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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11365 ***
+
+[Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+
+The Fern Lover's Companion
+
+
+A Guide for the Northeastern States
+and Canada
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.
+
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its
+progress, these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+Preface
+Introduction
+Key to Genera
+Classification of Ferns
+The Polypodies
+The Bracken Group:
+  Bracken
+  Cliff Brakes
+  Rock Brake
+The Lip Ferns (_Cheilanthes_)
+The Cloak Fern (_Notholæna_)
+The Chain Ferns
+The Spleenworts:
+  The Rock Spleenworts. _Asplenium_
+  The Large Spleenworts. _Athyrium_
+Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf
+The Shield Ferns:
+  Christmas and Holly Fern
+  Marsh Fern Tribe
+  The Beech Ferns
+  The Fragrant Fern
+  The Wood Ferns
+  The Bladder Ferns
+The Woodsias
+The Boulder Fern (_Dennstædtia_)
+Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns
+The Flowering Ferns (_Osmunda_)
+Curly Grass and Climbing Fern
+Adder's Tongue
+The Grape Ferns:
+  Key to the Grape Fern
+  Moonwort
+  Little Grape Fern
+  Lance-leaved Grape Fern
+  Matricary Fern
+  Common Grape Fern
+  Rattlesnake Fern
+Filmy Fern
+Noted Fern Authors
+Fern Literature
+Time List for Fruiting of Ferns
+Glossary
+Note: Meaning of Genus and Species
+Checklist
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+A Fern Lover
+Prothallium Diagram
+Pinnate Frond
+Bipinnate Frond
+Pinnatifid Frond
+Spore Cases
+Linen Tester
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa_
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_
+Flowering Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_
+Grape Fern. _Botrychium_
+Polypody. _Polypodium_
+Beech Fern. _Phegopteris_
+Cloak Fern. _Notholæna_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_
+Bracken. _Pteris_
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum_
+Cliff Brake. _Pellæa_
+Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes_
+Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma_
+Chain Fern. _Woodwardia_
+Shield Fern. _Polystichum_
+Wood Fern. _Aspidium_
+Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris_
+Woodsia
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_
+Asplenium Type
+Athyrium Type
+Sporangia of the Five Families
+Indusium
+Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_
+Sori of Polypody
+Polypody in mass (Greenwood)
+Gray Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_
+Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond
+Bracken. Fertile Frond
+Bracken, var. _pseudocaudata_
+Spray of Maidenhair
+Sori of Maidenhair
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_
+Alpine Maidenhair
+Venus-Hair Fern. _Adiantum capillus-veneris_
+Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellæa atropurpurea_
+Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_
+Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_
+Parsley Fern. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+Hairy Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes lanosa_
+Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Féei_
+Pinnæ of Slender Lip Fern
+Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholæna dealbata_
+Common Chain Fern. _Woodwardia virginica_
+Net-veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_
+The Spleenworts
+Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (Fernery)
+Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_
+Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+Mountain Spleenwort. _Asplenium montanum_
+Rue Spleenwort. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)
+Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_
+Varieties of Lady Fern
+Lowland Lady Fern. _Athyrium asplenioides_
+Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_
+Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_
+Varieties of Christmas Fern
+Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_
+Holly Fern. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_
+Marsh Fern, in the mass
+Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_
+New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_
+Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_
+Broad Beech Fern. _Aspidium hexagonoptera_
+Long Beech Fern. _Aspidium polypedioides_
+Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_
+Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_
+Crown of Fronds of _Aspidium marginale_
+Sori of _Aspidium marginale_
+Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_ and details
+Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_
+_Aspidium Goldianum_, in the mass
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (No. 2)
+Clinton's Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ var. _Clintonianum_
+Crested Marginal Fern. _Aspidium cristatum × marginale_
+_Aspidium cristatum × marginale_, in the mass
+Boott's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Boottii_
+Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _intermedium_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _americanum_
+Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_
+_Cystopteris bulbifera_ with sprouting bulb
+Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_
+Rusty Woodsia. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_
+Details of Alpine Woodsia
+Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_
+Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Forked variety of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Field View of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Meadow View of Sensitive Fern
+Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit
+Sori of Sensitive Fern
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same Plant
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds
+Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds
+Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Sori of Royal Fern
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations
+Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern
+_Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa_
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa pusilla_
+Sporangia of Curly Grass
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+Moonwort, Details
+Little Grape Fern. _Botrychium simplex_
+Lance-leaved Grape Fern. _Botrychium lanceolatum_
+Matricary Grape Fern. _Botrychium ramosum_
+Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _dissectum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _B. ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes Boschianum_
+Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern
+Crosiers
+Noted Fern Authors
+Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know
+little of their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts,
+adorning the rugged cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or
+waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands, he feels their
+call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be to receive instruction
+from a living teacher: His next preference would be the companionship of a
+good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If he will
+con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while
+he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may
+hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a
+single season.
+
+Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when
+Williamson published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute
+issued, "Our Ferns in Their Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton,
+Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons, Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson,
+and others. All their works are now out of print except Clute's just
+mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both of these
+are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to
+the genera; while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive
+charm that creates for it a constant demand.
+
+We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive,
+handbook, designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the
+average student in learning their names and meaning. Its geographical
+limits include the northeastern states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows
+in the main the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, while the emendations
+set forth in _Rhodora_, of October, 1919, and also a few terms of later
+adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the more
+familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type.
+In every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent
+terms from which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily
+for lovers of Nature, many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms,
+the common English names are everywhere given prominence, and strange to
+say are less subject to change and controversy than the Latin. There is
+no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the Christmas fern, the
+ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern, etc. The use of
+the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific
+terms.
+
+A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing
+the scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have
+marked each accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute (´)
+accent, the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long
+sound, while the latter indicates the short or modified sound. Let it be
+remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the
+accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short according to the slant
+of the mark.
+
+We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose.
+Our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we
+collected our first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found
+here a fine colony of the climbing fern (_Lygodium_). We recall the slender
+fronds climbing over the low bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in
+their native habitat. We have since collected and studied specimens of
+nearly every New England fern, and have carefully examined most of the
+other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the librarian, Mr.
+William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport herbarium
+in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of
+the daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger
+unmounted collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1]
+finding here a very large and fine assortment of _Botrychiums_, including a
+real _B. ternatum_ from Japan.
+
+[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]
+
+For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of
+the _Fern Bulletin_, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To
+him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and
+especially for helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness
+of the _American Fern Journal_ and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow.
+To our friend, Mr. C.H. Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of
+the checklist and for much helpful advice, and we are grateful to Mr.
+S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural History, for numerous
+courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his expert and
+helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.
+
+The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp,
+pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been
+photographed from the author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few
+are from the choice herbarium of Mr. George E. Davenport, and also a few
+reprints have been made from fern books, for which due credit is given. The
+Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is reprinted from Clute's "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts."
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in
+the highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are
+reinforced by woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect
+while permitting graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their
+frequent finely cut borders, and their rich shades of green combine to make
+them objects of rare beauty; while their unique vernation and method of
+fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of reproduction invest them
+with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and culture to the
+thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure the
+ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.
+
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+
+As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as
+swamps, ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be
+found along mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny
+crevice in some high cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating
+little plants, which protect themselves from drought by assuming a mantle
+of light wool, or of hair and chaff, with, perhaps, a covering of white
+powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a layer of moist air next to
+the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.
+
+Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection"
+ferns, reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of
+rain, and lo! they are green and flourishing.
+
+Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch
+to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or
+more.
+
+
+REPRODUCTION
+
+Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be,
+single fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the
+cinnamon fern. The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets,
+while the walking leaf bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.
+
+[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]
+
+Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as
+a fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little
+one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A
+spore falls upon damp soil and germinates, producing a small, green,
+shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime, which is called a prothállium
+(or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root hairs grow to give it
+stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs known as
+antherídia and archegònia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active,
+spiral bodies called ántherozòids, which lash about in the moisture of
+the prothállium until they find the archegònia, the cells of which are so
+arranged in each case as to form a tube around the central cell, which is
+called the òösphere, or egg-cell, the point to be fertilized. When one
+of the entering ántherozòids reaches this point the desired change is
+effected, and the canal of the archegònium closes. The empty òösphere
+becomes the quickened òösphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds
+normally by the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem,
+first leaf, etc., while the prothállium no longer needed to sustain its
+offspring withers away.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that
+the reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the
+naked eye.]
+
+Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the prothállus by a
+budding process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature
+"fulfills herself in many ways."[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is apógamy
+(apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from
+the frond without spores, for which process the term apóspory is used.
+(Meaning, literally, without spores.)]
+
+
+VERNATION
+
+All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real
+crosier is a bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered
+with "fern wool," which birds often use in lining their nests. This wool
+usually disappears later as the crosier unfolds into the broad green blade.
+The development of plant shoots from the bud is called vernation (Latin,
+_ver_ meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling of ferns, "circinnate
+vernation."
+
+
+VEINS
+
+The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do
+not connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When
+the veins intersect they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or
+network), and their meshes are called arèolæ or áreoles (Latin, _areola_, a
+little open space).
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, _pinna_, a feather), when its primary
+divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A frond
+is bipinnate (Latin, _bis_, twice) when the lobes of the pinnæ extend to
+the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the pinnæ are
+called pinnules. When a frond is tripínnate the last complete divisions are
+called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinnátifid when its lobes
+extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle lobes
+of the pinnátifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinnæ of a frond are often
+pinnátifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate
+in its lower part and become pinnátifid higher up as in the pinnátifid
+spleenwort just mentioned (Fig. 3).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+The divisions of a pinnátifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinnátifid
+or tripinnátifid leaf, ultimate segments.
+
+
+SPOR�NGIA AND FRUIT DOTS
+
+Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or sporángia
+(Fig. 4). They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin
+of a frond, either on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like
+racemes on separate stalks. Sori (singular _sorus_, a heap), or fruit dots
+may be naked as in the polypody, but are usually covered with a thin,
+delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a dress, or mantle). The
+family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium;
+e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped,
+etc.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a
+vertical, elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm
+closely coiled (Fig. 4). As the spores mature, the ring contracts and
+bursts with considerable force, scattering the spores. The spores of the
+different genera mature at different times from May to September. A good
+time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting season. (For times of
+fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on page 220.)
+
+
+HELPFUL HINTS
+
+The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:
+
+1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the
+sori, veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these
+items may aid in identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a
+convenient two-bladed pocket glass for about two dollars.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is
+mounted in a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector
+to use both hands. A tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it
+can spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to
+grow. It is decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants.
+Pick your fern leaf down close to the root-stock, including a portion of
+that also, if it can be spared. Place your fronds between newspaper sheets
+and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or other absorbent paper). Cover
+with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of several pounds,
+leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then cured,
+change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets.
+The regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually
+3-3/4 by 1-3/4 inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.
+
+  HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+  _Ophioglóssum vulgatum_, L.
+  (Adder's Tongue)
+  Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+  August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+  Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+  but often overlooked
+
+Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now
+ready to be laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12
+inches.
+
+It is well to jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This
+is the method in use at the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course,
+be modified to suit one's own taste or convenience. The young collector can
+begin by simply pressing his specimens between the leaves of a book,
+the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them in a blank book
+designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he can cut
+out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at
+the back. Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount
+the specimens on these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing
+those of the same genus together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though
+crude, will serve for a beginning, while stimulating his interest, and
+advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him collect, press, and mount
+as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date and place of
+collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of pleasant
+hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.
+
+We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying
+the living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts,
+habits, and structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student,
+while familiarizing yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not
+neglect the scientific names, which often hold the key to their meaning.
+Repeat over and over the name of each genus in soliloquy and in
+conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern with its family
+name--"_Adiantum_," "_Polystichum_," "_Asplenium_," and all the rest. Fix
+them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and growing
+knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr.
+Davenport, loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly
+stroke their leaves, and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by
+the All-wise Interpreter.
+
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GENERA
+
+
+This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of
+these are from Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt & Co.
+
+As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some
+species to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a
+fertile frond, but one in as good condition as possible. For convenience
+the ferns may be considered in two classes.
+
+
+I
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES
+AND NOT ON THE BACK OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE
+
+(Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+fronds thread-like and tortuous.
+
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+sporangia; fruit in early spring.
+
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinnátifid sterile fronds.
+
+Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinnæ; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+frond tall, pinnátifid; fruit late.
+
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea struthiopteris_.
+
+
+B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of
+fertile pinnæ.
+
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinnæ palmate; rachis
+twining.
+
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile pinnæ pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+forming a panicle at the top.
+
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+sterile.
+
+Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+spike.
+
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+in spikes.
+
+Grape Ferns. Moonwort. _Botrychium_.
+
+
+II
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. INDUSIUM WANTING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.
+
+Polypody. _Polypodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.
+
+Beech Ferns. _Phegopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the
+fronds covered with whitish powder.
+
+Cloak Ferns. _Notholæna_.
+
+
+B. INDUSIUM PRESENT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.
+
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.
+
+(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+Bracken. Brake. _Pteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. _Adiantum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.
+
+Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. _Pellæa_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip
+Ferns. _Cheilanthes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile
+fronds broad. Rock brakes. _Cryptogramma_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.
+
+(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. _Woodwardia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.
+
+Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in
+rocky woods. Shield Ferns. _Polystichum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. _Aspidium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. _Cystopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+least at the base, and growing in tufts. _Woodsia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see _Athyrium_.)
+
+Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+_Scolopendrium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined
+at the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+_Asplenium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. _Athyrium_.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS
+
+
+In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five
+distinct families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be
+treated, is that of the _real ferns (Polypodiàceæ)_ with sixty species and
+several chief varieties. Then follow the _flowering ferns (Osmundàceæ)_
+with three species; the _curly grass_ and _climbing ferns (Schizæàceæ)_
+with two species; the _adder's tongue_ and _grape ferns (Ophioglossàceæ)_
+with seven species; and the _filmy ferns (Hymenophyllàceæ)_ with one
+species.
+
+Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of
+ferns have five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+1. The Fern Family proper (_Polypodiàceæ_) has the spore cases stalked and
+bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots
+containing the spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2),
+or covered by an indusium, as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).
+
+2. The Royal Fern Family (_Osmunda_) has the spore cases stalked with only
+a rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).
+
+3. The Climbing Fern Family (_Lygodium, Schizæa_) has the spore cases
+sessile in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring
+around the upper portion (Fig. 5).[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]
+
+4. The Adder's Tongue Family (_Ophioglóssum, Botrýchium_) has simple spore
+cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit
+(Fig. 6).
+
+5. The Filmy Fern Family (_Trichómanes_) has the spore cases along
+a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly
+two-lipped involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7]
+
+
+
+
+THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS
+
+_POLYPODIÀCEÆ_
+
+
+Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia),
+which are collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back
+of the frond or form lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia
+surrounded by vertical, elastic rings bursting transversely and scattering
+the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often covered, at least when young, by a
+membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.
+
+
+THE POLYPODIES
+
+1. POLYPODY. _Polypodium_
+
+(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)
+
+Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are
+covered with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the
+back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia
+pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. A
+large genus with about 350 species, widely distributed, mostly in tropical
+regions.
+
+(1) COMMON POLYPODY. _Polypodium vulgare_
+
+Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall,
+smooth, oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway
+between the midrib and the margin, but nearer the margin.
+
+[Illustration: Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_]
+
+Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks
+after their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's
+seal. The polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the
+fronds cling together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers
+their beauty a long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including
+Europe and Japan.
+
+In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted mass.
+
+Var. _cambricum_ has segments broader and more or less strongly toothed.
+
+Var. _cristatum_ has the segments forked at the ends.
+
+Several other forms are also found.
+
+[Illustration: Fruited Frond]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_ (Photographed by
+Miles Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)]
+
+(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY
+
+_Polypodium incànum. P. polypodiòides_
+
+Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinnátifid, gray and scurfy
+underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather
+small, near the margin and obscured by the chaff.
+
+[Illustration: Gray or Hoary Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_]
+
+In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the
+Greek ending _oides_ (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it
+often grows on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north
+as Staten Island. It is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly
+by moisture after seeming to be dead from long drouth. July to September.
+Widely distributed in tropical America. Often called Tree-Polypody.
+
+
+
+
+THE BRACKEN GROUP
+
+
+Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of
+which serve as indusia.
+
+
+1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE
+
+_Ptèris aquilina_. PTER�DIUM LATIÚSCULUM[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in
+part the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]
+
+Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the
+widely spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less
+pinnátifid. Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin
+of the ultimate divisions whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek,
+_pteron_, a wing, the feathery fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)
+
+[Illustration: Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Providence County, R.I.)]
+
+[Illustration: A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Suffolk County, Mass.)]
+
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+
+The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It
+flourishes in thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant
+shade. It is found in all parts of the world, and is said to be the most
+common of all our North American ferns. In a cross section of the mature
+stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof" and "King Charles in the oak,"
+and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of an oak tree. It was
+the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed to bear the
+mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).
+
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+
+This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.
+
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of
+our English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc.,
+and fern (meaning the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel,
+Fernside, Farnsworth, etc. Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale,
+Fernwood, and others. Although the bracken is coarse and common, it makes a
+desirable background for rockeries, or other fern masses. The young ferns
+should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long, running
+rootstock as possible.
+
+Var. _pseudocaudàta_ has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is
+a common southern form.
+
+[Illustration: Var. _pseudocaudata_]
+
+
+
+2. MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum_
+
+Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends
+of free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered
+portion of the pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches
+of the leaves very slender and polished.
+
+(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the
+leaves.)
+
+(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum pedatum_
+
+A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches
+high, the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal,
+recurved branches, the pinnæ all springing from the upper side. Pinnules
+triangular-oblong, bearing short sori on their inwardly reflexed margins
+which form the indusium.
+
+[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnæ of Maidenhair]
+
+The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also
+sheds water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with
+their divisions all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern,
+known and admired by every one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested
+by the black, wiry roots growing from the slender rootstock, or by the
+dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it, "because the black roots,
+like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of signatures' to be
+good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the 'syrup of
+capillaire'[A] (_Am. Botanist_, November, 1921). While the maidenhair is
+not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our
+section, westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.
+
+"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many
+localities, it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm.
+Its chosen haunts are dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides
+sloping to the river. In such retreats you find the feathery fronds
+tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in their neighborhood you find,
+also, the very spirit of the woods."
+
+
+MRS. PARSONS.
+
+[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+breathing.]
+
+[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_, Var. _aleuticum_
+(Fernald and Collins, Gaspé County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade.
+Along with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern
+border.
+
+Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+abundant on the high tableland of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, where it is
+said to cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six
+to ten inches high, growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the
+pinnules finely toothed instead of rounded and the indusia often lunate,
+rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in _Rhodora_, November, 1905.) Also
+found in northern Vermont, and to the northwestward.
+
+(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. _Adiantum Capíllus-Veneris_
+
+Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate
+below. Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and
+irregularly incised. Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the
+ribs of a fan.
+
+[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_]
+
+While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is
+confined to the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as
+Virginia, where it meets, but scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The
+medicinal properties of _Adiantum pedatum_ were earlier ascribed to the
+more southern species, which is common in Great Britain, but, like many
+another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long since defunct.
+
+
+
+3. CLIFF BRAKES. _Pellàea_
+
+Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line
+of the bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile
+segments which are more or less membranous. (Pellæa, from the Greek
+_pellos_, meaning dusky, in allusion to the dark stipes.)
+
+(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. _Pellæa atropurpùrea_
+
+Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and
+harsh to the touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply
+pinnate, or bipinnate below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or
+the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or
+else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about twice forked. Basal scales
+extending into long, slender tips, colorless or yellow.
+
+[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellæa atropurpurea_]
+
+Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout
+the winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky
+ledges with a preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and
+mature fronds its pinnæ are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes
+are purplish, its leaves are bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or
+yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the cliffs thrives in cultivation.
+Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and valuable. It is not only
+beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green emphasizing
+all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal
+fire or radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect,
+and if allowed to dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when
+put in a moist atmosphere. It makes but one imperative demand, and that is
+the privilege of standing still. Overzealous culturists usually like to
+turn things around, but revolving cliffs are not in the natural order of
+things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to changes of light
+and warped and twisted fronds result."
+
+Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+_cristata_ has forked pinnæ somewhat crowded toward the summit of the
+frond. Missouri.
+
+
+(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Pellàea glabella. Pellàea atropurpùrea_, var. _Bushii_
+
+Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark
+polished stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales
+having a few bluntish teeth on each edge. Pinnæ sub-opposite, divergent,
+narrowly oblong, obtuse; base truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally
+auricled; lower pinnæ often with orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile
+pinnæ broader, bluish or greenish glaucous above, often crowded to
+overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern range, growing
+from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found rarely, if
+at all, in southern New England.
+
+[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptográmma densa. Pellaèa densa_
+
+Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the
+slender cliff brake under the genus _Cryptográmma_, which is so nearly like
+_Pellaea_ that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptográmma
+means in Greek a _hidden line_, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden
+beneath the reflexed margin.
+
+The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:
+
+Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches,
+triangular-ovate, pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments
+linear, sharp-pointed, mostly fertile, having the margins entire and
+recurved, giving the sori the appearance of half-open pods. Sterile
+fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts ("_densa_") slender, wiry,
+light-brown.
+
+This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices
+in rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it
+produces spores in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading,
+and its fertile fronds are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and
+begin to fruit when very small. Gaspé and Mt. Albert in the Province of
+Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far west.
+
+
+(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptográmma Stellèri. Pellaèa grácilis_
+
+Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with
+few pinnæ. The lower pinnæ pinnately parted into three to five divisions,
+those of the fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile,
+obovate or ovate, crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone
+rocks. Quebec and New Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and
+to the northwest.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_]
+
+We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone
+cliffs of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto
+whose sides were kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near
+its charming abode high on the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by
+its pleasing, simple name, "Pellæa gracilis," now changed for scientific
+reasons, but we still like the old name better.
+
+
+(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN
+
+_Cryptográmma acrostichòides_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear
+and pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants
+spring from crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes
+of the fertile fronds are about twice as long as the sterile, making two
+tiers of fronds.
+
+[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+(California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus _Cryptográmma_. The
+indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed
+to the midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out
+flat and exposing the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock
+brake," calls it a border species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic
+America to Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Colorado and California.
+
+
+
+4. LIP FERNS. _Cheilánthes_
+
+Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with
+much divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and
+roundish, but afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and
+sometimes herbaceous, formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the
+whole pinnule. Veins free, but often obscure. Most of the ferns of this
+genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where rain is sometimes absent for
+weeks and months. For this reason they protect themselves by a covering
+of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of water from the
+plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the surface of
+the frond. (In Greek the word means _lip flower_, alluding to the lip-like
+indusia.)
+
+(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes alabaménsis_
+
+Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinnæ
+numerous, oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above.
+Pinnules triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the
+base. Indusia pale, membranous and continuous except between the lobes.
+Stipes black, slender and tomentose at the base.
+
+[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within
+our limits by its smooth pinnæ. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to
+Kentucky, and Alabama, and westward to Arizona.
+
+(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes lanòsa, C. véstita_
+
+[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]
+
+Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinnátifid pinnules; seven
+to fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinnæ
+triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed
+and forming separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening
+sporangia.
+
+This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from
+clefts and ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two
+following species. Unlike most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not
+partial to limestone, but grows on other rocks as well. It has been found
+as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near New York, and in New Jersey,
+Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.
+
+(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes tomentòsa_
+
+Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinnæ
+and pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender,
+whitish, obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal
+one is twice as long as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow
+margin forming a continuous, membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown,
+densely woolly.
+
+By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in
+the most exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the
+"rarest, tallest and handsomest of the lip ferns."
+
+Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas
+and Arizona.
+
+(4) SLENDER LIP FERN
+
+_Cheilánthes Féei, C. lanuginòsa_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds
+three to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly
+articulated hairs, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnæ ovate, the lowest
+deltoid. Pinnules divided into minute, densely crowded segments, the
+herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]
+
+The slender lip fern, known also as Fée's fern, is much the smallest of the
+lip ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only
+one-third as tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it.
+The fronds form tangled mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks
+and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, and south to Texas,
+New Mexico and Arizona.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnæ of Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Féei_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+
+5. CLOAK FERN. _Notholàena_
+
+Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the
+pinnules, at first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without
+indusium. Veins free. Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower
+surface hairy, or tomentose or powdery. Includes about forty species,
+mostly American, but only one within our limits. (Greek name means
+_spurious cloak_, alluding to the rudimentary or counterfeit indusium.)
+
+(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. _Notholàena dealbàta_
+
+Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the
+base, tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface
+of the very small segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with
+a pure, white powder; hence, the specific name _dealbata_, which means
+whitened. Sori brown at length; veins free.
+
+There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits.
+The dry, white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect
+them from too rapid evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and
+sunny places. This delicate rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry
+limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and southwestward.
+
+
+
+THE CHAIN FERNS. _Woodwardia_
+
+Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly
+two-pinnate fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or
+more chain-like rows, parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by
+its outer margin to a veinlet and opening on the inner side. In our
+section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English
+botanist.)
+
+[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena
+dealbata_ (Kansas) (G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern.
+_Woodwardia virginica_]
+
+(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. _Woodwardia virgínica_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+pinnate, the pinnæ deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong
+in chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinnæ and the lobes,
+confluent when ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles)
+beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in
+July.
+
+The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow
+in crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the
+chain fern rise singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at
+intervals all summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds.
+There are usually more sterile than fertile blades, especially in dense
+shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry swamp in Melrose, Mass.,
+where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and other swamp
+bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces
+the south. Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast,
+and often in company with the narrow-leaved species.
+
+[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_ (Stratford,
+Conn.)]
+
+(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN
+
+NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN
+
+_Woodwardia areolàta. W. angustifòlia_
+
+Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile
+ones nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with
+lanceolate, serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate;
+fertile fronds taller, twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear
+divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots in a single row each side of the
+secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the tissues.
+
+This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow
+near each other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near
+Boston, and both have been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and
+doubtless in other towns along the coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding
+them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's Bay. The net-veined species
+has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the latter the spore
+cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and rolling up of
+the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of long,
+narrow pinnæ. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations
+between the fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness.
+Waters calls them the "_obtusilobàta_ form."
+
+[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's
+5. Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]
+
+
+THE SPLEENWORTS
+
+
+A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. _Asplènium_
+
+Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when
+young. Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper
+side of a fertile veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of
+rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.
+
+(1) PINN�TIFID SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium pinnatífídum_
+
+Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinnátifid or pinnate near the
+base, tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or
+the lower pair acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted,
+two to four inches long, brownish beneath, green above.
+
+Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited,
+it is extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence
+southward to Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks.
+Resembles the walking fern, and its tip sometimes takes root.
+
+(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium ebenòides_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinnátifid or pinnate
+below, tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from
+a broad base. Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis
+brown.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_ a, Small
+Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_ a, from Virginia;
+b, from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is
+a hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by
+Miss Margaret Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of
+its parents. It was discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a
+suburb of Philadelphia, and described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of
+September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama, Missouri, and southward. Rare, but
+said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana, Ala.
+
+[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium víride_]
+
+(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium víride_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinnæ
+roundish-ovate, crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks
+tufted, short, brownish below, green above. Rachis green.
+
+Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in
+1876. Found sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr.
+This rare and delicate little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the
+maidenhair spleenwort, which, however, has dark stipes instead of green.
+
+Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_]
+
+(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Trichómanes_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches
+long, linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinnæ roundish-oblong or oval,
+entire or finely crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins
+forking and evanescent.
+
+Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be
+looked for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone.
+July.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (From
+Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium párvulum. A. resíliens_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinnæ
+opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base.
+Stipes and rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.
+
+This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and
+ebony spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in
+being smaller and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of
+the same size. Mountains of Virginia to Kansas and southward.
+
+(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium platynèuron. A. ebèneum_
+
+Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the
+fertile ones much taller, and pinnate. Pinnæ scarcely an inch long, the
+lower ones very much shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or
+incised, the base auricled. Sori numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe
+and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")
+
+This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and
+on rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come
+upon it many times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.
+
+A lightly incised form of the pinnæ has been described as var. _serratum_.
+A handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named
+_Hortonæ_ (also called _incisum_) has plume-like fronds with the pinnæ cut
+into oblique lobes, which are coarsely serrate.
+
+[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_ (Melrose, Mass.,
+G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_ a, from Maryland;
+b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Brádleyi_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinnæ
+oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnátifid into oblong, toothed lobes.
+The basal pinnæ have broad bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked.
+Stipes and rachis dark brown and the sori short, near the midrib.
+
+A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and
+confined mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and
+Alabama, westward to Arkansas.
+
+(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium montanum_
+
+Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long,
+somewhat leathery, pinnate. Pinnæ ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft
+into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less
+divided. Rachis green, broad, and flat.
+
+[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]
+
+Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of
+rocks and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest.
+July. Rare. Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species,
+"Common on all sandstone cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks
+by the banks of streams."
+
+(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Ruta-murària_
+
+Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to
+three pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture.
+Divisions few, stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised
+at the apex. Veins forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon
+confluent.
+
+[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. _A. Ruta-muraria_ (Top, Lake
+Huron--Lower Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium
+of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and
+is rather rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common,
+growing everywhere on walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt., to Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and southward.
+
+
+B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. _Athýrium_
+
+The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in
+rich soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock
+spleenworts just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus
+_Asplenium_ because their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly
+curved, but others are inclined to follow the practice of the British
+botanists and put them into a separate group under _Athýrium_. Nearly all
+agree that the lady fern, with its variously curved sori, should be placed
+here, and many others would place the silvery spleenwort in the same genus,
+partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In regard to the last member
+of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more doubt. The sori
+taken separately would place it with the _Aspleniums_, but considering its
+size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely allied to
+the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more
+definite adopt Clute's felicitous phrase.
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN
+
+
+1. THE LADY FERNS
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,
+tapering towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules
+oblong-lanceolate, cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously
+curved. Indusium delicate, often reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in
+some forms confluent at maturity.
+
+Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer
+nomenclature separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct
+species, which should be carefully studied.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in _Rhodora_ of September,
+1917.]
+
+(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATH�RIUM ANGÚSTUM
+
+_Asplènium Fìlix-femina_
+
+The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how
+the thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In
+the Lowland Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe
+bases, and so may be distinguished from its sister fern.
+
+One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during
+the summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring.
+The undecayed bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the
+same purpose.
+
+[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]
+
+[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_]
+
+Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old
+fronds. Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved,
+often horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but
+without glands. Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the
+middle.
+
+This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian
+Provinces. The fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties
+have been pointed out, but the fern student, having first learned to
+identify the species, will gradually master the few leading varieties as he
+meets them.
+
+Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature
+incline to cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These
+are varieties T�PICUM and ELÀTIUS, both with the pinnæ obliquely ascending
+(including variety _angustum_ of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader
+fronds with the pinnules of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+acute and strongly toothed or pinnatifid.
+
+[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--1st and 2nd, Var.
+_typicum; 3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum_]
+
+Var. RUBÉLLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand
+at a wide angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed
+or pinnatifid with obtuse teeth. This variety favors regions with cool
+summers, or dense shade in warmer regions. The term RUBÉLLUM alludes to
+the reddish stems so often seen but this sign alone may not determine the
+variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species, being a common
+New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of the
+species in southern Nova Scotia.
+
+Among other varieties named by Butters are CONFÉRTUM, having the pinnules
+irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of
+the pinnules broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance;
+LACINIÀTUM with pinnules very irregular in size and shape, with many long,
+acute teeth, which project in various directions. "An abnormal form which
+looks as if it had been nibbled when young."
+
+These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.
+
+(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN
+
+ATH�RIUM ASPLENIÒIDES
+
+Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the
+fronds. Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few,
+seldom persistent, rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly
+deltoid, lanceolate, widest near the base, the second pair of pinnæ
+commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia (hairs) ending in glands.
+Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.
+
+[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The following two forms are named by Butters:
+
+F. T�PICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.
+
+F. SUBTRIPINNÀTUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular,
+lanceolate, and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet
+situations in half shade. Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.
+
+Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes
+up the Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in
+Pennsylvania and southern New England, and their identification can hardly
+fail to awaken in the student a keen interest.
+
+Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real _Athýrium
+fìlix-fémina_ is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but
+is rather a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky
+Mountain region and identical with _Athýrium cyclosòrum_.
+
+But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old _Athýrium
+fìlix-fémina_, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within
+our limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.
+
+Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus _Asplenium_, mentions
+the form "_exìle_, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations
+and often fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's
+"_angústum_," and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally
+unimportant that have been described of this species."
+
+The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its
+best is a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have
+noticed that in the late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of
+its forms become disfigured and present a rather blotched and coarse
+appearance." The lady fern has inspired several poems, which have been
+quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following lines are from
+the pen of Calder Campbell:
+
+  "But not by burne in wood or dale
+  Grows anything so fair
+  As the palmy crest of emerald pale
+  Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn
+  To gold her delicate hair."
+
+Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing
+stipes of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green
+of the foliage.
+
+In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the
+curved sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age,
+although such changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the
+poetic Davenport may be helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm
+about the various forms of the lady fern, which soon enables one to know it
+from its peculiarly graceful motion by merely gently swaying a frond in the
+hand." Spores ripen in August.
+
+The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to
+crowd aside its neighbors.
+
+(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATH�RIUM ACROSTICHÒIDES
+
+_Asplènium acrostichòides. Asplènium thelypteròides_
+
+Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle.
+Pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong,
+obtuse, minutely toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear
+fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when young.
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]
+
+The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear
+until late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper
+surface of the fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the
+Marsh fern tribe, which it somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly
+straight, clear-cut sori of the fertile fronds are very attractive, and
+the lower ones, as well as those at the slender tips of the pinnæ, are
+frequently double.
+
+Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward.
+Generally distributed but hardly common.
+
+(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT
+
+ATH�RIUM ANGUSTIFÒLIUM. _Asplenium angustifòlium_
+
+Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinnæ numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower.
+Fruit-dots linear. Indusium slightly convex.
+
+[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_ (Vermont)
+(Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and
+southward. September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden,
+Conn., and Danville, Vt. Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to
+severe weather, as its thin and delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson
+writes of it, "There is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and
+refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut, delicately made-up
+fern."
+
+[Illustration: Pinnæ and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_]
+
+
+
+
+HART'S TONGUE
+
+_Scolopéndrium_. PHYLLÌTIS
+
+Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to
+it, the indusium appearing to be double. (_Scolopendrium_ is the Greek for
+centipede, whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. _Phyllitis_ is the
+ancient Greek name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_]
+
+(1) _Scolopendrium vulgàre_
+
+PHYLLÌTIS SCOLOPÉNDRIUM
+
+Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+bright green.
+
+In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and
+Scolopendrium Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in
+Ontario and New Brunswick. One of the rarest of our native ferns, although
+very common in Great Britain. This plant is said to be easily cultivated,
+and to produce numerous varieties. According to Woolson, "No rockery is
+complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy, undulating fronds
+of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+England."
+
+[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_ (Base of calcareous
+rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]
+
+
+WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF
+
+_Camptosòrus_
+
+Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in _Asplènium_, but irregularly scattered on
+either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones
+sometimes confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name
+from the Greek meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.
+
+_Camptosòrus rhizophyllus_
+
+Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at
+the base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a
+new plant. Veins reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes
+elongated and may even take root.
+
+This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the
+tips taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other
+rocks. Shapleigh and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon),
+and Connecticut, Mt. Toby, Mass., and western New England; also Canada to
+Georgia and westward.
+
+[Illustration: Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIELD FERNS
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS
+
+_Polýstichum_
+
+These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed
+under the genus _Polýstichum_, which has the sori round and covered with
+a circular indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood
+ferns, on the other hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the
+fronds by the sinus. (_Polýstichum_ is the Greek for many rows, the sori of
+some species being in many ranks.)
+
+(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN
+
+_Polýstichum acrostichòides. Aspídium acrostichòides_
+
+Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to
+two feet long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinnæ linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped,
+auricled on the upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinnæ
+contracted toward the top, bearing two rows of sori, which soon become
+confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium orbicular, fixed by its
+depressed center.
+
+_F. incìsum_ is a form in which the pinnæ are much incised.
+
+_F. críspum_ has the edges of its pinnæ crisped and ruffled. The name
+Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness
+for winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome
+at Christmas time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance
+the beauty of the other ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous
+mass of earth should be included and its roots should not be disturbed.
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_ Top, Forked
+Form; Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]
+
+(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN
+
+_Polystichum Bráunii. Aspídium aculeàtum Bráunii_
+
+Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate,
+tapering both ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly
+rectangular at the base, sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and
+hairs. Fruit-dots small and near the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire.
+Stipes chaffy with brown scales.
+
+[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_ (Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]
+
+This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have
+collected it in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt.
+Mansfield, Randolph, and elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H.,
+and Fernald reports it as common in northern Maine. It also grows in the
+mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and westward. It was formerly
+thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (_P. aculeàtum_), which
+has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain green
+through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.
+
+(3) HOLLY FERN. _Polystichum Lonchìtis_
+
+Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches
+long. Pinnæ broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly
+auricled on the upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between
+the margin and midrib.
+
+[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada,
+West, Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]
+
+The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonchìtis (like a spear) refers to
+its sharp teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador
+to Alaska, and south to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its
+southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of the Christmas
+fern.
+
+
+
+
+THE MARSH FERN TRIBE
+
+
+Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which
+have a close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the
+wood ferns, which also belong to the shield fern family.
+
+(1) THE MARSH FERN
+
+_Aspídium thelýpteris_. THEL�PTERIS PALÚSTRIS
+_Dryópteris thelýpteris. Nephròdium thelýpteris_
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]
+
+These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. _Aspídium_,
+Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions
+of Gray's Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its
+friends. _Dryópteris_, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood
+and Britton and Brown and has grown in favor. _Nephròdium_, meaning
+kidney-like, favored by Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most
+fitting name. THEL�PTERIS, meaning lady fern, is found to be the earliest
+name in use and according to rule the correct one.
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_]
+
+Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base.
+Pinnæ horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply
+pinnatifid. Lobes obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed
+over the sori. Veins once forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the
+blades ten to fifteen inches above the mud, whence they spring.
+
+The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of
+tapering to very small pinnæ; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into
+the sunlight, and by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have
+suggested for it the name of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from
+the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins. Common in marshes and damp
+woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh fern loves
+moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale
+in which Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in
+open sunlight on clay soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy
+environment had been long since cleared away while the deserted ferns
+persisted.
+
+(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN
+
+_Aspidium simulàtum_. THEL�PTERIS SIMULÀTA
+_Dryópteris simulata. Nephròdium simulàtum_
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+narrowed at the base. Pinnæ lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most
+often turned inward. Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.
+
+Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety.
+In some respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact
+intermediate between the two.
+
+[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_ 1. Sterile Frond.
+2. A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+Bulletin")]
+
+That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in
+1880, and it later was named _simulàtum_ by Geo. E. Davenport because of
+its similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its
+thin texture and particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close
+resemblance to the marsh fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh
+Fern," instead of the irrelevant name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland
+swamps usually in deep shade, New England to Maryland and westward. Often
+found growing with the marsh fern.
+
+(3) NEW YORK FERN
+
+_Aspidium noveboracénse_. THEL�PTERIS NOVEBORACÉNSIS
+_Dryópteris noveboracénsis. Nephròdium noveboracénse_
+
+Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinnæ lanceolate,
+pinnatifid, the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple.
+Indusium minute and beset with glands.
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern.
+August. The fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the
+midrib and veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This
+species can be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinnæ
+at its base. Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEECH FERNS
+
+
+The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them,
+they have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood
+ferns. Their stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori
+at the ends of the veins as in the polypodies. We here place them with
+the wood ferns, retaining the familiar name _Phegópteris_ but giving
+THEL�PTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are small, round and naked,
+borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the
+rootstock. Veins free. (The name _Phegópteris_ in Greek means oak or beech
+fern.)
+
+(1) OAK FERN
+
+_Phegópteris dryópteris_. THEL�PTERIS DRYÓPTERIS
+
+Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad,
+the divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments
+oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock
+slender and creeping from which fronds are produced all summer, in
+appearance like the small, ternate divisions of the bracken.
+
+This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of
+all green things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the
+uncoiling of the fronds, the three round balls suggesting the sign of the
+pawnbroker. The parts of the oak fern develop with great regularity, each
+pinna, pinnule and lobe having another exactly opposite to it nearly
+always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in Virginia, Kansas and
+Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the artificial
+rockery.
+
+[Illustration: Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_]
+
+
+
+(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calcàrea_
+
+THEL�PTERIS ROBERTIÀNA
+
+Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the
+terminal segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and
+fronds minutely glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions
+scarcely longer than the others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the
+beech ferns having formerly been classed with the polypodies. Britton and
+Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak Fern." Canada and the northwestern
+states. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_ (From Water's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]
+
+(3) BROAD BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris hexagonóptera_
+
+THEL�PTERIS HEXAGONÓPTERA
+
+Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad,
+spreading more or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent
+and often glandular beneath; pinnæ fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair
+usually much larger than those above, having the segments elongated and cut
+into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and forming a many-angled wing along
+the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the margin.
+
+The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech
+fern, and extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota
+and southward to Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody."
+According to Dodge it is most common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It
+prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said to have a pleasant, ferny odor
+when bruised. August.
+
+(4) LONG BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris polypodiòides_. THEL�PTERIS PHEGÓPTERIS
+
+Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice
+pinnatifid. Pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and
+standing forward; cut into oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin.
+
+Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister
+fern rather closely.
+
+It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and
+southward to the mountains of Virginia. July.
+
+[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. _Phegopteris polypodioides_]
+
+[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE FRAGRANT FERN
+
+_Aspídium fràgrans. Nephròdium fràgrans_
+
+THEL�PTERIS FRÀGRANS. _Dryópteris fràgrans_
+
+Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate
+and twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply
+pinnatifid. Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the
+large, thin, imbricated indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus,
+having the margins ragged and sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and
+chaffy.
+
+The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from
+north of the White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and
+in the Green Mountains south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to
+Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a
+singularly sweet and lasting fragrance, compared by some to strawberries,
+by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves. We have seen herbarium
+specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after several years. When
+growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness and its
+beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.
+
+[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_ (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS
+
+ASPIDIUM
+
+Fronds pinnate, the pinnæ pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinnæ reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinnæ but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinnæ short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinnæ longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_]
+
+
+
+THE WOOD FERNS
+
+
+The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the
+woods or at least shady places. Although the genus _Polýstichum_ represents
+the true shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their
+indusia have nearly the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic
+name for them all was _Aspídium_ (meaning shield), first published in 1800.
+For a long time its chief rival was _Nephròdium_ (kidney-like), 1803. Many
+modern botanists have preferred the earlier name _Dryópteris_ (1763),
+meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to its forest-loving habits.
+THEL�PTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the others.
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's
+"Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
+
+_Aspídium marginàle_. THEL�PTERIS MARGINÀLIS
+_Dryópteris marginàlis. Nephròdium marginàle_
+
+Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat
+leathery, smooth, twice pinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just
+above the base. Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed.
+Fruit-dots large, round, close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich
+woods, rather common throughout our area. The heavy rootstock rises
+slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown with shaggy, brown
+scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over bare
+rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a
+graceful circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are
+short and densely chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well.
+The fronds burdened with snow lop over among the withered leaves and
+continue green until the new ones shoot up in the spring. It is the most
+valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.
+
+(2) THE MALE FERN
+
+_Aspídium Fìlix-mas_. THEL�PTERIS FÌLIX-MAS
+_Dryópteris Fìlix-mas. Nephròdium Fìlix-mas_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from
+a shaggy rootstock. Pinnæ lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules
+oblong, obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal
+incisely lobed, distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the
+mid vein than the margin, mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.
+
+The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds
+are thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use
+in medicine is of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known
+_fìlix-mas_ of the pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties,
+but is mainly prescribed as a vermifuge, which is one of the names given to
+it. In Europe it is regarded as the typical fern, being oftener mentioned
+and figured than any other. In rocky woods, Canada, Northfield, Vt., and
+northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: The Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_ (Vermont)]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33G. _Aspidium filix mas_ 1, Illustration
+exhibiting general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of
+rhizome showing the conducting bundles a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing
+sori; a indusium b, sporangia; 4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a
+soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c, sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a,
+stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO OFFICINAL) From a German
+print, giving details]
+
+(3) GOLDIE'S FERN
+
+_Aspidium Goldiànum_. THELYPTERIS GOLDIÀNA
+_Dryopteris Goldiàna. Nephrodium Goldiànum_
+
+Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly
+ovate, especially the sterile ones. Pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, broadest
+in the middle. The divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear,
+slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very near the midvein. Indusium large,
+orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark brown to nearly black
+with a peculiar silky lustre.
+
+A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It
+delights in rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from
+Canada to Kentucky. While not common, there are numerous colonies in New
+England. It is reported from Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass.,
+and frequently west of the Connecticut River. We have often admired a large
+and beautiful colony of it on the west side of Willoughby Mountain in
+Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to a fern
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_ (Vermont, 1874.
+C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &
+Co.)]
+
+(4) THE CRESTED FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristàtum_. THEL�PTERIS CRISTÀTA
+
+_Dryopteris cristàta. Nephrodium cristàtum_
+
+Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute.
+Pinnæ two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong,
+or the lowest triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or
+cut-toothed, those nearest the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large,
+round, half way between the midvein and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked,
+with a shallow sinus.
+
+The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous
+only in winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found
+only in summer.
+
+It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with
+their dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile
+pinnæ have a way of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond
+for more light. In moist land, Canada to Kentucky.
+
+Var. _Clintoniànum_. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in
+every way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the
+midvein, the sides of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to
+New York and westward. "Rare in New England attaining its best development
+in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt. Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine
+for cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_]
+
+[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_, var.
+_Clintonianum_ (Gray Herbarium)]
+
+CRESTED MARGINAL FERN
+
+_Aspídium cristàtum X marginàle_
+
+
+Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the
+marginal shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is
+like _marginale_ and the lower like _cristàtum_, including the veining and
+texture.
+
+This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in
+his fern garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends
+are indebted for specimens.
+
+Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed
+hybrids have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern
+and its variety _intermèdium_, and with Goldie's fern; also between the
+crested fern, including Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned;
+and, in fact, between almost all pairs of species of the wood ferns,
+although we do not think they have been positively verified. Still other
+species of ferns are known to hybridize more or less, as we saw in the case
+of Scott's spleenwort.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. _Aspidium Cristatum X
+marginale_ (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium cristatum X marginale_ One of the very best for
+cultivation]
+
+(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium Boottii_. THEL�PTERIS BOOTTII
+
+_Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper
+pinnæ lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows
+each side of the midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the
+lower pinules. Indusium large, minutely glandular, variable.
