoals of mackerel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+The course of herrings and mackerel is traced by their eggs, which,
+during a calm, may be seen floating on the surface of the water, like
+saw-dust, amidst an appearance like the wake or track of a vessel.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+SPRATS AND WHITE BAIT.
+
+
+Mr. Yarrell has recently shown that the sprat is not the young of the
+herring and pilchard, as has been generally supposed. One of the most
+material differences is, that the vertebrae in the sprat are forty-eight
+in number, while in the herring there are fifty-six. The same gentleman
+has also proved that _white bait_ are not the young of the shad, or
+mother of herrings; but that they are a well-marked and distinct
+species.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+WHISKY.
+
+
+It is a curious fact, that until the legal distillation of whisky was
+prohibited in the Highlands, it was never drunk at gentlemen's tables.
+"Mountain dew," and such poetic names, are of modern invention, since
+this liquor became fashionable. It is altogether of modern introduction
+into the Highlands; the name being only mentioned in modern ballads.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+ANNUALS FOR 1830.
+
+
+The Second SUPPLEMENT, containing Choice Extracts from the "Keepsake,"
+"Forget-me-not," &c., with a fine Large Engraving from the "Landscape
+Annual," will be published with our next number.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+LIMBIRD'S EDITIONS.
+
+CHEAP and POPULAR WORKS published at the MIRROR OFFICE in the Strand,
+near Somerset House.
+
+The ARABIAN NIGHTS' ENTERTAINMENTS, Embellished with nearly 150
+Engravings. In 6 Parts, 1s. each.
+
+The TALES of the GENII. 4 Parts, 6d. each.
+
+The MICROCOSM. By the Right Hon. G. CANNING. &c. 4 Parts, 6d each.
+
+PLUTARCH'S LIVES, with Fifty Portraits, 12 Parts, 1s each.
+
+COWPER'S POEMS with 12 Engravings, 12 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+COOK'S VOYAGES, 28 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+The CABINET of CURIOSITIES: or, WONDERS of the WORLD DISPLAYED 27 Nos.
+2d. each.
+
+BEAUTIES of SCOTT. 36 Numbers, 3d. each.
+
+The ARCANA of SCIENCE for 1828. Price 4s. 6d.
+
+GOLDSMITH'S ESSAYS. Price 8d.
+
+DR. FRANKLIN'S ESSAYS. Price 1s. 2d.
+
+BACON'S ESSAYS Price 8d.
+
+SALMAGUNDI. Price 1s. 8d.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+_Printed and Published by J. LIMBIRD, 143, Strand, (near Somerset
+House,) London; sold by ERNEST FLEISCHER, 626, New Market, Leipsic;
+and by all Newsmen and Booksellers_.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT,
+AND INSTRUCTION, VOL. 14, ISSUE 401, NOVEMBER 28, 1829***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 11447.txt or 11447.zip *******
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