+
+This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose
+ferns, but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile
+fronds wither in autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout
+the winter. It differs from it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and
+from the typical spinulose fern by its glandular indusium; but from the
+intermediate variety it is more difficult to separate it, as that also has
+indusiate glands. The collector needs to study authentic specimens and
+have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as an aid to the
+verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium Boottii_]
+
+(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium spinulòsum. THEL�PTERIS SPINULÒSA
+
+Dryopteris spinulòsa. Nephrodium spinulòsum_
+
+Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and
+one-half feet long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinnæ oblique to
+the rachis, the lower ones broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated.
+Pinnules on the inferior side of the pinnæ often elongated, especially the
+lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis being usually the longest, at
+least in the lowest pinnæ. Pinnules variously cut into spinulose-toothed
+segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.
+
+The common European type, but in this country far less common than its
+varieties. They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their
+graceful outline and spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be
+transplanted without great difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon
+them for its most effective lacework.
+
+Var. _intermèdium_ has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinnæ spreading, oblong-lanceolate.
+Pinnules pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex.
+Margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands.
+In woods nearly everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of
+this variety are gathered in our northern woods, placed in cold storage and
+sent to florists to be used in decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not
+disturbed the crop is renewed from year to year, and no great harm seems to
+result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.
+
+[Footnote A: _Horticulture_ reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly
+$100,000 were paid out in wages.]
+
+[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_ (Maine, 1877,
+Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. _intermedium_]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. AMERICANUM]
+
+A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry
+Purdie, has been named var. CONCORDIÀNUM. It has small, elliptical,
+denticulate pinnules and a glandular-pubescent indusium.
+
+Var. AMERICÀNUM (=_dilatàtum_, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical
+plant, the lower pinnæ being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate.
+Inferior pinnules on the lower pair of pinnæ conspicuously elongated. A
+variety preferring upland woods; northern New England, Greenland to the
+mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and northward.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLADDER FERNS. _Cystópteris_
+
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+
+
+The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone
+soil. (The Greek name _cystópteris_ means bladder fern, so called in
+allusion to the hood-shaped indusium.)
+
+(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystópteris bulbífera. Fìlix bulbífera_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinnæ
+lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and
+pinnæ often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed.
+Indusium short, truncate on the free side. Stipe short.
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_ (Willoughby,
+Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_]
+
+One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of
+beauty, whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very
+easily cultivated and one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes
+by the yard," says Woolson, "with the most graceful and filmy of our common
+ferns, the bladder fern." This fern and the maidenhair were introduced into
+Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first from America.
+
+It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone
+districts. While producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species
+mainly by bulblets, which, falling into a moist soil, at once send out a
+pair of growing roots, while a tiny frond starts to uncoil from the heart
+of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions
+in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
+Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas.
+
+(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris frágilis. Filix frágilis_
+
+Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve
+inches long, twice pinnate, the pinnæ often pinnatifid or cut-toothed,
+ovate-lanceolate, decurrent on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute
+at the free end. Very variable in the cutting of the pinnules.
+
+The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+_frágilis_ suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the
+first to disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and
+withered away. Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August,
+as if Nature were renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern
+suggests the blunt-lobed Woodsia, but in the latter the pinnæ and pinnules
+are usually broader and blunter, and its indusium splits into jagged lobes.
+Rather common in damp, shady places where rocks abound. In one form or
+another, found nearly throughout the world though only on mountains in the
+tropics.
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_ (Wakefield,
+Mass.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOODSIAS
+
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinnæ hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinnæ glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinnæ oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinnæ deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinnæ
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOODSIAS
+
+Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of
+simply forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often
+evanescent, either small and open, or early bursting at the top into
+irregular pieces or lobes. (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)
+
+(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. _Woódsia ilvénsis_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above,
+thickly clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the
+pinnæ crowded, sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin often confluent at maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center
+into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an
+inch or so above the rootstock.
+
+[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, _Woodsia ilvensis_]
+
+The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on
+high cliffs exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with
+silver-white, hair-like scales, especially underneath. These scales turn
+brown in age, whence the name, rusty. As the short stipes separate at the
+joints from the rootstock, they leave at the base a thick stubble, which
+serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador to North Carolina and
+westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very abundant on the
+trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense tufts.
+
+(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA
+
+_Woodsia alpìna. Woodsia hyperbòrea_
+
+Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat
+hairy beneath, pinnate. Pinnæ triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes
+few and nearly entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in _Woodsia
+ilvensis_.
+
+[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_]
+
+Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of _Woodsia ilvensis_. It
+was discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby
+Lake, Vt. Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the
+Adirondacks, who supposed it to be _Woodsia_ _glabélla_. In 1897 it was
+rediscovered at Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine,
+and British America. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, _Woodsia alpina_ (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. _Woodsia obtùsa_
+
+Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice
+pinnate, often minutely glandular. Pinnæ rather remote, triangular-ovate
+or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments.
+Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the margin of the lobes. Indusium
+conspicuous, at length splitting into several spreading, jagged lobes.
+
+[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_]
+
+This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than
+the others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward.
+On rocky banks and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty
+on account of the star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var.
+_angústa_ is a form with very narrow fronds and pinnæ. Highlands, New York.
+The type grows in Middlesex County, Mass., but is rare.
+
+(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. _Woodsia glabélla_
+
+Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinnæ
+remote at the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes.
+Stipes jointed, straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.
+
+[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_ (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+G.H.T.)]
+
+On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount
+Mansfield, Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also
+Newfoundland, New York, and far to the northwest. Not very common. It
+differs from the alpine species by the absence of scales above the joint.
+As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except for the chaffy scales at
+or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many other ferns,
+and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in extremes
+of heat and cold.
+
+(5) OREGON WOODSIA. _Woódsia oregàna_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath,
+narrowly lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse,
+pinnatifid. Segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin
+nearly always reflexed. Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus,
+divided into a few beaded hairs.
+
+Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe,
+but is much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs,
+Gaspé Peninsula, southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the
+northwest. Its eastern limit is northern Michigan.
+
+(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. _Woódsia scopulìna_
+
+Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinnæ
+triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole
+frond hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium
+hidden beneath the sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like
+divisions.
+
+In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gaspé Peninsula, Rocky
+Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.
+
+(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. _Woodsia Cathcartiàna_
+
+Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong,
+denticulate, separated by wide sinuses.
+
+Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.
+
+
+
+
+DENNSTAÉDTIA. _Dicksònia_
+
+Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous,
+cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top.
+
+(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)
+
+HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN
+
+DENNSTAÉDTIA PUNCTILÓBULA[A]
+
+_Dicksònia punctilóbula. Dicksònia pilosiúscula_
+
+[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small
+capitals represent the newer nomenclature.]
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate, pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary
+pinnæ in outline like the frond; the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and
+obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet,
+usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. Indusium fixed under the
+sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore cases.
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_ (Sudbury, Mass.
+G.E.D.)]
+
+[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]
+
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_]
+
+While _Dennstaédtia_ is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+name _Dicksònia_ has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern
+or boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its
+long-tapering outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to
+cluster around rocks and boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the
+margin of rocky woods. It is sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for
+the fernery and one of the most decorative of the entire fern family.
+The effect of the shimmering fronds, so delicately wrought, flanked by
+evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain fern, pasture fern,
+and hairy _Dicksònia_ are other names. Canada to Tennessee and westward.
+
+Var. _cristata_ has the fronds more or less forked at the top.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]
+
+[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS
+
+_Onoclèa_. PTERÉTIS. _Mattèuccia_. _Struthiópteris_
+
+(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)
+
+It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included
+in the same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The
+sensitive fern has a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins;
+while the ostrich fern has an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and
+free veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit.
+_Obtusilobata_ Form]
+
+(1) SENSITIVE FERN. _Onoclèa sensíbilis_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock,
+broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or
+nearly entire. Veins reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds
+shorter, closely bipinnate with the pinnules rolled up into berry-like
+structures which contain the spore cases. (The name in Greek means a closed
+vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.) The sensitive
+fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile and
+fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground
+until about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or
+berries, but soon turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not
+discharge their spores until the following spring. The little berry-like
+structures of the fertile frond represent pinnules, bearing fruit-dots,
+around which they are closely rolled. As Waters remarks, "Most ferns hold
+the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps them tightly in
+the clenched fist."
+
+Var. _obtusilobatà_ is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one
+Stock _Onoclea sensibilis_ (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+Breckenridge)]
+
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds]
+
+(2) OSTRICH FERN
+
+_Onoclea struthiópteris_. PTERETIS NODULOSA
+
+_Struthiópteris Germánica_. _Matteùccia struthiópteris_
+
+Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate,
+pinnate, the numerous pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the
+channeled stipe. Fertile fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinnæ
+revolute into a necklace form containing the sori.
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]
+
+The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the
+next year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in
+July. Seen from a distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the
+cinnamon fern. An intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds
+is sometimes found, as in the sensitive fern. This handsome species
+thrives under cultivation. For grace and dignity it is unrivaled, and for
+aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the lady fern. For the
+climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The ostrich
+fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.
+
+[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY
+
+_OSMUNDÀCEAE_
+
+This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which
+belong to the single genus.
+
+OSMÚNDA
+
+The _osmundas_ are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much
+contracted and quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular,
+short-stalked, borne on the margin of the divisions and opening into two
+valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the
+god Thor.)
+
+(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN
+
+_Osmúnda regàlis. Osmunda regàlis_, var. SPECT�BILIS
+
+Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna
+having numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along
+the midrib. Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown
+when mature and sometimes leafy.
+
+A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great
+Linnæus, _regalis_, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The
+wine-colored stipes of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring,
+lifting gracefully their pink pinnæ and pretty panicles of bright green
+spore cases, throw an indescribable charm over the meadows and clothe even
+the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the attraction less when the
+showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are turned to brown.
+The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a foot
+above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth
+hints at somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.
+
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+
+[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern _Osmunda regalis_]
+
+The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil,
+sufficient shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places.
+Newfoundland to Virginia and northwestward.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Osmunda regalis_ (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN
+
+Osmunda Claytoniàna
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinnæ cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of
+intermediate pinnæ contracted and bearing sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniàna_]
+
+The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the
+last of May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the
+cinnamon fern by not having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the
+base of each pinna. Besides, in Clayton's fern the fronds are broader,
+blunter and thinner in texture, and the segments more rounded; the fronds
+are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn yellow in the fall, at
+times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten by the early
+frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common in
+damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North
+Carolina and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated
+and its graceful outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the
+fern garden. Var. _dubia_ has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely
+separated, and the upper-middle ones much elongated. Southern Vermont.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]
+
+(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES
+
+_Osmunda cinnamomea_
+
+Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, pinnatifid with
+oblong, obtuse divisions. Fertile pinnæ on separate fronds, which are
+contracted and covered with brown sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _frondosa_]
+
+Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is
+soon surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of
+a charming circle of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short
+time, however, it withers and hangs down or falls to the ground. The large,
+conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns give picturesqueness to many a
+moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its crosier stage it is
+wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but leaves, at the
+base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _incisa_ (Maine)]
+
+Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and
+eat with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at
+the base of the unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund."
+The fern, itself, with its tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful
+ornament for the shady lawn, and like the interrupted fern is easy to
+cultivate. The spores of all the _osmundas_ are green, and need to
+germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and swampy
+grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some
+think it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old
+rhyme,
+
+  "Break the first brake you see,
+  Kill the first snake you see,
+  And you will conquer every enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. _glandulosa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Var. _frondòsa_ has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+towards the summit.
+
+Var. _incìsa_ has the inner pinnules of some of the pinnæ more or less
+cut-toothed.
+
+Var. _glandulòsa_ has glandular hairs on the pinnæ, rachis and even the
+stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from
+Rhode Island to Maryland.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+CURLY GRASS FAMILY
+
+SCHIZÆÀCEÆ
+
+CURLY GRASS. _Schizàea pusílla_
+
+
+Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to
+two inches high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds
+longer, three to five inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of
+minute, fruited pinnæ. Sporangia large, ovoid, sessile in a double row
+along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves, and
+provided with a complete apical ring. (_Schizæa_, from a Greek root meaning
+to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign species.)
+
+[Illustration: Curly Grass. _Schizæa pusilla_]
+
+The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when
+growing amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club
+mosses, etc. The sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
+Grand Lake, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the
+curly grass have recently been discovered in the southwest counties of Nova
+Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition, mostly in bogs and hollows of
+sandy peat or sphagnum.
+
+[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]
+
+CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN
+
+_Lygòdium palmàtum_
+
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+
+Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower
+pinnæ (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs
+with simple veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked,
+forming a terminal panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing
+the sporangia, which are similar to those of curly grass, and fixed to a
+veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
+indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig [pliant], alluding to
+the flexible stipes.)
+
+[Illustration: Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_]
+
+Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There
+was a considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North
+Hadley, Mass., not far from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872.
+Many used to decorate their homes with its handsome sprays, draping it
+gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It was known locally as the Hartford
+fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its colonies and it became scarce,
+at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law was enacted in 1867
+for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A. Weatherby states
+in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of tillage
+(mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive
+agriculture is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern
+locality. It is still found here and there in New England, New York and New
+Jersey; also in Kentucky, Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common.
+The fertile portion dies when the spores mature, but the sterile frondlets
+remain green through the winter. A handsome species for the fernery in the
+house or out of doors.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY
+
+_OPHIOGLOSSÀCEÆ_
+
+Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+_Ophioglóssum_ the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated
+and the sporangia in a simple spike. In _Botrýchium_ the sterile segment is
+more or less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound
+or rarely simple spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit.
+Spores copious, sulphur-yellow.
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE. _Ophioglóssum vulgàtum_
+
+Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing
+one smooth, entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the
+sporangia, coherent in two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek
+meaning the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of the
+sporangia.)
+
+In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare."
+New England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows
+in company with the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's
+speare ointment" had the adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and
+is said to be still used for wounds in English villages.
+
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+
+[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_]
+
+Var. _minus_, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy
+ground, New Hampshire to New Jersey.
+
+Var. _Engelmánni_. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming
+a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and
+westward.
+
+Var. _arenàrium_. (From the Latin, _arèna_, meaning sand, being found in
+a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of _Ophióglossum vulgàtum_ and
+about half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor
+soil at Holly Beach, New Jersey.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS
+
+(_Botrýchium_)
+
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+
+
+
+GRAPE FERNS
+
+_Botrýchium_
+
+Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the
+sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond
+one to three pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of
+sessile, naked, globular sporangia, opening transversely into two valves.
+Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound.
+Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur yellow. (The name in Greek means a
+cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like clusters of the sporangia.)
+
+(1) MOONWORT. _Botrýchium Lunària_
+
+Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne
+near the middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight
+pairs of lunate or fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins
+repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, two to three pinnate.
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort _Botrychium Lunaria_]
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_. Details]
+
+The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was
+reputed to open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that
+trod upon it. "Unshoe the horse" was one of the names given to it by the
+country people.
+
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+
+In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United
+States. Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and
+St. Johnsbury, Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.
+
+In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.
+
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+
+(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. _Botrychium símplex_
+
+Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment
+short-petioled, usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately
+three to seven lobed. Veins all forking from the base. Fertile segments
+simple or one to two pinnate, apex of both segments erect in the bud.
+
+In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and
+Plainfield, Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle
+it is "abundantly scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil,
+especially knolls of hill pastures." May or June.
+
+(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium lanceolàtum_
+
+BOTR�CHIUM ANGUSTISEGMÉNTUM
+
+Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the
+top of the common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the
+acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling
+a very small specimen of the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly
+overtopping the sterile, two to three pinnate and spreading.
+
+One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+Superior. July.
+
+[Illustration: Little Grape Fern _Botrychium simplex_]
+
+[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern _Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+angustisegmentum_]
+
+(4) MATRICARY FERN
+
+_Botrychium ramòsum. Botrychium matricariæfòlium_
+
+Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle,
+usually much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both
+segments turned down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the
+fertile one.
+
+[Illustration: The Matricary Fern _Botrychium ramòsum_]
+
+The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about
+a month earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a
+taller and fleshier plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved
+species the midveins of the larger lobes are continuous, running to the
+tip; whereas in the matricary fern the midveins fork repeatedly and are
+soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two are apt to grow near each
+other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor. June.
+
+NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain _Botrychia_ in a sphagnum
+swamp in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of _Botrychium
+tenebròsum_. The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three
+inches high, with the sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many
+botanists prefer to place this fern as a variety of the matricary, but
+others regard it as a form of _Botrychium símplex_. Borders of maple
+swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York.
+
+(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_. _Botrychium ternàtum_, var.
+_oblìquum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM DISSÉCTUM, var. OBLÌQUUM
+
+Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds
+two to twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular,
+ternate, long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and
+spreading horizontally. From the main leafstock grow several pairs of
+stalked pinnæ, with the divisions ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate,
+obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile segment taller, erect, about three
+times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn. Occasionally two or three
+fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the apex of each
+segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.
+
+[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_]
+
+New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _dissectum_. Similar to the type, but with
+the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most
+beautiful of all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the
+cutting of the fronds. Maine to Florida and westward.
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_, var. _oneidénse_. Ultimate segments oblong, rounded
+at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_, var. _elongàtum_. Divisions lanceolate, elongated,
+acute.
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_]
+
+Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz
+B. lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern
+Botrychium."
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum_]
+
+(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrýchium ternàtum_, var. _intermèdium_
+
+_Botrýchium oblìquum_, var. _intermèdium_
+
+Leaf more divided than in _oblìquum_ and the numerous segments not so
+long and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var.
+_austràle_), crenulate, and more or less toothed.
+
+Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New
+England and New York. Var. _rutaefòlium_. More slender, rarely over six or
+seven inches high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions
+few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. The first variety passes
+insensibly into the second.
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Reduced)]
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Two stocks, reduced)]
+
+(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. _Botrychium virginiànum_
+
+Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the
+middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate.
+Pinnules lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or
+lanceolate and scarcely or not at all spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked,
+two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments narrow and thick, nearly
+opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from dark yellow-brown
+to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of a
+lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+distributed.
+
+[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+Newfoundland and Labrador.
+
+Var. _grácilis_. A form much reduced in size.
+
+Var. LAURENTIÀNUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile
+fronds less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to
+overlapping. Pinnules shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer
+segments strongly spatulate. Fertile spike relatively short and stout,
+strongly paniculate when well developed. Ultimate segments flat, folaceous,
+one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone district near the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and Michigan.
+
+Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate,
+previously ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately
+narrowly flattened. (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of
+September, 1919.) Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+northern New York, Illinois, and Missouri.
+
+Var. EUROPÀEUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the
+spatulate form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly
+decurrent so that the pinnæ are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests
+of Canada, and confined to calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New
+Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Montana, and British Columbia. Said
+to be rare even in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FILMY FERN FAMILY
+
+
+_HYMENOPHYLLÀCEÆ_
+
+The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely
+dissected fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on
+a bristle-like receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly
+tropical, only one of which grows as far north as Kentucky.
+
+[Illustration: Filmy Fern _Trichomanes Boschianum_ (From Waters' "Ferns",
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN
+
+_Trichómanes Boschiànum. Trichómanes rádicans_
+
+Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches
+long, thin, very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate,
+bipinnatifid. Rachis narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the
+slender bristle, which is the prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a
+vase-like, slightly two-lipped involucre.
+
+On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+"Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns."
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]
+
+[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]
+
+
+
+
+NOTED FERN AUTHORS
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+
+
+[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the
+following pages.]
+
+EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His
+grandfather was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under
+his friend, Prof. Asa Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in
+turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton. Daniel C. was professor of botany in
+Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man of graceful and winsome
+personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his writings. His
+masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto volumes,
+beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869.
+Education informal; common schools, university lectures and private study.
+Manifested early a keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and
+first president of the American Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more
+than three hundred species of ferns. Has written extensively on the ferns
+and their allies, besides publishing several standard volumes. His great
+distinction is in founding and editing the _Fern Bulletin_ through its
+twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with _The American
+Botanist_, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a prodigious
+achievement of great scientific value.
+
+[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS,
+G. DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E.
+WATERS, R. DODGE]
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853.
+Spent early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877.
+After teaching several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became
+Professor of Botany in Columbia University. He contributed numerous
+articles to the _Torrey Bulletin_, _Fern Bulletin_, and other scientific
+journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native Ferns and Their Allies,"
+continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November 16, 1907.
+
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and
+officer of the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the
+ferns, his numerous articles were published in the _Fern Bulletin_, in the
+_Torrey Bulletin_, _Rhodora_, and in separate monographs. He was a leading
+authority on the pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium
+of the native ferns, which he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural
+Society. By his gentle manners and kindly spirit he won many friends, all
+of whom were proud to recognize his distinguished ability. He cultivated
+many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway home, at Medford, Mass., and
+freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly of heart failure,
+November 29, 1907.
+
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872.
+Was graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for
+a time a close student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in
+1903, containing his "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by
+profession, he has pursued that branch of science for the last eighteen
+years. His address is Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was
+graduated at Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic
+botany, United States National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate
+curator of the same. Has specialized in scientific work on the
+pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as well as by the
+large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The _Fern Bulletin_, _Torrey
+Bulletin_, _American Fern Journal_, _Fernwort Papers_, et al., have
+profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the
+American Fern Society.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. _Née_ Smith.
+Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was
+lost at sea. As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers,"
+in 1893, and within ten years more than seventy thousand copies of the book
+had been sold. "According to Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896,
+she married Prof. James Russell Parsons, treasurer of the University of
+the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to Know the Ferns." She
+combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and graceful
+style.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War
+veteran. Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A
+careful observer and student of nature, he discovered _Aspidium simulatum_
+at Follymill, Seabrook, N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse
+9.) He discovered also the hybrid _Aspidium cristatum × Marginale_. He
+published his little book, "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England," in 1896.
+Died October 20, 1918.
+
+EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied
+at the Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He
+took up teaching for several years, spending three years in California.
+Returning East, he became a florist and began to write for various fern
+journals, giving special attention to the fern allies. He prepared the
+genera _Equisetum_ and _Isoetes_ for the seventh edition of "Gray's
+Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by discovering
+several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+Mass., September 29, 1908.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came
+to Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work
+skillfully in wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry.
+His friend, George E. Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some
+divine gift or inspiration the innermost life and feelings of the wild
+flowers and ferns, and his marvelously accurate needle transfixed them with
+revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns of Kentucky," issued in
+1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United States. He
+died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+for his health.
+
+
+
+
+FERN LITERATURE
+
+
+AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual
+subscription, $1.25.)
+
+BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.
+
+BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.
+
+BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell & Co. London.
+Quarto.
+
+BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora,
+September, 1917.
+
+CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan
+& Co. 1905. Ed. 2.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.
+
+The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.
+
+The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.
+
+Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.
+
+CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington,
+1908.
+
+COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne & Co. London.
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England
+ferns in Torrey Bulletin, Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following
+monographs are in single booklets by Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
+Aspidium cristatum × marginale, Aspidium simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and
+its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its Varieties, Notes on Botrychium
+simplex.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume,
+now out of print. W.N. Clute & Co. 1904.
+
+DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge & Son.
+London.
+
+EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin
+& Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.
+
+EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino,
+Salem. Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.
+
+EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for
+Gray's Manual, 7th ed. 1908.
+
+GILBERT, BENJ. D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.
+
+HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page & Co. Boston, 1899.
+
+HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.
+
+HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge & Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+London. 1869.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine
+plates which include all American genera. Costs about $25.
+
+Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen
+and Vol. Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of
+more species. Cost about $50.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J., & BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes
+all ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures
+illustrating each genus. Costs about $10.
+
+LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell & Daldy.
+London, 1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are
+represented. "The descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and
+the synonymy is often incorrect."
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north
+of Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.
+
+Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.
+
+Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium,
+17:541+.
+
+Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitaceæ and Isoetaceæ) of the northern
+United States, Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown,
+Illustrated Flora, etc., ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.
+
+MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston,
+1878-9.
+
+MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New
+York, 1899.
+
+PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne & Co.
+London. No date.
+
+REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America.
+Torrey Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).
+
+RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878.
+Out of print.
+
+SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan & Co. London.
+8vo.
+
+SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt & Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+print.
+
+SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.
+
+SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.
+
+STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne & Co. London, 1908.
+
+TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt & Co.
+Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt & Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.
+
+WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton & Co. Louisville, Ky.
+1878.
+
+Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton & Co. 1879. Both out of print.
+
+WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page & Co. New
+York, 1909.
+
+WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan & Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+[Illustration:
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+
+
+
+
+TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS
+
+
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+
+Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+ACÙMINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+ACÙLEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENT�TIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+AN�STOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+�NNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHER�DIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEGÃ’NIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+ARÈOLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ART�CULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ _bis_,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHLÃ’ROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+C�LIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+C�RCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CRÃ’SIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+CÙNEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+CÚSPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinnæ.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICHÓTOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIMÓRPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EM�RGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+F�LIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INCÃŒSED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+INDÙSIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+L�MINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LAC�NIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+MÙCRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+OÃŒDES.        A Greek ending, meaning _like_, or
+              _like to_, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+ÒÖSPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the oöspore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+PÉTIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINN�TIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTH�LLIUM.  (Or prothállus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERIDÓPHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+RÀCHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+SÉRRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+S�NUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SP�TULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SP�NULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+SÚBULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+TÉRNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The student should have some idea of the terms _genus_, _species_ and
+_variety_, although they are not capable of exact definition.
+
+A _species_, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such
+individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to
+their common parent in all their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind
+or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind, and of a common
+origin, and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or
+rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the
+shape of the pinnæ, or the cutting of the fronds, we have _varieties_ as
+_frondòsum_, _incìsum_, etc. Or if the difference is less striking the
+word _form_ is used instead of variety, but in any given case opinions may
+differ in respect to the more fitting term.
+
+A _genus_ is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern,
+the cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar
+spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming
+the genus _Osmunda_. In like manner certain members of the clover
+group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up the genus _Trifolium_.
+
+Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into
+genera, and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true
+name, the generic name being qualified by that of the species; as in the
+cinnamon fern _Osmúnda_ (genus), _cinnamòmea_ (species).
+
+
+
+
+CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
+
+In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the
+text, and those that follow are synonyms.
+
+Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now
+adopted at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.
+
+ADIANTUM L.
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum × marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricariæfolium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes Féei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pellæa densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pellæa gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNSTÆDTIA L'HER.
+49. DENNSTÆDTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOLÆNA.R. BR.
+51. Notholæna dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Notholæna nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELLÆA. LINK
+59. Pellæa atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pellæa glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS FÉE
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) Fée.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZÆA.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schizæa pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 11365 ***
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+Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Fern Lover's Companion
+       A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada
+
+Author: George Henry Tilton
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Keren Vergon, Leonard D Johnson and PG
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+
+The Fern Lover's Companion
+
+
+A Guide for the Northeastern States
+and Canada
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.
+
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its
+progress, these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+Preface
+Introduction
+Key to Genera
+Classification of Ferns
+The Polypodies
+The Bracken Group:
+  Bracken
+  Cliff Brakes
+  Rock Brake
+The Lip Ferns (_Cheilanthes_)
+The Cloak Fern (_Notholæna_)
+The Chain Ferns
+The Spleenworts:
+  The Rock Spleenworts. _Asplenium_
+  The Large Spleenworts. _Athyrium_
+Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf
+The Shield Ferns:
+  Christmas and Holly Fern
+  Marsh Fern Tribe
+  The Beech Ferns
+  The Fragrant Fern
+  The Wood Ferns
+  The Bladder Ferns
+The Woodsias
+The Boulder Fern (_Dennstædtia_)
+Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns
+The Flowering Ferns (_Osmunda_)
+Curly Grass and Climbing Fern
+Adder's Tongue
+The Grape Ferns:
+  Key to the Grape Fern
+  Moonwort
+  Little Grape Fern
+  Lance-leaved Grape Fern
+  Matricary Fern
+  Common Grape Fern
+  Rattlesnake Fern
+Filmy Fern
+Noted Fern Authors
+Fern Literature
+Time List for Fruiting of Ferns
+Glossary
+Note: Meaning of Genus and Species
+Checklist
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+A Fern Lover
+Prothallium Diagram
+Pinnate Frond
+Bipinnate Frond
+Pinnatifid Frond
+Spore Cases
+Linen Tester
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa_
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_
+Flowering Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_
+Grape Fern. _Botrychium_
+Polypody. _Polypodium_
+Beech Fern. _Phegopteris_
+Cloak Fern. _Notholæna_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_
+Bracken. _Pteris_
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum_
+Cliff Brake. _Pellæa_
+Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes_
+Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma_
+Chain Fern. _Woodwardia_
+Shield Fern. _Polystichum_
+Wood Fern. _Aspidium_
+Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris_
+Woodsia
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_
+Asplenium Type
+Athyrium Type
+Sporangia of the Five Families
+Indusium
+Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_
+Sori of Polypody
+Polypody in mass (Greenwood)
+Gray Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_
+Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond
+Bracken. Fertile Frond
+Bracken, var. _pseudocaudata_
+Spray of Maidenhair
+Sori of Maidenhair
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_
+Alpine Maidenhair
+Venus-Hair Fern. _Adiantum capillus-veneris_
+Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellæa atropurpurea_
+Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_
+Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_
+Parsley Fern. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+Hairy Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes lanosa_
+Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Féei_
+Pinnæ of Slender Lip Fern
+Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholæna dealbata_
+Common Chain Fern. _Woodwardia virginica_
+Net-veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_
+The Spleenworts
+Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (Fernery)
+Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_
+Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+Mountain Spleenwort. _Asplenium montanum_
+Rue Spleenwort. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)
+Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_
+Varieties of Lady Fern
+Lowland Lady Fern. _Athyrium asplenioides_
+Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_
+Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_
+Varieties of Christmas Fern
+Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_
+Holly Fern. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_
+Marsh Fern, in the mass
+Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_
+New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_
+Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_
+Broad Beech Fern. _Aspidium hexagonoptera_
+Long Beech Fern. _Aspidium polypedioides_
+Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_
+Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_
+Crown of Fronds of _Aspidium marginale_
+Sori of _Aspidium marginale_
+Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_ and details
+Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_
+_Aspidium Goldianum_, in the mass
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (No. 2)
+Clinton's Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ var. _Clintonianum_
+Crested Marginal Fern. _Aspidium cristatum × marginale_
+_Aspidium cristatum × marginale_, in the mass
+Boott's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Boottii_
+Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _intermedium_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _americanum_
+Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_
+_Cystopteris bulbifera_ with sprouting bulb
+Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_
+Rusty Woodsia. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_
+Details of Alpine Woodsia
+Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_
+Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Forked variety of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Field View of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Meadow View of Sensitive Fern
+Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit
+Sori of Sensitive Fern
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same Plant
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds
+Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds
+Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Sori of Royal Fern
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations
+Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern
+_Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa_
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa pusilla_
+Sporangia of Curly Grass
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+Moonwort, Details
+Little Grape Fern. _Botrychium simplex_
+Lance-leaved Grape Fern. _Botrychium lanceolatum_
+Matricary Grape Fern. _Botrychium ramosum_
+Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _dissectum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _B. ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes Boschianum_
+Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern
+Crosiers
+Noted Fern Authors
+Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know
+little of their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts,
+adorning the rugged cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or
+waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands, he feels their
+call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be to receive instruction
+from a living teacher: His next preference would be the companionship of a
+good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If he will
+con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while
+he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may
+hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a
+single season.
+
+Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when
+Williamson published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute
+issued, "Our Ferns in Their Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton,
+Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons, Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson,
+and others. All their works are now out of print except Clute's just
+mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both of these
+are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to
+the genera; while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive
+charm that creates for it a constant demand.
+
+We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive,
+handbook, designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the
+average student in learning their names and meaning. Its geographical
+limits include the northeastern states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows
+in the main the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, while the emendations
+set forth in _Rhodora_, of October, 1919, and also a few terms of later
+adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the more
+familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type.
+In every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent
+terms from which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily
+for lovers of Nature, many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms,
+the common English names are everywhere given prominence, and strange to
+say are less subject to change and controversy than the Latin. There is
+no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the Christmas fern, the
+ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern, etc. The use of
+the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific
+terms.
+
+A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing
+the scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have
+marked each accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute (´)
+accent, the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long
+sound, while the latter indicates the short or modified sound. Let it be
+remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the
+accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short according to the slant
+of the mark.
+
+We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose.
+Our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we
+collected our first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found
+here a fine colony of the climbing fern (_Lygodium_). We recall the slender
+fronds climbing over the low bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in
+their native habitat. We have since collected and studied specimens of
+nearly every New England fern, and have carefully examined most of the
+other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the librarian, Mr.
+William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport herbarium
+in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of
+the daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger
+unmounted collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1]
+finding here a very large and fine assortment of _Botrychiums_, including a
+real _B. ternatum_ from Japan.
+
+[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]
+
+For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of
+the _Fern Bulletin_, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To
+him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and
+especially for helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness
+of the _American Fern Journal_ and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow.
+To our friend, Mr. C.H. Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of
+the checklist and for much helpful advice, and we are grateful to Mr.
+S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural History, for numerous
+courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his expert and
+helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.
+
+The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp,
+pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been
+photographed from the author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few
+are from the choice herbarium of Mr. George E. Davenport, and also a few
+reprints have been made from fern books, for which due credit is given. The
+Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is reprinted from Clute's "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts."
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in
+the highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are
+reinforced by woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect
+while permitting graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their
+frequent finely cut borders, and their rich shades of green combine to make
+them objects of rare beauty; while their unique vernation and method of
+fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of reproduction invest them
+with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and culture to the
+thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure the
+ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.
+
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+
+As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as
+swamps, ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be
+found along mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny
+crevice in some high cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating
+little plants, which protect themselves from drought by assuming a mantle
+of light wool, or of hair and chaff, with, perhaps, a covering of white
+powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a layer of moist air next to
+the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.
+
+Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection"
+ferns, reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of
+rain, and lo! they are green and flourishing.
+
+Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch
+to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or
+more.
+
+
+REPRODUCTION
+
+Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be,
+single fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the
+cinnamon fern. The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets,
+while the walking leaf bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.
+
+[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]
+
+Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as
+a fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little
+one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A
+spore falls upon damp soil and germinates, producing a small, green,
+shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime, which is called a prothállium
+(or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root hairs grow to give it
+stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs known as
+antherídia and archegònia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active,
+spiral bodies called ántherozòids, which lash about in the moisture of
+the prothállium until they find the archegònia, the cells of which are so
+arranged in each case as to form a tube around the central cell, which is
+called the òösphere, or egg-cell, the point to be fertilized. When one
+of the entering ántherozòids reaches this point the desired change is
+effected, and the canal of the archegònium closes. The empty òösphere
+becomes the quickened òösphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds
+normally by the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem,
+first leaf, etc., while the prothállium no longer needed to sustain its
+offspring withers away.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that
+the reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the
+naked eye.]
+
+Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the prothállus by a
+budding process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature
+"fulfills herself in many ways."[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is apógamy
+(apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from
+the frond without spores, for which process the term apóspory is used.
+(Meaning, literally, without spores.)]
+
+
+VERNATION
+
+All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real
+crosier is a bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered
+with "fern wool," which birds often use in lining their nests. This wool
+usually disappears later as the crosier unfolds into the broad green blade.
+The development of plant shoots from the bud is called vernation (Latin,
+_ver_ meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling of ferns, "circinnate
+vernation."
+
+
+VEINS
+
+The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do
+not connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When
+the veins intersect they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or
+network), and their meshes are called arèolæ or áreoles (Latin, _areola_, a
+little open space).
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, _pinna_, a feather), when its primary
+divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A frond
+is bipinnate (Latin, _bis_, twice) when the lobes of the pinnæ extend to
+the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the pinnæ are
+called pinnules. When a frond is tripínnate the last complete divisions are
+called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinnátifid when its lobes
+extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle lobes
+of the pinnátifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinnæ of a frond are often
+pinnátifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate
+in its lower part and become pinnátifid higher up as in the pinnátifid
+spleenwort just mentioned (Fig. 3).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+The divisions of a pinnátifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinnátifid
+or tripinnátifid leaf, ultimate segments.
+
+
+SPORÁNGIA AND FRUIT DOTS
+
+Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or sporángia
+(Fig. 4). They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin
+of a frond, either on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like
+racemes on separate stalks. Sori (singular _sorus_, a heap), or fruit dots
+may be naked as in the polypody, but are usually covered with a thin,
+delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a dress, or mantle). The
+family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium;
+e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped,
+etc.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a
+vertical, elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm
+closely coiled (Fig. 4). As the spores mature, the ring contracts and
+bursts with considerable force, scattering the spores. The spores of the
+different genera mature at different times from May to September. A good
+time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting season. (For times of
+fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on page 220.)
+
+
+HELPFUL HINTS
+
+The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:
+
+1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the
+sori, veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these
+items may aid in identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a
+convenient two-bladed pocket glass for about two dollars.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is
+mounted in a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector
+to use both hands. A tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it
+can spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to
+grow. It is decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants.
+Pick your fern leaf down close to the root-stock, including a portion of
+that also, if it can be spared. Place your fronds between newspaper sheets
+and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or other absorbent paper). Cover
+with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of several pounds,
+leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then cured,
+change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets.
+The regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually
+3-3/4 by 1-3/4 inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.
+
+  HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+  _Ophioglóssum vulgatum_, L.
+  (Adder's Tongue)
+  Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+  August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+  Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+  but often overlooked
+
+Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now
+ready to be laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12
+inches.
+
+It is well to jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This
+is the method in use at the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course,
+be modified to suit one's own taste or convenience. The young collector can
+begin by simply pressing his specimens between the leaves of a book,
+the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them in a blank book
+designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he can cut
+out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at
+the back. Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount
+the specimens on these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing
+those of the same genus together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though
+crude, will serve for a beginning, while stimulating his interest, and
+advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him collect, press, and mount
+as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date and place of
+collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of pleasant
+hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.
+
+We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying
+the living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts,
+habits, and structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student,
+while familiarizing yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not
+neglect the scientific names, which often hold the key to their meaning.
+Repeat over and over the name of each genus in soliloquy and in
+conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern with its family
+name--"_Adiantum_," "_Polystichum_," "_Asplenium_," and all the rest. Fix
+them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and growing
+knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr.
+Davenport, loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly
+stroke their leaves, and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by
+the All-wise Interpreter.
+
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GENERA
+
+
+This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of
+these are from Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt & Co.
+
+As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some
+species to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a
+fertile frond, but one in as good condition as possible. For convenience
+the ferns may be considered in two classes.
+
+
+I
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES
+AND NOT ON THE BACK OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE
+
+(Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+fronds thread-like and tortuous.
+
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+sporangia; fruit in early spring.
+
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinnátifid sterile fronds.
+
+Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinnæ; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+frond tall, pinnátifid; fruit late.
+
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea struthiopteris_.
+
+
+B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of
+fertile pinnæ.
+
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinnæ palmate; rachis
+twining.
+
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile pinnæ pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+forming a panicle at the top.
+
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+sterile.
+
+Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+spike.
+
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+in spikes.
+
+Grape Ferns. Moonwort. _Botrychium_.
+
+
+II
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. INDUSIUM WANTING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.
+
+Polypody. _Polypodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.
+
+Beech Ferns. _Phegopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the
+fronds covered with whitish powder.
+
+Cloak Ferns. _Notholæna_.
+
+
+B. INDUSIUM PRESENT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.
+
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.
+
+(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+Bracken. Brake. _Pteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. _Adiantum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.
+
+Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. _Pellæa_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip
+Ferns. _Cheilanthes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile
+fronds broad. Rock brakes. _Cryptogramma_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.
+
+(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. _Woodwardia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.
+
+Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in
+rocky woods. Shield Ferns. _Polystichum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. _Aspidium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. _Cystopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+least at the base, and growing in tufts. _Woodsia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see _Athyrium_.)
+
+Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+_Scolopendrium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined
+at the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+_Asplenium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. _Athyrium_.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS
+
+
+In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five
+distinct families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be
+treated, is that of the _real ferns (Polypodiàceæ)_ with sixty species and
+several chief varieties. Then follow the _flowering ferns (Osmundàceæ)_
+with three species; the _curly grass_ and _climbing ferns (Schizæàceæ)_
+with two species; the _adder's tongue_ and _grape ferns (Ophioglossàceæ)_
+with seven species; and the _filmy ferns (Hymenophyllàceæ)_ with one
+species.
+
+Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of
+ferns have five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+1. The Fern Family proper (_Polypodiàceæ_) has the spore cases stalked and
+bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots
+containing the spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2),
+or covered by an indusium, as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).
+
+2. The Royal Fern Family (_Osmunda_) has the spore cases stalked with only
+a rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).
+
+3. The Climbing Fern Family (_Lygodium, Schizæa_) has the spore cases
+sessile in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring
+around the upper portion (Fig. 5).[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]
+
+4. The Adder's Tongue Family (_Ophioglóssum, Botrýchium_) has simple spore
+cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit
+(Fig. 6).
+
+5. The Filmy Fern Family (_Trichómanes_) has the spore cases along
+a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly
+two-lipped involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7]
+
+
+
+
+THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS
+
+_POLYPODIÀCEÆ_
+
+
+Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia),
+which are collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back
+of the frond or form lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia
+surrounded by vertical, elastic rings bursting transversely and scattering
+the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often covered, at least when young, by a
+membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.
+
+
+THE POLYPODIES
+
+1. POLYPODY. _Polypodium_
+
+(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)
+
+Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are
+covered with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the
+back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia
+pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. A
+large genus with about 350 species, widely distributed, mostly in tropical
+regions.
+
+(1) COMMON POLYPODY. _Polypodium vulgare_
+
+Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall,
+smooth, oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway
+between the midrib and the margin, but nearer the margin.
+
+[Illustration: Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_]
+
+Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks
+after their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's
+seal. The polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the
+fronds cling together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers
+their beauty a long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including
+Europe and Japan.
+
+In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted mass.
+
+Var. _cambricum_ has segments broader and more or less strongly toothed.
+
+Var. _cristatum_ has the segments forked at the ends.
+
+Several other forms are also found.
+
+[Illustration: Fruited Frond]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_ (Photographed by
+Miles Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)]
+
+(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY
+
+_Polypodium incànum. P. polypodiòides_
+
+Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinnátifid, gray and scurfy
+underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather
+small, near the margin and obscured by the chaff.
+
+[Illustration: Gray or Hoary Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_]
+
+In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the
+Greek ending _oides_ (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it
+often grows on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north
+as Staten Island. It is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly
+by moisture after seeming to be dead from long drouth. July to September.
+Widely distributed in tropical America. Often called Tree-Polypody.
+
+
+
+
+THE BRACKEN GROUP
+
+
+Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of
+which serve as indusia.
+
+
+1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE
+
+_Ptèris aquilina_. PTERÍDIUM LATIÚSCULUM[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in
+part the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]
+
+Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the
+widely spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less
+pinnátifid. Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin
+of the ultimate divisions whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek,
+_pteron_, a wing, the feathery fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)
+
+[Illustration: Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Providence County, R.I.)]
+
+[Illustration: A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Suffolk County, Mass.)]
+
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+
+The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It
+flourishes in thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant
+shade. It is found in all parts of the world, and is said to be the most
+common of all our North American ferns. In a cross section of the mature
+stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof" and "King Charles in the oak,"
+and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of an oak tree. It was
+the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed to bear the
+mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).
+
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+
+This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.
+
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of
+our English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc.,
+and fern (meaning the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel,
+Fernside, Farnsworth, etc. Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale,
+Fernwood, and others. Although the bracken is coarse and common, it makes a
+desirable background for rockeries, or other fern masses. The young ferns
+should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long, running
+rootstock as possible.
+
+Var. _pseudocaudàta_ has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is
+a common southern form.
+
+[Illustration: Var. _pseudocaudata_]
+
+
+
+2. MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum_
+
+Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends
+of free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered
+portion of the pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches
+of the leaves very slender and polished.
+
+(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the
+leaves.)
+
+(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum pedatum_
+
+A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches
+high, the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal,
+recurved branches, the pinnæ all springing from the upper side. Pinnules
+triangular-oblong, bearing short sori on their inwardly reflexed margins
+which form the indusium.
+
+[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnæ of Maidenhair]
+
+The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also
+sheds water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with
+their divisions all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern,
+known and admired by every one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested
+by the black, wiry roots growing from the slender rootstock, or by the
+dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it, "because the black roots,
+like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of signatures' to be
+good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the 'syrup of
+capillaire'[A] (_Am. Botanist_, November, 1921). While the maidenhair is
+not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our
+section, westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.
+
+"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many
+localities, it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm.
+Its chosen haunts are dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides
+sloping to the river. In such retreats you find the feathery fronds
+tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in their neighborhood you find,
+also, the very spirit of the woods."
+
+
+MRS. PARSONS.
+
+[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+breathing.]
+
+[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_, Var. _aleuticum_
+(Fernald and Collins, Gaspé County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade.
+Along with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern
+border.
+
+Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+abundant on the high tableland of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, where it is
+said to cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six
+to ten inches high, growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the
+pinnules finely toothed instead of rounded and the indusia often lunate,
+rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in _Rhodora_, November, 1905.) Also
+found in northern Vermont, and to the northwestward.
+
+(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. _Adiantum Capíllus-Veneris_
+
+Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate
+below. Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and
+irregularly incised. Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the
+ribs of a fan.
+
+[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_]
+
+While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is
+confined to the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as
+Virginia, where it meets, but scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The
+medicinal properties of _Adiantum pedatum_ were earlier ascribed to the
+more southern species, which is common in Great Britain, but, like many
+another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long since defunct.
+
+
+
+3. CLIFF BRAKES. _Pellàea_
+
+Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line
+of the bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile
+segments which are more or less membranous. (Pellæa, from the Greek
+_pellos_, meaning dusky, in allusion to the dark stipes.)
+
+(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. _Pellæa atropurpùrea_
+
+Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and
+harsh to the touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply
+pinnate, or bipinnate below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or
+the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or
+else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about twice forked. Basal scales
+extending into long, slender tips, colorless or yellow.
+
+[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellæa atropurpurea_]
+
+Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout
+the winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky
+ledges with a preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and
+mature fronds its pinnæ are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes
+are purplish, its leaves are bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or
+yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the cliffs thrives in cultivation.
+Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and valuable. It is not only
+beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green emphasizing
+all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal
+fire or radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect,
+and if allowed to dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when
+put in a moist atmosphere. It makes but one imperative demand, and that is
+the privilege of standing still. Overzealous culturists usually like to
+turn things around, but revolving cliffs are not in the natural order of
+things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to changes of light
+and warped and twisted fronds result."
+
+Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+_cristata_ has forked pinnæ somewhat crowded toward the summit of the
+frond. Missouri.
+
+
+(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Pellàea glabella. Pellàea atropurpùrea_, var. _Bushii_
+
+Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark
+polished stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales
+having a few bluntish teeth on each edge. Pinnæ sub-opposite, divergent,
+narrowly oblong, obtuse; base truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally
+auricled; lower pinnæ often with orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile
+pinnæ broader, bluish or greenish glaucous above, often crowded to
+overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern range, growing
+from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found rarely, if
+at all, in southern New England.
+
+[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptográmma densa. Pellaèa densa_
+
+Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the
+slender cliff brake under the genus _Cryptográmma_, which is so nearly like
+_Pellaea_ that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptográmma
+means in Greek a _hidden line_, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden
+beneath the reflexed margin.
+
+The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:
+
+Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches,
+triangular-ovate, pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments
+linear, sharp-pointed, mostly fertile, having the margins entire and
+recurved, giving the sori the appearance of half-open pods. Sterile
+fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts ("_densa_") slender, wiry,
+light-brown.
+
+This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices
+in rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it
+produces spores in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading,
+and its fertile fronds are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and
+begin to fruit when very small. Gaspé and Mt. Albert in the Province of
+Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far west.
+
+
+(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptográmma Stellèri. Pellaèa grácilis_
+
+Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with
+few pinnæ. The lower pinnæ pinnately parted into three to five divisions,
+those of the fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile,
+obovate or ovate, crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone
+rocks. Quebec and New Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and
+to the northwest.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_]
+
+We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone
+cliffs of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto
+whose sides were kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near
+its charming abode high on the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by
+its pleasing, simple name, "Pellæa gracilis," now changed for scientific
+reasons, but we still like the old name better.
+
+
+(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN
+
+_Cryptográmma acrostichòides_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear
+and pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants
+spring from crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes
+of the fertile fronds are about twice as long as the sterile, making two
+tiers of fronds.
+
+[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+(California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus _Cryptográmma_. The
+indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed
+to the midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out
+flat and exposing the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock
+brake," calls it a border species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic
+America to Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Colorado and California.
+
+
+
+4. LIP FERNS. _Cheilánthes_
+
+Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with
+much divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and
+roundish, but afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and
+sometimes herbaceous, formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the
+whole pinnule. Veins free, but often obscure. Most of the ferns of this
+genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where rain is sometimes absent for
+weeks and months. For this reason they protect themselves by a covering
+of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of water from the
+plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the surface of
+the frond. (In Greek the word means _lip flower_, alluding to the lip-like
+indusia.)
+
+(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes alabaménsis_
+
+Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinnæ
+numerous, oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above.
+Pinnules triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the
+base. Indusia pale, membranous and continuous except between the lobes.
+Stipes black, slender and tomentose at the base.
+
+[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within
+our limits by its smooth pinnæ. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to
+Kentucky, and Alabama, and westward to Arizona.
+
+(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes lanòsa, C. véstita_
+
+[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]
+
+Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinnátifid pinnules; seven
+to fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinnæ
+triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed
+and forming separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening
+sporangia.
+
+This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from
+clefts and ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two
+following species. Unlike most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not
+partial to limestone, but grows on other rocks as well. It has been found
+as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near New York, and in New Jersey,
+Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.
+
+(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes tomentòsa_
+
+Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinnæ
+and pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender,
+whitish, obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal
+one is twice as long as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow
+margin forming a continuous, membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown,
+densely woolly.
+
+By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in
+the most exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the
+"rarest, tallest and handsomest of the lip ferns."
+
+Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas
+and Arizona.
+
+(4) SLENDER LIP FERN
+
+_Cheilánthes Féei, C. lanuginòsa_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds
+three to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly
+articulated hairs, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnæ ovate, the lowest
+deltoid. Pinnules divided into minute, densely crowded segments, the
+herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]
+
+The slender lip fern, known also as Fée's fern, is much the smallest of the
+lip ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only
+one-third as tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it.
+The fronds form tangled mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks
+and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, and south to Texas,
+New Mexico and Arizona.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnæ of Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Féei_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+
+5. CLOAK FERN. _Notholàena_
+
+Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the
+pinnules, at first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without
+indusium. Veins free. Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower
+surface hairy, or tomentose or powdery. Includes about forty species,
+mostly American, but only one within our limits. (Greek name means
+_spurious cloak_, alluding to the rudimentary or counterfeit indusium.)
+
+(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. _Notholàena dealbàta_
+
+Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the
+base, tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface
+of the very small segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with
+a pure, white powder; hence, the specific name _dealbata_, which means
+whitened. Sori brown at length; veins free.
+
+There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits.
+The dry, white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect
+them from too rapid evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and
+sunny places. This delicate rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry
+limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and southwestward.
+
+
+
+THE CHAIN FERNS. _Woodwardia_
+
+Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly
+two-pinnate fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or
+more chain-like rows, parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by
+its outer margin to a veinlet and opening on the inner side. In our
+section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English
+botanist.)
+
+[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena
+dealbata_ (Kansas) (G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern.
+_Woodwardia virginica_]
+
+(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. _Woodwardia virgínica_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+pinnate, the pinnæ deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong
+in chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinnæ and the lobes,
+confluent when ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles)
+beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in
+July.
+
+The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow
+in crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the
+chain fern rise singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at
+intervals all summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds.
+There are usually more sterile than fertile blades, especially in dense
+shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry swamp in Melrose, Mass.,
+where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and other swamp
+bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces
+the south. Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast,
+and often in company with the narrow-leaved species.
+
+[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_ (Stratford,
+Conn.)]
+
+(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN
+
+NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN
+
+_Woodwardia areolàta. W. angustifòlia_
+
+Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile
+ones nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with
+lanceolate, serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate;
+fertile fronds taller, twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear
+divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots in a single row each side of the
+secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the tissues.
+
+This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow
+near each other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near
+Boston, and both have been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and
+doubtless in other towns along the coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding
+them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's Bay. The net-veined species
+has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the latter the spore
+cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and rolling up of
+the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of long,
+narrow pinnæ. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations
+between the fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness.
+Waters calls them the "_obtusilobàta_ form."
+
+[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's
+5. Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]
+
+
+THE SPLEENWORTS
+
+
+A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. _Asplènium_
+
+Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when
+young. Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper
+side of a fertile veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of
+rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.
+
+(1) PINNÁTIFID SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium pinnatífídum_
+
+Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinnátifid or pinnate near the
+base, tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or
+the lower pair acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted,
+two to four inches long, brownish beneath, green above.
+
+Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited,
+it is extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence
+southward to Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks.
+Resembles the walking fern, and its tip sometimes takes root.
+
+(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium ebenòides_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinnátifid or pinnate
+below, tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from
+a broad base. Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis
+brown.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_ a, Small
+Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_ a, from Virginia;
+b, from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is
+a hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by
+Miss Margaret Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of
+its parents. It was discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a
+suburb of Philadelphia, and described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of
+September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama, Missouri, and southward. Rare, but
+said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana, Ala.
+
+[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium víride_]
+
+(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium víride_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinnæ
+roundish-ovate, crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks
+tufted, short, brownish below, green above. Rachis green.
+
+Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in
+1876. Found sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr.
+This rare and delicate little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the
+maidenhair spleenwort, which, however, has dark stipes instead of green.
+
+Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_]
+
+(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Trichómanes_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches
+long, linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinnæ roundish-oblong or oval,
+entire or finely crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins
+forking and evanescent.
+
+Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be
+looked for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone.
+July.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (From
+Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium párvulum. A. resíliens_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinnæ
+opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base.
+Stipes and rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.
+
+This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and
+ebony spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in
+being smaller and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of
+the same size. Mountains of Virginia to Kansas and southward.
+
+(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium platynèuron. A. ebèneum_
+
+Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the
+fertile ones much taller, and pinnate. Pinnæ scarcely an inch long, the
+lower ones very much shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or
+incised, the base auricled. Sori numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe
+and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")
+
+This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and
+on rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come
+upon it many times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.
+
+A lightly incised form of the pinnæ has been described as var. _serratum_.
+A handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named
+_Hortonæ_ (also called _incisum_) has plume-like fronds with the pinnæ cut
+into oblique lobes, which are coarsely serrate.
+
+[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_ (Melrose, Mass.,
+G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_ a, from Maryland;
+b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Brádleyi_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinnæ
+oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnátifid into oblong, toothed lobes.
+The basal pinnæ have broad bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked.
+Stipes and rachis dark brown and the sori short, near the midrib.
+
+A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and
+confined mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and
+Alabama, westward to Arkansas.
+
+(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium montanum_
+
+Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long,
+somewhat leathery, pinnate. Pinnæ ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft
+into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less
+divided. Rachis green, broad, and flat.
+
+[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]
+
+Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of
+rocks and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest.
+July. Rare. Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species,
+"Common on all sandstone cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks
+by the banks of streams."
+
+(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Ruta-murària_
+
+Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to
+three pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture.
+Divisions few, stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised
+at the apex. Veins forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon
+confluent.
+
+[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. _A. Ruta-muraria_ (Top, Lake
+Huron--Lower Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium
+of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and
+is rather rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common,
+growing everywhere on walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt., to Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and southward.
+
+
+B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. _Athýrium_
+
+The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in
+rich soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock
+spleenworts just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus
+_Asplenium_ because their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly
+curved, but others are inclined to follow the practice of the British
+botanists and put them into a separate group under _Athýrium_. Nearly all
+agree that the lady fern, with its variously curved sori, should be placed
+here, and many others would place the silvery spleenwort in the same genus,
+partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In regard to the last member
+of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more doubt. The sori
+taken separately would place it with the _Aspleniums_, but considering its
+size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely allied to
+the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more
+definite adopt Clute's felicitous phrase.
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN
+
+
+1. THE LADY FERNS
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,
+tapering towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules
+oblong-lanceolate, cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously
+curved. Indusium delicate, often reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in
+some forms confluent at maturity.
+
+Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer
+nomenclature separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct
+species, which should be carefully studied.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in _Rhodora_ of September,
+1917.]
+
+(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATHÝRIUM ANGÚSTUM
+
+_Asplènium Fìlix-femina_
+
+The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how
+the thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In
+the Lowland Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe
+bases, and so may be distinguished from its sister fern.
+
+One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during
+the summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring.
+The undecayed bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the
+same purpose.
+
+[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]
+
+[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_]
+
+Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old
+fronds. Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved,
+often horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but
+without glands. Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the
+middle.
+
+This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian
+Provinces. The fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties
+have been pointed out, but the fern student, having first learned to
+identify the species, will gradually master the few leading varieties as he
+meets them.
+
+Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature
+incline to cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These
+are varieties TÝPICUM and ELÀTIUS, both with the pinnæ obliquely ascending
+(including variety _angustum_ of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader
+fronds with the pinnules of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+acute and strongly toothed or pinnatifid.
+
+[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--1st and 2nd, Var.
+_typicum; 3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum_]
+
+Var. RUBÉLLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand
+at a wide angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed
+or pinnatifid with obtuse teeth. This variety favors regions with cool
+summers, or dense shade in warmer regions. The term RUBÉLLUM alludes to
+the reddish stems so often seen but this sign alone may not determine the
+variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species, being a common
+New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of the
+species in southern Nova Scotia.
+
+Among other varieties named by Butters are CONFÉRTUM, having the pinnules
+irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of
+the pinnules broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance;
+LACINIÀTUM with pinnules very irregular in size and shape, with many long,
+acute teeth, which project in various directions. "An abnormal form which
+looks as if it had been nibbled when young."
+
+These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.
+
+(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN
+
+ATHÝRIUM ASPLENIÒIDES
+
+Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the
+fronds. Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few,
+seldom persistent, rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly
+deltoid, lanceolate, widest near the base, the second pair of pinnæ
+commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia (hairs) ending in glands.
+Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.
+
+[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The following two forms are named by Butters:
+
+F. TÝPICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.
+
+F. SUBTRIPINNÀTUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular,
+lanceolate, and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet
+situations in half shade. Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.
+
+Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes
+up the Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in
+Pennsylvania and southern New England, and their identification can hardly
+fail to awaken in the student a keen interest.
+
+Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real _Athýrium
+fìlix-fémina_ is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but
+is rather a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky
+Mountain region and identical with _Athýrium cyclosòrum_.
+
+But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old _Athýrium
+fìlix-fémina_, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within
+our limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.
+
+Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus _Asplenium_, mentions
+the form "_exìle_, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations
+and often fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's
+"_angústum_," and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally
+unimportant that have been described of this species."
+
+The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its
+best is a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have
+noticed that in the late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of
+its forms become disfigured and present a rather blotched and coarse
+appearance." The lady fern has inspired several poems, which have been
+quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following lines are from
+the pen of Calder Campbell:
+
+  "But not by burne in wood or dale
+  Grows anything so fair
+  As the palmy crest of emerald pale
+  Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn
+  To gold her delicate hair."
+
+Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing
+stipes of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green
+of the foliage.
+
+In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the
+curved sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age,
+although such changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the
+poetic Davenport may be helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm
+about the various forms of the lady fern, which soon enables one to know it
+from its peculiarly graceful motion by merely gently swaying a frond in the
+hand." Spores ripen in August.
+
+The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to
+crowd aside its neighbors.
+
+(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATHÝRIUM ACROSTICHÒIDES
+
+_Asplènium acrostichòides. Asplènium thelypteròides_
+
+Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle.
+Pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong,
+obtuse, minutely toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear
+fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when young.
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]
+
+The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear
+until late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper
+surface of the fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the
+Marsh fern tribe, which it somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly
+straight, clear-cut sori of the fertile fronds are very attractive, and
+the lower ones, as well as those at the slender tips of the pinnæ, are
+frequently double.
+
+Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward.
+Generally distributed but hardly common.
+
+(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT
+
+ATHÝRIUM ANGUSTIFÒLIUM. _Asplenium angustifòlium_
+
+Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinnæ numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower.
+Fruit-dots linear. Indusium slightly convex.
+
+[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_ (Vermont)
+(Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and
+southward. September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden,
+Conn., and Danville, Vt. Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to
+severe weather, as its thin and delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson
+writes of it, "There is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and
+refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut, delicately made-up
+fern."
+
+[Illustration: Pinnæ and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_]
+
+
+
+
+HART'S TONGUE
+
+_Scolopéndrium_. PHYLLÌTIS
+
+Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to
+it, the indusium appearing to be double. (_Scolopendrium_ is the Greek for
+centipede, whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. _Phyllitis_ is the
+ancient Greek name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_]
+
+(1) _Scolopendrium vulgàre_
+
+PHYLLÌTIS SCOLOPÉNDRIUM
+
+Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+bright green.
+
+In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and
+Scolopendrium Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in
+Ontario and New Brunswick. One of the rarest of our native ferns, although
+very common in Great Britain. This plant is said to be easily cultivated,
+and to produce numerous varieties. According to Woolson, "No rockery is
+complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy, undulating fronds
+of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+England."
+
+[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_ (Base of calcareous
+rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]
+
+
+WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF
+
+_Camptosòrus_
+
+Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in _Asplènium_, but irregularly scattered on
+either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones
+sometimes confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name
+from the Greek meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.
+
+_Camptosòrus rhizophyllus_
+
+Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at
+the base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a
+new plant. Veins reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes
+elongated and may even take root.
+
+This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the
+tips taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other
+rocks. Shapleigh and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon),
+and Connecticut, Mt. Toby, Mass., and western New England; also Canada to
+Georgia and westward.
+
+[Illustration: Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIELD FERNS
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS
+
+_Polýstichum_
+
+These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed
+under the genus _Polýstichum_, which has the sori round and covered with
+a circular indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood
+ferns, on the other hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the
+fronds by the sinus. (_Polýstichum_ is the Greek for many rows, the sori of
+some species being in many ranks.)
+
+(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN
+
+_Polýstichum acrostichòides. Aspídium acrostichòides_
+
+Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to
+two feet long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinnæ linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped,
+auricled on the upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinnæ
+contracted toward the top, bearing two rows of sori, which soon become
+confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium orbicular, fixed by its
+depressed center.
+
+_F. incìsum_ is a form in which the pinnæ are much incised.
+
+_F. críspum_ has the edges of its pinnæ crisped and ruffled. The name
+Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness
+for winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome
+at Christmas time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance
+the beauty of the other ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous
+mass of earth should be included and its roots should not be disturbed.
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_ Top, Forked
+Form; Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]
+
+(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN
+
+_Polystichum Bráunii. Aspídium aculeàtum Bráunii_
+
+Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate,
+tapering both ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly
+rectangular at the base, sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and
+hairs. Fruit-dots small and near the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire.
+Stipes chaffy with brown scales.
+
+[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_ (Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]
+
+This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have
+collected it in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt.
+Mansfield, Randolph, and elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H.,
+and Fernald reports it as common in northern Maine. It also grows in the
+mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and westward. It was formerly
+thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (_P. aculeàtum_), which
+has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain green
+through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.
+
+(3) HOLLY FERN. _Polystichum Lonchìtis_
+
+Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches
+long. Pinnæ broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly
+auricled on the upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between
+the margin and midrib.
+
+[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada,
+West, Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]
+
+The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonchìtis (like a spear) refers to
+its sharp teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador
+to Alaska, and south to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its
+southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of the Christmas
+fern.
+
+
+
+
+THE MARSH FERN TRIBE
+
+
+Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which
+have a close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the
+wood ferns, which also belong to the shield fern family.
+
+(1) THE MARSH FERN
+
+_Aspídium thelýpteris_. THELÝPTERIS PALÚSTRIS
+_Dryópteris thelýpteris. Nephròdium thelýpteris_
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]
+
+These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. _Aspídium_,
+Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions
+of Gray's Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its
+friends. _Dryópteris_, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood
+and Britton and Brown and has grown in favor. _Nephròdium_, meaning
+kidney-like, favored by Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most
+fitting name. THELÝPTERIS, meaning lady fern, is found to be the earliest
+name in use and according to rule the correct one.
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_]
+
+Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base.
+Pinnæ horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply
+pinnatifid. Lobes obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed
+over the sori. Veins once forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the
+blades ten to fifteen inches above the mud, whence they spring.
+
+The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of
+tapering to very small pinnæ; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into
+the sunlight, and by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have
+suggested for it the name of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from
+the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins. Common in marshes and damp
+woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh fern loves
+moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale
+in which Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in
+open sunlight on clay soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy
+environment had been long since cleared away while the deserted ferns
+persisted.
+
+(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN
+
+_Aspidium simulàtum_. THELÝPTERIS SIMULÀTA
+_Dryópteris simulata. Nephròdium simulàtum_
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+narrowed at the base. Pinnæ lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most
+often turned inward. Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.
+
+Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety.
+In some respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact
+intermediate between the two.
+
+[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_ 1. Sterile Frond.
+2. A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+Bulletin")]
+
+That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in
+1880, and it later was named _simulàtum_ by Geo. E. Davenport because of
+its similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its
+thin texture and particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close
+resemblance to the marsh fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh
+Fern," instead of the irrelevant name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland
+swamps usually in deep shade, New England to Maryland and westward. Often
+found growing with the marsh fern.
+
+(3) NEW YORK FERN
+
+_Aspidium noveboracénse_. THELÝPTERIS NOVEBORACÉNSIS
+_Dryópteris noveboracénsis. Nephròdium noveboracénse_
+
+Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinnæ lanceolate,
+pinnatifid, the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple.
+Indusium minute and beset with glands.
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern.
+August. The fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the
+midrib and veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This
+species can be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinnæ
+at its base. Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEECH FERNS
+
+
+The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them,
+they have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood
+ferns. Their stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori
+at the ends of the veins as in the polypodies. We here place them with
+the wood ferns, retaining the familiar name _Phegópteris_ but giving
+THELÝPTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are small, round and naked,
+borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the
+rootstock. Veins free. (The name _Phegópteris_ in Greek means oak or beech
+fern.)
+
+(1) OAK FERN
+
+_Phegópteris dryópteris_. THELÝPTERIS DRYÓPTERIS
+
+Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad,
+the divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments
+oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock
+slender and creeping from which fronds are produced all summer, in
+appearance like the small, ternate divisions of the bracken.
+
+This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of
+all green things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the
+uncoiling of the fronds, the three round balls suggesting the sign of the
+pawnbroker. The parts of the oak fern develop with great regularity, each
+pinna, pinnule and lobe having another exactly opposite to it nearly
+always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in Virginia, Kansas and
+Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the artificial
+rockery.
+
+[Illustration: Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_]
+
+
+
+(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calcàrea_
+
+THELÝPTERIS ROBERTIÀNA
+
+Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the
+terminal segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and
+fronds minutely glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions
+scarcely longer than the others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the
+beech ferns having formerly been classed with the polypodies. Britton and
+Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak Fern." Canada and the northwestern
+states. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_ (From Water's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]
+
+(3) BROAD BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris hexagonóptera_
+
+THELÝPTERIS HEXAGONÓPTERA
+
+Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad,
+spreading more or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent
+and often glandular beneath; pinnæ fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair
+usually much larger than those above, having the segments elongated and cut
+into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and forming a many-angled wing along
+the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the margin.
+
+The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech
+fern, and extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota
+and southward to Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody."
+According to Dodge it is most common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It
+prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said to have a pleasant, ferny odor
+when bruised. August.
+
+(4) LONG BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris polypodiòides_. THELÝPTERIS PHEGÓPTERIS
+
+Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice
+pinnatifid. Pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and
+standing forward; cut into oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin.
+
+Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister
+fern rather closely.
+
+It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and
+southward to the mountains of Virginia. July.
+
+[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. _Phegopteris polypodioides_]
+
+[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE FRAGRANT FERN
+
+_Aspídium fràgrans. Nephròdium fràgrans_
+
+THELÝPTERIS FRÀGRANS. _Dryópteris fràgrans_
+
+Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate
+and twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply
+pinnatifid. Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the
+large, thin, imbricated indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus,
+having the margins ragged and sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and
+chaffy.
+
+The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from
+north of the White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and
+in the Green Mountains south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to
+Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a
+singularly sweet and lasting fragrance, compared by some to strawberries,
+by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves. We have seen herbarium
+specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after several years. When
+growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness and its
+beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.
+
+[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_ (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS
+
+ASPIDIUM
+
+Fronds pinnate, the pinnæ pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinnæ reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinnæ but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinnæ short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinnæ longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_]
+
+
+
+THE WOOD FERNS
+
+
+The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the
+woods or at least shady places. Although the genus _Polýstichum_ represents
+the true shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their
+indusia have nearly the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic
+name for them all was _Aspídium_ (meaning shield), first published in 1800.
+For a long time its chief rival was _Nephròdium_ (kidney-like), 1803. Many
+modern botanists have preferred the earlier name _Dryópteris_ (1763),
+meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to its forest-loving habits.
+THELÝPTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the others.
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's
+"Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
+
+_Aspídium marginàle_. THELÝPTERIS MARGINÀLIS
+_Dryópteris marginàlis. Nephròdium marginàle_
+
+Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat
+leathery, smooth, twice pinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just
+above the base. Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed.
+Fruit-dots large, round, close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich
+woods, rather common throughout our area. The heavy rootstock rises
+slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown with shaggy, brown
+scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over bare
+rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a
+graceful circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are
+short and densely chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well.
+The fronds burdened with snow lop over among the withered leaves and
+continue green until the new ones shoot up in the spring. It is the most
+valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.
+
+(2) THE MALE FERN
+
+_Aspídium Fìlix-mas_. THELÝPTERIS FÌLIX-MAS
+_Dryópteris Fìlix-mas. Nephròdium Fìlix-mas_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from
+a shaggy rootstock. Pinnæ lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules
+oblong, obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal
+incisely lobed, distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the
+mid vein than the margin, mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.
+
+The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds
+are thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use
+in medicine is of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known
+_fìlix-mas_ of the pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties,
+but is mainly prescribed as a vermifuge, which is one of the names given to
+it. In Europe it is regarded as the typical fern, being oftener mentioned
+and figured than any other. In rocky woods, Canada, Northfield, Vt., and
+northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: The Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_ (Vermont)]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33G. _Aspidium filix mas_ 1, Illustration
+exhibiting general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of
+rhizome showing the conducting bundles a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing
+sori; a indusium b, sporangia; 4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a
+soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c, sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a,
+stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO OFFICINAL) From a German
+print, giving details]
+
+(3) GOLDIE'S FERN
+
+_Aspidium Goldiànum_. THELYPTERIS GOLDIÀNA
+_Dryopteris Goldiàna. Nephrodium Goldiànum_
+
+Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly
+ovate, especially the sterile ones. Pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, broadest
+in the middle. The divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear,
+slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very near the midvein. Indusium large,
+orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark brown to nearly black
+with a peculiar silky lustre.
+
+A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It
+delights in rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from
+Canada to Kentucky. While not common, there are numerous colonies in New
+England. It is reported from Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass.,
+and frequently west of the Connecticut River. We have often admired a large
+and beautiful colony of it on the west side of Willoughby Mountain in
+Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to a fern
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_ (Vermont, 1874.
+C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &
+Co.)]
+
+(4) THE CRESTED FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristàtum_. THELÝPTERIS CRISTÀTA
+
+_Dryopteris cristàta. Nephrodium cristàtum_
+
+Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute.
+Pinnæ two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong,
+or the lowest triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or
+cut-toothed, those nearest the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large,
+round, half way between the midvein and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked,
+with a shallow sinus.
+
+The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous
+only in winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found
+only in summer.
+
+It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with
+their dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile
+pinnæ have a way of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond
+for more light. In moist land, Canada to Kentucky.
+
+Var. _Clintoniànum_. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in
+every way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the
+midvein, the sides of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to
+New York and westward. "Rare in New England attaining its best development
+in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt. Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine
+for cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_]
+
+[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_, var.
+_Clintonianum_ (Gray Herbarium)]
+
+CRESTED MARGINAL FERN
+
+_Aspídium cristàtum X marginàle_
+
+
+Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the
+marginal shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is
+like _marginale_ and the lower like _cristàtum_, including the veining and
+texture.
+
+This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in
+his fern garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends
+are indebted for specimens.
+
+Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed
+hybrids have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern
+and its variety _intermèdium_, and with Goldie's fern; also between the
+crested fern, including Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned;
+and, in fact, between almost all pairs of species of the wood ferns,
+although we do not think they have been positively verified. Still other
+species of ferns are known to hybridize more or less, as we saw in the case
+of Scott's spleenwort.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. _Aspidium Cristatum X
+marginale_ (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium cristatum X marginale_ One of the very best for
+cultivation]
+
+(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium Boottii_. THELÝPTERIS BOOTTII
+
+_Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper
+pinnæ lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows
+each side of the midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the
+lower pinules. Indusium large, minutely glandular, variable.
+
+This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose
+ferns, but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile
+fronds wither in autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout
+the winter. It differs from it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and
+from the typical spinulose fern by its glandular indusium; but from the
+intermediate variety it is more difficult to separate it, as that also has
+indusiate glands. The collector needs to study authentic specimens and
+have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as an aid to the
+verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium Boottii_]
+
+(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium spinulòsum. THELÝPTERIS SPINULÒSA
+
+Dryopteris spinulòsa. Nephrodium spinulòsum_
+
+Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and
+one-half feet long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinnæ oblique to
+the rachis, the lower ones broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated.
+Pinnules on the inferior side of the pinnæ often elongated, especially the
+lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis being usually the longest, at
+least in the lowest pinnæ. Pinnules variously cut into spinulose-toothed
+segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.
+
+The common European type, but in this country far less common than its
+varieties. They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their
+graceful outline and spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be
+transplanted without great difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon
+them for its most effective lacework.
+
+Var. _intermèdium_ has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinnæ spreading, oblong-lanceolate.
+Pinnules pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex.
+Margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands.
+In woods nearly everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of
+this variety are gathered in our northern woods, placed in cold storage and
+sent to florists to be used in decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not
+disturbed the crop is renewed from year to year, and no great harm seems to
+result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.
+
+[Footnote A: _Horticulture_ reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly
+$100,000 were paid out in wages.]
+
+[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_ (Maine, 1877,
+Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. _intermedium_]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. AMERICANUM]
+
+A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry
+Purdie, has been named var. CONCORDIÀNUM. It has small, elliptical,
+denticulate pinnules and a glandular-pubescent indusium.
+
+Var. AMERICÀNUM (=_dilatàtum_, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical
+plant, the lower pinnæ being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate.
+Inferior pinnules on the lower pair of pinnæ conspicuously elongated. A
+variety preferring upland woods; northern New England, Greenland to the
+mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and northward.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLADDER FERNS. _Cystópteris_
+
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+
+
+The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone
+soil. (The Greek name _cystópteris_ means bladder fern, so called in
+allusion to the hood-shaped indusium.)
+
+(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystópteris bulbífera. Fìlix bulbífera_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinnæ
+lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and
+pinnæ often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed.
+Indusium short, truncate on the free side. Stipe short.
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_ (Willoughby,
+Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_]
+
+One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of
+beauty, whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very
+easily cultivated and one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes
+by the yard," says Woolson, "with the most graceful and filmy of our common
+ferns, the bladder fern." This fern and the maidenhair were introduced into
+Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first from America.
+
+It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone
+districts. While producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species
+mainly by bulblets, which, falling into a moist soil, at once send out a
+pair of growing roots, while a tiny frond starts to uncoil from the heart
+of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions
+in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
+Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas.
+
+(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris frágilis. Filix frágilis_
+
+Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve
+inches long, twice pinnate, the pinnæ often pinnatifid or cut-toothed,
+ovate-lanceolate, decurrent on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute
+at the free end. Very variable in the cutting of the pinnules.
+
+The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+_frágilis_ suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the
+first to disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and
+withered away. Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August,
+as if Nature were renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern
+suggests the blunt-lobed Woodsia, but in the latter the pinnæ and pinnules
+are usually broader and blunter, and its indusium splits into jagged lobes.
+Rather common in damp, shady places where rocks abound. In one form or
+another, found nearly throughout the world though only on mountains in the
+tropics.
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_ (Wakefield,
+Mass.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOODSIAS
+
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinnæ hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinnæ glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinnæ oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinnæ deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinnæ
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOODSIAS
+
+Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of
+simply forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often
+evanescent, either small and open, or early bursting at the top into
+irregular pieces or lobes. (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)
+
+(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. _Woódsia ilvénsis_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above,
+thickly clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the
+pinnæ crowded, sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin often confluent at maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center
+into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an
+inch or so above the rootstock.
+
+[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, _Woodsia ilvensis_]
+
+The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on
+high cliffs exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with
+silver-white, hair-like scales, especially underneath. These scales turn
+brown in age, whence the name, rusty. As the short stipes separate at the
+joints from the rootstock, they leave at the base a thick stubble, which
+serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador to North Carolina and
+westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very abundant on the
+trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense tufts.
+
+(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA
+
+_Woodsia alpìna. Woodsia hyperbòrea_
+
+Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat
+hairy beneath, pinnate. Pinnæ triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes
+few and nearly entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in _Woodsia
+ilvensis_.
+
+[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_]
+
+Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of _Woodsia ilvensis_. It
+was discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby
+Lake, Vt. Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the
+Adirondacks, who supposed it to be _Woodsia_ _glabélla_. In 1897 it was
+rediscovered at Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine,
+and British America. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, _Woodsia alpina_ (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. _Woodsia obtùsa_
+
+Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice
+pinnate, often minutely glandular. Pinnæ rather remote, triangular-ovate
+or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments.
+Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the margin of the lobes. Indusium
+conspicuous, at length splitting into several spreading, jagged lobes.
+
+[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_]
+
+This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than
+the others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward.
+On rocky banks and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty
+on account of the star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var.
+_angústa_ is a form with very narrow fronds and pinnæ. Highlands, New York.
+The type grows in Middlesex County, Mass., but is rare.
+
+(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. _Woodsia glabélla_
+
+Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinnæ
+remote at the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes.
+Stipes jointed, straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.
+
+[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_ (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+G.H.T.)]
+
+On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount
+Mansfield, Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also
+Newfoundland, New York, and far to the northwest. Not very common. It
+differs from the alpine species by the absence of scales above the joint.
+As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except for the chaffy scales at
+or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many other ferns,
+and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in extremes
+of heat and cold.
+
+(5) OREGON WOODSIA. _Woódsia oregàna_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath,
+narrowly lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse,
+pinnatifid. Segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin
+nearly always reflexed. Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus,
+divided into a few beaded hairs.
+
+Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe,
+but is much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs,
+Gaspé Peninsula, southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the
+northwest. Its eastern limit is northern Michigan.
+
+(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. _Woódsia scopulìna_
+
+Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinnæ
+triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole
+frond hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium
+hidden beneath the sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like
+divisions.
+
+In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gaspé Peninsula, Rocky
+Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.
+
+(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. _Woodsia Cathcartiàna_
+
+Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong,
+denticulate, separated by wide sinuses.
+
+Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.
+
+
+
+
+DENNSTAÉDTIA. _Dicksònia_
+
+Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous,
+cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top.
+
+(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)
+
+HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN
+
+DENNSTAÉDTIA PUNCTILÓBULA[A]
+
+_Dicksònia punctilóbula. Dicksònia pilosiúscula_
+
+[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small
+capitals represent the newer nomenclature.]
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate, pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary
+pinnæ in outline like the frond; the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and
+obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet,
+usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. Indusium fixed under the
+sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore cases.
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_ (Sudbury, Mass.
+G.E.D.)]
+
+[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]
+
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_]
+
+While _Dennstaédtia_ is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+name _Dicksònia_ has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern
+or boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its
+long-tapering outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to
+cluster around rocks and boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the
+margin of rocky woods. It is sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for
+the fernery and one of the most decorative of the entire fern family.
+The effect of the shimmering fronds, so delicately wrought, flanked by
+evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain fern, pasture fern,
+and hairy _Dicksònia_ are other names. Canada to Tennessee and westward.
+
+Var. _cristata_ has the fronds more or less forked at the top.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]
+
+[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS
+
+_Onoclèa_. PTERÉTIS. _Mattèuccia_. _Struthiópteris_
+
+(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)
+
+It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included
+in the same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The
+sensitive fern has a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins;
+while the ostrich fern has an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and
+free veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit.
+_Obtusilobata_ Form]
+
+(1) SENSITIVE FERN. _Onoclèa sensíbilis_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock,
+broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or
+nearly entire. Veins reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds
+shorter, closely bipinnate with the pinnules rolled up into berry-like
+structures which contain the spore cases. (The name in Greek means a closed
+vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.) The sensitive
+fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile and
+fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground
+until about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or
+berries, but soon turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not
+discharge their spores until the following spring. The little berry-like
+structures of the fertile frond represent pinnules, bearing fruit-dots,
+around which they are closely rolled. As Waters remarks, "Most ferns hold
+the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps them tightly in
+the clenched fist."
+
+Var. _obtusilobatà_ is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one
+Stock _Onoclea sensibilis_ (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+Breckenridge)]
+
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds]
+
+(2) OSTRICH FERN
+
+_Onoclea struthiópteris_. PTERETIS NODULOSA
+
+_Struthiópteris Germánica_. _Matteùccia struthiópteris_
+
+Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate,
+pinnate, the numerous pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the
+channeled stipe. Fertile fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinnæ
+revolute into a necklace form containing the sori.
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]
+
+The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the
+next year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in
+July. Seen from a distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the
+cinnamon fern. An intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds
+is sometimes found, as in the sensitive fern. This handsome species
+thrives under cultivation. For grace and dignity it is unrivaled, and for
+aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the lady fern. For the
+climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The ostrich
+fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.
+
+[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY
+
+_OSMUNDÀCEAE_
+
+This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which
+belong to the single genus.
+
+OSMÚNDA
+
+The _osmundas_ are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much
+contracted and quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular,
+short-stalked, borne on the margin of the divisions and opening into two
+valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the
+god Thor.)
+
+(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN
+
+_Osmúnda regàlis. Osmunda regàlis_, var. SPECTÁBILIS
+
+Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna
+having numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along
+the midrib. Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown
+when mature and sometimes leafy.
+
+A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great
+Linnæus, _regalis_, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The
+wine-colored stipes of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring,
+lifting gracefully their pink pinnæ and pretty panicles of bright green
+spore cases, throw an indescribable charm over the meadows and clothe even
+the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the attraction less when the
+showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are turned to brown.
+The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a foot
+above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth
+hints at somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.
+
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+
+[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern _Osmunda regalis_]
+
+The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil,
+sufficient shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places.
+Newfoundland to Virginia and northwestward.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Osmunda regalis_ (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN
+
+Osmunda Claytoniàna
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinnæ cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of
+intermediate pinnæ contracted and bearing sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniàna_]
+
+The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the
+last of May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the
+cinnamon fern by not having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the
+base of each pinna. Besides, in Clayton's fern the fronds are broader,
+blunter and thinner in texture, and the segments more rounded; the fronds
+are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn yellow in the fall, at
+times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten by the early
+frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common in
+damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North
+Carolina and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated
+and its graceful outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the
+fern garden. Var. _dubia_ has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely
+separated, and the upper-middle ones much elongated. Southern Vermont.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]
+
+(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES
+
+_Osmunda cinnamomea_
+
+Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, pinnatifid with
+oblong, obtuse divisions. Fertile pinnæ on separate fronds, which are
+contracted and covered with brown sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _frondosa_]
+
+Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is
+soon surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of
+a charming circle of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short
+time, however, it withers and hangs down or falls to the ground. The large,
+conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns give picturesqueness to many a
+moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its crosier stage it is
+wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but leaves, at the
+base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _incisa_ (Maine)]
+
+Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and
+eat with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at
+the base of the unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund."
+The fern, itself, with its tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful
+ornament for the shady lawn, and like the interrupted fern is easy to
+cultivate. The spores of all the _osmundas_ are green, and need to
+germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and swampy
+grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some
+think it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old
+rhyme,
+
+  "Break the first brake you see,
+  Kill the first snake you see,
+  And you will conquer every enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. _glandulosa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Var. _frondòsa_ has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+towards the summit.
+
+Var. _incìsa_ has the inner pinnules of some of the pinnæ more or less
+cut-toothed.
+
+Var. _glandulòsa_ has glandular hairs on the pinnæ, rachis and even the
+stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from
+Rhode Island to Maryland.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+CURLY GRASS FAMILY
+
+SCHIZÆÀCEÆ
+
+CURLY GRASS. _Schizàea pusílla_
+
+
+Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to
+two inches high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds
+longer, three to five inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of
+minute, fruited pinnæ. Sporangia large, ovoid, sessile in a double row
+along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves, and
+provided with a complete apical ring. (_Schizæa_, from a Greek root meaning
+to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign species.)
+
+[Illustration: Curly Grass. _Schizæa pusilla_]
+
+The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when
+growing amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club
+mosses, etc. The sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
+Grand Lake, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the
+curly grass have recently been discovered in the southwest counties of Nova
+Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition, mostly in bogs and hollows of
+sandy peat or sphagnum.
+
+[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]
+
+CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN
+
+_Lygòdium palmàtum_
+
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+
+Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower
+pinnæ (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs
+with simple veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked,
+forming a terminal panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing
+the sporangia, which are similar to those of curly grass, and fixed to a
+veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
+indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig [pliant], alluding to
+the flexible stipes.)
+
+[Illustration: Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_]
+
+Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There
+was a considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North
+Hadley, Mass., not far from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872.
+Many used to decorate their homes with its handsome sprays, draping it
+gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It was known locally as the Hartford
+fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its colonies and it became scarce,
+at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law was enacted in 1867
+for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A. Weatherby states
+in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of tillage
+(mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive
+agriculture is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern
+locality. It is still found here and there in New England, New York and New
+Jersey; also in Kentucky, Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common.
+The fertile portion dies when the spores mature, but the sterile frondlets
+remain green through the winter. A handsome species for the fernery in the
+house or out of doors.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY
+
+_OPHIOGLOSSÀCEÆ_
+
+Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+_Ophioglóssum_ the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated
+and the sporangia in a simple spike. In _Botrýchium_ the sterile segment is
+more or less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound
+or rarely simple spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit.
+Spores copious, sulphur-yellow.
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE. _Ophioglóssum vulgàtum_
+
+Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing
+one smooth, entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the
+sporangia, coherent in two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek
+meaning the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of the
+sporangia.)
+
+In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare."
+New England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows
+in company with the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's
+speare ointment" had the adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and
+is said to be still used for wounds in English villages.
+
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+
+[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_]
+
+Var. _minus_, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy
+ground, New Hampshire to New Jersey.
+
+Var. _Engelmánni_. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming
+a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and
+westward.
+
+Var. _arenàrium_. (From the Latin, _arèna_, meaning sand, being found in
+a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of _Ophióglossum vulgàtum_ and
+about half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor
+soil at Holly Beach, New Jersey.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS
+
+(_Botrýchium_)
+
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+
+
+
+GRAPE FERNS
+
+_Botrýchium_
+
+Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the
+sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond
+one to three pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of
+sessile, naked, globular sporangia, opening transversely into two valves.
+Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound.
+Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur yellow. (The name in Greek means a
+cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like clusters of the sporangia.)
+
+(1) MOONWORT. _Botrýchium Lunària_
+
+Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne
+near the middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight
+pairs of lunate or fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins
+repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, two to three pinnate.
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort _Botrychium Lunaria_]
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_. Details]
+
+The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was
+reputed to open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that
+trod upon it. "Unshoe the horse" was one of the names given to it by the
+country people.
+
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+
+In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United
+States. Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and
+St. Johnsbury, Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.
+
+In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.
+
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+
+(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. _Botrychium símplex_
+
+Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment
+short-petioled, usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately
+three to seven lobed. Veins all forking from the base. Fertile segments
+simple or one to two pinnate, apex of both segments erect in the bud.
+
+In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and
+Plainfield, Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle
+it is "abundantly scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil,
+especially knolls of hill pastures." May or June.
+
+(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium lanceolàtum_
+
+BOTRÝCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMÉNTUM
+
+Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the
+top of the common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the
+acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling
+a very small specimen of the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly
+overtopping the sterile, two to three pinnate and spreading.
+
+One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+Superior. July.
+
+[Illustration: Little Grape Fern _Botrychium simplex_]
+
+[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern _Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+angustisegmentum_]
+
+(4) MATRICARY FERN
+
+_Botrychium ramòsum. Botrychium matricariæfòlium_
+
+Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle,
+usually much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both
+segments turned down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the
+fertile one.
+
+[Illustration: The Matricary Fern _Botrychium ramòsum_]
+
+The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about
+a month earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a
+taller and fleshier plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved
+species the midveins of the larger lobes are continuous, running to the
+tip; whereas in the matricary fern the midveins fork repeatedly and are
+soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two are apt to grow near each
+other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor. June.
+
+NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain _Botrychia_ in a sphagnum
+swamp in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of _Botrychium
+tenebròsum_. The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three
+inches high, with the sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many
+botanists prefer to place this fern as a variety of the matricary, but
+others regard it as a form of _Botrychium símplex_. Borders of maple
+swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York.
+
+(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_. _Botrychium ternàtum_, var.
+_oblìquum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM DISSÉCTUM, var. OBLÌQUUM
+
+Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds
+two to twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular,
+ternate, long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and
+spreading horizontally. From the main leafstock grow several pairs of
+stalked pinnæ, with the divisions ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate,
+obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile segment taller, erect, about three
+times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn. Occasionally two or three
+fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the apex of each
+segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.
+
+[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_]
+
+New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _dissectum_. Similar to the type, but with
+the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most
+beautiful of all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the
+cutting of the fronds. Maine to Florida and westward.
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_, var. _oneidénse_. Ultimate segments oblong, rounded
+at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_, var. _elongàtum_. Divisions lanceolate, elongated,
+acute.
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_]
+
+Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz
+B. lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern
+Botrychium."
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum_]
+
+(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrýchium ternàtum_, var. _intermèdium_
+
+_Botrýchium oblìquum_, var. _intermèdium_
+
+Leaf more divided than in _oblìquum_ and the numerous segments not so
+long and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var.
+_austràle_), crenulate, and more or less toothed.
+
+Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New
+England and New York. Var. _rutaefòlium_. More slender, rarely over six or
+seven inches high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions
+few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. The first variety passes
+insensibly into the second.
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Reduced)]
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Two stocks, reduced)]
+
+(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. _Botrychium virginiànum_
+
+Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the
+middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate.
+Pinnules lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or
+lanceolate and scarcely or not at all spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked,
+two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments narrow and thick, nearly
+opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from dark yellow-brown
+to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of a
+lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+distributed.
+
+[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+Newfoundland and Labrador.
+
+Var. _grácilis_. A form much reduced in size.
+
+Var. LAURENTIÀNUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile
+fronds less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to
+overlapping. Pinnules shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer
+segments strongly spatulate. Fertile spike relatively short and stout,
+strongly paniculate when well developed. Ultimate segments flat, folaceous,
+one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone district near the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and Michigan.
+
+Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate,
+previously ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately
+narrowly flattened. (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of
+September, 1919.) Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+northern New York, Illinois, and Missouri.
+
+Var. EUROPÀEUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the
+spatulate form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly
+decurrent so that the pinnæ are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests
+of Canada, and confined to calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New
+Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Montana, and British Columbia. Said
+to be rare even in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FILMY FERN FAMILY
+
+
+_HYMENOPHYLLÀCEÆ_
+
+The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely
+dissected fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on
+a bristle-like receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly
+tropical, only one of which grows as far north as Kentucky.
+
+[Illustration: Filmy Fern _Trichomanes Boschianum_ (From Waters' "Ferns",
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN
+
+_Trichómanes Boschiànum. Trichómanes rádicans_
+
+Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches
+long, thin, very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate,
+bipinnatifid. Rachis narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the
+slender bristle, which is the prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a
+vase-like, slightly two-lipped involucre.
+
+On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+"Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns."
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]
+
+[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]
+
+
+
+
+NOTED FERN AUTHORS
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+
+
+[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the
+following pages.]
+
+EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His
+grandfather was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under
+his friend, Prof. Asa Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in
+turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton. Daniel C. was professor of botany in
+Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man of graceful and winsome
+personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his writings. His
+masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto volumes,
+beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869.
+Education informal; common schools, university lectures and private study.
+Manifested early a keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and
+first president of the American Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more
+than three hundred species of ferns. Has written extensively on the ferns
+and their allies, besides publishing several standard volumes. His great
+distinction is in founding and editing the _Fern Bulletin_ through its
+twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with _The American
+Botanist_, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a prodigious
+achievement of great scientific value.
+
+[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS,
+G. DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E.
+WATERS, R. DODGE]
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853.
+Spent early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877.
+After teaching several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became
+Professor of Botany in Columbia University. He contributed numerous
+articles to the _Torrey Bulletin_, _Fern Bulletin_, and other scientific
+journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native Ferns and Their Allies,"
+continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November 16, 1907.
+
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and
+officer of the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the
+ferns, his numerous articles were published in the _Fern Bulletin_, in the
+_Torrey Bulletin_, _Rhodora_, and in separate monographs. He was a leading
+authority on the pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium
+of the native ferns, which he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural
+Society. By his gentle manners and kindly spirit he won many friends, all
+of whom were proud to recognize his distinguished ability. He cultivated
+many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway home, at Medford, Mass., and
+freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly of heart failure,
+November 29, 1907.
+
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872.
+Was graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for
+a time a close student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in
+1903, containing his "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by
+profession, he has pursued that branch of science for the last eighteen
+years. His address is Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was
+graduated at Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic
+botany, United States National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate
+curator of the same. Has specialized in scientific work on the
+pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as well as by the
+large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The _Fern Bulletin_, _Torrey
+Bulletin_, _American Fern Journal_, _Fernwort Papers_, et al., have
+profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the
+American Fern Society.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. _Née_ Smith.
+Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was
+lost at sea. As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers,"
+in 1893, and within ten years more than seventy thousand copies of the book
+had been sold. "According to Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896,
+she married Prof. James Russell Parsons, treasurer of the University of
+the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to Know the Ferns." She
+combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and graceful
+style.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War
+veteran. Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A
+careful observer and student of nature, he discovered _Aspidium simulatum_
+at Follymill, Seabrook, N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse
+9.) He discovered also the hybrid _Aspidium cristatum × Marginale_. He
+published his little book, "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England," in 1896.
+Died October 20, 1918.
+
+EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied
+at the Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He
+took up teaching for several years, spending three years in California.
+Returning East, he became a florist and began to write for various fern
+journals, giving special attention to the fern allies. He prepared the
+genera _Equisetum_ and _Isoetes_ for the seventh edition of "Gray's
+Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by discovering
+several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+Mass., September 29, 1908.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came
+to Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work
+skillfully in wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry.
+His friend, George E. Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some
+divine gift or inspiration the innermost life and feelings of the wild
+flowers and ferns, and his marvelously accurate needle transfixed them with
+revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns of Kentucky," issued in
+1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United States. He
+died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+for his health.
+
+
+
+
+FERN LITERATURE
+
+
+AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual
+subscription, $1.25.)
+
+BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.
+
+BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.
+
+BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell & Co. London.
+Quarto.
+
+BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora,
+September, 1917.
+
+CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan
+& Co. 1905. Ed. 2.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.
+
+The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.
+
+The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.
+
+Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.
+
+CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington,
+1908.
+
+COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne & Co. London.
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England
+ferns in Torrey Bulletin, Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following
+monographs are in single booklets by Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
+Aspidium cristatum × marginale, Aspidium simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and
+its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its Varieties, Notes on Botrychium
+simplex.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume,
+now out of print. W.N. Clute & Co. 1904.
+
+DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge & Son.
+London.
+
+EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin
+& Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.
+
+EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino,
+Salem. Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.
+
+EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for
+Gray's Manual, 7th ed. 1908.
+
+GILBERT, BENJ. D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.
+
+HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page & Co. Boston, 1899.
+
+HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.
+
+HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge & Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+London. 1869.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine
+plates which include all American genera. Costs about $25.
+
+Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen
+and Vol. Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of
+more species. Cost about $50.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J., & BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes
+all ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures
+illustrating each genus. Costs about $10.
+
+LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell & Daldy.
+London, 1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are
+represented. "The descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and
+the synonymy is often incorrect."
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north
+of Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.
+
+Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.
+
+Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium,
+17:541+.
+
+Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitaceæ and Isoetaceæ) of the northern
+United States, Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown,
+Illustrated Flora, etc., ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.
+
+MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston,
+1878-9.
+
+MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New
+York, 1899.
+
+PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne & Co.
+London. No date.
+
+REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America.
+Torrey Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).
+
+RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878.
+Out of print.
+
+SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan & Co. London.
+8vo.
+
+SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt & Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+print.
+
+SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.
+
+SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.
+
+STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne & Co. London, 1908.
+
+TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt & Co.
+Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt & Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.
+
+WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton & Co. Louisville, Ky.
+1878.
+
+Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton & Co. 1879. Both out of print.
+
+WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page & Co. New
+York, 1909.
+
+WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan & Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+[Illustration:
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+
+
+
+
+TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS
+
+
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+
+Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+ACÙMINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+ACÙLEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENTÍTIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+ANÁSTOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+ÁNNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHERÍDIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEGÒNIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+ARÈOLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ARTÍCULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ _bis_,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHLÒROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+CÍLIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+CÍRCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CRÒSIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+CÙNEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+CÚSPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinnæ.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICHÓTOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIMÓRPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EMÁRGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+FÍLIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INCÌSED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+INDÙSIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+LÁMINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LACÍNIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+MÙCRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+OÌDES.        A Greek ending, meaning _like_, or
+              _like to_, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+ÒÖSPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the oöspore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+PÉTIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINNÁTIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTHÁLLIUM.  (Or prothállus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERIDÓPHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+RÀCHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+SÉRRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+SÍNUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SPÁTULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SPÍNULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+SÚBULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+TÉRNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The student should have some idea of the terms _genus_, _species_ and
+_variety_, although they are not capable of exact definition.
+
+A _species_, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such
+individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to
+their common parent in all their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind
+or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind, and of a common
+origin, and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or
+rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the
+shape of the pinnæ, or the cutting of the fronds, we have _varieties_ as
+_frondòsum_, _incìsum_, etc. Or if the difference is less striking the
+word _form_ is used instead of variety, but in any given case opinions may
+differ in respect to the more fitting term.
+
+A _genus_ is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern,
+the cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar
+spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming
+the genus _Osmunda_. In like manner certain members of the clover
+group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up the genus _Trifolium_.
+
+Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into
+genera, and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true
+name, the generic name being qualified by that of the species; as in the
+cinnamon fern _Osmúnda_ (genus), _cinnamòmea_ (species).
+
+
+
+
+CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
+
+In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the
+text, and those that follow are synonyms.
+
+Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now
+adopted at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.
+
+ADIANTUM L.
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum × marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricariæfolium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes Féei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pellæa densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pellæa gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNSTÆDTIA L'HER.
+49. DENNSTÆDTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOLÆNA.R. BR.
+51. Notholæna dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Notholæna nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELLÆA. LINK
+59. Pellæa atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pellæa glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS FÉE
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) Fée.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZÆA.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schizæa pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
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+<!-- saved from url=(0022)http://internet.e-mail -->
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
+<html
+ xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <title>The Fern Lover's Companion</title>
+    <meta
+     name="generator"
+     content="HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st November 2002), see www.w3.org" />
+    <meta
+     name="Generator"
+     content="EditPlus" />
+    <meta
+     name="Author"
+     content="GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M." />
+    <meta
+     name="Keywords"
+     content="" />
+    <meta
+     name="Description"
+     content="A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada" />
+    <meta
+     http-equiv="content-type"
+     content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+    <link
+     rel="stylesheet"
+     type="text/css"
+     href="fern.css" />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Fern Lover's Companion
+       A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada
+
+Author: George Henry Tilton
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Keren Vergon, Leonard D Johnson and PG
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <center>
+      <a
+       id="fernlover"
+       name="fernlover"><img
+       src="images/fern001.jpg"
+       alt="A Fern Lover" /></a><br />
+      [Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+    </center>
+    <h1>The Fern Lover's Companion</h1>
+    <h3>A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada</h3>
+    <h3>BY</h3>
+    <h3>GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.</h3>
+<pre>
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+</pre>
+    <center>
+      <img
+       src="images/fern002.jpg"
+       border="0"
+       alt="title illustration" />
+    </center>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>DEDICATION</h3>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><img
+         src="images/fern003.jpg"
+         alt="Dedication" /></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+          to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its progress,
+          these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <ul>
+      <li>List of Illustrations</li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#preface">Preface</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#key">Key to Genera</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#class">Classification of Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#poly">The Polypodies</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a
+         href="#brack">The Bracken Group:</a>
+        <ul>
+          <li><a
+           href="#bracken">Bracken</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#clfbrk">Cliff Brakes</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#rkbrk">Rock Brake</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lip">The Lip Ferns (<i>Cheilanthes</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cloak">The Cloak Fern (<i>Nothol&aelig;na</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#chain">The Chain Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#spleen">The Spleenworts:</a></li>
+      <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+       href="#rockspleen">The Rock Spleenworts. <i>Asplenium</i></a></li>
+      <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+       href="#lrgspleen">The Large Spleenworts. <i>Athyrium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hart">Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a
+         href="#shield">The Shield Ferns:</a>
+        <ul>
+          <li><a
+           href="#holly">Christmas and Holly Fern</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#marsh">Marsh Fern Tribe</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#beech">The Beech Ferns</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#fragrant">The Fragrant Fern</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#wood">The Wood Ferns</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#bladder">The Bladder Ferns</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#woodsias">The Woodsias</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#boulder">The Boulder Fern (<i>Dennst&aelig;dtia</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensitive">Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#flowering">The Flowering Ferns (<i>Osmunda</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curly">Curly Grass and Climbing Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#adder">Adder's Tongue</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a
+         href="#grape">The Grape Ferns:</a>
+        <ul>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#grapekey">Key to the Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#moonwort">Moonwort</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#littlegrape">Little Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#lancegrape">Lance-leaved Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#matricary">Matricary Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#commongrape">Common Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#rattlesnake">Rattlesnake Fern</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmy">Filmy Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#authors">Noted Fern Authors</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#literature">Fern Literature</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#timelist">Time List for Fruiting of Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#glossary">Glossary</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#meaningof">Note: Meaning of Genus and Species</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#checklist">Checklist</a></li>
+    </ul>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h3>
+    <br />
+    <ul>
+      <li><a
+       href="#fernlover">A Fern Lover</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#prothalliumi">Prothallium Diagram</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#frondi">Pinnate Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bifrondi">Bipinnate Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#pinfrondi">Pinnatifid Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sporei">Spore Cases</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#testeri">Linen Tester</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curlyi">Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamoni">Cinnamon Fern. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensitivei">Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostrichi">Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea Struthiopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#interrupti">Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoniana</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#climbi">Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#floweri">Flowering Fern. <i>Osmunda regalis spectabilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#adderi">Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#grapei">Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#polypodyi">Polypody. <i>Polypodium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#beechi">Beech Fern. <i>Phegopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cloaki">Cloak Fern. <i>Nothol&aelig;na</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmyi">Filmy Fern. <i>Trichomanes</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brackenii">Bracken. <i>Pteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidi">Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cliffi">Cliff Brake. <i>Pell&aelig;a</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lipi">Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#rocki">Rock Brake. <i>Cryptogramma</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#chaini">Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#shieldi">Shield Fern. <i>Polystichum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#woodi">Wood Fern. <i>Aspidium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bladderi">Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#woodsiai">Woodsia</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hayi">Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#harti">Hart's Tongue. <i>Scolopendrium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#walki">Walking Fern. <i>Camptosorus</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspleniumi">Asplenium Type</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#athyriumi">Athyrium Type</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sporangiai">Sporangia of the Five Families</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#indusiumi">Indusium</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#commonpolyi">Common Polypody. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sorii">Sori of Polypody</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#polymassi">Polypody in mass (Greenwood)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#grayi">Gray Polypody. <i>Polypodium incanum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brakei">Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brackeni">Bracken. Fertile Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brackvari">Bracken, var. <i>pseudocaudata</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidsprayi">Spray of Maidenhair</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidsorii">Sori of Maidenhair</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidenhairi">Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#alpinei">Alpine Maidenhair</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#venusi">Venus-Hair Fern. <i>Adiantum capillus-veneris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#purplei">Purple Cliff Brake. <i>Pell&aelig;a atropurpurea</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#densei">Dense Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma densa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#slenderi">Slender Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma Stelleri</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#parsleyi">Parsley Fern. <i>Cryptogramma acrostichoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#alabamai">Alabama Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes alabamensis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hairyi">Hairy Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes lanosa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#slenderlipi">Slender Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes F&eacute;ei</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#slenderpini">Pinn&aelig; of Slender Lip Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#powderi">Powdery Cloak Fern. <i>Nothol&aelig;na dealbata</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#commonchaini">Common Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia virginica</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#netchaini">Net-veined Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia areolata</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#spleeni">The Spleenworts</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#pinspleeni">Pinnatifid Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium pinnatifidum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#scotti">Scott's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium ebenoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#greeni">Green Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium viride</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidspleeni">Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidspleenworti">Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i>
+      (Fernery)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ebonyi">Ebony Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium platyneuron</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bradleyi">Bradley's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Bradleyi</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#mountaini">Mountain Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium montanum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ruei">Rue Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Ruta-muraria</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladyrooti">Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladysorii">Sori of Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium angustum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladyvari">Varieties of Lady Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladylowi">Lowland Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium asplenioides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#silverspleeni">Silvery Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium acrostichoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#narrowspleeni">Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium
+      angustifolium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#athyriumpini">Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Athyrium angustifolium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#scolosorii">Sori of <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hartstoni">Hart's Tongue. <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#walkingi">Walking Fern. <i>Camptosorus rhizophyllus</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#christmasi">Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#christvari">Varieties of Christmas Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brauni">Braun's Holly Fern. <i>Polystichum Braunii</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hollyi">Holly Fern. <i>Polystichum Lonchitis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#marshi">Marsh Fern. <i>Aspidium Thelypteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#marshmassi">Marsh Fern, in the mass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#massi">Massachusetts Fern. <i>Aspidium simulatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#nyi">New York Fern. <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspidiumsorii">Sori of <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspidiumpini">Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#oaki">Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Dryopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#noaki">Northern Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Robertiana</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#broadi">Broad Beech Fern. <i>Aspidium hexagonoptera</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#longi">Long Beech Fern. <i>Aspidium polypedioides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#fragranti">Fragrant Fern. <i>Aspidium fragrans</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#marginali">Marginal Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crowni">Crown of Fronds of <i>Aspidium marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspimargi">Sori of <i>Aspidium marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#malei">Male Fern. <i>Aspidium Filix-mas</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspifilixi"><i>Aspidium Filix-mas</i> and details</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#goldi">Goldie's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium Goldianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#goldmassi"><i>Aspidium Goldianum</i>, in the mass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cresti">Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crest2i">Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i> (No. 2)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#clintoni">Clinton's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i> var.
+      <i>Clintonianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crestmargi">Crested Marginal Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum &times;
+      marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspicristi"><i>Aspidium cristatum &times; marginale</i>, in the mass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bootti">Boott's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium Boottii</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#spini">Spinulose Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspispini"><i>Aspidium spinulosum</i> var. <i>intermedium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspiameri"><i>Aspidium spinulosum</i> var. <i>americanum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bulbleti">Bulblet Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cystoi"><i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i> with sprouting bulb</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#fragili">Fragile Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris fragilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#rusti">Rusty Woodsia. <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#northwoodi">Northern Woodsia. <i>Woodsia alpina</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#alpwoodi">Details of Alpine Woodsia</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bluntwoodi">Blunt-lobed Woodsia. <i>Woodsia obtusa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#smoothwoodi">Smooth Woodsia. <i>Woodsia glabella</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hayscentedi">Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#forkedi">Forked variety of <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#dennfieldi">Field View of <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#dennpini">Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensemeadi">Meadow View of Sensitive Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#obtusformi">Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensisori">Sori of Sensitive Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensionoi">Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensiferti">Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same
+      Plant</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostriferti">Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea Struthiopteris</i>. Fertile
+      Fronds</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostriferti2">Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostrisori">Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#royali">Royal Fern. <i>Osmunda regalis spectabilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#royalsori">Sori of Royal Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#interruptclayi">Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoniana</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#interruptferti">Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamonleavi">Cinnamon Fern. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamonleafi">Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamonvari">Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#osmundaglani"><i>Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curlygrassi">Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a pusilla</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curlyspori">Sporangia of Curly Grass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#climbpalmi">Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium palmatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#addertoni">Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum vulgatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#mooni">Moonwort. <i>Botrychium Lunaria</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#moondeti">Moonwort, Details</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lgrapei">Little Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium simplex</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lancegrapei">Lance-leaved Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium
+      lanceolatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#matricaryi">Matricary Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium ramosum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#comgrapei">Common Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium obliquum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#botryi"><i>Botrychium obliquum</i> var. <i>dissectum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#botryobliqi"><i>Botrychium obliquum</i> var. <i>oneidense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ternatei">Ternate Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium ternatum</i> var.
+      <i>intermedium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ternatevari">Ternate Grape Fern. <i>B. ternatum</i> var.
+      <i>intermedium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#rattlei">Rattlesnake Fern. <i>Botrychium virginianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmyferni">Filmy Fern. <i>Trichomanes Boschianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmyfruiti">Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crosiersi">Crosiers</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#authorsi">Noted Fern Authors</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bladdersprayi">Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern</a></li>
+    </ul>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3><a
+     id="preface"
+     name="preface">PREFACE</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <img
+     src="images/fern012.gif"
+     align="left"
+     border="0"
+     alt="fancy A" />
+    <p>A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know little of
+    their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts, adorning the rugged
+    cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or waving their stately fronds on the
+    borders of woodlands, he feels their call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be
+    to receive instruction from a living teacher: His next preference would be the
+    companionship of a good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If
+    he will con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while he
+    quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may hope to learn
+    the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a single season.</p>
+    <p>Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when Williamson
+    published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute issued, "Our Ferns in Their
+    Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton, Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons,
+    Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson, and others. All their works are now out of
+    print except Clute's just mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both
+    of these are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+    scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to the genera;
+    while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive charm that creates for
+    it a constant demand.</p>
+    <p>We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive, handbook,
+    designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the average student in
+    learning their names and meaning. Its geographical limits include the northeastern
+    states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows in the main the seventh edition of Gray's
+    Manual, while the emendations set forth in <i>Rhodora</i>, of October, 1919, and also
+    a few terms of later adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the
+    more familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type. In
+    every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent terms from
+    which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily for lovers of Nature,
+    many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms, the common English names are
+    everywhere given prominence, and strange to say are less subject to change and
+    controversy than the Latin. There is no doubt what species is meant when one speaks
+    of the Christmas fern, the ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern,
+    etc. The use of the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the
+    scientific terms.</p>
+    <p>A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing the
+    scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have marked each
+    accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute (&acute;) accent, the former showing
+    that the vowel over which it stands has its long sound, while the latter indicates
+    the short or modified sound. Let it be remembered that any syllable with either of
+    these marks over it is the accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short
+    according to the slant of the mark.</p>
+    <p>We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose. Our
+    interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we collected our
+    first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found here a fine colony of the
+    climbing fern (<i>Lygodium</i>). We recall the slender fronds climbing over the low
+    bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in their native habitat. We have since
+    collected and studied specimens of nearly every New England fern, and have carefully
+    examined most of the other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the
+    librarian, Mr. William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport
+    herbarium in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of the
+    daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger unmounted
+    collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1] finding here a very
+    large and fine assortment of <i>Botrychiums</i>, including a real <i>B. ternatum</i>
+    from Japan.</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]</h5>
+    <p>For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of the
+    <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To him we
+    are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and especially for
+    helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness of the <i>American Fern
+    Journal</i> and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow. To our friend, Mr. C.H.
+    Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of the checklist and for much helpful
+    advice, and we are grateful to Mr. S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural
+    History, for numerous courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his
+    expert and helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.</p>
+    <p>The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+    negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp, pioneer and
+    chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been photographed from the
+    author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few are from the choice herbarium of Mr.
+    George E. Davenport, and also a few reprints have been made from fern books, for
+    which due credit is given. The Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is
+    reprinted from Clute's "Our Ferns in Their Haunts."</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="intro"
+     name="intro">INTRODUCTION</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <img
+     src="images/fern016.gif"
+     align="left"
+     border="0"
+     alt="fancy T" />
+    <p>Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in the
+    highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are reinforced by
+    woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect while permitting
+    graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their frequent finely cut borders,
+    and their rich shades of green combine to make them objects of rare beauty; while
+    their unique vernation and method of fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of
+    reproduction invest them with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and
+    culture to the thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure
+    the ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <center>
+<pre>
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+</pre>
+    </center>
+    <p>As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as swamps,
+    ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be found along
+    mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny crevice in some high
+    cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating little plants, which protect
+    themselves from drought by assuming a mantle of light wool, or of hair and chaff,
+    with, perhaps, a covering of white powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a
+    layer of moist air next to the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.</p>
+    <p>Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection" ferns,
+    reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of rain, and lo! they
+    are green and flourishing.</p>
+    <p>Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch to the
+    vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or more.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>REPRODUCTION</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <p>Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+    rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be, single
+    fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the cinnamon fern.
+    The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets, while the walking leaf
+    bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.</p>
+    <br />
+    <center>
+      <a
+       id="prothalliumi"
+       name="prothalliumi"></a><img
+       src="images/fern018sm.jpg"
+       border="0"
+       alt="Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium" />
+      <p>[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]</p>
+    </center>
+    <p>Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as a
+    fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little one-celled
+    bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A spore falls upon damp soil and
+    germinates, producing a small, green, shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime,
+    which is called a proth&aacute;llium (or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root
+    hairs grow to give it stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs
+    known as anther&iacute;dia and archeg&ograve;nia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+    stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active, spiral bodies
+    called &aacute;ntheroz&ograve;ids, which lash about in the moisture of the proth&aacute;llium until they
+    find the archeg&ograve;nia, the cells of which are so arranged in each case as to form a
+    tube around the central cell, which is called the &ograve;&ouml;sphere, or egg-cell, the point to
+    be fertilized. When one of the entering &aacute;ntheroz&ograve;ids reaches this point the desired
+    change is effected, and the canal of the archeg&ograve;nium closes. The empty &ograve;&ouml;sphere
+    becomes the quickened &ograve;&ouml;sphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds normally by
+    the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem, first leaf, etc., while
+    the proth&aacute;llium no longer needed to sustain its offspring withers away.[1]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that the
+    reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the naked
+    eye.]</h5>
+    <p>Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the proth&aacute;llus by a budding
+    process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature "fulfills herself
+    in many ways."[2]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is ap&oacute;gamy
+    (apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from the frond
+    without spores, for which process the term ap&oacute;spory is used. (Meaning, literally,
+    without spores.)]</h5>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>VERNATION</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <p>All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+    watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real crosier is a
+    bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered with "fern wool," which
+    birds often use in lining their nests. This wool usually disappears later as the
+    crosier unfolds into the broad green blade. The development of plant shoots from the
+    bud is called vernation (Latin, <i>ver</i> meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling
+    of ferns, "circinnate vernation."</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>VEINS</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <p>The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do not
+    connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When the veins intersect
+    they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or network), and their meshes are
+    called ar&egrave;ol&aelig; or &aacute;reoles (Latin, <i>areola</i>, a little open space).</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <h4>EXPLANATION OF TERMS</h4>
+          <br />
+          <br />
+
+          <p>A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, <i>pinna</i>, a feather), when its
+          primary divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A
+          frond is bipinnate (Latin, <i>bis</i>, twice) when the lobes of the pinn&aelig;
+          extend to the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the
+          pinn&aelig; are called pinnules. When a frond is trip&iacute;nnate the last complete
+          divisions are called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinn&aacute;tifid when
+          its lobes extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle
+          lobes of the pinn&aacute;tifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinn&aelig; of a frond are often
+          pinn&aacute;tifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate in its
+          lower part and become pinn&aacute;tifid higher up as in the pinn&aacute;tifid spleenwort just
+          mentioned (Fig. 3).</p>
+          <p>The divisions of a pinn&aacute;tifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinn&aacute;tifid or
+          tripinn&aacute;tifid leaf, ultimate segments.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="frondi"
+         name="frondi"><img
+         src="images/fern020.gif"
+         align="right"
+         border="0"
+         alt="Fig. 1" /></a><br />
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Fig. 1]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="bifrondi"
+         name="bifrondi"><img
+         src="images/fern021.gif"
+         border="0"
+         alt="Fig. 2" /></a></td>
+        <td><a
+         id="pinfrondi"
+         name="pinfrondi"><img
+         src="images/fern021_3.gif"
+         border="0"
+         alt="Fig. 3" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Fig. 2]</p>
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Fig. 3]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <a
+     id="sporei"
+     name="sporei"><img
+     src="images/fern022.gif"
+     alt="Spore Cases" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fig. 4]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>SPOR&Agrave;NGIA AND FRUIT DOTS</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <p>Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or spor&aacute;ngia (Fig. 4).
+    They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin of a frond, either
+    on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like racemes on separate stalks. Sori
+    (singular <i>sorus</i>, a heap), or fruit dots may be naked as in the polypody, but
+    are usually covered with a thin, delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a
+    dress, or mantle). The family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of
+    its indusium; e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+    cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped, etc.</p>
+    <p>In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a vertical,
+    elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm closely coiled (Fig. 4).
+    As the spores mature, the ring contracts and bursts with considerable force,
+    scattering the spores. The spores of the different genera mature at different times
+    from May to September. A good time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting
+    season. (For times of fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on
+    page 220.)</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>HELPFUL HINTS</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <p>The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:</p>
+    <a
+     id="testeri"
+     name="testeri"><img
+     src="images/fern023.gif"
+     align="right"
+     alt="A good lens" /></a>
+    <p>1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the sori,
+    veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these items may aid in
+    identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a convenient two-bladed pocket
+    glass for about two dollars.[1]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is mounted in
+    a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector to use both hands. A
+    tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]</h5>
+    <p>[Illustration: Linen Tester]</p>
+    <p>2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it can
+    spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to grow. It is
+    decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants. Pick your fern leaf down
+    close to the root-stock, including a portion of that also, if it can be spared. Place
+    your fronds between newspaper sheets and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or
+    other absorbent paper). Cover with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of
+    several pounds, leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then
+    cured, change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets. The
+    regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually 3-3/4 by 1-3/4
+    inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.</p>
+<pre>
+    HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+    <i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum vulgatum</i>,
+    L. (Adder's Tongue)
+    Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+    August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+    Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+    but often overlooked
+</pre>
+    <p>Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now ready to be
+    laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12 inches. It is well to
+    jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This is the method in use at
+    the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course, be modified to suit one's own
+    taste or convenience. The young collector can begin by simply pressing his specimens
+    between the leaves of a book, the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them
+    in a blank book designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he
+    can cut out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+    done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at the back.
+    Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount the specimens on
+    these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing those of the same genus
+    together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though crude, will serve for a beginning,
+    while stimulating his interest, and advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him
+    collect, press, and mount as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date
+    and place of collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of
+    pleasant hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.</p>
+    <p>We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying the
+    living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts, habits, and
+    structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student, while familiarizing
+    yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not neglect the scientific names,
+    which often hold the key to their meaning. Repeat over and over the name of each
+    genus in soliloquy and in conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern
+    with its family name--"<i>Adiantum</i>," "<i>Polystichum</i>," "<i>Asplenium</i>,"
+    and all the rest. Fix them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and
+    growing knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr. Davenport,
+    loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly stroke their leaves,
+    and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by the All-wise Interpreter.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="key"
+     name="key">KEY TO THE GENERA</a></h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <p>This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our Ferns in
+    Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of these are from
+    Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt &amp; Co.</p>
+    <p>As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some species
+    to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a fertile frond, but
+    one in as good condition as possible. For convenience the ferns may be considered in
+    two classes.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4>I</h4>
+    <h4>THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES AND NOT
+    ON THE BACK OF FRONDS<br /><br />
+    A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE<br />
+     (Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)</h4>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="curlyi"
+         name="curlyi"><img
+         src="images/fern027.jpg"
+         alt="Curly Grass. Schiz&aelig;a" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+          fronds thread-like and tortuous.</p>
+          <p>Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+          sporangia; fruit in early spring.</p>
+          <p>Cinnamon Fern. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="cinnamoni"
+         name="cinnamoni"><img
+         src="images/fern027b.jpg"
+         alt="Cinnamon Fern. Osmunda cinnamomea" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="sensitivei"
+         name="sensitivei"><img
+         src="images/fern028.jpg"
+         alt="Sensitive Fern. Onoclea" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+          comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinn&aacute;tifid sterile fronds.</p>
+          <p>Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinn&aelig;; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+          frond tall, pinn&aacute;tifid; fruit late.</p>
+          <p>Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea struthiopteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="ostrichi"
+         name="ostrichi"><img
+         src="images/fern028b.jpg"
+         alt="Ostrich Fern. Onoclea struthiopteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <h4>B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE</h4>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="interrupti"
+         name="interrupti"><img
+         src="images/fern028c.jpg"
+         alt="Interrupted Fern. Osmunda Claytoniana" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of fertile
+          pinn&aelig;.</p>
+          <p>Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoniana</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="climbi"
+         name="climbi"><img
+         src="images/fern029.jpg"
+         alt="Climbing Fern. Lygodium" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinn&aelig; palmate; rachis
+          twining.</p>
+          <p>Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="floweri"
+         name="floweri"><img
+         src="images/fern029b.jpg"
+         alt="Royal Fern. Osmunda regalis" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Sterile pinn&aelig; pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+          forming a panicle at the top.</p>
+          <p>Royal Fern. <i>Osmunda regalis</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="adderi"
+         name="adderi"><img
+         src="images/fern030a.gif"
+         alt="Adder's Tongue. Ophioglossum" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+          sterile.</p>
+          <p>Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+          spike.</p>
+          <p>Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+          in spikes.</p>
+          <p>Grape Ferns. Moonwort. <i>Botrychium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="grapei"
+         name="grapei"><img
+         src="images/fern030b.jpg"
+         alt="Moonwort. Botrychium" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>II</h4>
+    <h4>THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS</h4>
+    <h4>A. INDUSIUM WANTING</h4>
+    <br />
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="polypodyi"
+         name="polypodyi"><img
+         src="images/fern031.jpg"
+         alt="Polypody. Polypodium." /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.</p>
+          <p>Polypody. <i>Polypodium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.</p>
+          <p>Beech Ferns. <i>Phegopteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="beechi"
+         name="beechi"><img
+         src="images/fern031b.jpg"
+         alt="Beech Ferns. Phegopteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="cloaki"
+         name="cloaki"><img
+         src="images/fern032.gif"
+         alt="Cloak Ferns. Nothol&aelig;na" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the fronds
+          covered with whitish powder.</p>
+          <p>Cloak Ferns. <i>Nothol&aelig;na</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>B. INDUSIUM PRESENT</h4>
+    <br />
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="filmyi"
+         name="filmyi"><img
+         src="images/fern032b.gif"
+         alt="Filmy Fern. Trichomanes" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+          of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.</p>
+          <p>Filmy Fern. <i>Trichomanes</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.</p>
+          <p>(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+          Bracken. Brake. <i>Pteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="brackenii"
+         name="brackenii"><img
+         src="images/fern032c.jpg"
+         alt="Bracken. Brake. Pteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="maidi"
+         name="maidi"><img
+         src="images/fern033.jpg"
+         alt="Maidenhair. Adiantum" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+          broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.</p>
+          <p>Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+          pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. <i>Pell&aelig;a</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="cliffi"
+         name="cliffi"><img
+         src="images/fern033b.gif"
+         alt="Cliff brakes. Pell&aelig;a" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="lipi"
+         name="lipi"><img
+         src="images/fern033c.jpg"
+         alt="Lip Ferns. Cheilanthes" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+          or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip Ferns.
+          <i>Cheilanthes</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+          so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile fronds
+          broad. Rock brakes. <i>Cryptogramma</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="rocki"
+         name="rocki"><img
+         src="images/fern034a.gif"
+         alt="Rock brakes. Cryptogramma" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="chaini"
+         name="chaini"><img
+         src="images/fern034b.jpg"
+         alt="Chain Ferns. Woodwardia" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.</p>
+          <p>(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+          tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. <i>Woodwardia</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.</p>
+          <p>Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in rocky
+          woods. Shield Ferns. <i>Polystichum</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="shieldi"
+         name="shieldi"><img
+         src="images/fern034c.gif"
+         alt="Shield Ferns. Polystichum" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="woodi"
+         name="woodi"><img
+         src="images/fern035a.jpg"
+         alt="Wood Ferns. Aspidium" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. <i>Aspidium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+          soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+          Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. <i>Cystopteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="bladderi"
+         name="bladderi"><img
+         src="images/fern035b.gif"
+         alt="Bladder Ferns. Cystopteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="woodsiai"
+         name="woodsiai"><img
+         src="images/fern035c.jpg"
+         alt="Woodsia" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+          often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+          least at the base, and growing in tufts. <i>Woodsia</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+          leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+          Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="hayi"
+         name="hayi"><img
+         src="images/fern036a.jpg"
+         alt="Hayscented Fern. Dennst&aelig;dtia" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="harti"
+         name="harti"><img
+         src="images/fern036b.jpg"
+         alt="Hart's Tongue. Scolopendrium" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see <i>Athyrium</i>.)</p>
+          <p>Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+          oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+          <i>Scolopendrium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+          parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined at
+          the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern.
+          <i>Camptosorus</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="walki"
+         name="walki"><img
+         src="images/fern036c.gif"
+         alt="Walking Fern. Camptosorus" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="aspleniumi"
+         name="aspleniumi"><img
+         src="images/fern037a.jpg"
+         alt="Spleenworts. Asplenium" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+          opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+          <i>Asplenium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+          The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="athyriumi"
+         name="athyriumi"><img
+         src="images/fern037b.jpg"
+         alt="Lady Fern. Athyrium" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4><a
+     id="class"
+     name="class">DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS</a></h4>
+    <br />
+    <p>In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five distinct
+    families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be treated, is that of
+    the <i>real ferns (Polypodi&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with sixty species and several chief varieties.
+    Then follow the <i>flowering ferns (Osmund&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with three species; the <i>curly
+    grass</i> and <i>climbing ferns (Schiz&aelig;&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with two species; the <i>adder's
+    tongue</i> and <i>grape ferns (Ophiogloss&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with seven species; and the
+    <i>filmy ferns (Hymenophyll&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with one species.</p>
+    <p>Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of ferns have
+    five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.</p>
+    <a
+     id="sporangiai"
+     name="sporangiai"><img
+     src="images/fern038a.gif"
+     alt="Sporangia of the Five Families" /></a>
+    <p>Fig. 1-4: Sporangia of the Five Families]</p>
+    <p>1. The Fern Family proper (<i>Polypodi&agrave;ce&aelig;</i>) has the spore cases stalked and
+    bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots containing the
+    spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2), or covered by an indusium,
+    as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).</p>
+    <p>2. The Royal Fern Family (<i>Osmunda</i>) has the spore cases stalked with only a
+    rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).</p>
+    <p>3. The Climbing Fern Family (<i>Lygodium, Schiz&aelig;a</i>) has the spore cases sessile
+    in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring around the upper
+    portion (Fig. 5).[1]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]</h5>
+    <p>4. The Adder's Tongue Family (<i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum, Botr&yacute;chium</i>) has simple spore
+    cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit (Fig.
+    6).</p>
+    <p>5. The Filmy Fern Family (<i>Trich&oacute;manes</i>) has the spore cases along a
+    bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly two-lipped
+    involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).</p>
+    <a
+     id="indusiumi"
+     name="indusiumi"><img
+     src="images/fern039a.gif"
+     alt="Indusium" /></a>
+    <p>Fig. 5-7: Indusium</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4>THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS</h4>
+    <h4><i>POLYPODI&Agrave;CE&AElig;</i></h4>
+    <p>Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia), which are
+    collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back of the frond or form
+    lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia surrounded by vertical, elastic
+    rings bursting transversely and scattering the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often
+    covered, at least when young, by a membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="poly"
+     name="poly">THE POLYPODIES</a></h4>
+    <h4>1. POLYPODY. <i>Polypodium</i></h4>
+    <p>(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)</p>
+    <p>Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are covered
+    with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond
+    in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia pedicelled, provided with a
+    vertical ring which bursts transversely. A large genus with about 350 species, widely
+    distributed, mostly in tropical regions.</p>
+    <h4>(1) COMMON POLYPODY. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall, smooth,
+    oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway between the midrib and
+    the margin, but nearer the margin.</p>
+    <a
+     id="commonpolyi"
+     name="commonpolyi"><img
+     src="images/fern041a.jpg"
+     alt="Common Polypody. Polypodium vulgare" /></a>
+    <p>Common Polypody. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i></p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="sorii"
+         name="sorii"><img
+         src="images/fern041b.gif"
+         alt="Fruited Frond" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+          out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+          back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks after
+          their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's seal. The
+          polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the fronds cling
+          together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers their beauty a
+          long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including Europe and Japan.</p>
+          <p>In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted
+          mass.</p>
+          <p>Var. <i>cambricum</i> has segments broader and more or less strongly
+          toothed.</p>
+          <p>Var. <i>cristatum</i> has the segments forked at the ends.</p>
+          <p>Several other forms are also found.</p>
+          <p>Fruited Frond</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="polymassi"
+         name="polymassi"><img
+         src="images/fern042a.jpg"
+         alt="Common Polypody. Polypodium vulgare" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>The Common Polypody. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i> (Photographed by Miles
+          Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <h4>(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY</h4>
+    <h4><i>Polypodium inc&agrave;num. P. polypodi&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinn&aacute;tifid, gray and scurfy
+    underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather small, near
+    the margin and obscured by the chaff.</p>
+    <a
+     id="grayi"
+     name="grayi"><img
+     src="images/fern043a.jpg"
+     alt="Gray or Hoary Polypody. Polypodium incanum" /></a>
+    <p>Gray or Hoary Polypody. <i>Polypodium incanum</i></p>
+    <p>In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the Greek
+    ending <i>oides</i> (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it often grows
+    on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north as Staten Island. It
+    is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly by moisture after seeming to be
+    dead from long drouth. July to September. Widely distributed in tropical America.
+    Often called Tree-Polypody.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="brack"
+     name="brack">THE BRACKEN GROUP</a></h3>
+    <p>Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of which
+    serve as indusia.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="bracken"
+     name="bracken">1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Pt&egrave;ris aquilina</i>. PTER&Iacute;DIUM LATI&Uacute;SCULUM[1]</h4>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in part
+    the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]</h5>
+    <p>Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the widely
+    spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less pinn&aacute;tifid.
+    Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin of the ultimate divisions
+    whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek, <i>pteron</i>, a wing, the feathery
+    fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="brakei"
+     name="brakei"><img
+     src="images/fern045a.jpg"
+     alt="Common Bracken or Brake" /></a>
+    <p>Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. <i>Pteris aquilina</i> (Providence
+    County, R.I.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="brackeni"
+     name="brackeni"><img
+     src="images/fern046.jpg"
+     alt="Fertile Frond of Common Bracken" /></a>
+    <p>A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. <i>Pteris aquilina</i> (Suffolk County,
+    Mass.)</p>
+<pre>
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+</pre>
+    <p>The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It flourishes in
+    thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant shade. It is found in all
+    parts of the world, and is said to be the most common of all our North American
+    ferns. In a cross section of the mature stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof"
+    and "King Charles in the oak," and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of
+    an oak tree. It was the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed
+    to bear the mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).</p>
+<pre>
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+</pre>
+    <p>This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.</p>
+<pre>
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+  SHAKESPEARE.
+</pre>
+    <p>The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of our
+    English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc., and fern (meaning
+    the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel, Fernside, Farnsworth, etc.
+    Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale, Fernwood, and others. Although the
+    bracken is coarse and common, it makes a desirable background for rockeries, or other
+    fern masses. The young ferns should be transplanted in early spring with as much of
+    the long, running rootstock as possible.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>pseudocaud&agrave;ta</i> has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is a
+    common southern form.</p>
+    <a
+     id="brackvari"
+     name="brackvari"><img
+     src="images/fern048.gif"
+     alt="pseudocaudata" /></a>
+    <p>Var. <i>pseudocaudata</i></p>
+    <h4>2. MAIDENHAIR. <i>Adiantum</i></h4>
+    <p>Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends of
+    free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the
+    pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves very slender
+    and polished.</p>
+    <p>(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the leaves.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i></h4>
+    <p>A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches high,
+    the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal, recurved branches, the
+    pinn&aelig; all springing from the upper side. Pinnules triangular-oblong, bearing short
+    sori on their inwardly reflexed margins which form the indusium.</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidsprayi"
+     name="maidsprayi"><img
+     src="images/fern049.jpg"
+     alt="A Spray of Maidenhair" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidsorii"
+     name="maidsorii"><img
+     src="images/fern050.jpg"
+     alt="Sori of Maidenhair" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fruiting Pinn&aelig; of Maidenhair]</p>
+    <p>The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also sheds
+    water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with their divisions
+    all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern, known and admired by every
+    one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested by the black, wiry roots growing
+    from the slender rootstock, or by the dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it,
+    "because the black roots, like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of
+    signatures' to be good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the
+    'syrup of capillaire'[A] (<i>Am. Botanist</i>, November, 1921). While the maidenhair
+    is not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our section,
+    westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.</p>
+    <p>"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many localities,
+    it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm. Its chosen haunts are
+    dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides sloping to the river. In such
+    retreats you find the feathery fronds tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in
+    their neighborhood you find, also, the very spirit of the woods."<br />
+    MRS. PARSONS.</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+    indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+    breathing.]</h5>
+    <a
+     id="maidenhairi"
+     name="maidenhairi"><img
+     src="images/fern051.jpg"
+     alt="Common Maidenhair. Adiantum pedatum" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i> (Reading, Mass.,
+    Kingman)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="alpinei"
+     name="alpinei"><img
+     src="images/fern052.jpg"
+     alt="Alpine Maidenhair" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i>, Var. <i>aleuticum</i>
+    (Fernald and Collins, Gasp&eacute; County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray Herbarium)]</p>
+    <p>The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade. Along
+    with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern border.</p>
+    <p>Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+    abundant on the high tableland of the Gasp&eacute; Peninsula, Quebec, where it is said to
+    cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six to ten inches high,
+    growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the pinnules finely toothed instead of
+    rounded and the indusia often lunate, rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in
+    <i>Rhodora</i>, November, 1905.) Also found in northern Vermont, and to the
+    northwestward.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. <i>Adiantum Cap&iacute;llus-Veneris</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate below.
+    Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and irregularly incised.
+    Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the ribs of a fan.</p>
+    <a
+     id="venusi"
+     name="venusi"><img
+     src="images/fern054.jpg"
+     alt="Venus Hair Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. <i>Adiantum Capillus-Veneris</i>]</p>
+    <p>While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is confined to
+    the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as Virginia, where it meets, but
+    scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The medicinal properties of <i>Adiantum
+    pedatum</i> were earlier ascribed to the more southern species, which is common in
+    Great Britain, but, like many another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long
+    since defunct.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="clfbrk"
+     name="clfbrk">3. CLIFF BRAKES. <i>Pell&agrave;ea</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+    dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line of the
+    bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile segments which are
+    more or less membranous. (Pell&aelig;a, from the Greek <i>pellos</i>, meaning dusky, in
+    allusion to the dark stipes.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. <i>Pell&aelig;a atropurp&ugrave;rea</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and harsh to the
+    touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply pinnate, or bipinnate
+    below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly
+    entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about
+    twice forked. Basal scales extending into long, slender tips, colorless or
+    yellow.</p>
+    <a
+     id="purplei"
+     name="purplei"><img
+     src="images/fern056.jpg"
+     alt="Purple Cliff Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. <i>Pell&aelig;a atropurpurea</i>]</p>
+    <p>Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout the
+    winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky ledges with a
+    preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and mature fronds its pinn&aelig;
+    are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes are purplish, its leaves are
+    bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the
+    cliffs thrives in cultivation. Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and
+    valuable. It is not only beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green
+    emphasizing all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+    cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal fire or
+    radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect, and if allowed to
+    dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when put in a moist atmosphere.
+    It makes but one imperative demand, and that is the privilege of standing still.
+    Overzealous culturists usually like to turn things around, but revolving cliffs are
+    not in the natural order of things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to
+    changes of light and warped and twisted fronds result."</p>
+    <p>Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+    <i>cristata</i> has forked pinn&aelig; somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond.
+    Missouri.</p>
+    <h4>(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE</h4>
+    <h4><i>Pell&agrave;ea glabella. Pell&agrave;ea atropurp&ugrave;rea</i>, var. <i>Bushii</i></h4>
+    <p>Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark polished
+    stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales having a few bluntish
+    teeth on each edge. Pinn&aelig; sub-opposite, divergent, narrowly oblong, obtuse; base
+    truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally auricled; lower pinn&aelig; often with
+    orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile pinn&aelig; broader, bluish or greenish glaucous
+    above, often crowded to overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern
+    range, growing from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found
+    rarely, if at all, in southern New England.</p>
+    <a
+     id="densei"
+     name="densei"><img
+     src="images/fern058.jpg"
+     alt="Dense Cliff Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma densa</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma densa. Pella&egrave;a densa</i></h4>
+    <p>Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the slender cliff
+    brake under the genus <i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma</i>, which is so nearly like <i>Pellaea</i>
+    that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptogr&aacute;mma means in Greek a
+    <i>hidden line</i>, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden beneath the reflexed
+    margin.</p>
+    <p>The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:</p>
+    <p>Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches, triangular-ovate,
+    pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments linear, sharp-pointed, mostly
+    fertile, having the margins entire and recurved, giving the sori the appearance of
+    half-open pods. Sterile fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts
+    ("<i>densa</i>") slender, wiry, light-brown.</p>
+    <p>This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices in
+    rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it produces spores
+    in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading, and its fertile fronds
+    are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and begin to fruit when very small.
+    Gasp&eacute; and Mt. Albert in the Province of Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far
+    west.</p>
+    <h4>(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma Stell&egrave;ri. Pella&egrave;a gr&aacute;cilis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with few
+    pinn&aelig;. The lower pinn&aelig; pinnately parted into three to five divisions, those of the
+    fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile, obovate or ovate,
+    crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone rocks. Quebec and New
+    Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and to the northwest.</p>
+    <a
+     id="slenderi"
+     name="slenderi"><img
+     src="images/fern060.jpg"
+     alt="Slender Cliff Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma Stelleri</i>]</p>
+    <p>We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone cliffs
+    of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto whose sides were
+    kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near its charming abode high on
+    the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by its pleasing, simple name, "Pell&aelig;a
+    gracilis," now changed for scientific reasons, but we still like the old name
+    better.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="rkbrk"
+     name="rkbrk">(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma acrostich&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear and
+    pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants spring from
+    crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes of the fertile fronds
+    are about twice as long as the sterile, making two tiers of fronds.</p>
+    <a
+     id="parsleyi"
+     name="parsleyi"><img
+     src="images/fern061.jpg"
+     alt="Parsley Fern or Rock Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. <i>Cryptogramma acrostichoides</i>
+    (California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus <i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma</i>. The
+    indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed to the
+    midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out flat and exposing
+    the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock brake," calls it a border
+    species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic America to Lake Huron, Lake
+    Superior, Colorado and California.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="lip"
+     name="lip">4. LIP FERNS. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with much
+    divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and roundish, but
+    afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and sometimes herbaceous,
+    formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the whole pinnule. Veins free, but
+    often obscure. Most of the ferns of this genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where
+    rain is sometimes absent for weeks and months. For this reason they protect
+    themselves by a covering of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of
+    water from the plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the
+    surface of the frond. (In Greek the word means <i>lip flower</i>, alluding to the
+    lip-like indusia.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes alabam&eacute;nsis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinn&aelig; numerous,
+    oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above. Pinnules
+    triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the base. Indusia pale,
+    membranous and continuous except between the lobes. Stipes black, slender and
+    tomentose at the base.</p>
+    <a
+     id="alabamai"
+     name="alabamai"><img
+     src="images/fern063.jpg"
+     alt="Alabama Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes alabamensis</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within our
+    limits by its smooth pinn&aelig;. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to Kentucky, and Alabama,
+    and westward to Arizona.</p>
+    <h4>(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes lan&ograve;sa, C. v&eacute;stita</i></h4>
+    <a
+     id="hairyi"
+     name="hairyi"><img
+     src="images/fern064.jpg"
+     alt="Hairy Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]</p>
+    <p>Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinn&aacute;tifid pinnules; seven to
+    fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinn&aelig;
+    triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed and forming
+    separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening sporangia.</p>
+    <p>This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from clefts and
+    ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two following species. Unlike
+    most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not partial to limestone, but grows on
+    other rocks as well. It has been found as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near
+    New York, and in New Jersey, Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.</p>
+    <h4>(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes toment&ograve;sa</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinn&aelig; and
+    pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender, whitish,
+    obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal one is twice as long
+    as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow margin forming a continuous,
+    membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown, densely woolly.</p>
+    <p>By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in the most
+    exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the "rarest, tallest and
+    handsomest of the lip ferns."</p>
+    <p>Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas and
+    Arizona.</p>
+    <h4>(4) SLENDER LIP FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cheil&aacute;nthes F&eacute;ei, C. lanugin&ograve;sa</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds three
+    to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly articulated hairs,
+    twice or thrice pinnate. Pinn&aelig; ovate, the lowest deltoid. Pinnules divided into
+    minute, densely crowded segments, the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an
+    almost continuous indusium.</p>
+    <a
+     id="slenderlipi"
+     name="slenderlipi"><img
+     src="images/fern066.jpg"
+     alt="Slender Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]</p>
+    <p>The slender lip fern, known also as F&eacute;e's fern, is much the smallest of the lip
+    ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only one-third as
+    tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it. The fronds form tangled
+    mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota
+    to British Columbia, and south to Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.</p>
+    <a
+     id="slenderpini"
+     name="slenderpini"><img
+     src="images/fern067.jpg"
+     alt="Pinn&aelig; of Slender Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinn&aelig; of Slender Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes F&eacute;ei</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="cloak"
+     name="cloak">5. CLOAK FERN. <i>Nothol&agrave;ena</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the pinnules, at
+    first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without indusium. Veins free.
+    Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower surface hairy, or tomentose or
+    powdery. Includes about forty species, mostly American, but only one within our
+    limits. (Greek name means <i>spurious cloak</i>, alluding to the rudimentary or
+    counterfeit indusium.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. <i>Nothol&agrave;ena dealb&agrave;ta</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the base,
+    tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface of the very small
+    segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with a pure, white powder; hence,
+    the specific name <i>dealbata</i>, which means whitened. Sori brown at length; veins
+    free.</p>
+    <p>There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits. The dry,
+    white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect them from too rapid
+    evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and sunny places. This delicate
+    rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas,
+    Colorado, and southwestward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="powderi"
+     name="powderi"><img
+     src="images/fern069.jpg"
+     alt="Powdery Cloak Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. <i>Notholaena dealbata</i> (Kansas) (G.E.
+    Davenport)]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="chain"
+     name="chain">THE CHAIN FERNS. <i>Woodwardia</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly two-pinnate
+    fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or more chain-like rows,
+    parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by its outer margin to a veinlet and
+    opening on the inner side. In our section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J.
+    Woodward, an English botanist.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. <i>Woodwardia virg&iacute;nica</i></h4>
+    <p>Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+    pinnate, the pinn&aelig; deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong in
+    chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinn&aelig; and the lobes, confluent when
+    ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles) beneath the fruit-dots,
+    thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in July.</p>
+    <a
+     id="commonchaini"
+     name="commonchaini"><img
+     src="images/fern070.jpg"
+     alt="Common Chain Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia virginica</i>]</p>
+    <p>The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow in
+    crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the chain fern rise
+    singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at intervals all summer. The
+    sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds. There are usually more sterile than
+    fertile blades, especially in dense shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry
+    swamp in Melrose, Mass., where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and
+    other swamp bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+    frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces the south.
+    Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast, and often in company
+    with the narrow-leaved species.</p>
+    <a
+     id="netchaini"
+     name="netchaini"><img
+     src="images/fern072.jpg"
+     alt="Net-Veined Chain Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia areolata</i> (Stratford,
+    Conn.)]</p>
+    <h4>(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN</h4>
+    <h4>NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Woodwardia areol&agrave;ta. W. angustif&ograve;lia</i></h4>
+    <p>Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile ones
+    nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with lanceolate,
+    serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate; fertile fronds taller,
+    twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear divisions, the areoles and
+    fruit-dots in a single row each side of the secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the
+    tissues.</p>
+    <p>This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow near each
+    other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near Boston, and both have
+    been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and doubtless in other towns along the
+    coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's
+    Bay. The net-veined species has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the
+    latter the spore cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and
+    rolling up of the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of
+    long, narrow pinn&aelig;. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+    segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations between the
+    fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness. Waters calls them the
+    "<i>obtusilob&agrave;ta</i> form."</p>
+    <a
+     id="spleeni"
+     name="spleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern074a.jpg"
+     alt="Spleenworts" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's 5.
+    Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="spleen"
+     name="spleen">THE SPLEENWORTS</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4><a
+     id="rockspleen"
+     name="rockspleen">A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. <i>Aspl&egrave;nium</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when young.
+    Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper side of a fertile
+    veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of rhizome and stipes narrow,
+    of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.</p>
+    <h4>(1) PINN&Agrave;TIFID SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium pinnat&iacute;f&iacute;dum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinn&aacute;tifid or pinnate near the base,
+    tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or the lower pair
+    acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted, two to four inches long,
+    brownish beneath, green above.</p>
+    <p>Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited, it is
+    extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence southward to
+    Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks. Resembles the walking fern,
+    and its tip sometimes takes root.</p>
+    <h4>(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium eben&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinn&aacute;tifid or pinnate below,
+    tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from a broad base.
+    Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis brown.</p>
+    <a
+     id="pinspleeni"
+     name="pinspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern076a.jpg"
+     alt="Pinnatifid Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium pinnatifidum</i> a, Small
+    Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry
+    Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="scotti"
+     name="scotti"><img
+     src="images/fern077a.jpg"
+     alt="Scott's Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium ebenoides</i> a, from Virginia; b,
+    from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is a
+    hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by Miss Margaret
+    Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of its parents. It was
+    discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a suburb of Philadelphia, and
+    described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama,
+    Missouri, and southward. Rare, but said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana,
+    Ala.</p>
+    <a
+     id="greeni"
+     name="greeni"><img
+     src="images/fern078a.jpg"
+     alt="Green Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium v&iacute;ride</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium v&iacute;ride</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinn&aelig; roundish-ovate,
+    crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks tufted, short, brownish below,
+    green above. Rachis green.</p>
+    <p>Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in 1876. Found
+    sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr. This rare and delicate
+    little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the maidenhair spleenwort, which,
+    however, has dark stipes instead of green.</p>
+    <p>Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidspleeni"
+     name="maidspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern079a.jpg"
+     alt="Maidenhair Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium Trich&oacute;manes</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches long,
+    linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinn&aelig; roundish-oblong or oval, entire or finely
+    crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins forking and evanescent.</p>
+    <p>Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be looked
+    for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone. July.</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidspleenworti"
+     name="maidspleenworti"><img
+     src="images/fern080a.jpg"
+     alt="Maidenhair Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i> (From Woolson's
+    "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT</h4>
+    <p><i>Asplenium p&aacute;rvulum. A. res&iacute;liens</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinn&aelig;
+    opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base. Stipes and
+    rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.</p>
+    <p>This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and ebony
+    spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in being smaller
+    and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of the same size. Mountains
+    of Virginia to Kansas and southward.</p>
+    <h4>(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT</h4>
+    <p><i>Asplenium platyn&egrave;uron. A. eb&egrave;neum</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the fertile ones
+    much taller, and pinnate. Pinn&aelig; scarcely an inch long, the lower ones very much
+    shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or incised, the base auricled. Sori
+    numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")</p>
+    <p>This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and on
+    rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come upon it many
+    times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.</p>
+    <p>A lightly incised form of the pinn&aelig; has been described as var. <i>serratum</i>. A
+    handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named <i>Horton&aelig;</i>
+    (also called <i>incisum</i>) has plume-like fronds with the pinn&aelig; cut into oblique
+    lobes, which are coarsely serrate.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ebonyi"
+     name="ebonyi"><img
+     src="images/fern082.jpg"
+     alt="Ebony Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium platyneuron</i> (Melrose, Mass.,
+    G.E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="bradleyi"
+     name="bradleyi"><img
+     src="images/fern083.jpg"
+     alt="Bradley's Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Bradleyi</i> a, from Maryland;
+    b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium Br&aacute;dleyi</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinn&aelig; oblong-ovate,
+    obtuse, incised or pinn&aacute;tifid into oblong, toothed lobes. The basal pinn&aelig; have broad
+    bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked. Stipes and rachis dark brown and the
+    sori short, near the midrib.</p>
+    <p>A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and confined
+    mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and Alabama, westward to
+    Arkansas.</p>
+    <h4>(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium montanum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long, somewhat
+    leathery, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or
+    ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less divided. Rachis green, broad,
+    and flat.</p>
+    <a
+     id="mountaini"
+     name="mountaini"><img
+     src="images/fern085.gif"
+     alt="Mountain Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]</p>
+    <p>Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of rocks
+    and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest. July. Rare.
+    Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species, "Common on all sandstone
+    cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks by the banks of streams."</p>
+    <h4>(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium Ruta-mur&agrave;ria</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to three
+    pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture. Divisions few,
+    stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised at the apex. Veins
+    forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon confluent.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ruei"
+     name="ruei"><img
+     src="images/fern086.jpg"
+     alt="Rue Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. <i>A. Ruta-muraria</i> (Top, Lake Huron--Lower
+    Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium of Geo. E.
+    Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and is rather
+    rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common, growing everywhere on
+    walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby Mountain, Vt., to Michigan,
+    Missouri, Kentucky and southward.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="lrgspleen"
+     name="lrgspleen">B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. <i>Ath&yacute;rium</i></a></h4>
+    <p>The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in rich
+    soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock spleenworts
+    just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus <i>Asplenium</i> because
+    their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly curved, but others are
+    inclined to follow the practice of the British botanists and put them into a separate
+    group under <i>Ath&yacute;rium</i>. Nearly all agree that the lady fern, with its variously
+    curved sori, should be placed here, and many others would place the silvery
+    spleenwort in the same genus, partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In
+    regard to the last member of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more
+    doubt. The sori taken separately would place it with the <i>Aspleniums</i>, but
+    considering its size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely
+    allied to the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+    three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more definite adopt
+    Clute's felicitous phrase.</p>
+    <h4>THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN</h4>
+    <h4>1. THE LADY FERNS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, tapering
+    towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules oblong-lanceolate,
+    cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously curved. Indusium delicate, often
+    reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in some forms confluent at maturity.</p>
+    <p>Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer nomenclature
+    separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct species, which should be
+    carefully studied.[A]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in <i>Rhodora</i> of September,
+    1917.]</h5>
+    <h4>(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATH&Yacute;RIUM ANG&Uacute;STUM</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspl&egrave;nium F&igrave;lix-femina</i></h4>
+    <p>The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how the
+    thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In the Lowland
+    Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe bases, and so may be
+    distinguished from its sister fern.</p>
+    <p>One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during the
+    summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring. The undecayed
+    bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the same purpose.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladyrooti"
+     name="ladyrooti"><img
+     src="images/fern089a.jpg"
+     alt="Upland Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern089b.jpg"
+     alt="split lengthwise" />
+    <p>[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp;
+    Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladysorii"
+     name="ladysorii"><img
+     src="images/fern090.jpg"
+     alt="Sori of Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium angustum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old fronds.
+    Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved, often
+    horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but without glands.
+    Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the middle.</p>
+    <p>This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian Provinces. The
+    fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties have been pointed out,
+    but the fern student, having first learned to identify the species, will gradually
+    master the few leading varieties as he meets them.</p>
+    <p>Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature incline to
+    cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These are varieties T&Yacute;PICUM
+    and EL&Agrave;TIUS, both with the pinn&aelig; obliquely ascending (including variety
+    <i>angustum</i> of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader fronds with the pinnules
+    of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acute and strongly toothed or
+    pinnatifid.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladyvari"
+     name="ladyvari"><img
+     src="images/fern091.jpg"
+     alt="Varieties of Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--lst and 2nd, Var. <i>typicum;
+    3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Var. RUB&Eacute;LLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand at a wide
+    angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed or pinnatifid with obtuse
+    teeth. This variety favors regions with cool summers, or dense shade in warmer
+    regions. The term RUB&Eacute;LLUM alludes to the reddish stems so often seen but this sign
+    alone may not determine the variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species,
+    being a common New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of
+    the species in southern Nova Scotia.</p>
+    <p>Among other varieties named by Butters are CONF&Eacute;RTUM, having the pinnules
+    irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of the pinnules
+    broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance; LACINI&Agrave;TUM with pinnules
+    very irregular in size and shape, with many long, acute teeth, which project in
+    various directions. "An abnormal form which looks as if it had been nibbled when
+    young."</p>
+    <p>These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN</h4>
+    <h4>ATH&Yacute;RIUM ASPLENI&Ograve;IDES</h4>
+    <p>Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the fronds.
+    Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few, seldom persistent,
+    rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly deltoid, lanceolate, widest near
+    the base, the second pair of pinn&aelig; commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia
+    (hairs) ending in glands. Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladylowi"
+     name="ladylowi"><img
+     src="images/fern093.jpg"
+     alt="Lowland Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+    Herbarium)]</p>
+    <p>The following two forms are named by Butters:</p>
+    <p>F. T&Yacute;PICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+    Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.</p>
+    <p>F. SUBTRIPINN&Agrave;TUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular, lanceolate,
+    and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet situations in half shade.
+    Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.</p>
+    <p>Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes up the
+    Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in Pennsylvania and
+    southern New England, and their identification can hardly fail to awaken in the
+    student a keen interest.</p>
+    <p>Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real <i>Ath&yacute;rium
+    f&igrave;lix-f&eacute;mina</i> is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but is rather
+    a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky Mountain region and
+    identical with <i>Ath&yacute;rium cyclos&ograve;rum</i>.</p>
+    <p>But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old <i>Ath&yacute;rium
+    f&igrave;lix-f&eacute;mina</i>, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within our
+    limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.</p>
+    <p>Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus <i>Asplenium</i>, mentions the
+    form "<i>ex&igrave;le</i>, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations and often
+    fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's "<i>ang&uacute;stum</i>,"
+    and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally unimportant that have
+    been described of this species."</p>
+    <p>The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its best is
+    a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have noticed that in the
+    late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of its forms become disfigured and
+    present a rather blotched and coarse appearance." The lady fern has inspired several
+    poems, which have been quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following
+    lines are from the pen of Calder Campbell:</p>
+    <p>"But not by burne in wood or dale Grows anything so fair As the palmy crest of
+    emerald pale Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn To gold her delicate hair."</p>
+    <p>Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing stipes
+    of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green of the
+    foliage.</p>
+    <p>In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the curved
+    sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age, although such
+    changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the poetic Davenport may be
+    helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm about the various forms of the
+    lady fern, which soon enables one to know it from its peculiarly graceful motion by
+    merely gently swaying a frond in the hand." Spores ripen in August.</p>
+    <p>The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to crowd
+    aside its neighbors.</p>
+    <h4>(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATH&Yacute;RIUM ACROSTICH&Ograve;IDES</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspl&egrave;nium acrostich&ograve;ides. Aspl&egrave;nium thelypter&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinn&aelig;
+    deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely
+    toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when
+    young.</p>
+    <a
+     id="silverspleeni"
+     name="silverspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern096.jpg"
+     alt="Silvery Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium acrostichoides</i>]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern097.jpg"
+     alt="Silvery Spleenwort" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]</p>
+    <p>The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear until
+    late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper surface of the
+    fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the Marsh fern tribe, which it
+    somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly straight, clear-cut sori of the
+    fertile fronds are very attractive, and the lower ones, as well as those at the
+    slender tips of the pinn&aelig;, are frequently double.</p>
+    <p>Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward. Generally
+    distributed but hardly common.</p>
+    <h4>(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT</h4>
+    <h4>ATH&Yacute;RIUM ANGUSTIF&Ograve;LIUM. <i>Asplenium angustif&ograve;lium</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+    linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower. Fruit-dots
+    linear. Indusium slightly convex.</p>
+    <a
+     id="narrowspleeni"
+     name="narrowspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern098.jpg"
+     alt="Narrow-leaved Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium angustifolium</i> (Vermont)
+    (Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and southward.
+    September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden, Conn., and Danville, Vt.
+    Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to severe weather, as its thin and
+    delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson writes of it, "There is nothing in the
+    fern kingdom which looks so cool and refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this
+    clear-cut, delicately made-up fern."</p>
+    <a
+     id="athyriumpini"
+     name="athyriumpini"><img
+     src="images/fern099.jpg"
+     alt="Pinn&aelig; and Sori" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Athyrium angustifolium</i>]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="hart"
+     name="hart">HART'S TONGUE</a></h3>
+    <h4><i>Scolop&eacute;ndrium</i>. PHYLL&Igrave;TIS</h4>
+    <p>Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to it, the
+    indusium appearing to be double. (<i>Scolopendrium</i> is the Greek for centipede,
+    whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. <i>Phyllitis</i> is the ancient Greek
+    name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.</p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <h4>(1) <i>Scolopendrium vulg&agrave;re</i></h4>
+          <h4>PHYLL&Igrave;TIS SCOLOP&Eacute;NDRIUM</h4>
+          <p>Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+          base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+          bright green.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="scolosorii"
+         name="scolosorii"><img
+         src="images/fern100.jpg"
+         alt="Sori" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Sori of <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i>]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and Scolopendrium
+    Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in Ontario and New Brunswick.
+    One of the rarest of our native ferns, although very common in Great Britain. This
+    plant is said to be easily cultivated, and to produce numerous varieties. According
+    to Woolson, "No rockery is complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy,
+    undulating fronds of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+    cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+    England."</p>
+    <a
+     id="hartstoni"
+     name="hartstoni"><img
+     src="images/fern103.jpg"
+     alt="Hart's Tongue" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i> (Base of calcareous
+    rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF</h3>
+    <h4><i>Camptos&ograve;rus</i></h4>
+    <p>Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in <i>Aspl&egrave;nium</i>, but irregularly scattered on
+    either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones sometimes
+    confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name from the Greek
+    meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.</p>
+    <h4><i>Camptos&ograve;rus rhizophyllus</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at the
+    base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a new plant. Veins
+    reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes elongated and may even take
+    root.</p>
+    <p>This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the tips
+    taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other rocks. Shapleigh
+    and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon), and Connecticut, Mt. Toby,
+    Mass., and western New England; also Canada to Georgia and westward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="walkingi"
+     name="walkingi"><img
+     src="images/fern105.jpg"
+     alt="Walking Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Walking Fern. <i>Camptosorus rhizophyllus</i>]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="shield"
+     name="shield">THE SHIELD FERNS</a></h3>
+    <h4><a
+     id="holly"
+     name="holly">THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i></h4>
+    <p>These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed under the
+    genus <i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i>, which has the sori round and covered with a circular
+    indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood ferns, on the other
+    hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the fronds by the sinus.
+    (<i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i> is the Greek for many rows, the sori of some species being in
+    many ranks.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN</h4>
+    <p><i>Pol&yacute;stichum acrostich&ograve;ides. Asp&iacute;dium acrostich&ograve;ides</i></p>
+    <p>Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to two feet
+    long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped, auricled on the
+    upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinn&aelig; contracted toward the top, bearing
+    two rows of sori, which soon become confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium
+    orbicular, fixed by its depressed center.</p>
+    <p><i>F. inc&igrave;sum</i> is a form in which the pinn&aelig; are much incised.</p>
+    <p><i>F. cr&iacute;spum</i> has the edges of its pinn&aelig; crisped and ruffled. The name
+    Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness for
+    winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome at Christmas
+    time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance the beauty of the other
+    ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous mass of earth should be included and
+    its roots should not be disturbed.</p>
+    <a
+     id="christmasi"
+     name="christmasi"><img
+     src="images/fern105.jpg"
+     alt="Christmas Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i>]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern106.jpg"
+     alt="Christmas Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="christvari"
+     name="christvari"><img
+     src="images/fern107.jpg"
+     alt="Christmas Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i> Top, Forked Form;
+    Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]</p>
+    <h4>(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN</h4>
+    <p><i>Polystichum Br&aacute;unii. Asp&iacute;dium acule&agrave;tum Br&aacute;unii</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate, tapering both
+    ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly rectangular at the base,
+    sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and hairs. Fruit-dots small and near
+    the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire. Stipes chaffy with brown scales.</p>
+    <a
+     id="brauni"
+     name="brauni"><img
+     src="images/fern109.jpg"
+     alt="Braun's Holly Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. <i>Polystichum Braunii</i> (Willoughby
+    Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]</p>
+    <p>This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have collected it
+    in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt. Mansfield, Randolph, and
+    elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H., and Fernald reports it as common in
+    northern Maine. It also grows in the mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and
+    westward. It was formerly thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (<i>P.
+    acule&agrave;tum</i>), which has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain
+    green through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.</p>
+    <h4>(3) HOLLY FERN. <i>Polystichum Lonch&igrave;tis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches long.
+    Pinn&aelig; broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly auricled on the
+    upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between the margin and midrib.</p>
+    <a
+     id="hollyi"
+     name="hollyi"><img
+     src="images/fern110.jpg"
+     alt="Holly Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada, West,
+    Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+    bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonch&igrave;tis (like a spear) refers to its sharp
+    teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador to Alaska, and south
+    to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its southern limits nearly coincide
+    with the northern limits of the Christmas fern.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="marsh"
+     name="marsh">THE MARSH FERN TRIBE</a></h3>
+    <p>Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which have a
+    close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the wood ferns, which
+    also belong to the shield fern family.</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE MARSH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium thel&yacute;pteris</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS PAL&Uacute;STRIS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris thel&yacute;pteris. Nephr&ograve;dium thel&yacute;pteris</i></h4>
+    <a
+     id="marshi"
+     name="marshi"><img
+     src="images/fern111.jpg"
+     alt="Marsh Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]</p>
+    <p>These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. <i>Asp&iacute;dium</i>,
+    Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions of Gray's
+    Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its friends.
+    <i>Dry&oacute;pteris</i>, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood and Britton and
+    Brown and has grown in favor. <i>Nephr&ograve;dium</i>, meaning kidney-like, favored by
+    Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most fitting name. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS, meaning
+    lady fern, is found to be the earliest name in use and according to rule the correct
+    one.</p>
+    <a
+     id="marshmassi"
+     name="marshmassi"><img
+     src="images/fern112.jpg"
+     alt="Marsh Fern, in the mass" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. <i>Aspidium Thelypteris</i>]</p>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base. Pinn&aelig;
+    horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply pinnatifid. Lobes
+    obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed over the sori. Veins once
+    forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the blades ten to fifteen inches above
+    the mud, whence they spring.</p>
+    <p>The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+    readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of tapering
+    to very small pinn&aelig;; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into the sunlight, and
+    by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have suggested for it the name
+    of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins.
+    Common in marshes and damp woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh
+    fern loves moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+    A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale in which
+    Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in open sunlight on clay
+    soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy environment had been long since
+    cleared away while the deserted ferns persisted.</p>
+    <h4>(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium simul&agrave;tum</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS SIMUL&Agrave;TA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris simulata. Nephr&ograve;dium simul&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat narrowed at
+    the base. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most often turned inward.
+    Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.</p>
+    <p>Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety. In some
+    respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact intermediate between the
+    two.</p>
+    <a
+     id="massi"
+     name="massi"><img
+     src="images/fern114.gif"
+     alt="Massachusetts Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. <i>Aspidium simulatum</i> 1. Sterile Frond. 2.
+    A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+    Bulletin")]</p>
+    <p>That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in 1880, and
+    it later was named <i>simul&agrave;tum</i>&gt; by Geo. E. Davenport because of its
+    similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its thin texture and
+    particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close resemblance to the marsh
+    fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh Fern," instead of the irrelevant
+    name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland swamps usually in deep shade, New England to
+    Maryland and westward. Often found growing with the marsh fern.</p>
+    <h4>(3) NEW YORK FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium noveborac&eacute;nse</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS NOVEBORAC&Eacute;NSIS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris noveborac&eacute;nsis. Nephr&ograve;dium noveborac&eacute;nse</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, pinnatifid,
+    the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple. Indusium minute and
+    beset with glands.</p>
+    <a
+     id="nyi"
+     name="nyi"><img
+     src="images/fern115.jpg"
+     alt="New York Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: New York Fern. <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i>]</p>
+    <p>Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern. August. The
+    fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the midrib and veins.</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspidiumsorii"
+     name="aspidiumsorii"><img
+     src="images/fern116.jpg"
+     alt="New York Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp;
+    Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspidiumpini"
+     name="aspidiumpini"><img
+     src="images/fern117.jpg"
+     alt="New York Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: New York Fern. <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i>]</p>
+    <p>When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This species can
+    be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinn&aelig; at its base.
+    Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="beech"
+     name="beech">THE BEECH FERNS</a></h3>
+    <p>The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them, they
+    have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood ferns. Their
+    stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori at the ends of the veins
+    as in the polypodies. We here place them with the wood ferns, retaining the familiar
+    name <i>Pheg&oacute;pteris</i> but giving THEL&Yacute;PTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are
+    small, round and naked, borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe
+    continuous with the rootstock. Veins free. (The name <i>Pheg&oacute;pteris</i> in Greek
+    means oak or beech fern.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) OAK FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Pheg&oacute;pteris dry&oacute;pteris</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS DRY&Oacute;PTERIS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad, the
+    divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments oblong,
+    obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock slender and creeping
+    from which fronds are produced all summer, in appearance like the small, ternate
+    divisions of the bracken.</p>
+    <p>This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of all green
+    things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the uncoiling of the fronds,
+    the three round balls suggesting the sign of the pawnbroker. The parts of the oak
+    fern develop with great regularity, each pinna, pinnule and lobe having another
+    exactly opposite to it nearly always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in
+    Virginia, Kansas and Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the
+    artificial rockery.</p>
+    <a
+     id="oaki"
+     name="oaki"><img
+     src="images/fern119.jpg"
+     alt="Oak Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Dryopteris</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calc&agrave;rea</i></h4>
+    <h4>THEL&Yacute;PTERIS ROBERTI&Agrave;NA</h4>
+    <p>Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the terminal
+    segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and fronds minutely
+    glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions scarcely longer than the
+    others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the beech ferns having formerly been
+    classed with the polypodies. Britton and Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak
+    Fern." Canada and the northwestern states. Rare.</p>
+    <a
+     id="noaki"
+     name="noaki"><img
+     src="images/fern120.jpg"
+     alt="Northern Oak Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Robertiana</i> (From Water's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="broadi"
+     name="broadi"><img
+     src="images/fern121.jpg"
+     alt="BROAD BEECH FERN" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]</p>
+    <h4>(3) BROAD BEECH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Phegopteris hexagon&oacute;ptera</i></h4>
+    <h4>THEL&Yacute;PTERIS HEXAGON&Oacute;PTERA</h4>
+    <p>Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad, spreading more
+    or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent and often glandular
+    beneath; pinn&aelig; fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair usually much larger than those
+    above, having the segments elongated and cut into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and
+    forming a many-angled wing along the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the
+    margin.</p>
+    <p>The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech fern, and
+    extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota and southward to
+    Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody." According to Dodge it is most
+    common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said
+    to have a pleasant, ferny odor when bruised. August.</p>
+    <h4>(4) LONG BEECH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Phegopteris polypodi&ograve;ides</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS PHEG&Oacute;PTERIS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice pinnatifid.
+    Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward; cut into
+    oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the margin.</p>
+    <p>Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+    usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister fern rather
+    closely.</p>
+    <p>It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and southward to
+    the mountains of Virginia. July.</p>
+    <p><a
+     id="longi"
+     name="longi"><img
+     src="images/fern123.jpg"
+     alt="Long Beech Fern" /></a></p>
+    <p>[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. <i>Phegopteris polypodioides</i>]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern124.jpg"
+     alt="Long Beech Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="fragrant"
+     name="fragrant">THE FRAGRANT FERN</a></h3>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium fr&agrave;grans. Nephr&ograve;dium fr&agrave;grans</i></h4>
+    <h4>THEL&Yacute;PTERIS FR&Agrave;GRANS. <i>Dry&oacute;pteris fr&agrave;grans</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate and
+    twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinn&aelig; oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid.
+    Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the large, thin, imbricated
+    indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus, having the margins ragged and
+    sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and chaffy.</p>
+    <p>The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+    England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from north of the
+    White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and in the Green Mountains
+    south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and
+    Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a singularly sweet and lasting fragrance,
+    compared by some to strawberries, by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves.
+    We have seen herbarium specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after
+    several years. When growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness
+    and its beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.</p>
+    <a
+     id="fragranti"
+     name="fragranti"><img
+     src="images/fern126.jpg"
+     alt="Fragrant Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. <i>Aspidium fragrans</i> (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS</h3>
+<pre>
+ASPIDIUM
+Fronds pinnate, the pinn&aelig; pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinn&aelig; reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinn&aelig; but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinn&aelig; short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinn&aelig; longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+</pre>
+    <a
+     id="marginali"
+     name="marginali"><img
+     src="images/fern128.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium marginale</i>]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="wood"
+     name="wood">THE WOOD FERNS</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+     <p>The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the woods or
+    at least shady places. Although the genus <i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i> represents the true
+    shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their indusia have nearly
+    the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic name for them all was
+    <i>Asp&iacute;dium</i> (meaning shield), first published in 1800. For a long time its chief
+    rival was <i>Nephr&ograve;dium</i> (kidney-like), 1803. Many modern botanists have preferred
+    the earlier name <i>Dry&oacute;pteris</i> (1763), meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to
+    its forest-loving habits. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the
+    others.</p>
+    <br />
+     <a
+     id="crowni"
+     name="crowni"><img
+     src="images/fern129.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's "Ferns,"
+    Doubleday, Page &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspimargi"
+     name="aspimargi"><img
+     src="images/fern130.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]</p>
+		<br />
+    <br />
+    <h4>(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium margin&agrave;le</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS MARGIN&Agrave;LIS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris margin&agrave;lis. Nephr&ograve;dium margin&agrave;le</i></h4>
+		<br />
+    <p>Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat leathery,
+    smooth, twice pinnate. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just above the base.
+    Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots large, round,
+    close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich woods, rather common throughout our
+    area. The heavy rootstock rises slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown
+    with shaggy, brown scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over
+    bare rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a graceful
+    circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are short and densely
+    chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well. The fronds burdened with snow
+    lop over among the withered leaves and continue green until the new ones shoot up in
+    the spring. It is the most valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE MALE FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium F&igrave;lix-mas</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS F&Igrave;LIX-MAS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris F&igrave;lix-mas. Nephr&ograve;dium F&igrave;lix-mas</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from a
+    shaggy rootstock. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules oblong,
+    obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed,
+    distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the mid vein than the margin,
+    mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.</p>
+    <p>The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds are
+    thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use in medicine is
+    of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known <i>f&igrave;lix-mas</i> of the
+    pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties, but is mainly prescribed as a
+    vermifuge, which is one of the names given to it. In Europe it is regarded as the
+    typical fern, being oftener mentioned and figured than any other. In rocky woods,
+    Canada, Northfield, Vt., and northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the
+    world.</p>
+    <a
+     id="malei"
+     name="malei"><img
+     src="images/fern132.jpg"
+     alt="The Male Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Male Fern. <i>Aspidium Filix-mas</i> (Vermont)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspifilixi"
+     name="aspifilixi"><img
+     src="images/fern133.jpg"
+     alt="The Male Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: FIG. 33G. <i>Aspidium filix mas</i> 1, Illustration exhibiting
+    general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of rhizome showing the
+    conducting bundles; a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing sori; a indusium b, sporangia;
+    4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c,
+    sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a, stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO
+    OFFICINAL) From a German print, giving details]</p>
+    <h4>(3) GOLDIE'S FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium Goldi&agrave;num</i>. THELYPTERIS GOLDI&Agrave;NA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris Goldi&agrave;na. Nephrodium Goldi&agrave;num</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly ovate,
+    especially the sterile ones. Pinn&aelig; deeply pinnatifid, broadest in the middle. The
+    divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear, slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very
+    near the midvein. Indusium large, orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark
+    brown to nearly black with a peculiar silky lustre.</p>
+    <p>A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It delights in
+    rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from Canada to Kentucky. While
+    not common, there are numerous colonies in New England. It is reported from
+    Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass., and frequently west of the Connecticut
+    River. We have often admired a large and beautiful colony of it on the west side of
+    Willoughby Mountain in Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to
+    a fern garden.</p>
+    <a
+     id="goldi"
+     name="goldi"><img
+     src="images/fern135.jpg"
+     alt="Goldie's Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium Goldianum</i> (Vermont, 1874.
+    C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="goldmassi"
+     name="goldmassi"><img
+     src="images/fern136.jpg"
+     alt="Goldie's Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &amp;
+    Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(4) THE CRESTED FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium crist&agrave;tum</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS CRIST&Agrave;TA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris crist&agrave;ta. Nephrodium crist&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute. Pinn&aelig;
+    two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong, or the lowest
+    triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, those nearest
+    the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large, round, half way between the midvein
+    and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked, with a shallow sinus.</p>
+    <p>The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous only in
+    winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found only in
+    summer.</p>
+    <p>It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with their
+    dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile pinn&aelig; have a way
+    of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond for more light. In moist
+    land, Canada to Kentucky.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>Clintoni&agrave;num</i>. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in every
+    way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the midvein, the sides
+    of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to New York and westward. "Rare
+    in New England attaining its best development in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt.
+    Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine for cultivation.</p>
+    <a
+     id="cresti"
+     name="cresti"><img
+     src="images/fern138.jpg"
+     alt="Crested Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i> (Reading, Mass.,
+    Kingman)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="crest2i"
+     name="crest2i"><img
+     src="images/fern139.jpg"
+     alt="Crested Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="clintoni"
+     name="clintoni"><img
+     src="images/fern140.jpg"
+     alt="Clinton's Wood Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i>, var.
+    <i>Clintonianum</i> (Gray Herbarium)]</p>
+    <h4>CRESTED MARGINAL FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium crist&agrave;tum X margin&agrave;le</i></h4>
+    <p>Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the marginal
+    shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is like <i>marginale</i>
+    and the lower like <i>crist&agrave;tum</i>, including the veining and texture.</p>
+    <p>This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+    described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in his fern
+    garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends are indebted for
+    specimens.</p>
+    <p>Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed hybrids
+    have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern and its variety
+    <i>interm&egrave;dium</i>, and with Goldie's fern; also between the crested fern, including
+    Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned; and, in fact, between almost all
+    pairs of species of the wood ferns, although we do not think they have been
+    positively verified. Still other species of ferns are known to hybridize more or
+    less, as we saw in the case of Scott's spleenwort.</p>
+    <a
+     id="crestmargi"
+     name="crestmargi"><img
+     src="images/fern142.jpg"
+     alt="Crested Marginal Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. <i>Aspidium Cristatum X
+    marginale</i> (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspicristi"
+     name="aspicristi"><img
+     src="images/fern143.jpg"
+     alt="Aspidium cristatum X marginale" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium cristatum X marginale</i> One of the very best for
+    cultivation]</p>
+    <h4>(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium Boottii</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS BOOTTII</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper pinn&aelig;
+    lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows each side of the
+    midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the lower pinules. Indusium large,
+    minutely glandular, variable.</p>
+    <p>This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose ferns,
+    but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile fronds wither in
+    autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout the winter. It differs from
+    it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and from the typical spinulose fern by its
+    glandular indusium; but from the intermediate variety it is more difficult to
+    separate it, as that also has indusiate glands. The collector needs to study
+    authentic specimens and have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as
+    an aid to the verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+    puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.</p>
+    <a
+     id="bootti"
+     name="bootti"><img
+     src="images/fern144.jpg"
+     alt="Aspidium Boottii" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium Boottii</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium spinul&ograve;sum</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS SPINUL&Ograve;SA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris spinul&ograve;sa. Nephrodium spinul&ograve;sum</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and one-half feet
+    long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinn&aelig; oblique to the rachis, the lower ones
+    broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated. Pinnules on the inferior side of the
+    pinn&aelig; often elongated, especially the lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis
+    being usually the longest, at least in the lowest pinn&aelig;. Pinnules variously cut into
+    spinulose-toothed segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.</p>
+    <p>The common European type, but in this country far less common than its varieties.
+    They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their graceful outline and
+    spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be transplanted without great
+    difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon them for its most effective
+    lacework.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>interm&egrave;dium</i> has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+    Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinn&aelig; spreading, oblong-lanceolate. Pinnules
+    pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex. Margin of the
+    indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands. In woods nearly
+    everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of this variety are gathered in
+    our northern woods, placed in cold storage and sent to florists to be used in
+    decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not disturbed the crop is renewed from year
+    to year, and no great harm seems to result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: <i>Horticulture</i> reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+    have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly $100,000
+    were paid out in wages.]</h5>
+    <a
+     id="spini"
+     name="spini"><img
+     src="images/fern146.jpg"
+     alt="Spinulose Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i> (Maine, 1877,
+    Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="aspispini"
+         name="aspispini"><img
+         src="images/fern147a.jpg"
+         alt="Aspidium spinulosum" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i>, var. <i>intermedium</i>]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i>, var. AMERICANUM]</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="aspiameri"
+         name="aspiameri"><img
+         src="images/fern147b.jpg"
+         alt="Aspidium spinulosum" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry Purdie,
+    has been named var. CONCORDI&Agrave;NUM. It has small, elliptical, denticulate pinnules and
+    a glandular-pubescent indusium.</p>
+    <p>Var. AMERIC&Agrave;NUM (=<i>dilat&agrave;tum</i>, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+    triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical plant, the
+    lower pinn&aelig; being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate. Inferior pinnules on
+    the lower pair of pinn&aelig; conspicuously elongated. A variety preferring upland woods;
+    northern New England, Greenland to the mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
+    Michigan and northward.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="bladder"
+     name="bladder">THE BLADDER FERNS. <i>Cyst&oacute;pteris</i></a></h3>
+<pre>
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+</pre>
+    <p>The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone soil.
+    (The Greek name <i>cyst&oacute;pteris</i> means bladder fern, so called in allusion to the
+    hood-shaped indusium.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cyst&oacute;pteris bulb&iacute;fera. F&igrave;lix bulb&iacute;fera</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinn&aelig;
+    lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and pinn&aelig;
+    often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed. Indusium short,
+    truncate on the free side. Stipe short.</p>
+    <a
+     id="bulbleti"
+     name="bulbleti"><img
+     src="images/fern149.jpg"
+     alt="Bulblet Bladder Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i> (Willoughby,
+    Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="cystoi"
+     name="cystoi"><img
+     src="images/fern150.jpg"
+     alt="Bulblet Bladder Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i>]</p>
+    <p>One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of beauty,
+    whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very easily cultivated and
+    one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes by the yard," says Woolson,
+    "with the most graceful and filmy of our common ferns, the bladder fern." This fern
+    and the maidenhair were introduced into Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first
+    from America.</p>
+    <p>It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone districts. While
+    producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species mainly by bulblets, which,
+    falling into a moist soil, at once send out a pair of growing roots, while a tiny
+    frond starts to uncoil from the heart of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby
+    Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River,
+    Newfoundland to Manitoba, Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and
+    Arkansas.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cystopteris fr&aacute;gilis. Filix fr&aacute;gilis</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve inches long,
+    twice pinnate, the pinn&aelig; often pinnatifid or cut-toothed, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent
+    on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute at the free end. Very variable in the
+    cutting of the pinnules.</p>
+    <p>The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+    <i>fr&aacute;gilis</i> suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the first to
+    disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and withered away.
+    Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August, as if Nature were
+    renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern suggests the blunt-lobed
+    Woodsia, but in the latter the pinn&aelig; and pinnules are usually broader and blunter,
+    and its indusium splits into jagged lobes. Rather common in damp, shady places where
+    rocks abound. In one form or another, found nearly throughout the world though only
+    on mountains in the tropics.</p>
+    <a
+     id="fragili"
+     name="fragili"><img
+     src="images/fern152.jpg"
+     alt="Fragile Bladder Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern153.jpg"
+     alt="Fragile Bladder Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris fragilis</i> (Wakefield,
+    Mass.)]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>KEY TO THE WOODSIAS</h3>
+<pre>
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinn&aelig; hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinn&aelig; glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinn&aelig; oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinn&aelig; deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinn&aelig;
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="woodsias"
+     name="woodsias">THE WOODSIAS</a></h3>
+    <p>Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of simply
+    forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often evanescent,
+    either small and open, or early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes.
+    (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. <i>Wo&oacute;dsia ilv&eacute;nsis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above, thickly
+    clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the pinn&aelig; crowded,
+    sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the margin often confluent at
+    maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center into slender hairs which are curled
+    over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an inch or so above the rootstock.</p>
+    <a
+     id="rusti"
+     name="rusti"><img
+     src="images/fern155.jpg"
+     alt="Rusty Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i>]</p>
+    <p>The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on high cliffs
+    exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with silver-white, hair-like
+    scales, especially underneath. These scales turn brown in age, whence the name,
+    rusty. As the short stipes separate at the joints from the rootstock, they leave at
+    the base a thick stubble, which serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador
+    to North Carolina and westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very
+    abundant on the trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense
+    tufts.</p>
+    <h4>(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Woodsia alp&igrave;na. Woodsia hyperb&ograve;rea</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat hairy
+    beneath, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes few and nearly
+    entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i>.</p>
+    <a
+     id="northwoodi"
+     name="northwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern157.jpg"
+     alt="Northern Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. <i>Woodsia alpina</i>]</p>
+    <p>Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i>. It was
+    discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+    Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the Adirondacks, who
+    supposed it to be <i>Woodsia</i> <i>glab&eacute;lla</i>. In 1897 it was rediscovered at
+    Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine, and British America.
+    Rare.</p>
+    <a
+     id="alpwoodi"
+     name="alpwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern158.jpg"
+     alt="Northern Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, <i>Woodsia alpina</i> (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+    Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. <i>Woodsia obt&ugrave;sa</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice pinnate,
+    often minutely glandular. Pinn&aelig; rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong, pinnately
+    parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments. Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the
+    margin of the lobes. Indusium conspicuous, at length splitting into several
+    spreading, jagged lobes.</p>
+    <a
+     id="bluntwoodi"
+     name="bluntwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern159.jpg"
+     alt="Blunt-lobed Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. <i>Woodsia obtusa</i>]</p>
+    <p>This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than the
+    others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward. On rocky banks
+    and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty on account of the
+    star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var. <i>ang&uacute;sta</i> is a form with
+    very narrow fronds and pinn&aelig;. Highlands, New York. The type grows in Middlesex
+    County, Mass., but is rare.</p>
+    <h4>(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. <i>Woodsia glab&eacute;lla</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; remote at
+    the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes. Stipes jointed,
+    straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.</p>
+    <a
+     id="smoothwoodi"
+     name="smoothwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern160.jpg"
+     alt="Smooth Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. <i>Woodsia glabella</i> (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+    G.H.T.)]</p>
+    <p>On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount Mansfield,
+    Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also Newfoundland, New York,
+    and far to the northwest. Not very common. It differs from the alpine species by the
+    absence of scales above the joint. As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except
+    for the chaffy scales at or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many
+    other ferns, and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in
+    extremes of heat and cold.</p>
+    <h4>(5) OREGON WOODSIA. <i>Wo&oacute;dsia oreg&agrave;na</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath, narrowly
+    lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid. Segments
+    ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin nearly always reflexed.
+    Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, divided into a few beaded hairs.</p>
+    <p>Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe, but is
+    much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs, Gasp&eacute; Peninsula,
+    southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the northwest. Its eastern limit
+    is northern Michigan.</p>
+    <h4>(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. <i>Wo&oacute;dsia scopul&igrave;na</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinn&aelig;
+    triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole frond
+    hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium hidden beneath the
+    sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like divisions.</p>
+    <p>In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gasp&eacute; Peninsula, Rocky
+    Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.</p>
+    <h4>(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. <i>Woodsia Cathcarti&agrave;na</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+    glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong, denticulate,
+    separated by wide sinuses.</p>
+    <p>Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.</p>
+    <h4>DENNSTA&Eacute;DTIA. <i>Dicks&ograve;nia</i></h4>
+    <p>Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+    Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous, cup-shaped
+    indusium which is open at the top.</p>
+    <p>(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="boulder"
+     name="boulder">HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4>DENNSTA&Eacute;DTIA PUNCTIL&Oacute;BULA[A]</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dicks&ograve;nia punctil&oacute;bula. Dicks&ograve;nia pilosi&uacute;scula</i></h4>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small capitals
+    represent the newer nomenclature.]</h5>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy, ovate-lanceolate,
+    pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary pinn&aelig; in outline like the frond;
+    the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots
+    minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe.
+    Indusium fixed under the sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore
+    cases.</p>
+    <a
+     id="hayscentedi"
+     name="hayscentedi"><img
+     src="images/fern163.jpg"
+     alt="Hayscented Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i> (Sudbury, Mass.
+    G.E.D.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="forkedi"
+     name="forkedi"><img
+     src="images/fern164.jpg"
+     alt="Hayscented Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]</p>
+    <a
+     id="dennfieldi"
+     name="dennfieldi"><img
+     src="images/fern165.jpg"
+     alt="Hayscented Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i>]</p>
+    <p>While <i>Dennsta&eacute;dtia</i> is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+    name <i>Dicks&ograve;nia</i> has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern or
+    boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its long-tapering
+    outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to cluster around rocks and
+    boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the margin of rocky woods. It is
+    sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for the fernery and one of the most
+    decorative of the entire fern family. The effect of the shimmering fronds, so
+    delicately wrought, flanked by evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain
+    fern, pasture fern, and hairy <i>Dicks&ograve;nia</i> are other names. Canada to Tennessee
+    and westward.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>cristata</i> has the fronds more or less forked at the top.</p>
+    <a
+     id="dennpini"
+     name="dennpini"><img
+     src="images/fern166.jpg"
+     alt="Pinnule and Sori" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]</p>
+    <a
+     id="sensemeadi"
+     name="sensemeadi"><img
+     src="images/fern167.jpg"
+     alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="sensitive"
+     name="sensitive">THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Onocl&egrave;a</i>. PTER&Eacute;TIS. <i>Matt&egrave;uccia</i>. <i>Struthi&oacute;pteris</i></h4>
+    <p>(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)</p>
+    <p>It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included in the
+    same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The sensitive fern has
+    a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins; while the ostrich fern has
+    an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and free veins.</p>
+    <a
+     id="obtusformi"
+     name="obtusformi"><img
+     src="images/fern168.jpg"
+     alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit. <i>Obtusilobata</i>
+    Form]</p>
+    <h4>(1) SENSITIVE FERN. <i>Onocl&egrave;a sens&iacute;bilis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock, broadly
+    triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or nearly entire. Veins
+    reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds shorter, closely bipinnate with the
+    pinnules rolled up into berry-like structures which contain the spore cases. (The
+    name in Greek means a closed vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.)
+    The sensitive fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile
+    and fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground until
+    about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or berries, but soon
+    turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not discharge their spores until
+    the following spring. The little berry-like structures of the fertile frond represent
+    pinnules, bearing fruit-dots, around which they are closely rolled. As Waters
+    remarks, "Most ferns hold the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps
+    them tightly in the clenched fist."</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>obtusilobat&agrave;</i> is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+    partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.</p>
+    <a
+     id="sensisori"
+     name="sensisori"><img
+     src="images/fern169.jpg"
+     alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]</p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="sensionoi"
+         name="sensionoi"><img
+         src="images/fern170a.jpg"
+         alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one Stock
+          <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i> (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+          Breckenridge)]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i>]</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="sensiferti"
+         name="sensiferti"><img
+         src="images/fern170b.jpg"
+         alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <a
+     id="ostriferti"
+     name="ostriferti"><img
+     src="images/fern171.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea Struthiopteris</i>. Fertile Fronds]</p>
+    <h4>(2) OSTRICH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Onoclea struthi&oacute;pteris</i>. PTERETIS NODULOSA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Struthi&oacute;pteris Germ&aacute;nica</i>. <i>Matte&ugrave;ccia struthi&oacute;pteris</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate, pinnate,
+    the numerous pinn&aelig; deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the channeled stipe. Fertile
+    fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinn&aelig; revolute into a necklace form
+    containing the sori.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ostriferti2"
+     name="ostriferti2"><img
+     src="images/fern172.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]</p>
+    <p>The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the next
+    year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in July. Seen from a
+    distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the cinnamon fern. An
+    intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds is sometimes found, as in
+    the sensitive fern. This handsome species thrives under cultivation. For grace and
+    dignity it is unrivaled, and for aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the
+    lady fern. For the climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The
+    ostrich fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ostrisori"
+     name="ostrisori"><img
+     src="images/fern173.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>II</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="flowering"
+     name="flowering">THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY</a></h3>
+    <h3><i>OSMUND&Agrave;CEAE</i></h3>
+    <p>This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which belong
+    to the single genus.</p>
+    <h4>OSM&Uacute;NDA</h4>
+    <p>The <i>osmundas</i> are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+    thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much contracted and
+    quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular, short-stalked, borne on the
+    margin of the divisions and opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring
+    obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the god Thor.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Osm&uacute;nda reg&agrave;lis. Osmunda reg&agrave;lis</i>, var. SPECT&Agrave;BILIS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna having
+    numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along the midrib.
+    Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown when mature and
+    sometimes leafy.</p>
+    <p>A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great Linn&aelig;us,
+    <i>regalis</i>, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The wine-colored stipes
+    of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring, lifting gracefully their pink
+    pinn&aelig; and pretty panicles of bright green spore cases, throw an indescribable charm
+    over the meadows and clothe even the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the
+    attraction less when the showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are
+    turned to brown. The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a
+    foot above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth hints at
+    somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+</pre>
+    <a
+     id="royali"
+     name="royali"><img
+     src="images/fern175.jpg"
+     alt="Royal or Flowering Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern <i>Osmunda regalis</i>]</p>
+    <p>The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil, sufficient
+    shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places. Newfoundland to Virginia
+    and northwestward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="royalsori"
+     name="royalsori"><img
+     src="images/fern176.jpg"
+     alt="Osmunda regalis" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of <i>Osmunda regalis</i> (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+    &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN</h4>
+    <h4>Osmunda Claytoni&agrave;na</h4>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinn&aelig; cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+    Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of intermediate
+    pinn&aelig; contracted and bearing sporangia.</p>
+    <a
+     id="interruptclayi"
+     name="interruptclayi"><img
+     src="images/fern177.jpg"
+     alt="Interrupted Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoni&agrave;na</i>]</p>
+    <p>The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the last of
+    May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the cinnamon fern by not
+    having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the base of each pinna. Besides, in
+    Clayton's fern the fronds are broader, blunter and thinner in texture, and the
+    segments more rounded; the fronds are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn
+    yellow in the fall, at times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten
+    by the early frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common
+    in damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North Carolina
+    and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated and its graceful
+    outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the fern garden. Var. <i>dubia</i>
+    has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated, and the upper-middle ones
+    much elongated. Southern Vermont.</p>
+    <a
+     id="interruptferti"
+     name="interruptferti"><img
+     src="images/fern178.jpg"
+     alt="Interrupted Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]</p>
+    <h4>(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES</h4>
+    <p><i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, pinnatifid with oblong,
+    obtuse divisions. Fertile pinn&aelig; on separate fronds, which are contracted and covered
+    with brown sporangia.</p>
+    <a
+     id="cinnamonleavi"
+     name="cinnamonleavi"><img
+     src="images/fern179.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]</p>
+    <a
+     id="cinnamonleafi"
+     name="cinnamonleafi"><img
+     src="images/fern180.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]</p>
+    <a
+     id="cinnamonvari"
+     name="cinnamonvari"><img
+     src="images/fern181.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. <i>frondosa</i>]</p>
+    <p>Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is soon
+    surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of a charming circle
+    of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short time, however, it withers and
+    hangs down or falls to the ground. The large, conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns
+    give picturesqueness to many a moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its
+    crosier stage it is wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but
+    leaves, at the base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern182.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. <i>incisa</i> (Maine)]</p>
+    <p>Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and eat
+    with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at the base of the
+    unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund." The fern, itself, with its
+    tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful ornament for the shady lawn, and like the
+    interrupted fern is easy to cultivate. The spores of all the <i>osmundas</i> are
+    green, and need to germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and
+    swampy grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some think
+    it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old rhyme,</p>
+    <p>"Break the first brake you see, Kill the first snake you see, And you will conquer
+    every enemy."</p>
+    <a
+     id="osmundaglani"
+     name="osmundaglani"><img
+     src="images/fern183.jpg"
+     alt="Osmunda cinnamomea" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. <i>glandulosa</i> (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+    Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>frond&ograve;sa</i> has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+    towards the summit.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>inc&igrave;sa</i> has the inner pinnules of some of the pinn&aelig; more or less
+    cut-toothed.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>glandul&ograve;sa</i> has glandular hairs on the pinn&aelig;, rachis and even the
+    stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from Rhode
+    Island to Maryland.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>III</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="curly"
+     name="curly">CURLY GRASS FAMILY</a></h3>
+    <h3>SCHIZ&AElig;&Agrave;CE&AElig;</h3>
+    <h4>CURLY GRASS. <i>Schiz&agrave;ea pus&iacute;lla</i></h4>
+    <p>Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to two inches
+    high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds longer, three to five
+    inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of minute, fruited pinn&aelig;. Sporangia
+    large, ovoid, sessile in a double row along the single vein of the narrow divisions
+    of the fertile leaves, and provided with a complete apical ring. (<i>Schiz&aelig;a</i>,
+    from a Greek root meaning to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign
+    species.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="curlygrassi"
+     name="curlygrassi"><img
+     src="images/fern184.jpg"
+     alt="Curly Grass" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a pusilla</i>]</p>
+    <p>The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when growing
+    amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club mosses, etc. The
+    sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Grand Lake, Nova Scotia,
+    and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the curly grass have recently been
+    discovered in the southwest counties of Nova Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition,
+    mostly in bogs and hollows of sandy peat or sphagnum.</p>
+    <a
+     id="curlyspori"
+     name="curlyspori"><img
+     src="images/fern185.gif"
+     alt="Curly Grass" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]</p>
+    <h4>CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Lyg&ograve;dium palm&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+<pre>
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+</pre>
+    <p>Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower pinn&aelig;
+    (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs with simple
+    veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked, forming a terminal
+    panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing the sporangia, which are similar
+    to those of curly grass, and fixed to a veinlet by the inner side next the base, one
+    or rarely two covered by each indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig
+    [pliant], alluding to the flexible stipes.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="climbpalmi"
+     name="climbpalmi"><img
+     src="images/fern186.jpg"
+     alt="Climbing Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium palmatum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There was a
+    considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North Hadley, Mass., not far
+    from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872. Many used to decorate their
+    homes with its handsome sprays, draping it gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It
+    was known locally as the Hartford fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its
+    colonies and it became scarce, at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law
+    was enacted in 1867 for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A.
+    Weatherby states in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of
+    tillage (mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+    cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive agriculture
+    is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern locality. It is still
+    found here and there in New England, New York and New Jersey; also in Kentucky,
+    Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common. The fertile portion dies when the
+    spores mature, but the sterile frondlets remain green through the winter. A handsome
+    species for the fernery in the house or out of doors.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>IV</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="adder"
+     name="adder">ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY</a><br />
+     <i>OPHIOGLOSS&Agrave;CE&AElig;</i></h3>
+    <p>Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+    <i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum</i> the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated and
+    the sporangia in a simple spike. In <i>Botr&yacute;chium</i> the sterile segment is more or
+    less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound or rarely simple
+    spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit. Spores copious,
+    sulphur-yellow.</p>
+    <p>ADDER'S TONGUE. <i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum vulg&agrave;tum</i></p>
+    <p>Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing one smooth,
+    entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the sporangia, coherent in
+    two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek meaning the tongue of a snake,
+    in allusion to the narrow spike of the sporangia.)</p>
+    <p>In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare." New
+    England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows in company with
+    the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's speare ointment" had the
+    adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and is said to be still used for wounds
+    in English villages.</p>
+<pre>
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+</pre>
+    <a
+     id="addertoni"
+     name="addertoni"><img
+     src="images/fern189.jpg"
+     alt="Adder's Tongue" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum vulgatum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>minus</i>, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+    yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy ground,
+    New Hampshire to New Jersey.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>Engelm&aacute;nni</i>. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+    thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming a fine
+    network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and westward.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>aren&agrave;rium</i>. (From the Latin, <i>ar&egrave;na</i>, meaning sand, being found in
+    a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of <i>Ophi&oacute;glossum vulg&agrave;tum</i> and about
+    half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor soil at Holly
+    Beach, New Jersey.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="grapekey"
+     name="grapekey">KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS</a></h3>
+<pre>
+(<i>Botr&yacute;chium</i>)
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="grape"
+     name="grape">GRAPE FERNS</a></h3>
+    <h4><i>Botr&yacute;chium</i></h4>
+    <p>Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the sheathed
+    stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond one to three
+    pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile, naked, globular
+    sporangia, opening transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond
+    ternately or pinnately divided or compound. Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur
+    yellow. (The name in Greek means a cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like
+    clusters of the sporangia.)</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="moonwort"
+     name="moonwort">(1) MOONWORT. <i>Botr&yacute;chium Lun&agrave;ria</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne near the
+    middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight pairs of lunate or
+    fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins repeatedly forking; fertile segment
+    panicled, two to three pinnate.</p>
+    <a
+     id="mooni"
+     name="mooni"><img
+     src="images/fern191.gif"
+     alt="Moonwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Moonwort <i>Botrychium Lunaria</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="moondeti"
+     name="moondeti"><img
+     src="images/fern192.jpg"
+     alt="Moonwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Moonwort. <i>Botrychium Lunaria</i>. Details]</p>
+    <p>The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was reputed to
+    open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that trod upon it. "Unshoe
+    the horse" was one of the names given to it by the country people.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+</pre>
+    <p>In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United States.
+    Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and St. Johnsbury,
+    Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.</p>
+    <p>In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+</pre>
+    <h4><a
+     id="littlegrape"
+     name="littlegrape">(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. <i>Botrychium s&iacute;mplex</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment short-petioled,
+    usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately three to seven lobed. Veins
+    all forking from the base. Fertile segments simple or one to two pinnate, apex of
+    both segments erect in the bud.</p>
+    <p>In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and Plainfield,
+    Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle it is "abundantly
+    scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil, especially knolls of hill
+    pastures." May or June.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="lancegrape"
+     name="lancegrape">(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botrychium lanceol&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+    <h4>BOTR&Yacute;CHIUM ANGUSTISEGM&Eacute;NTUM</h4>
+    <p>Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the top of the
+    common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the acute lobes
+    lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling a very small specimen of
+    the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly overtopping the sterile, two to three
+    pinnate and spreading.</p>
+    <p>One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+    Superior. July.</p>
+    <a
+     id="lgrapei"
+     name="lgrapei"><img
+     src="images/fern194a.gif"
+     alt="Little Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Little Grape Fern <i>Botrychium simplex</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="lancegrapei"
+     name="lancegrapei"><img
+     src="images/fern194b.gif"
+     alt="Lance-leaved Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern <i>Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+    angustisegmentum</i>]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="matricary"
+     name="matricary">(4) MATRICARY FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botrychium ram&ograve;sum. Botrychium matricari&aelig;f&ograve;lium</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle, usually
+    much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both segments turned
+    down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the fertile one.</p>
+    <a
+     id="matricaryi"
+     name="matricaryi"><img
+     src="images/fern195.jpg"
+     alt="The Matricary Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Matricary Fern <i>Botrychium ramosum</i>]</p>
+    <p>The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about a month
+    earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a taller and fleshier
+    plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved species the midveins of the
+    larger lobes are continuous, running to the tip; whereas in the matricary fern the
+    midveins fork repeatedly and are soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two
+    are apt to grow near each other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor.
+    June.</p>
+    <p>NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain <i>Botrychia</i> in a sphagnum swamp
+    in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of <i>Botrychium tenebr&ograve;sum</i>.
+    The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three inches high, with the
+    sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many botanists prefer to place this fern
+    as a variety of the matricary, but others regard it as a form of <i>Botrychium
+    s&iacute;mplex</i>. Borders of maple swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New
+    York.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="commongrape"
+     name="commongrape">(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botrychium obl&igrave;quum</i>. <i>Botrychium tern&agrave;tum</i>, var. <i>obl&igrave;quum</i></h4>
+    <h4>BOTRYCHIUM DISS&Eacute;CTUM, var. OBL&Igrave;QUUM</h4>
+    <p>Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds two to
+    twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular, ternate,
+    long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and spreading horizontally.
+    From the main leafstock grow several pairs of stalked pinn&aelig;, with the divisions
+    ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate, obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile
+    segment taller, erect, about three times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn.
+    Occasionally two or three fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the
+    apex of each segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="comgrapei"
+     name="comgrapei"><img
+     src="images/fern197.jpg"
+     alt="Common Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium obliquum</i>]</p>
+    <p>New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.</p>
+    <p><i>Botrychium obliquum</i>, var. <i>dissectum</i>. Similar to the type, but with
+    the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most beautiful of
+    all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the cutting of the fronds.
+    Maine to Florida and westward.</p>
+    <p><i>Botrychium obl&igrave;quum</i>, var. <i>oneid&eacute;nse</i>. Ultimate segments oblong,
+    rounded at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+    perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.</p>
+    <p><i>Botrychium obl&igrave;quum</i>, var. <i>elong&agrave;tum</i>. Divisions lanceolate,
+    elongated, acute.</p>
+    <a
+     id="botryobliqi"
+     name="botryobliqi"><img
+     src="images/fern198.jpg"
+     alt="Botrychium obliquum" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Botrychium obliquum</i> var. <i>oneidense</i>]</p>
+    <p>Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz B.
+    lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern Botrychium."</p>
+    <a
+     id="botryi"
+     name="botryi"><img
+     src="images/fern199.png"
+     alt="Botrychium obliquum" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Botr&yacute;chium tern&agrave;tum</i>, var. <i>interm&egrave;dium</i></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botr&yacute;chium obl&igrave;quum</i>, var. <i>interm&egrave;dium</i></h4>
+    <p>Leaf more divided than in <i>obl&igrave;quum</i> and the numerous segments not so long
+    and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var. <i>austr&agrave;le</i>),
+    crenulate, and more or less toothed.</p>
+    <p>Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New England and
+    New York. Var. <i>rutaef&ograve;lium</i>. More slender, rarely over six or seven inches
+    high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions few, broadly ovate, the
+    lowest sublunate. The first variety passes insensibly into the second.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ternatei"
+     name="ternatei"><img
+     src="images/fern200a.jpg"
+     alt="Ternate Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern <i>Botrychium ternatum</i> var.
+    <i>intermedium</i> (Reduced)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="ternatevari"
+     name="ternatevari"><img
+     src="images/fern200b.jpg"
+     alt="Ternate Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern <i>Botrychium ternatum</i> var.
+    <i>intermedium</i> (Two stocks, reduced)]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="rattlesnake"
+     name="rattlesnake">(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. <i>Botrychium virgini&agrave;num</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the middle of
+    the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate. Pinnules lanceolate,
+    deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or lanceolate and scarcely or not at all
+    spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked, two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments
+    narrow arid thick, nearly opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from
+    dark yellow-brown to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of
+    a lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+    distributed.</p>
+    <a
+     id="rattlei"
+     name="rattlei"><img
+     src="images/fern202.jpg"
+     alt="Rattlesnake Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. <i>Botrychium virginianum</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+    Newfoundland and Labrador.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>gr&aacute;cilis</i>. A form much reduced in size.</p>
+    <p>Var. LAURENTI&Agrave;NUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile fronds
+    less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to overlapping. Pinnules
+    shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer segments strongly spatulate.
+    Fertile spike relatively short and stout, strongly paniculate when well developed.
+    Ultimate segments flat, folaceous, one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone
+    district near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and
+    Michigan.</p>
+    <p>Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate, previously
+    ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately narrowly flattened.
+    (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of September, 1919.) Nova Scotia,
+    Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, northern New York, Illinois, and
+    Missouri.</p>
+    <p>Var. EUROP&Agrave;EUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+    segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the spatulate
+    form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly decurrent so that
+    the pinn&aelig; are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests of Canada, and confined to
+    calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario,
+    Montana, and British Columbia. Said to be rare even in Europe.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>V</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="filmy"
+     name="filmy">THE FILMY FERN FAMILY</a><br />
+     <i>HYMENOPHYLL&Agrave;CE&AElig;</i></h3>
+    <p>The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely dissected
+    fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like
+    receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly tropical, only one of which
+    grows as far north as Kentucky.</p>
+    <a
+     id="filmyferni"
+     name="filmyferni"><img
+     src="images/fern204.jpg"
+     alt="Filmy Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Filmy Fern <i>Trichomanes Boschianum</i> (From Waters' "Ferns",
+    Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Trich&oacute;manes Boschi&agrave;num. Trich&oacute;manes r&aacute;dicans</i></h4>
+    <p>Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches long, thin,
+    very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnatifid. Rachis
+    narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the slender bristle, which is the
+    prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a vase-like, slightly two-lipped
+    involucre.</p>
+    <p>On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+    "Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.</p>
+    <a
+     id="filmyfruiti"
+     name="filmyfruiti"><img
+     src="images/fern205.jpg"
+     alt="Filmy Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns." Henry Holt
+    &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="crosiersi"
+     name="crosiersi"><img
+     src="images/fern206a.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern206b.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]</p>
+    &gt;<img
+     src="images/fern206c.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern206d.jpg"
+     alt="Lady Fern Crosiers" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern207.jpg"
+     alt="Crosiers of Christmas Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]</p>
+    <h3><a
+     id="authors"
+     name="authors">NOTED FERN AUTHORS</a></h3>
+    <h3>BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES</h3>
+    <p>[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the following
+    pages.]</p>
+    <p>EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His grandfather
+    was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under his friend, Prof. Asa
+    Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton.
+    Daniel C. was professor of botany in Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man
+    of graceful and winsome personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his
+    writings. His masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto
+    volumes, beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.</p>
+    <p>CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869. Education
+    informal; common schools, university lectures and private study. Manifested early a
+    keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and first president of the American
+    Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more than three hundred species of ferns. Has
+    written extensively on the ferns and their allies, besides publishing several
+    standard volumes. His great distinction is in founding and editing the <i>Fern
+    Bulletin</i> through its twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with
+    <i>The American Botanist</i>, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a
+    prodigious achievement of great scientific value.</p>
+    <a
+     id="authorsi"
+     name="authorsi"><img
+     src="images/fern209.jpg"
+     alt="Noted Writers on Ferns" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS, G.
+    DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E. WATERS, R.
+    DODGE]</p>
+    <p>UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853. Spent
+    early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877. After teaching
+    several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became Professor of Botany in
+    Columbia University. He contributed numerous articles to the <i>Torrey Bulletin</i>,
+    <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, and other scientific journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native
+    Ferns and Their Allies," continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November
+    16, 1907.</p>
+    <p>DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and officer of
+    the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the ferns, his numerous
+    articles were published in the <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, in the <i>Torrey Bulletin</i>,
+    <i>Rhodora</i>, and in separate monographs. He was a leading authority on the
+    pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium of the native ferns, which
+    he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. By his gentle manners and
+    kindly spirit he won many friends, all of whom were proud to recognize his
+    distinguished ability. He cultivated many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway
+    home, at Medford, Mass., and freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly
+    of heart failure, November 29, 1907.</p>
+    <p>WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872. Was
+    graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for a time a close
+    student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in 1903, containing his
+    "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by profession, he has pursued that
+    branch of science for the last eighteen years. His address is Bureau of Standards,
+    Washington, D.C.</p>
+    <p>MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was graduated at
+    Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic botany, United States
+    National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate curator of the same. Has specialized
+    in scientific work on the pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as
+    well as by the large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+    Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, <i>Torrey
+    Bulletin</i>, <i>American Fern Journal</i>, <i>Fernwort Papers</i>, et al., have
+    profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the American
+    Fern Society.</p>
+    <p>PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. <i>N&eacute;e</i> Smith.
+    Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was lost at sea.
+    As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers," in 1893, and within ten
+    years more than seventy thousand copies of the book had been sold. "According to
+    Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896, she married Prof. James Russell Parsons,
+    treasurer of the University of the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to
+    Know the Ferns." She combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and
+    graceful style.</p>
+    <p>DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War veteran.
+    Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A careful observer and
+    student of nature, he discovered <i>Aspidium simulatum</i> at Follymill, Seabrook,
+    N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse 9.) He discovered also the hybrid
+    <i>Aspidium cristatum &times; Marginale</i>. He published his little book, "Ferns and Fern
+    Allies of New England," in 1896. Died October 20, 1918.</p>
+    <p>EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied at the
+    Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He took up teaching for
+    several years, spending three years in California. Returning East, he became a
+    florist and began to write for various fern journals, giving special attention to the
+    fern allies. He prepared the genera <i>Equisetum</i> and <i>Isoetes</i> for the
+    seventh edition of "Gray's Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by
+    discovering several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+    Mass., September 29, 1908.</p>
+    <p>WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came to
+    Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work skillfully in
+    wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry. His friend, George E.
+    Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some divine gift or inspiration the
+    innermost life and feelings of the wild flowers and ferns, and his marvelously
+    accurate needle transfixed them with revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns
+    of Kentucky," issued in 1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United
+    States. He died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+    for his health.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="literature"
+     name="literature">FERN LITERATURE</a></h4>
+    <p>AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual subscription,
+    $1.25.)</p>
+    <p>BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.</p>
+    <p>BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.</p>
+    <p>BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell &amp; Co. London.
+    Quarto.</p>
+    <p>BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora, September,
+    1917.</p>
+    <p>CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan &amp;
+    Co. 1905. Ed. 2.</p>
+    <p>CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York,
+    1901.</p>
+    <p>Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.</p>
+    <p>The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.</p>
+    <p>The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.</p>
+    <p>Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.</p>
+    <p>CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington, 1908.</p>
+    <p>COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne &amp; Co. London.</p>
+    <p>DAVENPORT, GEO.E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts Horticultural
+    Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England ferns in Torrey Bulletin,
+    Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following monographs are in single booklets by
+    Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Aspidium cristatum &times; marginale, Aspidium
+    simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its
+    Varieties, Notes on Botrychium simplex.</p>
+    <p>DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume, now
+    out of print. W.N. Clute &amp; Co. 1904.</p>
+    <p>DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge &amp; Son.
+    London.</p>
+    <p>EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin &amp;
+    Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.</p>
+    <p>EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino, Salem.
+    Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.</p>
+    <p>EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for Gray's
+    Manual, 7th ed. 1908.</p>
+    <p>GILBERT, BENJ.D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.</p>
+    <p>HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page &amp; Co. Boston, 1899.</p>
+    <p>HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.</p>
+    <p>HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge &amp; Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+    London. 1869.</p>
+    <p>HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine plates
+    which include all American genera. Costs about $25.</p>
+    <p>Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen and Vol.
+    Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of more species. Cost
+    about $50.</p>
+    <p>HOOKER, SIR W.J., &amp; BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes all
+    ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures illustrating each
+    genus. Costs about $10.</p>
+    <p>LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell &amp; Daldy. London,
+    1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are represented. "The
+    descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and the synonymy is often
+    incorrect."</p>
+    <p>MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north of
+    Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.</p>
+    <p>Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.</p>
+    <p>Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium, 17:541+.</p>
+    <p>Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitace&aelig; and Isoetace&aelig;) of the northern United States,
+    Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora, etc.,
+    ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.</p>
+    <p>MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston, 1878-9.</p>
+    <p>MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.</p>
+    <p>PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York,
+    1899.</p>
+    <p>PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne &amp; Co.
+    London. No date.</p>
+    <p>REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America. Torrey
+    Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).</p>
+    <p>RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.</p>
+    <p>ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878. Out of
+    print.</p>
+    <p>SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan &amp; Co. London.
+    8vo.</p>
+    <p>SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt &amp; Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+    print.</p>
+    <p>SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.</p>
+    <p>SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.</p>
+    <p>STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne &amp; Co. London, 1908.</p>
+    <p>TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.</p>
+    <p>UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt &amp; Co.
+    Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.</p>
+    <p>WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt &amp; Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.</p>
+    <p>WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+    Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.</p>
+    <p>WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton &amp; Co. Louisville, Ky.
+    1878.</p>
+    <p>Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton &amp; Co. 1879. Both out of print.</p>
+    <p>WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page &amp; Co. New York,
+    1909.</p>
+    <p>WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan &amp; Co. New York,
+    1901. <a
+     id="bladdersprayi"
+     name="bladdersprayi"><img
+     src="images/fern216.gif"
+     alt="Poem" /></a><br />
+     [Illustration:</p>
+<pre>
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="timelist"
+     name="timelist">TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS</a></h4>
+<pre>
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+</pre>
+    Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+<pre>
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="glossary"
+     name="glossary">GLOSSARY</a></h3>
+<pre>
+AC&Ugrave;MINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+AC&Ugrave;LEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENT&Iacute;TIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+AN&Agrave;STOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+&Agrave;NNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHER&Iacute;DIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEG&Ograve;NIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+AR&Egrave;OLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ART&Iacute;CULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ <i>bis</i>,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHL&Ograve;ROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+C&Iacute;LIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+C&Iacute;RCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CR&Ograve;SIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+C&Ugrave;NEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+C&Uacute;SPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinn&aelig;.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICH&Oacute;TOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIM&Oacute;RPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EM&Agrave;RGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+F&Iacute;LIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INC&Igrave;SED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+IND&Ugrave;SIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+L&Agrave;MINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LAC&Iacute;NIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+M&Ugrave;CRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+O&Igrave;DES.        A Greek ending, meaning <i>like</i>, or
+              <i>like to</i>, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+&Ograve;&Ouml;SPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the o&ouml;spore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+P&Eacute;TIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINN&Agrave;TIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTH&Agrave;LLIUM.  (Or proth&aacute;llus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERID&Oacute;PHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+R&Agrave;CHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+S&Eacute;RRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+S&Iacute;NUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SP&Agrave;TULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SP&Iacute;NULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+S&Uacute;BULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+T&Eacute;RNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="meaningof"
+     name="meaningof">NOTE</a></h4>
+    <p>The student should have some idea of the terms <i>genus</i>, <i>species</i> and
+    <i>variety</i>, although they are not capable of exact definition.</p>
+    <p>A <i>species</i>, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+    all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such individuals bear
+    an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent in all
+    their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind or species of fern with the fronds
+    evidently of one kind, and of a common origin, and all producing individuals of their
+    own kind by their spores or rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from
+    the type in the shape of the pinn&aelig;, or the cutting of the fronds, we have
+    <i>varieties</i> as <i>frond&ograve;sum</i>, <i>inc&igrave;sum</i>, etc. Or if the difference is
+    less striking the word <i>form</i> is used instead of variety, but in any given case
+    opinions may differ in respect to the more fitting term.</p>
+    <p>A <i>genus</i> is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+    having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern, the
+    cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar spore cases borne
+    in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming the genus <i>Osmunda</i>. In
+    like manner certain members of the clover group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up
+    the genus <i>Trifolium</i>.</p>
+    <p>Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into genera,
+    and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true name, the generic
+    name being qualified by that of the species; as in the cinnamon fern <i>Osm&uacute;nda</i>
+    (genus), <i>cinnam&ograve;mea</i> (species).</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="checklist"
+     name="checklist">CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA</a></h3>
+    <p>In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the text, and
+    those that follow are synonyms.</p>
+    <p>Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now adopted
+    at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.</p>
+<pre>
+ADIANTUM L.
+
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum &times; marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricari&aelig;folium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes F&eacute;ei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pell&aelig;a densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pell&aelig;a gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNST&AElig;DTIA L'HER.
+
+49. DENNST&AElig;DTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOL&AElig;NA.R. BR.
+
+51. Nothol&aelig;na dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Nothol&aelig;na nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELL&AElig;A. LINK
+
+59. Pell&aelig;a atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pell&aelig;a glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS F&Eacute;E
+
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) F&eacute;e.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZ&AElig;A.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schiz&aelig;a pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
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+  </body>
+</html>
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Fern Lover's Companion
+       A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada
+
+Author: George Henry Tilton
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Keren Vergon, Leonard D Johnson and PG
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+
+The Fern Lover's Companion
+
+
+A Guide for the Northeastern States
+and Canada
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.
+
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its
+progress, these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+Preface
+Introduction
+Key to Genera
+Classification of Ferns
+The Polypodies
+The Bracken Group:
+  Bracken
+  Cliff Brakes
+  Rock Brake
+The Lip Ferns (_Cheilanthes_)
+The Cloak Fern (_Notholaena_)
+The Chain Ferns
+The Spleenworts:
+  The Rock Spleenworts. _Asplenium_
+  The Large Spleenworts. _Athyrium_
+Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf
+The Shield Ferns:
+  Christmas and Holly Fern
+  Marsh Fern Tribe
+  The Beech Ferns
+  The Fragrant Fern
+  The Wood Ferns
+  The Bladder Ferns
+The Woodsias
+The Boulder Fern (_Dennstaedtia_)
+Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns
+The Flowering Ferns (_Osmunda_)
+Curly Grass and Climbing Fern
+Adder's Tongue
+The Grape Ferns:
+  Key to the Grape Fern
+  Moonwort
+  Little Grape Fern
+  Lance-leaved Grape Fern
+  Matricary Fern
+  Common Grape Fern
+  Rattlesnake Fern
+Filmy Fern
+Noted Fern Authors
+Fern Literature
+Time List for Fruiting of Ferns
+Glossary
+Note: Meaning of Genus and Species
+Checklist
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+A Fern Lover
+Prothallium Diagram
+Pinnate Frond
+Bipinnate Frond
+Pinnatifid Frond
+Spore Cases
+Linen Tester
+Curly Grass. _Schizaea_
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_
+Flowering Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_
+Grape Fern. _Botrychium_
+Polypody. _Polypodium_
+Beech Fern. _Phegopteris_
+Cloak Fern. _Notholaena_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_
+Bracken. _Pteris_
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum_
+Cliff Brake. _Pellaea_
+Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes_
+Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma_
+Chain Fern. _Woodwardia_
+Shield Fern. _Polystichum_
+Wood Fern. _Aspidium_
+Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris_
+Woodsia
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_
+Asplenium Type
+Athyrium Type
+Sporangia of the Five Families
+Indusium
+Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_
+Sori of Polypody
+Polypody in mass (Greenwood)
+Gray Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_
+Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond
+Bracken. Fertile Frond
+Bracken, var. _pseudocaudata_
+Spray of Maidenhair
+Sori of Maidenhair
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_
+Alpine Maidenhair
+Venus-Hair Fern. _Adiantum capillus-veneris_
+Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellaea atropurpurea_
+Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_
+Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_
+Parsley Fern. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+Hairy Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes lanosa_
+Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Feei_
+Pinnae of Slender Lip Fern
+Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena dealbata_
+Common Chain Fern. _Woodwardia virginica_
+Net-veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_
+The Spleenworts
+Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (Fernery)
+Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_
+Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+Mountain Spleenwort. _Asplenium montanum_
+Rue Spleenwort. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)
+Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_
+Varieties of Lady Fern
+Lowland Lady Fern. _Athyrium asplenioides_
+Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_
+Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Pinnae and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_
+Varieties of Christmas Fern
+Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_
+Holly Fern. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_
+Marsh Fern, in the mass
+Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_
+New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Pinnae and Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_
+Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_
+Broad Beech Fern. _Aspidium hexagonoptera_
+Long Beech Fern. _Aspidium polypedioides_
+Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_
+Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_
+Crown of Fronds of _Aspidium marginale_
+Sori of _Aspidium marginale_
+Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_ and details
+Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_
+_Aspidium Goldianum_, in the mass
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (No. 2)
+Clinton's Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ var. _Clintonianum_
+Crested Marginal Fern. _Aspidium cristatum x marginale_
+_Aspidium cristatum x marginale_, in the mass
+Boott's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Boottii_
+Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _intermedium_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _americanum_
+Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_
+_Cystopteris bulbifera_ with sprouting bulb
+Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_
+Rusty Woodsia. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_
+Details of Alpine Woodsia
+Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_
+Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Forked variety of _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Field View of _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Pinnae and Sori of _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Meadow View of Sensitive Fern
+Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit
+Sori of Sensitive Fern
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same Plant
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds
+Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds
+Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Sori of Royal Fern
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations
+Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern
+_Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa_
+Curly Grass. _Schizaea pusilla_
+Sporangia of Curly Grass
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+Moonwort, Details
+Little Grape Fern. _Botrychium simplex_
+Lance-leaved Grape Fern. _Botrychium lanceolatum_
+Matricary Grape Fern. _Botrychium ramosum_
+Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _dissectum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _B. ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes Boschianum_
+Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern
+Crosiers
+Noted Fern Authors
+Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know
+little of their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts,
+adorning the rugged cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or
+waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands, he feels their
+call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be to receive instruction
+from a living teacher: His next preference would be the companionship of a
+good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If he will
+con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while
+he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may
+hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a
+single season.
+
+Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when
+Williamson published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute
+issued, "Our Ferns in Their Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton,
+Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons, Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson,
+and others. All their works are now out of print except Clute's just
+mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both of these
+are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to
+the genera; while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive
+charm that creates for it a constant demand.
+
+We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive,
+handbook, designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the
+average student in learning their names and meaning. Its geographical
+limits include the northeastern states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows
+in the main the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, while the emendations
+set forth in _Rhodora_, of October, 1919, and also a few terms of later
+adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the more
+familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type.
+In every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent
+terms from which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily
+for lovers of Nature, many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms,
+the common English names are everywhere given prominence, and strange to
+say are less subject to change and controversy than the Latin. There is
+no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the Christmas fern, the
+ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern, etc. The use of
+the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific
+terms.
+
+A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing
+the scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have
+marked each accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute ()
+accent, the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long
+sound, while the latter indicates the short or modified sound. Let it be
+remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the
+accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short according to the slant
+of the mark.
+
+We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose.
+Our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we
+collected our first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found
+here a fine colony of the climbing fern (_Lygodium_). We recall the slender
+fronds climbing over the low bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in
+their native habitat. We have since collected and studied specimens of
+nearly every New England fern, and have carefully examined most of the
+other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the librarian, Mr.
+William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport herbarium
+in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of
+the daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger
+unmounted collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1]
+finding here a very large and fine assortment of _Botrychiums_, including a
+real _B. ternatum_ from Japan.
+
+[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]
+
+For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of
+the _Fern Bulletin_, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To
+him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and
+especially for helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness
+of the _American Fern Journal_ and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow.
+To our friend, Mr. C.H. Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of
+the checklist and for much helpful advice, and we are grateful to Mr.
+S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural History, for numerous
+courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his expert and
+helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.
+
+The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp,
+pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been
+photographed from the author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few
+are from the choice herbarium of Mr. George E. Davenport, and also a few
+reprints have been made from fern books, for which due credit is given. The
+Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is reprinted from Clute's "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts."
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in
+the highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are
+reinforced by woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect
+while permitting graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their
+frequent finely cut borders, and their rich shades of green combine to make
+them objects of rare beauty; while their unique vernation and method of
+fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of reproduction invest them
+with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and culture to the
+thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure the
+ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.
+
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+
+As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as
+swamps, ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be
+found along mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny
+crevice in some high cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating
+little plants, which protect themselves from drought by assuming a mantle
+of light wool, or of hair and chaff, with, perhaps, a covering of white
+powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a layer of moist air next to
+the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.
+
+Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection"
+ferns, reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of
+rain, and lo! they are green and flourishing.
+
+Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch
+to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or
+more.
+
+
+REPRODUCTION
+
+Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be,
+single fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the
+cinnamon fern. The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets,
+while the walking leaf bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.
+
+[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]
+
+Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as
+a fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little
+one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A
+spore falls upon damp soil and germinates, producing a small, green,
+shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime, which is called a prothallium
+(or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root hairs grow to give it
+stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs known as
+antheridia and archegonia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active,
+spiral bodies called antherozoids, which lash about in the moisture of
+the prothallium until they find the archegonia, the cells of which are so
+arranged in each case as to form a tube around the central cell, which is
+called the ooesphere, or egg-cell, the point to be fertilized. When one
+of the entering antherozoids reaches this point the desired change is
+effected, and the canal of the archegonium closes. The empty ooesphere
+becomes the quickened ooesphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds
+normally by the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem,
+first leaf, etc., while the prothallium no longer needed to sustain its
+offspring withers away.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that
+the reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the
+naked eye.]
+
+Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the prothallus by a
+budding process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature
+"fulfills herself in many ways."[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is apogamy
+(apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from
+the frond without spores, for which process the term apospory is used.
+(Meaning, literally, without spores.)]
+
+
+VERNATION
+
+All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real
+crosier is a bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered
+with "fern wool," which birds often use in lining their nests. This wool
+usually disappears later as the crosier unfolds into the broad green blade.
+The development of plant shoots from the bud is called vernation (Latin,
+_ver_ meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling of ferns, "circinnate
+vernation."
+
+
+VEINS
+
+The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do
+not connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When
+the veins intersect they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or
+network), and their meshes are called areolae or areoles (Latin, _areola_, a
+little open space).
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, _pinna_, a feather), when its primary
+divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A frond
+is bipinnate (Latin, _bis_, twice) when the lobes of the pinnae extend to
+the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the pinnae are
+called pinnules. When a frond is tripinnate the last complete divisions are
+called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinnatifid when its lobes
+extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle lobes
+of the pinnatifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinnae of a frond are often
+pinnatifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate
+in its lower part and become pinnatifid higher up as in the pinnatifid
+spleenwort just mentioned (Fig. 3).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+The divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinnatifid
+or tripinnatifid leaf, ultimate segments.
+
+
+SPORANGIA AND FRUIT DOTS
+
+Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or sporangia
+(Fig. 4). They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin
+of a frond, either on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like
+racemes on separate stalks. Sori (singular _sorus_, a heap), or fruit dots
+may be naked as in the polypody, but are usually covered with a thin,
+delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a dress, or mantle). The
+family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium;
+e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped,
+etc.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a
+vertical, elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm
+closely coiled (Fig. 4). As the spores mature, the ring contracts and
+bursts with considerable force, scattering the spores. The spores of the
+different genera mature at different times from May to September. A good
+time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting season. (For times of
+fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on page 220.)
+
+
+HELPFUL HINTS
+
+The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:
+
+1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the
+sori, veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these
+items may aid in identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a
+convenient two-bladed pocket glass for about two dollars.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is
+mounted in a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector
+to use both hands. A tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it
+can spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to
+grow. It is decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants.
+Pick your fern leaf down close to the root-stock, including a portion of
+that also, if it can be spared. Place your fronds between newspaper sheets
+and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or other absorbent paper). Cover
+with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of several pounds,
+leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then cured,
+change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets.
+The regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually
+3-3/4 by 1-3/4 inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.
+
+  HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+  _Ophioglossum vulgatum_, L.
+  (Adder's Tongue)
+  Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+  August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+  Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+  but often overlooked
+
+Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now
+ready to be laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12
+inches.
+
+It is well to jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This
+is the method in use at the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course,
+be modified to suit one's own taste or convenience. The young collector can
+begin by simply pressing his specimens between the leaves of a book,
+the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them in a blank book
+designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he can cut
+out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at
+the back. Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount
+the specimens on these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing
+those of the same genus together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though
+crude, will serve for a beginning, while stimulating his interest, and
+advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him collect, press, and mount
+as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date and place of
+collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of pleasant
+hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.
+
+We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying
+the living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts,
+habits, and structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student,
+while familiarizing yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not
+neglect the scientific names, which often hold the key to their meaning.
+Repeat over and over the name of each genus in soliloquy and in
+conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern with its family
+name--"_Adiantum_," "_Polystichum_," "_Asplenium_," and all the rest. Fix
+them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and growing
+knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr.
+Davenport, loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly
+stroke their leaves, and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by
+the All-wise Interpreter.
+
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GENERA
+
+
+This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of
+these are from Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt & Co.
+
+As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some
+species to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a
+fertile frond, but one in as good condition as possible. For convenience
+the ferns may be considered in two classes.
+
+
+I
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES
+AND NOT ON THE BACK OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE
+
+(Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+fronds thread-like and tortuous.
+
+Curly Grass. _Schizaea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+sporangia; fruit in early spring.
+
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinnatifid sterile fronds.
+
+Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinnae; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+frond tall, pinnatifid; fruit late.
+
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea struthiopteris_.
+
+
+B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of
+fertile pinnae.
+
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinnae palmate; rachis
+twining.
+
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile pinnae pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+forming a panicle at the top.
+
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+sterile.
+
+Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+spike.
+
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+in spikes.
+
+Grape Ferns. Moonwort. _Botrychium_.
+
+
+II
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. INDUSIUM WANTING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.
+
+Polypody. _Polypodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.
+
+Beech Ferns. _Phegopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the
+fronds covered with whitish powder.
+
+Cloak Ferns. _Notholaena_.
+
+
+B. INDUSIUM PRESENT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.
+
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.
+
+(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+Bracken. Brake. _Pteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. _Adiantum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.
+
+Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. _Pellaea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip
+Ferns. _Cheilanthes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile
+fronds broad. Rock brakes. _Cryptogramma_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.
+
+(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. _Woodwardia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.
+
+Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in
+rocky woods. Shield Ferns. _Polystichum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. _Aspidium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. _Cystopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+least at the base, and growing in tufts. _Woodsia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see _Athyrium_.)
+
+Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+_Scolopendrium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined
+at the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+_Asplenium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. _Athyrium_.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS
+
+
+In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five
+distinct families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be
+treated, is that of the _real ferns (Polypodiaceae)_ with sixty species and
+several chief varieties. Then follow the _flowering ferns (Osmundaceae)_
+with three species; the _curly grass_ and _climbing ferns (Schizaeaceae)_
+with two species; the _adder's tongue_ and _grape ferns (Ophioglossaceae)_
+with seven species; and the _filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae)_ with one
+species.
+
+Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of
+ferns have five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+1. The Fern Family proper (_Polypodiaceae_) has the spore cases stalked and
+bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots
+containing the spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2),
+or covered by an indusium, as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).
+
+2. The Royal Fern Family (_Osmunda_) has the spore cases stalked with only
+a rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).
+
+3. The Climbing Fern Family (_Lygodium, Schizaea_) has the spore cases
+sessile in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring
+around the upper portion (Fig. 5).[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]
+
+4. The Adder's Tongue Family (_Ophioglossum, Botrychium_) has simple spore
+cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit
+(Fig. 6).
+
+5. The Filmy Fern Family (_Trichomanes_) has the spore cases along
+a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly
+two-lipped involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7]
+
+
+
+
+THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS
+
+_POLYPODIACEAE_
+
+
+Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia),
+which are collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back
+of the frond or form lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia
+surrounded by vertical, elastic rings bursting transversely and scattering
+the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often covered, at least when young, by a
+membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.
+
+
+THE POLYPODIES
+
+1. POLYPODY. _Polypodium_
+
+(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)
+
+Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are
+covered with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the
+back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia
+pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. A
+large genus with about 350 species, widely distributed, mostly in tropical
+regions.
+
+(1) COMMON POLYPODY. _Polypodium vulgare_
+
+Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall,
+smooth, oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway
+between the midrib and the margin, but nearer the margin.
+
+[Illustration: Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_]
+
+Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks
+after their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's
+seal. The polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the
+fronds cling together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers
+their beauty a long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including
+Europe and Japan.
+
+In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted mass.
+
+Var. _cambricum_ has segments broader and more or less strongly toothed.
+
+Var. _cristatum_ has the segments forked at the ends.
+
+Several other forms are also found.
+
+[Illustration: Fruited Frond]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_ (Photographed by
+Miles Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)]
+
+(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY
+
+_Polypodium incanum. P. polypodioides_
+
+Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinnatifid, gray and scurfy
+underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather
+small, near the margin and obscured by the chaff.
+
+[Illustration: Gray or Hoary Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_]
+
+In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the
+Greek ending _oides_ (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it
+often grows on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north
+as Staten Island. It is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly
+by moisture after seeming to be dead from long drouth. July to September.
+Widely distributed in tropical America. Often called Tree-Polypody.
+
+
+
+
+THE BRACKEN GROUP
+
+
+Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of
+which serve as indusia.
+
+
+1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE
+
+_Pteris aquilina_. PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in
+part the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]
+
+Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the
+widely spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less
+pinnatifid. Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin
+of the ultimate divisions whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek,
+_pteron_, a wing, the feathery fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)
+
+[Illustration: Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Providence County, R.I.)]
+
+[Illustration: A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Suffolk County, Mass.)]
+
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+
+The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It
+flourishes in thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant
+shade. It is found in all parts of the world, and is said to be the most
+common of all our North American ferns. In a cross section of the mature
+stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof" and "King Charles in the oak,"
+and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of an oak tree. It was
+the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed to bear the
+mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).
+
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+
+This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.
+
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of
+our English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc.,
+and fern (meaning the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel,
+Fernside, Farnsworth, etc. Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale,
+Fernwood, and others. Although the bracken is coarse and common, it makes a
+desirable background for rockeries, or other fern masses. The young ferns
+should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long, running
+rootstock as possible.
+
+Var. _pseudocaudata_ has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is
+a common southern form.
+
+[Illustration: Var. _pseudocaudata_]
+
+
+
+2. MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum_
+
+Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends
+of free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered
+portion of the pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches
+of the leaves very slender and polished.
+
+(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the
+leaves.)
+
+(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum pedatum_
+
+A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches
+high, the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal,
+recurved branches, the pinnae all springing from the upper side. Pinnules
+triangular-oblong, bearing short sori on their inwardly reflexed margins
+which form the indusium.
+
+[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnae of Maidenhair]
+
+The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also
+sheds water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with
+their divisions all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern,
+known and admired by every one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested
+by the black, wiry roots growing from the slender rootstock, or by the
+dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it, "because the black roots,
+like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of signatures' to be
+good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the 'syrup of
+capillaire'[A] (_Am. Botanist_, November, 1921). While the maidenhair is
+not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our
+section, westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.
+
+"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many
+localities, it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm.
+Its chosen haunts are dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides
+sloping to the river. In such retreats you find the feathery fronds
+tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in their neighborhood you find,
+also, the very spirit of the woods."
+
+
+MRS. PARSONS.
+
+[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+breathing.]
+
+[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_, Var. _aleuticum_
+(Fernald and Collins, Gaspe County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade.
+Along with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern
+border.
+
+Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+abundant on the high tableland of the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, where it is
+said to cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six
+to ten inches high, growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the
+pinnules finely toothed instead of rounded and the indusia often lunate,
+rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in _Rhodora_, November, 1905.) Also
+found in northern Vermont, and to the northwestward.
+
+(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_
+
+Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate
+below. Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and
+irregularly incised. Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the
+ribs of a fan.
+
+[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_]
+
+While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is
+confined to the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as
+Virginia, where it meets, but scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The
+medicinal properties of _Adiantum pedatum_ were earlier ascribed to the
+more southern species, which is common in Great Britain, but, like many
+another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long since defunct.
+
+
+
+3. CLIFF BRAKES. _Pellaea_
+
+Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line
+of the bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile
+segments which are more or less membranous. (Pellaea, from the Greek
+_pellos_, meaning dusky, in allusion to the dark stipes.)
+
+(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. _Pellaea atropurpurea_
+
+Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and
+harsh to the touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply
+pinnate, or bipinnate below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or
+the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or
+else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about twice forked. Basal scales
+extending into long, slender tips, colorless or yellow.
+
+[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellaea atropurpurea_]
+
+Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout
+the winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky
+ledges with a preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and
+mature fronds its pinnae are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes
+are purplish, its leaves are bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or
+yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the cliffs thrives in cultivation.
+Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and valuable. It is not only
+beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green emphasizing
+all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal
+fire or radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect,
+and if allowed to dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when
+put in a moist atmosphere. It makes but one imperative demand, and that is
+the privilege of standing still. Overzealous culturists usually like to
+turn things around, but revolving cliffs are not in the natural order of
+things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to changes of light
+and warped and twisted fronds result."
+
+Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+_cristata_ has forked pinnae somewhat crowded toward the summit of the
+frond. Missouri.
+
+
+(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Pellaea glabella. Pellaea atropurpurea_, var. _Bushii_
+
+Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark
+polished stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales
+having a few bluntish teeth on each edge. Pinnae sub-opposite, divergent,
+narrowly oblong, obtuse; base truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally
+auricled; lower pinnae often with orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile
+pinnae broader, bluish or greenish glaucous above, often crowded to
+overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern range, growing
+from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found rarely, if
+at all, in southern New England.
+
+[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptogramma densa. Pellaea densa_
+
+Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the
+slender cliff brake under the genus _Cryptogramma_, which is so nearly like
+_Pellaea_ that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptogramma
+means in Greek a _hidden line_, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden
+beneath the reflexed margin.
+
+The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:
+
+Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches,
+triangular-ovate, pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments
+linear, sharp-pointed, mostly fertile, having the margins entire and
+recurved, giving the sori the appearance of half-open pods. Sterile
+fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts ("_densa_") slender, wiry,
+light-brown.
+
+This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices
+in rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it
+produces spores in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading,
+and its fertile fronds are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and
+begin to fruit when very small. Gaspe and Mt. Albert in the Province of
+Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far west.
+
+
+(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptogramma Stelleri. Pellaea gracilis_
+
+Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with
+few pinnae. The lower pinnae pinnately parted into three to five divisions,
+those of the fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile,
+obovate or ovate, crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone
+rocks. Quebec and New Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and
+to the northwest.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_]
+
+We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone
+cliffs of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto
+whose sides were kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near
+its charming abode high on the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by
+its pleasing, simple name, "Pellaea gracilis," now changed for scientific
+reasons, but we still like the old name better.
+
+
+(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN
+
+_Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear
+and pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants
+spring from crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes
+of the fertile fronds are about twice as long as the sterile, making two
+tiers of fronds.
+
+[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+(California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus _Cryptogramma_. The
+indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed
+to the midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out
+flat and exposing the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock
+brake," calls it a border species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic
+America to Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Colorado and California.
+
+
+
+4. LIP FERNS. _Cheilanthes_
+
+Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with
+much divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and
+roundish, but afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and
+sometimes herbaceous, formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the
+whole pinnule. Veins free, but often obscure. Most of the ferns of this
+genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where rain is sometimes absent for
+weeks and months. For this reason they protect themselves by a covering
+of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of water from the
+plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the surface of
+the frond. (In Greek the word means _lip flower_, alluding to the lip-like
+indusia.)
+
+(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+
+Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinnae
+numerous, oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above.
+Pinnules triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the
+base. Indusia pale, membranous and continuous except between the lobes.
+Stipes black, slender and tomentose at the base.
+
+[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within
+our limits by its smooth pinnae. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to
+Kentucky, and Alabama, and westward to Arizona.
+
+(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. _Cheilanthes lanosa, C. vestita_
+
+[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]
+
+Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinnatifid pinnules; seven
+to fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinnae
+triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed
+and forming separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening
+sporangia.
+
+This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from
+clefts and ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two
+following species. Unlike most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not
+partial to limestone, but grows on other rocks as well. It has been found
+as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near New York, and in New Jersey,
+Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.
+
+(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. _Cheilanthes tomentosa_
+
+Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinnae
+and pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender,
+whitish, obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal
+one is twice as long as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow
+margin forming a continuous, membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown,
+densely woolly.
+
+By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in
+the most exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the
+"rarest, tallest and handsomest of the lip ferns."
+
+Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas
+and Arizona.
+
+(4) SLENDER LIP FERN
+
+_Cheilanthes Feei, C. lanuginosa_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds
+three to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly
+articulated hairs, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnae ovate, the lowest
+deltoid. Pinnules divided into minute, densely crowded segments, the
+herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]
+
+The slender lip fern, known also as Fee's fern, is much the smallest of the
+lip ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only
+one-third as tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it.
+The fronds form tangled mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks
+and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, and south to Texas,
+New Mexico and Arizona.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnae of Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Feei_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+
+5. CLOAK FERN. _Notholaena_
+
+Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the
+pinnules, at first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without
+indusium. Veins free. Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower
+surface hairy, or tomentose or powdery. Includes about forty species,
+mostly American, but only one within our limits. (Greek name means
+_spurious cloak_, alluding to the rudimentary or counterfeit indusium.)
+
+(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. _Notholaena dealbata_
+
+Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the
+base, tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface
+of the very small segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with
+a pure, white powder; hence, the specific name _dealbata_, which means
+whitened. Sori brown at length; veins free.
+
+There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits.
+The dry, white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect
+them from too rapid evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and
+sunny places. This delicate rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry
+limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and southwestward.
+
+
+
+THE CHAIN FERNS. _Woodwardia_
+
+Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly
+two-pinnate fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or
+more chain-like rows, parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by
+its outer margin to a veinlet and opening on the inner side. In our
+section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English
+botanist.)
+
+[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena
+dealbata_ (Kansas) (G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern.
+_Woodwardia virginica_]
+
+(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. _Woodwardia virginica_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+pinnate, the pinnae deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong
+in chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinnae and the lobes,
+confluent when ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles)
+beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in
+July.
+
+The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow
+in crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the
+chain fern rise singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at
+intervals all summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds.
+There are usually more sterile than fertile blades, especially in dense
+shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry swamp in Melrose, Mass.,
+where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and other swamp
+bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces
+the south. Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast,
+and often in company with the narrow-leaved species.
+
+[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_ (Stratford,
+Conn.)]
+
+(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN
+
+NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN
+
+_Woodwardia areolata. W. angustifolia_
+
+Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile
+ones nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with
+lanceolate, serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate;
+fertile fronds taller, twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear
+divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots in a single row each side of the
+secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the tissues.
+
+This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow
+near each other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near
+Boston, and both have been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and
+doubtless in other towns along the coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding
+them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's Bay. The net-veined species
+has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the latter the spore
+cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and rolling up of
+the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of long,
+narrow pinnae. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations
+between the fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness.
+Waters calls them the "_obtusilobata_ form."
+
+[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's
+5. Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]
+
+
+THE SPLEENWORTS
+
+
+A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. _Asplenium_
+
+Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when
+young. Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper
+side of a fertile veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of
+rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.
+
+(1) PINNATIFID SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+
+Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate near the
+base, tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or
+the lower pair acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted,
+two to four inches long, brownish beneath, green above.
+
+Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited,
+it is extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence
+southward to Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks.
+Resembles the walking fern, and its tip sometimes takes root.
+
+(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate
+below, tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from
+a broad base. Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis
+brown.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_ a, Small
+Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_ a, from Virginia;
+b, from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is
+a hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by
+Miss Margaret Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of
+its parents. It was discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a
+suburb of Philadelphia, and described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of
+September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama, Missouri, and southward. Rare, but
+said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana, Ala.
+
+[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_]
+
+(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium viride_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinnae
+roundish-ovate, crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks
+tufted, short, brownish below, green above. Rachis green.
+
+Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in
+1876. Found sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr.
+This rare and delicate little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the
+maidenhair spleenwort, which, however, has dark stipes instead of green.
+
+Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_]
+
+(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches
+long, linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinnae roundish-oblong or oval,
+entire or finely crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins
+forking and evanescent.
+
+Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be
+looked for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone.
+July.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (From
+Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium parvulum. A. resiliens_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinnae
+opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base.
+Stipes and rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.
+
+This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and
+ebony spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in
+being smaller and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of
+the same size. Mountains of Virginia to Kansas and southward.
+
+(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium platyneuron. A. ebeneum_
+
+Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the
+fertile ones much taller, and pinnate. Pinnae scarcely an inch long, the
+lower ones very much shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or
+incised, the base auricled. Sori numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe
+and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")
+
+This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and
+on rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come
+upon it many times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.
+
+A lightly incised form of the pinnae has been described as var. _serratum_.
+A handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named
+_Hortonae_ (also called _incisum_) has plume-like fronds with the pinnae cut
+into oblique lobes, which are coarsely serrate.
+
+[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_ (Melrose, Mass.,
+G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_ a, from Maryland;
+b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinnae
+oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong, toothed lobes.
+The basal pinnae have broad bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked.
+Stipes and rachis dark brown and the sori short, near the midrib.
+
+A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and
+confined mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and
+Alabama, westward to Arkansas.
+
+(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium montanum_
+
+Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long,
+somewhat leathery, pinnate. Pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft
+into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less
+divided. Rachis green, broad, and flat.
+
+[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]
+
+Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of
+rocks and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest.
+July. Rare. Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species,
+"Common on all sandstone cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks
+by the banks of streams."
+
+(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+
+Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to
+three pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture.
+Divisions few, stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised
+at the apex. Veins forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon
+confluent.
+
+[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. _A. Ruta-muraria_ (Top, Lake
+Huron--Lower Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium
+of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and
+is rather rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common,
+growing everywhere on walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt., to Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and southward.
+
+
+B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. _Athyrium_
+
+The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in
+rich soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock
+spleenworts just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus
+_Asplenium_ because their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly
+curved, but others are inclined to follow the practice of the British
+botanists and put them into a separate group under _Athyrium_. Nearly all
+agree that the lady fern, with its variously curved sori, should be placed
+here, and many others would place the silvery spleenwort in the same genus,
+partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In regard to the last member
+of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more doubt. The sori
+taken separately would place it with the _Aspleniums_, but considering its
+size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely allied to
+the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more
+definite adopt Clute's felicitous phrase.
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN
+
+
+1. THE LADY FERNS
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,
+tapering towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinnae lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules
+oblong-lanceolate, cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously
+curved. Indusium delicate, often reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in
+some forms confluent at maturity.
+
+Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer
+nomenclature separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct
+species, which should be carefully studied.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in _Rhodora_ of September,
+1917.]
+
+(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM
+
+_Asplenium Filix-femina_
+
+The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how
+the thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In
+the Lowland Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe
+bases, and so may be distinguished from its sister fern.
+
+One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during
+the summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring.
+The undecayed bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the
+same purpose.
+
+[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]
+
+[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_]
+
+Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old
+fronds. Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved,
+often horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but
+without glands. Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the
+middle.
+
+This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian
+Provinces. The fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties
+have been pointed out, but the fern student, having first learned to
+identify the species, will gradually master the few leading varieties as he
+meets them.
+
+Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature
+incline to cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These
+are varieties TYPICUM and ELATIUS, both with the pinnae obliquely ascending
+(including variety _angustum_ of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader
+fronds with the pinnules of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+acute and strongly toothed or pinnatifid.
+
+[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--1st and 2nd, Var.
+_typicum; 3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum_]
+
+Var. RUBELLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand
+at a wide angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed
+or pinnatifid with obtuse teeth. This variety favors regions with cool
+summers, or dense shade in warmer regions. The term RUBELLUM alludes to
+the reddish stems so often seen but this sign alone may not determine the
+variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species, being a common
+New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of the
+species in southern Nova Scotia.
+
+Among other varieties named by Butters are CONFERTUM, having the pinnules
+irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of
+the pinnules broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance;
+LACINIATUM with pinnules very irregular in size and shape, with many long,
+acute teeth, which project in various directions. "An abnormal form which
+looks as if it had been nibbled when young."
+
+These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.
+
+(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN
+
+ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES
+
+Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the
+fronds. Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few,
+seldom persistent, rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly
+deltoid, lanceolate, widest near the base, the second pair of pinnae
+commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia (hairs) ending in glands.
+Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.
+
+[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The following two forms are named by Butters:
+
+F. TYPICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.
+
+F. SUBTRIPINNATUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular,
+lanceolate, and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet
+situations in half shade. Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.
+
+Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes
+up the Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in
+Pennsylvania and southern New England, and their identification can hardly
+fail to awaken in the student a keen interest.
+
+Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real _Athyrium
+filix-femina_ is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but
+is rather a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky
+Mountain region and identical with _Athyrium cyclosorum_.
+
+But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old _Athyrium
+filix-femina_, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within
+our limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.
+
+Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus _Asplenium_, mentions
+the form "_exile_, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations
+and often fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's
+"_angustum_," and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally
+unimportant that have been described of this species."
+
+The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its
+best is a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have
+noticed that in the late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of
+its forms become disfigured and present a rather blotched and coarse
+appearance." The lady fern has inspired several poems, which have been
+quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following lines are from
+the pen of Calder Campbell:
+
+  "But not by burne in wood or dale
+  Grows anything so fair
+  As the palmy crest of emerald pale
+  Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn
+  To gold her delicate hair."
+
+Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing
+stipes of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green
+of the foliage.
+
+In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the
+curved sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age,
+although such changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the
+poetic Davenport may be helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm
+about the various forms of the lady fern, which soon enables one to know it
+from its peculiarly graceful motion by merely gently swaying a frond in the
+hand." Spores ripen in August.
+
+The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to
+crowd aside its neighbors.
+
+(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES
+
+_Asplenium acrostichoides. Asplenium thelypteroides_
+
+Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle.
+Pinnae deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong,
+obtuse, minutely toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear
+fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when young.
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]
+
+The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear
+until late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper
+surface of the fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the
+Marsh fern tribe, which it somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly
+straight, clear-cut sori of the fertile fronds are very attractive, and
+the lower ones, as well as those at the slender tips of the pinnae, are
+frequently double.
+
+Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward.
+Generally distributed but hardly common.
+
+(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT
+
+ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. _Asplenium angustifolium_
+
+Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinnae numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower.
+Fruit-dots linear. Indusium slightly convex.
+
+[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_ (Vermont)
+(Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and
+southward. September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden,
+Conn., and Danville, Vt. Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to
+severe weather, as its thin and delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson
+writes of it, "There is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and
+refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut, delicately made-up
+fern."
+
+[Illustration: Pinnae and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_]
+
+
+
+
+HART'S TONGUE
+
+_Scolopendrium_. PHYLLITIS
+
+Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to
+it, the indusium appearing to be double. (_Scolopendrium_ is the Greek for
+centipede, whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. _Phyllitis_ is the
+ancient Greek name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_]
+
+(1) _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+
+PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM
+
+Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+bright green.
+
+In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and
+Scolopendrium Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in
+Ontario and New Brunswick. One of the rarest of our native ferns, although
+very common in Great Britain. This plant is said to be easily cultivated,
+and to produce numerous varieties. According to Woolson, "No rockery is
+complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy, undulating fronds
+of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+England."
+
+[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_ (Base of calcareous
+rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]
+
+
+WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF
+
+_Camptosorus_
+
+Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in _Asplenium_, but irregularly scattered on
+either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones
+sometimes confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name
+from the Greek meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.
+
+_Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+
+Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at
+the base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a
+new plant. Veins reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes
+elongated and may even take root.
+
+This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the
+tips taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other
+rocks. Shapleigh and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon),
+and Connecticut, Mt. Toby, Mass., and western New England; also Canada to
+Georgia and westward.
+
+[Illustration: Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIELD FERNS
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS
+
+_Polystichum_
+
+These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed
+under the genus _Polystichum_, which has the sori round and covered with
+a circular indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood
+ferns, on the other hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the
+fronds by the sinus. (_Polystichum_ is the Greek for many rows, the sori of
+some species being in many ranks.)
+
+(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN
+
+_Polystichum acrostichoides. Aspidium acrostichoides_
+
+Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to
+two feet long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped,
+auricled on the upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinnae
+contracted toward the top, bearing two rows of sori, which soon become
+confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium orbicular, fixed by its
+depressed center.
+
+_F. incisum_ is a form in which the pinnae are much incised.
+
+_F. crispum_ has the edges of its pinnae crisped and ruffled. The name
+Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness
+for winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome
+at Christmas time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance
+the beauty of the other ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous
+mass of earth should be included and its roots should not be disturbed.
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_ Top, Forked
+Form; Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]
+
+(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN
+
+_Polystichum Braunii. Aspidium aculeatum Braunii_
+
+Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate,
+tapering both ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly
+rectangular at the base, sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and
+hairs. Fruit-dots small and near the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire.
+Stipes chaffy with brown scales.
+
+[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_ (Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]
+
+This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have
+collected it in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt.
+Mansfield, Randolph, and elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H.,
+and Fernald reports it as common in northern Maine. It also grows in the
+mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and westward. It was formerly
+thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (_P. aculeatum_), which
+has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain green
+through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.
+
+(3) HOLLY FERN. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+
+Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches
+long. Pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly
+auricled on the upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between
+the margin and midrib.
+
+[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada,
+West, Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]
+
+The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonchitis (like a spear) refers to
+its sharp teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador
+to Alaska, and south to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its
+southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of the Christmas
+fern.
+
+
+
+
+THE MARSH FERN TRIBE
+
+
+Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which
+have a close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the
+wood ferns, which also belong to the shield fern family.
+
+(1) THE MARSH FERN
+
+_Aspidium thelypteris_. THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS
+_Dryopteris thelypteris. Nephrodium thelypteris_
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]
+
+These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. _Aspidium_,
+Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions
+of Gray's Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its
+friends. _Dryopteris_, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood
+and Britton and Brown and has grown in favor. _Nephrodium_, meaning
+kidney-like, favored by Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most
+fitting name. THELYPTERIS, meaning lady fern, is found to be the earliest
+name in use and according to rule the correct one.
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_]
+
+Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base.
+Pinnae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply
+pinnatifid. Lobes obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed
+over the sori. Veins once forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the
+blades ten to fifteen inches above the mud, whence they spring.
+
+The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of
+tapering to very small pinnae; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into
+the sunlight, and by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have
+suggested for it the name of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from
+the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins. Common in marshes and damp
+woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh fern loves
+moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale
+in which Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in
+open sunlight on clay soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy
+environment had been long since cleared away while the deserted ferns
+persisted.
+
+(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN
+
+_Aspidium simulatum_. THELYPTERIS SIMULATA
+_Dryopteris simulata. Nephrodium simulatum_
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+narrowed at the base. Pinnae lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most
+often turned inward. Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.
+
+Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety.
+In some respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact
+intermediate between the two.
+
+[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_ 1. Sterile Frond.
+2. A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+Bulletin")]
+
+That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in
+1880, and it later was named _simulatum_ by Geo. E. Davenport because of
+its similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its
+thin texture and particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close
+resemblance to the marsh fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh
+Fern," instead of the irrelevant name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland
+swamps usually in deep shade, New England to Maryland and westward. Often
+found growing with the marsh fern.
+
+(3) NEW YORK FERN
+
+_Aspidium noveboracense_. THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS
+_Dryopteris noveboracensis. Nephrodium noveboracense_
+
+Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinnae lanceolate,
+pinnatifid, the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple.
+Indusium minute and beset with glands.
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern.
+August. The fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the
+midrib and veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This
+species can be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinnae
+at its base. Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEECH FERNS
+
+
+The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them,
+they have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood
+ferns. Their stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori
+at the ends of the veins as in the polypodies. We here place them with
+the wood ferns, retaining the familiar name _Phegopteris_ but giving
+THELYPTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are small, round and naked,
+borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the
+rootstock. Veins free. (The name _Phegopteris_ in Greek means oak or beech
+fern.)
+
+(1) OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris dryopteris_. THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS
+
+Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad,
+the divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments
+oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock
+slender and creeping from which fronds are produced all summer, in
+appearance like the small, ternate divisions of the bracken.
+
+This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of
+all green things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the
+uncoiling of the fronds, the three round balls suggesting the sign of the
+pawnbroker. The parts of the oak fern develop with great regularity, each
+pinna, pinnule and lobe having another exactly opposite to it nearly
+always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in Virginia, Kansas and
+Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the artificial
+rockery.
+
+[Illustration: Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_]
+
+
+
+(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calcarea_
+
+THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA
+
+Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the
+terminal segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and
+fronds minutely glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions
+scarcely longer than the others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the
+beech ferns having formerly been classed with the polypodies. Britton and
+Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak Fern." Canada and the northwestern
+states. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_ (From Water's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]
+
+(3) BROAD BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris hexagonoptera_
+
+THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA
+
+Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad,
+spreading more or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent
+and often glandular beneath; pinnae fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair
+usually much larger than those above, having the segments elongated and cut
+into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and forming a many-angled wing along
+the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the margin.
+
+The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech
+fern, and extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota
+and southward to Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody."
+According to Dodge it is most common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It
+prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said to have a pleasant, ferny odor
+when bruised. August.
+
+(4) LONG BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris polypodioides_. THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS
+
+Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice
+pinnatifid. Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and
+standing forward; cut into oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin.
+
+Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister
+fern rather closely.
+
+It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and
+southward to the mountains of Virginia. July.
+
+[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. _Phegopteris polypodioides_]
+
+[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE FRAGRANT FERN
+
+_Aspidium fragrans. Nephrodium fragrans_
+
+THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. _Dryopteris fragrans_
+
+Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate
+and twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply
+pinnatifid. Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the
+large, thin, imbricated indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus,
+having the margins ragged and sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and
+chaffy.
+
+The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from
+north of the White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and
+in the Green Mountains south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to
+Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a
+singularly sweet and lasting fragrance, compared by some to strawberries,
+by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves. We have seen herbarium
+specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after several years. When
+growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness and its
+beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.
+
+[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_ (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS
+
+ASPIDIUM
+
+Fronds pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinnae reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinnae but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinnae short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinnae longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_]
+
+
+
+THE WOOD FERNS
+
+
+The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the
+woods or at least shady places. Although the genus _Polystichum_ represents
+the true shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their
+indusia have nearly the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic
+name for them all was _Aspidium_ (meaning shield), first published in 1800.
+For a long time its chief rival was _Nephrodium_ (kidney-like), 1803. Many
+modern botanists have preferred the earlier name _Dryopteris_ (1763),
+meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to its forest-loving habits.
+THELYPTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the others.
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's
+"Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
+
+_Aspidium marginale_. THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS
+_Dryopteris marginalis. Nephrodium marginale_
+
+Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat
+leathery, smooth, twice pinnate. Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just
+above the base. Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed.
+Fruit-dots large, round, close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich
+woods, rather common throughout our area. The heavy rootstock rises
+slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown with shaggy, brown
+scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over bare
+rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a
+graceful circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are
+short and densely chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well.
+The fronds burdened with snow lop over among the withered leaves and
+continue green until the new ones shoot up in the spring. It is the most
+valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.
+
+(2) THE MALE FERN
+
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_. THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS
+_Dryopteris Filix-mas. Nephrodium Filix-mas_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from
+a shaggy rootstock. Pinnae lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules
+oblong, obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal
+incisely lobed, distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the
+mid vein than the margin, mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.
+
+The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds
+are thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use
+in medicine is of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known
+_filix-mas_ of the pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties,
+but is mainly prescribed as a vermifuge, which is one of the names given to
+it. In Europe it is regarded as the typical fern, being oftener mentioned
+and figured than any other. In rocky woods, Canada, Northfield, Vt., and
+northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: The Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_ (Vermont)]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33G. _Aspidium filix mas_ 1, Illustration
+exhibiting general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of
+rhizome showing the conducting bundles a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing
+sori; a indusium b, sporangia; 4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a
+soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c, sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a,
+stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO OFFICINAL) From a German
+print, giving details]
+
+(3) GOLDIE'S FERN
+
+_Aspidium Goldianum_. THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA
+_Dryopteris Goldiana. Nephrodium Goldianum_
+
+Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly
+ovate, especially the sterile ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid, broadest
+in the middle. The divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear,
+slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very near the midvein. Indusium large,
+orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark brown to nearly black
+with a peculiar silky lustre.
+
+A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It
+delights in rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from
+Canada to Kentucky. While not common, there are numerous colonies in New
+England. It is reported from Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass.,
+and frequently west of the Connecticut River. We have often admired a large
+and beautiful colony of it on the west side of Willoughby Mountain in
+Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to a fern
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_ (Vermont, 1874.
+C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &
+Co.)]
+
+(4) THE CRESTED FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristatum_. THELYPTERIS CRISTATA
+
+_Dryopteris cristata. Nephrodium cristatum_
+
+Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute.
+Pinnae two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong,
+or the lowest triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or
+cut-toothed, those nearest the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large,
+round, half way between the midvein and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked,
+with a shallow sinus.
+
+The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous
+only in winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found
+only in summer.
+
+It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with
+their dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile
+pinnae have a way of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond
+for more light. In moist land, Canada to Kentucky.
+
+Var. _Clintonianum_. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in
+every way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the
+midvein, the sides of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to
+New York and westward. "Rare in New England attaining its best development
+in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt. Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine
+for cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_]
+
+[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_, var.
+_Clintonianum_ (Gray Herbarium)]
+
+CRESTED MARGINAL FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristatum X marginale_
+
+
+Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the
+marginal shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is
+like _marginale_ and the lower like _cristatum_, including the veining and
+texture.
+
+This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in
+his fern garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends
+are indebted for specimens.
+
+Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed
+hybrids have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern
+and its variety _intermedium_, and with Goldie's fern; also between the
+crested fern, including Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned;
+and, in fact, between almost all pairs of species of the wood ferns,
+although we do not think they have been positively verified. Still other
+species of ferns are known to hybridize more or less, as we saw in the case
+of Scott's spleenwort.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. _Aspidium Cristatum X
+marginale_ (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium cristatum X marginale_ One of the very best for
+cultivation]
+
+(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium Boottii_. THELYPTERIS BOOTTII
+
+_Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper
+pinnae lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows
+each side of the midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the
+lower pinules. Indusium large, minutely glandular, variable.
+
+This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose
+ferns, but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile
+fronds wither in autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout
+the winter. It differs from it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and
+from the typical spinulose fern by its glandular indusium; but from the
+intermediate variety it is more difficult to separate it, as that also has
+indusiate glands. The collector needs to study authentic specimens and
+have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as an aid to the
+verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium Boottii_]
+
+(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium spinulosum. THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA
+
+Dryopteris spinulosa. Nephrodium spinulosum_
+
+Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and
+one-half feet long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinnae oblique to
+the rachis, the lower ones broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated.
+Pinnules on the inferior side of the pinnae often elongated, especially the
+lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis being usually the longest, at
+least in the lowest pinnae. Pinnules variously cut into spinulose-toothed
+segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.
+
+The common European type, but in this country far less common than its
+varieties. They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their
+graceful outline and spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be
+transplanted without great difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon
+them for its most effective lacework.
+
+Var. _intermedium_ has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate.
+Pinnules pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex.
+Margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands.
+In woods nearly everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of
+this variety are gathered in our northern woods, placed in cold storage and
+sent to florists to be used in decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not
+disturbed the crop is renewed from year to year, and no great harm seems to
+result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.
+
+[Footnote A: _Horticulture_ reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly
+$100,000 were paid out in wages.]
+
+[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_ (Maine, 1877,
+Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. _intermedium_]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. AMERICANUM]
+
+A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry
+Purdie, has been named var. CONCORDIANUM. It has small, elliptical,
+denticulate pinnules and a glandular-pubescent indusium.
+
+Var. AMERICANUM (=_dilatatum_, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical
+plant, the lower pinnae being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate.
+Inferior pinnules on the lower pair of pinnae conspicuously elongated. A
+variety preferring upland woods; northern New England, Greenland to the
+mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and northward.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLADDER FERNS. _Cystopteris_
+
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+
+
+The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone
+soil. (The Greek name _cystopteris_ means bladder fern, so called in
+allusion to the hood-shaped indusium.)
+
+(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris bulbifera. Filix bulbifera_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinnae
+lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and
+pinnae often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed.
+Indusium short, truncate on the free side. Stipe short.
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_ (Willoughby,
+Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_]
+
+One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of
+beauty, whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very
+easily cultivated and one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes
+by the yard," says Woolson, "with the most graceful and filmy of our common
+ferns, the bladder fern." This fern and the maidenhair were introduced into
+Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first from America.
+
+It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone
+districts. While producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species
+mainly by bulblets, which, falling into a moist soil, at once send out a
+pair of growing roots, while a tiny frond starts to uncoil from the heart
+of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions
+in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
+Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas.
+
+(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris fragilis. Filix fragilis_
+
+Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve
+inches long, twice pinnate, the pinnae often pinnatifid or cut-toothed,
+ovate-lanceolate, decurrent on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute
+at the free end. Very variable in the cutting of the pinnules.
+
+The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+_fragilis_ suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the
+first to disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and
+withered away. Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August,
+as if Nature were renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern
+suggests the blunt-lobed Woodsia, but in the latter the pinnae and pinnules
+are usually broader and blunter, and its indusium splits into jagged lobes.
+Rather common in damp, shady places where rocks abound. In one form or
+another, found nearly throughout the world though only on mountains in the
+tropics.
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_ (Wakefield,
+Mass.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOODSIAS
+
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinnae hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinnae glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinnae oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinnae deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinnae
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOODSIAS
+
+Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of
+simply forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often
+evanescent, either small and open, or early bursting at the top into
+irregular pieces or lobes. (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)
+
+(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above,
+thickly clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the
+pinnae crowded, sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin often confluent at maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center
+into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an
+inch or so above the rootstock.
+
+[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, _Woodsia ilvensis_]
+
+The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on
+high cliffs exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with
+silver-white, hair-like scales, especially underneath. These scales turn
+brown in age, whence the name, rusty. As the short stipes separate at the
+joints from the rootstock, they leave at the base a thick stubble, which
+serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador to North Carolina and
+westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very abundant on the
+trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense tufts.
+
+(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA
+
+_Woodsia alpina. Woodsia hyperborea_
+
+Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat
+hairy beneath, pinnate. Pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes
+few and nearly entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in _Woodsia
+ilvensis_.
+
+[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_]
+
+Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of _Woodsia ilvensis_. It
+was discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby
+Lake, Vt. Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the
+Adirondacks, who supposed it to be _Woodsia_ _glabella_. In 1897 it was
+rediscovered at Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine,
+and British America. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, _Woodsia alpina_ (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. _Woodsia obtusa_
+
+Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice
+pinnate, often minutely glandular. Pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate
+or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments.
+Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the margin of the lobes. Indusium
+conspicuous, at length splitting into several spreading, jagged lobes.
+
+[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_]
+
+This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than
+the others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward.
+On rocky banks and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty
+on account of the star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var.
+_angusta_ is a form with very narrow fronds and pinnae. Highlands, New York.
+The type grows in Middlesex County, Mass., but is rare.
+
+(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. _Woodsia glabella_
+
+Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinnae
+remote at the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes.
+Stipes jointed, straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.
+
+[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_ (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+G.H.T.)]
+
+On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount
+Mansfield, Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also
+Newfoundland, New York, and far to the northwest. Not very common. It
+differs from the alpine species by the absence of scales above the joint.
+As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except for the chaffy scales at
+or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many other ferns,
+and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in extremes
+of heat and cold.
+
+(5) OREGON WOODSIA. _Woodsia oregana_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath,
+narrowly lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse,
+pinnatifid. Segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin
+nearly always reflexed. Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus,
+divided into a few beaded hairs.
+
+Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe,
+but is much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs,
+Gaspe Peninsula, southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the
+northwest. Its eastern limit is northern Michigan.
+
+(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. _Woodsia scopulina_
+
+Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinnae
+triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole
+frond hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium
+hidden beneath the sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like
+divisions.
+
+In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gaspe Peninsula, Rocky
+Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.
+
+(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. _Woodsia Cathcartiana_
+
+Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong,
+denticulate, separated by wide sinuses.
+
+Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.
+
+
+
+
+DENNSTAEDTIA. _Dicksonia_
+
+Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous,
+cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top.
+
+(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)
+
+HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN
+
+DENNSTAEDTIA PUNCTILOBULA[A]
+
+_Dicksonia punctilobula. Dicksonia pilosiuscula_
+
+[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small
+capitals represent the newer nomenclature.]
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate, pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary
+pinnae in outline like the frond; the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and
+obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet,
+usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. Indusium fixed under the
+sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore cases.
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_ (Sudbury, Mass.
+G.E.D.)]
+
+[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]
+
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_]
+
+While _Dennstaedtia_ is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+name _Dicksonia_ has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern
+or boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its
+long-tapering outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to
+cluster around rocks and boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the
+margin of rocky woods. It is sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for
+the fernery and one of the most decorative of the entire fern family.
+The effect of the shimmering fronds, so delicately wrought, flanked by
+evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain fern, pasture fern,
+and hairy _Dicksonia_ are other names. Canada to Tennessee and westward.
+
+Var. _cristata_ has the fronds more or less forked at the top.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]
+
+[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS
+
+_Onoclea_. PTERETIS. _Matteuccia_. _Struthiopteris_
+
+(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)
+
+It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included
+in the same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The
+sensitive fern has a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins;
+while the ostrich fern has an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and
+free veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit.
+_Obtusilobata_ Form]
+
+(1) SENSITIVE FERN. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock,
+broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or
+nearly entire. Veins reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds
+shorter, closely bipinnate with the pinnules rolled up into berry-like
+structures which contain the spore cases. (The name in Greek means a closed
+vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.) The sensitive
+fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile and
+fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground
+until about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or
+berries, but soon turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not
+discharge their spores until the following spring. The little berry-like
+structures of the fertile frond represent pinnules, bearing fruit-dots,
+around which they are closely rolled. As Waters remarks, "Most ferns hold
+the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps them tightly in
+the clenched fist."
+
+Var. _obtusilobata_ is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one
+Stock _Onoclea sensibilis_ (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+Breckenridge)]
+
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds]
+
+(2) OSTRICH FERN
+
+_Onoclea struthiopteris_. PTERETIS NODULOSA
+
+_Struthiopteris Germanica_. _Matteuccia struthiopteris_
+
+Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate,
+pinnate, the numerous pinnae deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the
+channeled stipe. Fertile fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinnae
+revolute into a necklace form containing the sori.
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]
+
+The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the
+next year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in
+July. Seen from a distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the
+cinnamon fern. An intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds
+is sometimes found, as in the sensitive fern. This handsome species
+thrives under cultivation. For grace and dignity it is unrivaled, and for
+aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the lady fern. For the
+climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The ostrich
+fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.
+
+[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY
+
+_OSMUNDACEAE_
+
+This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which
+belong to the single genus.
+
+OSMUNDA
+
+The _osmundas_ are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much
+contracted and quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular,
+short-stalked, borne on the margin of the divisions and opening into two
+valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the
+god Thor.)
+
+(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN
+
+_Osmunda regalis. Osmunda regalis_, var. SPECTABILIS
+
+Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna
+having numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along
+the midrib. Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown
+when mature and sometimes leafy.
+
+A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great
+Linnaeus, _regalis_, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The
+wine-colored stipes of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring,
+lifting gracefully their pink pinnae and pretty panicles of bright green
+spore cases, throw an indescribable charm over the meadows and clothe even
+the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the attraction less when the
+showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are turned to brown.
+The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a foot
+above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth
+hints at somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.
+
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+
+[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern _Osmunda regalis_]
+
+The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil,
+sufficient shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places.
+Newfoundland to Virginia and northwestward.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Osmunda regalis_ (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN
+
+Osmunda Claytoniana
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinnae cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of
+intermediate pinnae contracted and bearing sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_]
+
+The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the
+last of May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the
+cinnamon fern by not having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the
+base of each pinna. Besides, in Clayton's fern the fronds are broader,
+blunter and thinner in texture, and the segments more rounded; the fronds
+are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn yellow in the fall, at
+times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten by the early
+frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common in
+damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North
+Carolina and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated
+and its graceful outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the
+fern garden. Var. _dubia_ has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely
+separated, and the upper-middle ones much elongated. Southern Vermont.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]
+
+(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES
+
+_Osmunda cinnamomea_
+
+Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid with
+oblong, obtuse divisions. Fertile pinnae on separate fronds, which are
+contracted and covered with brown sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _frondosa_]
+
+Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is
+soon surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of
+a charming circle of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short
+time, however, it withers and hangs down or falls to the ground. The large,
+conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns give picturesqueness to many a
+moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its crosier stage it is
+wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but leaves, at the
+base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _incisa_ (Maine)]
+
+Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and
+eat with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at
+the base of the unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund."
+The fern, itself, with its tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful
+ornament for the shady lawn, and like the interrupted fern is easy to
+cultivate. The spores of all the _osmundas_ are green, and need to
+germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and swampy
+grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some
+think it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old
+rhyme,
+
+  "Break the first brake you see,
+  Kill the first snake you see,
+  And you will conquer every enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. _glandulosa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Var. _frondosa_ has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+towards the summit.
+
+Var. _incisa_ has the inner pinnules of some of the pinnae more or less
+cut-toothed.
+
+Var. _glandulosa_ has glandular hairs on the pinnae, rachis and even the
+stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from
+Rhode Island to Maryland.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+CURLY GRASS FAMILY
+
+SCHIZAEACEAE
+
+CURLY GRASS. _Schizaea pusilla_
+
+
+Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to
+two inches high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds
+longer, three to five inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of
+minute, fruited pinnae. Sporangia large, ovoid, sessile in a double row
+along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves, and
+provided with a complete apical ring. (_Schizaea_, from a Greek root meaning
+to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign species.)
+
+[Illustration: Curly Grass. _Schizaea pusilla_]
+
+The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when
+growing amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club
+mosses, etc. The sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
+Grand Lake, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the
+curly grass have recently been discovered in the southwest counties of Nova
+Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition, mostly in bogs and hollows of
+sandy peat or sphagnum.
+
+[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]
+
+CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN
+
+_Lygodium palmatum_
+
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+
+Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower
+pinnae (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs
+with simple veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked,
+forming a terminal panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing
+the sporangia, which are similar to those of curly grass, and fixed to a
+veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
+indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig [pliant], alluding to
+the flexible stipes.)
+
+[Illustration: Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_]
+
+Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There
+was a considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North
+Hadley, Mass., not far from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872.
+Many used to decorate their homes with its handsome sprays, draping it
+gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It was known locally as the Hartford
+fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its colonies and it became scarce,
+at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law was enacted in 1867
+for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A. Weatherby states
+in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of tillage
+(mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive
+agriculture is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern
+locality. It is still found here and there in New England, New York and New
+Jersey; also in Kentucky, Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common.
+The fertile portion dies when the spores mature, but the sterile frondlets
+remain green through the winter. A handsome species for the fernery in the
+house or out of doors.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY
+
+_OPHIOGLOSSACEAE_
+
+Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+_Ophioglossum_ the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated
+and the sporangia in a simple spike. In _Botrychium_ the sterile segment is
+more or less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound
+or rarely simple spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit.
+Spores copious, sulphur-yellow.
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+
+Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing
+one smooth, entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the
+sporangia, coherent in two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek
+meaning the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of the
+sporangia.)
+
+In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare."
+New England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows
+in company with the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's
+speare ointment" had the adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and
+is said to be still used for wounds in English villages.
+
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+
+[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_]
+
+Var. _minus_, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy
+ground, New Hampshire to New Jersey.
+
+Var. _Engelmanni_. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming
+a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and
+westward.
+
+Var. _arenarium_. (From the Latin, _arena_, meaning sand, being found in
+a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of _Ophioglossum vulgatum_ and
+about half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor
+soil at Holly Beach, New Jersey.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS
+
+(_Botrychium_)
+
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+
+
+
+GRAPE FERNS
+
+_Botrychium_
+
+Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the
+sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond
+one to three pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of
+sessile, naked, globular sporangia, opening transversely into two valves.
+Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound.
+Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur yellow. (The name in Greek means a
+cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like clusters of the sporangia.)
+
+(1) MOONWORT. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+
+Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne
+near the middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight
+pairs of lunate or fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins
+repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, two to three pinnate.
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort _Botrychium Lunaria_]
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_. Details]
+
+The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was
+reputed to open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that
+trod upon it. "Unshoe the horse" was one of the names given to it by the
+country people.
+
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+
+In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United
+States. Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and
+St. Johnsbury, Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.
+
+In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.
+
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+
+(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. _Botrychium simplex_
+
+Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment
+short-petioled, usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately
+three to seven lobed. Veins all forking from the base. Fertile segments
+simple or one to two pinnate, apex of both segments erect in the bud.
+
+In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and
+Plainfield, Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle
+it is "abundantly scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil,
+especially knolls of hill pastures." May or June.
+
+(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium lanceolatum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM
+
+Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the
+top of the common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the
+acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling
+a very small specimen of the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly
+overtopping the sterile, two to three pinnate and spreading.
+
+One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+Superior. July.
+
+[Illustration: Little Grape Fern _Botrychium simplex_]
+
+[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern _Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+angustisegmentum_]
+
+(4) MATRICARY FERN
+
+_Botrychium ramosum. Botrychium matricariaefolium_
+
+Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle,
+usually much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both
+segments turned down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the
+fertile one.
+
+[Illustration: The Matricary Fern _Botrychium ramosum_]
+
+The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about
+a month earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a
+taller and fleshier plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved
+species the midveins of the larger lobes are continuous, running to the
+tip; whereas in the matricary fern the midveins fork repeatedly and are
+soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two are apt to grow near each
+other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor. June.
+
+NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain _Botrychia_ in a sphagnum
+swamp in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of _Botrychium
+tenebrosum_. The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three
+inches high, with the sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many
+botanists prefer to place this fern as a variety of the matricary, but
+others regard it as a form of _Botrychium simplex_. Borders of maple
+swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York.
+
+(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_. _Botrychium ternatum_, var.
+_obliquum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM, var. OBLIQUUM
+
+Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds
+two to twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular,
+ternate, long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and
+spreading horizontally. From the main leafstock grow several pairs of
+stalked pinnae, with the divisions ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate,
+obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile segment taller, erect, about three
+times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn. Occasionally two or three
+fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the apex of each
+segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.
+
+[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_]
+
+New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _dissectum_. Similar to the type, but with
+the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most
+beautiful of all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the
+cutting of the fronds. Maine to Florida and westward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _oneidense_. Ultimate segments oblong, rounded
+at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _elongatum_. Divisions lanceolate, elongated,
+acute.
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_]
+
+Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz
+B. lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern
+Botrychium."
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum_]
+
+(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium ternatum_, var. _intermedium_
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _intermedium_
+
+Leaf more divided than in _obliquum_ and the numerous segments not so
+long and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var.
+_australe_), crenulate, and more or less toothed.
+
+Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New
+England and New York. Var. _rutaefolium_. More slender, rarely over six or
+seven inches high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions
+few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. The first variety passes
+insensibly into the second.
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Reduced)]
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Two stocks, reduced)]
+
+(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. _Botrychium virginianum_
+
+Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the
+middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate.
+Pinnules lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or
+lanceolate and scarcely or not at all spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked,
+two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments narrow and thick, nearly
+opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from dark yellow-brown
+to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of a
+lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+distributed.
+
+[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+Newfoundland and Labrador.
+
+Var. _gracilis_. A form much reduced in size.
+
+Var. LAURENTIANUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile
+fronds less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to
+overlapping. Pinnules shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer
+segments strongly spatulate. Fertile spike relatively short and stout,
+strongly paniculate when well developed. Ultimate segments flat, folaceous,
+one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone district near the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and Michigan.
+
+Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate,
+previously ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately
+narrowly flattened. (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of
+September, 1919.) Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+northern New York, Illinois, and Missouri.
+
+Var. EUROPAEUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the
+spatulate form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly
+decurrent so that the pinnae are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests
+of Canada, and confined to calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New
+Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Montana, and British Columbia. Said
+to be rare even in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FILMY FERN FAMILY
+
+
+_HYMENOPHYLLACEAE_
+
+The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely
+dissected fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on
+a bristle-like receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly
+tropical, only one of which grows as far north as Kentucky.
+
+[Illustration: Filmy Fern _Trichomanes Boschianum_ (From Waters' "Ferns",
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN
+
+_Trichomanes Boschianum. Trichomanes radicans_
+
+Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches
+long, thin, very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate,
+bipinnatifid. Rachis narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the
+slender bristle, which is the prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a
+vase-like, slightly two-lipped involucre.
+
+On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+"Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns."
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]
+
+[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]
+
+
+
+
+NOTED FERN AUTHORS
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+
+
+[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the
+following pages.]
+
+EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His
+grandfather was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under
+his friend, Prof. Asa Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in
+turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton. Daniel C. was professor of botany in
+Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man of graceful and winsome
+personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his writings. His
+masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto volumes,
+beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869.
+Education informal; common schools, university lectures and private study.
+Manifested early a keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and
+first president of the American Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more
+than three hundred species of ferns. Has written extensively on the ferns
+and their allies, besides publishing several standard volumes. His great
+distinction is in founding and editing the _Fern Bulletin_ through its
+twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with _The American
+Botanist_, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a prodigious
+achievement of great scientific value.
+
+[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS,
+G. DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E.
+WATERS, R. DODGE]
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853.
+Spent early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877.
+After teaching several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became
+Professor of Botany in Columbia University. He contributed numerous
+articles to the _Torrey Bulletin_, _Fern Bulletin_, and other scientific
+journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native Ferns and Their Allies,"
+continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November 16, 1907.
+
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and
+officer of the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the
+ferns, his numerous articles were published in the _Fern Bulletin_, in the
+_Torrey Bulletin_, _Rhodora_, and in separate monographs. He was a leading
+authority on the pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium
+of the native ferns, which he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural
+Society. By his gentle manners and kindly spirit he won many friends, all
+of whom were proud to recognize his distinguished ability. He cultivated
+many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway home, at Medford, Mass., and
+freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly of heart failure,
+November 29, 1907.
+
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872.
+Was graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for
+a time a close student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in
+1903, containing his "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by
+profession, he has pursued that branch of science for the last eighteen
+years. His address is Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was
+graduated at Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic
+botany, United States National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate
+curator of the same. Has specialized in scientific work on the
+pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as well as by the
+large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The _Fern Bulletin_, _Torrey
+Bulletin_, _American Fern Journal_, _Fernwort Papers_, et al., have
+profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the
+American Fern Society.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. _Nee_ Smith.
+Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was
+lost at sea. As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers,"
+in 1893, and within ten years more than seventy thousand copies of the book
+had been sold. "According to Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896,
+she married Prof. James Russell Parsons, treasurer of the University of
+the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to Know the Ferns." She
+combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and graceful
+style.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War
+veteran. Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A
+careful observer and student of nature, he discovered _Aspidium simulatum_
+at Follymill, Seabrook, N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse
+9.) He discovered also the hybrid _Aspidium cristatum x Marginale_. He
+published his little book, "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England," in 1896.
+Died October 20, 1918.
+
+EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied
+at the Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He
+took up teaching for several years, spending three years in California.
+Returning East, he became a florist and began to write for various fern
+journals, giving special attention to the fern allies. He prepared the
+genera _Equisetum_ and _Isoetes_ for the seventh edition of "Gray's
+Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by discovering
+several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+Mass., September 29, 1908.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came
+to Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work
+skillfully in wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry.
+His friend, George E. Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some
+divine gift or inspiration the innermost life and feelings of the wild
+flowers and ferns, and his marvelously accurate needle transfixed them with
+revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns of Kentucky," issued in
+1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United States. He
+died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+for his health.
+
+
+
+
+FERN LITERATURE
+
+
+AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual
+subscription, $1.25.)
+
+BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.
+
+BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.
+
+BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell & Co. London.
+Quarto.
+
+BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora,
+September, 1917.
+
+CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan
+& Co. 1905. Ed. 2.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.
+
+The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.
+
+The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.
+
+Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.
+
+CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington,
+1908.
+
+COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne & Co. London.
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England
+ferns in Torrey Bulletin, Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following
+monographs are in single booklets by Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
+Aspidium cristatum x marginale, Aspidium simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and
+its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its Varieties, Notes on Botrychium
+simplex.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume,
+now out of print. W.N. Clute & Co. 1904.
+
+DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge & Son.
+London.
+
+EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin
+& Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.
+
+EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino,
+Salem. Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.
+
+EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for
+Gray's Manual, 7th ed. 1908.
+
+GILBERT, BENJ. D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.
+
+HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page & Co. Boston, 1899.
+
+HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.
+
+HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge & Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+London. 1869.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine
+plates which include all American genera. Costs about $25.
+
+Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen
+and Vol. Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of
+more species. Cost about $50.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J., & BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes
+all ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures
+illustrating each genus. Costs about $10.
+
+LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell & Daldy.
+London, 1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are
+represented. "The descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and
+the synonymy is often incorrect."
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north
+of Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.
+
+Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.
+
+Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium,
+17:541+.
+
+Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitaceae and Isoetaceae) of the northern
+United States, Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown,
+Illustrated Flora, etc., ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.
+
+MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston,
+1878-9.
+
+MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New
+York, 1899.
+
+PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne & Co.
+London. No date.
+
+REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America.
+Torrey Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).
+
+RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878.
+Out of print.
+
+SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan & Co. London.
+8vo.
+
+SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt & Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+print.
+
+SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.
+
+SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.
+
+STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne & Co. London, 1908.
+
+TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt & Co.
+Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt & Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.
+
+WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton & Co. Louisville, Ky.
+1878.
+
+Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton & Co. 1879. Both out of print.
+
+WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page & Co. New
+York, 1909.
+
+WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan & Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+[Illustration:
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+
+
+
+
+TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS
+
+
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+
+Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+ACUMINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+ACULEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENTITIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+ANASTOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+ANNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHERIDIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEGONIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+AREOLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ARTICULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ _bis_,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHLOROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+CILIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+CIRCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CROSIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+CUNEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+CUSPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinnae.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICHOTOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIMORPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EMARGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+FILIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INCISED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+INDUSIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+LAMINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LACINIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+MUCRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+OIDES.        A Greek ending, meaning _like_, or
+              _like to_, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+OOeSPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the ooespore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+PETIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINNATIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTHALLIUM.  (Or prothallus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERIDOPHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+RACHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+SERRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+SINUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SPATULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SPINULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+SUBULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+TERNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The student should have some idea of the terms _genus_, _species_ and
+_variety_, although they are not capable of exact definition.
+
+A _species_, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such
+individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to
+their common parent in all their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind
+or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind, and of a common
+origin, and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or
+rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the
+shape of the pinnae, or the cutting of the fronds, we have _varieties_ as
+_frondosum_, _incisum_, etc. Or if the difference is less striking the
+word _form_ is used instead of variety, but in any given case opinions may
+differ in respect to the more fitting term.
+
+A _genus_ is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern,
+the cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar
+spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming
+the genus _Osmunda_. In like manner certain members of the clover
+group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up the genus _Trifolium_.
+
+Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into
+genera, and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true
+name, the generic name being qualified by that of the species; as in the
+cinnamon fern _Osmunda_ (genus), _cinnamomea_ (species).
+
+
+
+
+CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
+
+In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the
+text, and those that follow are synonyms.
+
+Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now
+adopted at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.
+
+ADIANTUM L.
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum x marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricariaefolium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes Feei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pellaea densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pellaea gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNSTAEDTIA L'HER.
+49. DENNSTAEDTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOLAENA.R. BR.
+51. Notholaena dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Notholaena nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELLAEA. LINK
+59. Pellaea atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pellaea glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS FEE
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) Fee.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZAEA.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schizaea pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #11365 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11365)
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+Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Fern Lover's Companion
+       A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada
+
+Author: George Henry Tilton
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Keren Vergon, Leonard D Johnson and PG
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+
+The Fern Lover's Companion
+
+
+A Guide for the Northeastern States
+and Canada
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.
+
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its
+progress, these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+Preface
+Introduction
+Key to Genera
+Classification of Ferns
+The Polypodies
+The Bracken Group:
+  Bracken
+  Cliff Brakes
+  Rock Brake
+The Lip Ferns (_Cheilanthes_)
+The Cloak Fern (_Notholæna_)
+The Chain Ferns
+The Spleenworts:
+  The Rock Spleenworts. _Asplenium_
+  The Large Spleenworts. _Athyrium_
+Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf
+The Shield Ferns:
+  Christmas and Holly Fern
+  Marsh Fern Tribe
+  The Beech Ferns
+  The Fragrant Fern
+  The Wood Ferns
+  The Bladder Ferns
+The Woodsias
+The Boulder Fern (_Dennstædtia_)
+Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns
+The Flowering Ferns (_Osmunda_)
+Curly Grass and Climbing Fern
+Adder's Tongue
+The Grape Ferns:
+  Key to the Grape Fern
+  Moonwort
+  Little Grape Fern
+  Lance-leaved Grape Fern
+  Matricary Fern
+  Common Grape Fern
+  Rattlesnake Fern
+Filmy Fern
+Noted Fern Authors
+Fern Literature
+Time List for Fruiting of Ferns
+Glossary
+Note: Meaning of Genus and Species
+Checklist
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+A Fern Lover
+Prothallium Diagram
+Pinnate Frond
+Bipinnate Frond
+Pinnatifid Frond
+Spore Cases
+Linen Tester
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa_
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_
+Flowering Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_
+Grape Fern. _Botrychium_
+Polypody. _Polypodium_
+Beech Fern. _Phegopteris_
+Cloak Fern. _Notholæna_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_
+Bracken. _Pteris_
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum_
+Cliff Brake. _Pellæa_
+Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes_
+Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma_
+Chain Fern. _Woodwardia_
+Shield Fern. _Polystichum_
+Wood Fern. _Aspidium_
+Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris_
+Woodsia
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_
+Asplenium Type
+Athyrium Type
+Sporangia of the Five Families
+Indusium
+Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_
+Sori of Polypody
+Polypody in mass (Greenwood)
+Gray Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_
+Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond
+Bracken. Fertile Frond
+Bracken, var. _pseudocaudata_
+Spray of Maidenhair
+Sori of Maidenhair
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_
+Alpine Maidenhair
+Venus-Hair Fern. _Adiantum capillus-veneris_
+Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellæa atropurpurea_
+Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_
+Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_
+Parsley Fern. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+Hairy Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes lanosa_
+Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Féei_
+Pinnæ of Slender Lip Fern
+Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholæna dealbata_
+Common Chain Fern. _Woodwardia virginica_
+Net-veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_
+The Spleenworts
+Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (Fernery)
+Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_
+Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+Mountain Spleenwort. _Asplenium montanum_
+Rue Spleenwort. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)
+Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_
+Varieties of Lady Fern
+Lowland Lady Fern. _Athyrium asplenioides_
+Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_
+Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_
+Varieties of Christmas Fern
+Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_
+Holly Fern. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_
+Marsh Fern, in the mass
+Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_
+New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_
+Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_
+Broad Beech Fern. _Aspidium hexagonoptera_
+Long Beech Fern. _Aspidium polypedioides_
+Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_
+Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_
+Crown of Fronds of _Aspidium marginale_
+Sori of _Aspidium marginale_
+Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_ and details
+Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_
+_Aspidium Goldianum_, in the mass
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (No. 2)
+Clinton's Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ var. _Clintonianum_
+Crested Marginal Fern. _Aspidium cristatum × marginale_
+_Aspidium cristatum × marginale_, in the mass
+Boott's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Boottii_
+Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _intermedium_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _americanum_
+Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_
+_Cystopteris bulbifera_ with sprouting bulb
+Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_
+Rusty Woodsia. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_
+Details of Alpine Woodsia
+Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_
+Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Forked variety of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Field View of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Pinnæ and Sori of _Dennstædtia punctilobula_
+Meadow View of Sensitive Fern
+Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit
+Sori of Sensitive Fern
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same Plant
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds
+Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds
+Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Sori of Royal Fern
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations
+Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern
+_Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa_
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa pusilla_
+Sporangia of Curly Grass
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+Moonwort, Details
+Little Grape Fern. _Botrychium simplex_
+Lance-leaved Grape Fern. _Botrychium lanceolatum_
+Matricary Grape Fern. _Botrychium ramosum_
+Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _dissectum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _B. ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes Boschianum_
+Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern
+Crosiers
+Noted Fern Authors
+Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know
+little of their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts,
+adorning the rugged cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or
+waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands, he feels their
+call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be to receive instruction
+from a living teacher: His next preference would be the companionship of a
+good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If he will
+con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while
+he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may
+hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a
+single season.
+
+Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when
+Williamson published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute
+issued, "Our Ferns in Their Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton,
+Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons, Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson,
+and others. All their works are now out of print except Clute's just
+mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both of these
+are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to
+the genera; while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive
+charm that creates for it a constant demand.
+
+We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive,
+handbook, designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the
+average student in learning their names and meaning. Its geographical
+limits include the northeastern states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows
+in the main the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, while the emendations
+set forth in _Rhodora_, of October, 1919, and also a few terms of later
+adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the more
+familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type.
+In every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent
+terms from which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily
+for lovers of Nature, many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms,
+the common English names are everywhere given prominence, and strange to
+say are less subject to change and controversy than the Latin. There is
+no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the Christmas fern, the
+ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern, etc. The use of
+the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific
+terms.
+
+A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing
+the scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have
+marked each accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute (´)
+accent, the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long
+sound, while the latter indicates the short or modified sound. Let it be
+remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the
+accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short according to the slant
+of the mark.
+
+We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose.
+Our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we
+collected our first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found
+here a fine colony of the climbing fern (_Lygodium_). We recall the slender
+fronds climbing over the low bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in
+their native habitat. We have since collected and studied specimens of
+nearly every New England fern, and have carefully examined most of the
+other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the librarian, Mr.
+William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport herbarium
+in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of
+the daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger
+unmounted collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1]
+finding here a very large and fine assortment of _Botrychiums_, including a
+real _B. ternatum_ from Japan.
+
+[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]
+
+For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of
+the _Fern Bulletin_, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To
+him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and
+especially for helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness
+of the _American Fern Journal_ and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow.
+To our friend, Mr. C.H. Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of
+the checklist and for much helpful advice, and we are grateful to Mr.
+S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural History, for numerous
+courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his expert and
+helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.
+
+The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp,
+pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been
+photographed from the author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few
+are from the choice herbarium of Mr. George E. Davenport, and also a few
+reprints have been made from fern books, for which due credit is given. The
+Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is reprinted from Clute's "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts."
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in
+the highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are
+reinforced by woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect
+while permitting graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their
+frequent finely cut borders, and their rich shades of green combine to make
+them objects of rare beauty; while their unique vernation and method of
+fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of reproduction invest them
+with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and culture to the
+thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure the
+ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.
+
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+
+As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as
+swamps, ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be
+found along mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny
+crevice in some high cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating
+little plants, which protect themselves from drought by assuming a mantle
+of light wool, or of hair and chaff, with, perhaps, a covering of white
+powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a layer of moist air next to
+the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.
+
+Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection"
+ferns, reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of
+rain, and lo! they are green and flourishing.
+
+Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch
+to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or
+more.
+
+
+REPRODUCTION
+
+Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be,
+single fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the
+cinnamon fern. The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets,
+while the walking leaf bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.
+
+[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]
+
+Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as
+a fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little
+one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A
+spore falls upon damp soil and germinates, producing a small, green,
+shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime, which is called a prothállium
+(or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root hairs grow to give it
+stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs known as
+antherídia and archegònia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active,
+spiral bodies called ántherozòids, which lash about in the moisture of
+the prothállium until they find the archegònia, the cells of which are so
+arranged in each case as to form a tube around the central cell, which is
+called the òösphere, or egg-cell, the point to be fertilized. When one
+of the entering ántherozòids reaches this point the desired change is
+effected, and the canal of the archegònium closes. The empty òösphere
+becomes the quickened òösphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds
+normally by the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem,
+first leaf, etc., while the prothállium no longer needed to sustain its
+offspring withers away.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that
+the reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the
+naked eye.]
+
+Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the prothállus by a
+budding process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature
+"fulfills herself in many ways."[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is apógamy
+(apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from
+the frond without spores, for which process the term apóspory is used.
+(Meaning, literally, without spores.)]
+
+
+VERNATION
+
+All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real
+crosier is a bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered
+with "fern wool," which birds often use in lining their nests. This wool
+usually disappears later as the crosier unfolds into the broad green blade.
+The development of plant shoots from the bud is called vernation (Latin,
+_ver_ meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling of ferns, "circinnate
+vernation."
+
+
+VEINS
+
+The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do
+not connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When
+the veins intersect they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or
+network), and their meshes are called arèolæ or áreoles (Latin, _areola_, a
+little open space).
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, _pinna_, a feather), when its primary
+divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A frond
+is bipinnate (Latin, _bis_, twice) when the lobes of the pinnæ extend to
+the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the pinnæ are
+called pinnules. When a frond is tripínnate the last complete divisions are
+called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinnátifid when its lobes
+extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle lobes
+of the pinnátifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinnæ of a frond are often
+pinnátifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate
+in its lower part and become pinnátifid higher up as in the pinnátifid
+spleenwort just mentioned (Fig. 3).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+The divisions of a pinnátifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinnátifid
+or tripinnátifid leaf, ultimate segments.
+
+
+SPORÁNGIA AND FRUIT DOTS
+
+Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or sporángia
+(Fig. 4). They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin
+of a frond, either on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like
+racemes on separate stalks. Sori (singular _sorus_, a heap), or fruit dots
+may be naked as in the polypody, but are usually covered with a thin,
+delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a dress, or mantle). The
+family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium;
+e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped,
+etc.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a
+vertical, elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm
+closely coiled (Fig. 4). As the spores mature, the ring contracts and
+bursts with considerable force, scattering the spores. The spores of the
+different genera mature at different times from May to September. A good
+time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting season. (For times of
+fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on page 220.)
+
+
+HELPFUL HINTS
+
+The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:
+
+1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the
+sori, veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these
+items may aid in identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a
+convenient two-bladed pocket glass for about two dollars.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is
+mounted in a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector
+to use both hands. A tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it
+can spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to
+grow. It is decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants.
+Pick your fern leaf down close to the root-stock, including a portion of
+that also, if it can be spared. Place your fronds between newspaper sheets
+and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or other absorbent paper). Cover
+with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of several pounds,
+leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then cured,
+change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets.
+The regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually
+3-3/4 by 1-3/4 inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.
+
+  HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+  _Ophioglóssum vulgatum_, L.
+  (Adder's Tongue)
+  Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+  August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+  Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+  but often overlooked
+
+Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now
+ready to be laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12
+inches.
+
+It is well to jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This
+is the method in use at the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course,
+be modified to suit one's own taste or convenience. The young collector can
+begin by simply pressing his specimens between the leaves of a book,
+the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them in a blank book
+designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he can cut
+out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at
+the back. Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount
+the specimens on these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing
+those of the same genus together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though
+crude, will serve for a beginning, while stimulating his interest, and
+advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him collect, press, and mount
+as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date and place of
+collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of pleasant
+hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.
+
+We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying
+the living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts,
+habits, and structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student,
+while familiarizing yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not
+neglect the scientific names, which often hold the key to their meaning.
+Repeat over and over the name of each genus in soliloquy and in
+conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern with its family
+name--"_Adiantum_," "_Polystichum_," "_Asplenium_," and all the rest. Fix
+them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and growing
+knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr.
+Davenport, loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly
+stroke their leaves, and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by
+the All-wise Interpreter.
+
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GENERA
+
+
+This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of
+these are from Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt & Co.
+
+As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some
+species to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a
+fertile frond, but one in as good condition as possible. For convenience
+the ferns may be considered in two classes.
+
+
+I
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES
+AND NOT ON THE BACK OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE
+
+(Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+fronds thread-like and tortuous.
+
+Curly Grass. _Schizæa_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+sporangia; fruit in early spring.
+
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinnátifid sterile fronds.
+
+Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinnæ; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+frond tall, pinnátifid; fruit late.
+
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea struthiopteris_.
+
+
+B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of
+fertile pinnæ.
+
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinnæ palmate; rachis
+twining.
+
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile pinnæ pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+forming a panicle at the top.
+
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+sterile.
+
+Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+spike.
+
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+in spikes.
+
+Grape Ferns. Moonwort. _Botrychium_.
+
+
+II
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. INDUSIUM WANTING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.
+
+Polypody. _Polypodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.
+
+Beech Ferns. _Phegopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the
+fronds covered with whitish powder.
+
+Cloak Ferns. _Notholæna_.
+
+
+B. INDUSIUM PRESENT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.
+
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.
+
+(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+Bracken. Brake. _Pteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. _Adiantum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.
+
+Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. _Pellæa_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip
+Ferns. _Cheilanthes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile
+fronds broad. Rock brakes. _Cryptogramma_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.
+
+(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. _Woodwardia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.
+
+Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in
+rocky woods. Shield Ferns. _Polystichum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. _Aspidium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. _Cystopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+least at the base, and growing in tufts. _Woodsia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see _Athyrium_.)
+
+Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+_Scolopendrium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined
+at the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+_Asplenium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. _Athyrium_.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS
+
+
+In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five
+distinct families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be
+treated, is that of the _real ferns (Polypodiàceæ)_ with sixty species and
+several chief varieties. Then follow the _flowering ferns (Osmundàceæ)_
+with three species; the _curly grass_ and _climbing ferns (Schizæàceæ)_
+with two species; the _adder's tongue_ and _grape ferns (Ophioglossàceæ)_
+with seven species; and the _filmy ferns (Hymenophyllàceæ)_ with one
+species.
+
+Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of
+ferns have five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+1. The Fern Family proper (_Polypodiàceæ_) has the spore cases stalked and
+bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots
+containing the spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2),
+or covered by an indusium, as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).
+
+2. The Royal Fern Family (_Osmunda_) has the spore cases stalked with only
+a rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).
+
+3. The Climbing Fern Family (_Lygodium, Schizæa_) has the spore cases
+sessile in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring
+around the upper portion (Fig. 5).[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]
+
+4. The Adder's Tongue Family (_Ophioglóssum, Botrýchium_) has simple spore
+cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit
+(Fig. 6).
+
+5. The Filmy Fern Family (_Trichómanes_) has the spore cases along
+a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly
+two-lipped involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7]
+
+
+
+
+THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS
+
+_POLYPODIÀCEÆ_
+
+
+Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia),
+which are collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back
+of the frond or form lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia
+surrounded by vertical, elastic rings bursting transversely and scattering
+the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often covered, at least when young, by a
+membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.
+
+
+THE POLYPODIES
+
+1. POLYPODY. _Polypodium_
+
+(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)
+
+Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are
+covered with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the
+back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia
+pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. A
+large genus with about 350 species, widely distributed, mostly in tropical
+regions.
+
+(1) COMMON POLYPODY. _Polypodium vulgare_
+
+Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall,
+smooth, oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway
+between the midrib and the margin, but nearer the margin.
+
+[Illustration: Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_]
+
+Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks
+after their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's
+seal. The polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the
+fronds cling together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers
+their beauty a long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including
+Europe and Japan.
+
+In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted mass.
+
+Var. _cambricum_ has segments broader and more or less strongly toothed.
+
+Var. _cristatum_ has the segments forked at the ends.
+
+Several other forms are also found.
+
+[Illustration: Fruited Frond]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_ (Photographed by
+Miles Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)]
+
+(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY
+
+_Polypodium incànum. P. polypodiòides_
+
+Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinnátifid, gray and scurfy
+underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather
+small, near the margin and obscured by the chaff.
+
+[Illustration: Gray or Hoary Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_]
+
+In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the
+Greek ending _oides_ (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it
+often grows on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north
+as Staten Island. It is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly
+by moisture after seeming to be dead from long drouth. July to September.
+Widely distributed in tropical America. Often called Tree-Polypody.
+
+
+
+
+THE BRACKEN GROUP
+
+
+Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of
+which serve as indusia.
+
+
+1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE
+
+_Ptèris aquilina_. PTERÍDIUM LATIÚSCULUM[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in
+part the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]
+
+Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the
+widely spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less
+pinnátifid. Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin
+of the ultimate divisions whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek,
+_pteron_, a wing, the feathery fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)
+
+[Illustration: Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Providence County, R.I.)]
+
+[Illustration: A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Suffolk County, Mass.)]
+
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+
+The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It
+flourishes in thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant
+shade. It is found in all parts of the world, and is said to be the most
+common of all our North American ferns. In a cross section of the mature
+stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof" and "King Charles in the oak,"
+and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of an oak tree. It was
+the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed to bear the
+mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).
+
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+
+This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.
+
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of
+our English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc.,
+and fern (meaning the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel,
+Fernside, Farnsworth, etc. Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale,
+Fernwood, and others. Although the bracken is coarse and common, it makes a
+desirable background for rockeries, or other fern masses. The young ferns
+should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long, running
+rootstock as possible.
+
+Var. _pseudocaudàta_ has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is
+a common southern form.
+
+[Illustration: Var. _pseudocaudata_]
+
+
+
+2. MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum_
+
+Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends
+of free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered
+portion of the pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches
+of the leaves very slender and polished.
+
+(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the
+leaves.)
+
+(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum pedatum_
+
+A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches
+high, the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal,
+recurved branches, the pinnæ all springing from the upper side. Pinnules
+triangular-oblong, bearing short sori on their inwardly reflexed margins
+which form the indusium.
+
+[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnæ of Maidenhair]
+
+The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also
+sheds water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with
+their divisions all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern,
+known and admired by every one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested
+by the black, wiry roots growing from the slender rootstock, or by the
+dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it, "because the black roots,
+like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of signatures' to be
+good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the 'syrup of
+capillaire'[A] (_Am. Botanist_, November, 1921). While the maidenhair is
+not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our
+section, westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.
+
+"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many
+localities, it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm.
+Its chosen haunts are dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides
+sloping to the river. In such retreats you find the feathery fronds
+tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in their neighborhood you find,
+also, the very spirit of the woods."
+
+
+MRS. PARSONS.
+
+[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+breathing.]
+
+[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_, Var. _aleuticum_
+(Fernald and Collins, Gaspé County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade.
+Along with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern
+border.
+
+Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+abundant on the high tableland of the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, where it is
+said to cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six
+to ten inches high, growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the
+pinnules finely toothed instead of rounded and the indusia often lunate,
+rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in _Rhodora_, November, 1905.) Also
+found in northern Vermont, and to the northwestward.
+
+(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. _Adiantum Capíllus-Veneris_
+
+Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate
+below. Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and
+irregularly incised. Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the
+ribs of a fan.
+
+[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_]
+
+While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is
+confined to the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as
+Virginia, where it meets, but scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The
+medicinal properties of _Adiantum pedatum_ were earlier ascribed to the
+more southern species, which is common in Great Britain, but, like many
+another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long since defunct.
+
+
+
+3. CLIFF BRAKES. _Pellàea_
+
+Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line
+of the bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile
+segments which are more or less membranous. (Pellæa, from the Greek
+_pellos_, meaning dusky, in allusion to the dark stipes.)
+
+(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. _Pellæa atropurpùrea_
+
+Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and
+harsh to the touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply
+pinnate, or bipinnate below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or
+the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or
+else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about twice forked. Basal scales
+extending into long, slender tips, colorless or yellow.
+
+[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellæa atropurpurea_]
+
+Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout
+the winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky
+ledges with a preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and
+mature fronds its pinnæ are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes
+are purplish, its leaves are bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or
+yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the cliffs thrives in cultivation.
+Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and valuable. It is not only
+beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green emphasizing
+all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal
+fire or radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect,
+and if allowed to dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when
+put in a moist atmosphere. It makes but one imperative demand, and that is
+the privilege of standing still. Overzealous culturists usually like to
+turn things around, but revolving cliffs are not in the natural order of
+things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to changes of light
+and warped and twisted fronds result."
+
+Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+_cristata_ has forked pinnæ somewhat crowded toward the summit of the
+frond. Missouri.
+
+
+(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Pellàea glabella. Pellàea atropurpùrea_, var. _Bushii_
+
+Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark
+polished stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales
+having a few bluntish teeth on each edge. Pinnæ sub-opposite, divergent,
+narrowly oblong, obtuse; base truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally
+auricled; lower pinnæ often with orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile
+pinnæ broader, bluish or greenish glaucous above, often crowded to
+overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern range, growing
+from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found rarely, if
+at all, in southern New England.
+
+[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptográmma densa. Pellaèa densa_
+
+Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the
+slender cliff brake under the genus _Cryptográmma_, which is so nearly like
+_Pellaea_ that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptográmma
+means in Greek a _hidden line_, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden
+beneath the reflexed margin.
+
+The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:
+
+Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches,
+triangular-ovate, pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments
+linear, sharp-pointed, mostly fertile, having the margins entire and
+recurved, giving the sori the appearance of half-open pods. Sterile
+fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts ("_densa_") slender, wiry,
+light-brown.
+
+This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices
+in rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it
+produces spores in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading,
+and its fertile fronds are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and
+begin to fruit when very small. Gaspé and Mt. Albert in the Province of
+Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far west.
+
+
+(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptográmma Stellèri. Pellaèa grácilis_
+
+Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with
+few pinnæ. The lower pinnæ pinnately parted into three to five divisions,
+those of the fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile,
+obovate or ovate, crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone
+rocks. Quebec and New Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and
+to the northwest.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_]
+
+We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone
+cliffs of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto
+whose sides were kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near
+its charming abode high on the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by
+its pleasing, simple name, "Pellæa gracilis," now changed for scientific
+reasons, but we still like the old name better.
+
+
+(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN
+
+_Cryptográmma acrostichòides_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear
+and pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants
+spring from crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes
+of the fertile fronds are about twice as long as the sterile, making two
+tiers of fronds.
+
+[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+(California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus _Cryptográmma_. The
+indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed
+to the midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out
+flat and exposing the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock
+brake," calls it a border species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic
+America to Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Colorado and California.
+
+
+
+4. LIP FERNS. _Cheilánthes_
+
+Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with
+much divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and
+roundish, but afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and
+sometimes herbaceous, formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the
+whole pinnule. Veins free, but often obscure. Most of the ferns of this
+genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where rain is sometimes absent for
+weeks and months. For this reason they protect themselves by a covering
+of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of water from the
+plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the surface of
+the frond. (In Greek the word means _lip flower_, alluding to the lip-like
+indusia.)
+
+(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes alabaménsis_
+
+Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinnæ
+numerous, oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above.
+Pinnules triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the
+base. Indusia pale, membranous and continuous except between the lobes.
+Stipes black, slender and tomentose at the base.
+
+[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within
+our limits by its smooth pinnæ. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to
+Kentucky, and Alabama, and westward to Arizona.
+
+(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes lanòsa, C. véstita_
+
+[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]
+
+Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinnátifid pinnules; seven
+to fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinnæ
+triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed
+and forming separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening
+sporangia.
+
+This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from
+clefts and ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two
+following species. Unlike most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not
+partial to limestone, but grows on other rocks as well. It has been found
+as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near New York, and in New Jersey,
+Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.
+
+(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. _Cheilánthes tomentòsa_
+
+Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinnæ
+and pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender,
+whitish, obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal
+one is twice as long as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow
+margin forming a continuous, membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown,
+densely woolly.
+
+By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in
+the most exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the
+"rarest, tallest and handsomest of the lip ferns."
+
+Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas
+and Arizona.
+
+(4) SLENDER LIP FERN
+
+_Cheilánthes Féei, C. lanuginòsa_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds
+three to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly
+articulated hairs, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnæ ovate, the lowest
+deltoid. Pinnules divided into minute, densely crowded segments, the
+herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]
+
+The slender lip fern, known also as Fée's fern, is much the smallest of the
+lip ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only
+one-third as tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it.
+The fronds form tangled mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks
+and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, and south to Texas,
+New Mexico and Arizona.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnæ of Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Féei_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+
+5. CLOAK FERN. _Notholàena_
+
+Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the
+pinnules, at first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without
+indusium. Veins free. Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower
+surface hairy, or tomentose or powdery. Includes about forty species,
+mostly American, but only one within our limits. (Greek name means
+_spurious cloak_, alluding to the rudimentary or counterfeit indusium.)
+
+(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. _Notholàena dealbàta_
+
+Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the
+base, tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface
+of the very small segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with
+a pure, white powder; hence, the specific name _dealbata_, which means
+whitened. Sori brown at length; veins free.
+
+There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits.
+The dry, white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect
+them from too rapid evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and
+sunny places. This delicate rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry
+limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and southwestward.
+
+
+
+THE CHAIN FERNS. _Woodwardia_
+
+Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly
+two-pinnate fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or
+more chain-like rows, parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by
+its outer margin to a veinlet and opening on the inner side. In our
+section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English
+botanist.)
+
+[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena
+dealbata_ (Kansas) (G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern.
+_Woodwardia virginica_]
+
+(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. _Woodwardia virgínica_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+pinnate, the pinnæ deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong
+in chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinnæ and the lobes,
+confluent when ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles)
+beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in
+July.
+
+The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow
+in crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the
+chain fern rise singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at
+intervals all summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds.
+There are usually more sterile than fertile blades, especially in dense
+shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry swamp in Melrose, Mass.,
+where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and other swamp
+bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces
+the south. Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast,
+and often in company with the narrow-leaved species.
+
+[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_ (Stratford,
+Conn.)]
+
+(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN
+
+NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN
+
+_Woodwardia areolàta. W. angustifòlia_
+
+Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile
+ones nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with
+lanceolate, serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate;
+fertile fronds taller, twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear
+divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots in a single row each side of the
+secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the tissues.
+
+This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow
+near each other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near
+Boston, and both have been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and
+doubtless in other towns along the coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding
+them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's Bay. The net-veined species
+has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the latter the spore
+cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and rolling up of
+the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of long,
+narrow pinnæ. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations
+between the fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness.
+Waters calls them the "_obtusilobàta_ form."
+
+[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's
+5. Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]
+
+
+THE SPLEENWORTS
+
+
+A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. _Asplènium_
+
+Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when
+young. Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper
+side of a fertile veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of
+rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.
+
+(1) PINNÁTIFID SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium pinnatífídum_
+
+Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinnátifid or pinnate near the
+base, tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or
+the lower pair acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted,
+two to four inches long, brownish beneath, green above.
+
+Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited,
+it is extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence
+southward to Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks.
+Resembles the walking fern, and its tip sometimes takes root.
+
+(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium ebenòides_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinnátifid or pinnate
+below, tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from
+a broad base. Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis
+brown.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_ a, Small
+Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_ a, from Virginia;
+b, from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is
+a hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by
+Miss Margaret Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of
+its parents. It was discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a
+suburb of Philadelphia, and described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of
+September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama, Missouri, and southward. Rare, but
+said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana, Ala.
+
+[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium víride_]
+
+(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium víride_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinnæ
+roundish-ovate, crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks
+tufted, short, brownish below, green above. Rachis green.
+
+Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in
+1876. Found sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr.
+This rare and delicate little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the
+maidenhair spleenwort, which, however, has dark stipes instead of green.
+
+Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_]
+
+(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Trichómanes_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches
+long, linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinnæ roundish-oblong or oval,
+entire or finely crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins
+forking and evanescent.
+
+Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be
+looked for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone.
+July.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (From
+Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium párvulum. A. resíliens_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinnæ
+opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base.
+Stipes and rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.
+
+This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and
+ebony spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in
+being smaller and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of
+the same size. Mountains of Virginia to Kansas and southward.
+
+(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium platynèuron. A. ebèneum_
+
+Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the
+fertile ones much taller, and pinnate. Pinnæ scarcely an inch long, the
+lower ones very much shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or
+incised, the base auricled. Sori numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe
+and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")
+
+This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and
+on rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come
+upon it many times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.
+
+A lightly incised form of the pinnæ has been described as var. _serratum_.
+A handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named
+_Hortonæ_ (also called _incisum_) has plume-like fronds with the pinnæ cut
+into oblique lobes, which are coarsely serrate.
+
+[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_ (Melrose, Mass.,
+G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_ a, from Maryland;
+b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Brádleyi_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinnæ
+oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnátifid into oblong, toothed lobes.
+The basal pinnæ have broad bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked.
+Stipes and rachis dark brown and the sori short, near the midrib.
+
+A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and
+confined mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and
+Alabama, westward to Arkansas.
+
+(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium montanum_
+
+Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long,
+somewhat leathery, pinnate. Pinnæ ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft
+into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less
+divided. Rachis green, broad, and flat.
+
+[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]
+
+Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of
+rocks and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest.
+July. Rare. Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species,
+"Common on all sandstone cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks
+by the banks of streams."
+
+(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Ruta-murària_
+
+Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to
+three pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture.
+Divisions few, stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised
+at the apex. Veins forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon
+confluent.
+
+[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. _A. Ruta-muraria_ (Top, Lake
+Huron--Lower Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium
+of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and
+is rather rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common,
+growing everywhere on walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt., to Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and southward.
+
+
+B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. _Athýrium_
+
+The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in
+rich soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock
+spleenworts just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus
+_Asplenium_ because their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly
+curved, but others are inclined to follow the practice of the British
+botanists and put them into a separate group under _Athýrium_. Nearly all
+agree that the lady fern, with its variously curved sori, should be placed
+here, and many others would place the silvery spleenwort in the same genus,
+partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In regard to the last member
+of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more doubt. The sori
+taken separately would place it with the _Aspleniums_, but considering its
+size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely allied to
+the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more
+definite adopt Clute's felicitous phrase.
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN
+
+
+1. THE LADY FERNS
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,
+tapering towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules
+oblong-lanceolate, cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously
+curved. Indusium delicate, often reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in
+some forms confluent at maturity.
+
+Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer
+nomenclature separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct
+species, which should be carefully studied.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in _Rhodora_ of September,
+1917.]
+
+(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATHÝRIUM ANGÚSTUM
+
+_Asplènium Fìlix-femina_
+
+The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how
+the thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In
+the Lowland Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe
+bases, and so may be distinguished from its sister fern.
+
+One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during
+the summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring.
+The undecayed bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the
+same purpose.
+
+[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]
+
+[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_]
+
+Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old
+fronds. Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved,
+often horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but
+without glands. Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the
+middle.
+
+This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian
+Provinces. The fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties
+have been pointed out, but the fern student, having first learned to
+identify the species, will gradually master the few leading varieties as he
+meets them.
+
+Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature
+incline to cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These
+are varieties TÝPICUM and ELÀTIUS, both with the pinnæ obliquely ascending
+(including variety _angustum_ of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader
+fronds with the pinnules of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+acute and strongly toothed or pinnatifid.
+
+[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--1st and 2nd, Var.
+_typicum; 3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum_]
+
+Var. RUBÉLLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand
+at a wide angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed
+or pinnatifid with obtuse teeth. This variety favors regions with cool
+summers, or dense shade in warmer regions. The term RUBÉLLUM alludes to
+the reddish stems so often seen but this sign alone may not determine the
+variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species, being a common
+New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of the
+species in southern Nova Scotia.
+
+Among other varieties named by Butters are CONFÉRTUM, having the pinnules
+irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of
+the pinnules broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance;
+LACINIÀTUM with pinnules very irregular in size and shape, with many long,
+acute teeth, which project in various directions. "An abnormal form which
+looks as if it had been nibbled when young."
+
+These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.
+
+(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN
+
+ATHÝRIUM ASPLENIÒIDES
+
+Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the
+fronds. Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few,
+seldom persistent, rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly
+deltoid, lanceolate, widest near the base, the second pair of pinnæ
+commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia (hairs) ending in glands.
+Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.
+
+[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The following two forms are named by Butters:
+
+F. TÝPICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.
+
+F. SUBTRIPINNÀTUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular,
+lanceolate, and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet
+situations in half shade. Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.
+
+Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes
+up the Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in
+Pennsylvania and southern New England, and their identification can hardly
+fail to awaken in the student a keen interest.
+
+Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real _Athýrium
+fìlix-fémina_ is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but
+is rather a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky
+Mountain region and identical with _Athýrium cyclosòrum_.
+
+But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old _Athýrium
+fìlix-fémina_, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within
+our limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.
+
+Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus _Asplenium_, mentions
+the form "_exìle_, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations
+and often fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's
+"_angústum_," and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally
+unimportant that have been described of this species."
+
+The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its
+best is a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have
+noticed that in the late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of
+its forms become disfigured and present a rather blotched and coarse
+appearance." The lady fern has inspired several poems, which have been
+quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following lines are from
+the pen of Calder Campbell:
+
+  "But not by burne in wood or dale
+  Grows anything so fair
+  As the palmy crest of emerald pale
+  Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn
+  To gold her delicate hair."
+
+Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing
+stipes of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green
+of the foliage.
+
+In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the
+curved sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age,
+although such changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the
+poetic Davenport may be helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm
+about the various forms of the lady fern, which soon enables one to know it
+from its peculiarly graceful motion by merely gently swaying a frond in the
+hand." Spores ripen in August.
+
+The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to
+crowd aside its neighbors.
+
+(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATHÝRIUM ACROSTICHÒIDES
+
+_Asplènium acrostichòides. Asplènium thelypteròides_
+
+Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle.
+Pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong,
+obtuse, minutely toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear
+fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when young.
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]
+
+The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear
+until late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper
+surface of the fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the
+Marsh fern tribe, which it somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly
+straight, clear-cut sori of the fertile fronds are very attractive, and
+the lower ones, as well as those at the slender tips of the pinnæ, are
+frequently double.
+
+Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward.
+Generally distributed but hardly common.
+
+(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT
+
+ATHÝRIUM ANGUSTIFÒLIUM. _Asplenium angustifòlium_
+
+Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinnæ numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower.
+Fruit-dots linear. Indusium slightly convex.
+
+[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_ (Vermont)
+(Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and
+southward. September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden,
+Conn., and Danville, Vt. Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to
+severe weather, as its thin and delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson
+writes of it, "There is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and
+refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut, delicately made-up
+fern."
+
+[Illustration: Pinnæ and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_]
+
+
+
+
+HART'S TONGUE
+
+_Scolopéndrium_. PHYLLÌTIS
+
+Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to
+it, the indusium appearing to be double. (_Scolopendrium_ is the Greek for
+centipede, whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. _Phyllitis_ is the
+ancient Greek name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_]
+
+(1) _Scolopendrium vulgàre_
+
+PHYLLÌTIS SCOLOPÉNDRIUM
+
+Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+bright green.
+
+In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and
+Scolopendrium Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in
+Ontario and New Brunswick. One of the rarest of our native ferns, although
+very common in Great Britain. This plant is said to be easily cultivated,
+and to produce numerous varieties. According to Woolson, "No rockery is
+complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy, undulating fronds
+of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+England."
+
+[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_ (Base of calcareous
+rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]
+
+
+WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF
+
+_Camptosòrus_
+
+Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in _Asplènium_, but irregularly scattered on
+either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones
+sometimes confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name
+from the Greek meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.
+
+_Camptosòrus rhizophyllus_
+
+Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at
+the base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a
+new plant. Veins reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes
+elongated and may even take root.
+
+This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the
+tips taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other
+rocks. Shapleigh and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon),
+and Connecticut, Mt. Toby, Mass., and western New England; also Canada to
+Georgia and westward.
+
+[Illustration: Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIELD FERNS
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS
+
+_Polýstichum_
+
+These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed
+under the genus _Polýstichum_, which has the sori round and covered with
+a circular indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood
+ferns, on the other hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the
+fronds by the sinus. (_Polýstichum_ is the Greek for many rows, the sori of
+some species being in many ranks.)
+
+(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN
+
+_Polýstichum acrostichòides. Aspídium acrostichòides_
+
+Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to
+two feet long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinnæ linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped,
+auricled on the upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinnæ
+contracted toward the top, bearing two rows of sori, which soon become
+confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium orbicular, fixed by its
+depressed center.
+
+_F. incìsum_ is a form in which the pinnæ are much incised.
+
+_F. críspum_ has the edges of its pinnæ crisped and ruffled. The name
+Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness
+for winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome
+at Christmas time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance
+the beauty of the other ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous
+mass of earth should be included and its roots should not be disturbed.
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_ Top, Forked
+Form; Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]
+
+(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN
+
+_Polystichum Bráunii. Aspídium aculeàtum Bráunii_
+
+Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate,
+tapering both ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly
+rectangular at the base, sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and
+hairs. Fruit-dots small and near the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire.
+Stipes chaffy with brown scales.
+
+[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_ (Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]
+
+This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have
+collected it in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt.
+Mansfield, Randolph, and elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H.,
+and Fernald reports it as common in northern Maine. It also grows in the
+mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and westward. It was formerly
+thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (_P. aculeàtum_), which
+has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain green
+through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.
+
+(3) HOLLY FERN. _Polystichum Lonchìtis_
+
+Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches
+long. Pinnæ broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly
+auricled on the upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between
+the margin and midrib.
+
+[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada,
+West, Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]
+
+The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonchìtis (like a spear) refers to
+its sharp teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador
+to Alaska, and south to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its
+southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of the Christmas
+fern.
+
+
+
+
+THE MARSH FERN TRIBE
+
+
+Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which
+have a close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the
+wood ferns, which also belong to the shield fern family.
+
+(1) THE MARSH FERN
+
+_Aspídium thelýpteris_. THELÝPTERIS PALÚSTRIS
+_Dryópteris thelýpteris. Nephròdium thelýpteris_
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]
+
+These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. _Aspídium_,
+Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions
+of Gray's Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its
+friends. _Dryópteris_, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood
+and Britton and Brown and has grown in favor. _Nephròdium_, meaning
+kidney-like, favored by Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most
+fitting name. THELÝPTERIS, meaning lady fern, is found to be the earliest
+name in use and according to rule the correct one.
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_]
+
+Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base.
+Pinnæ horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply
+pinnatifid. Lobes obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed
+over the sori. Veins once forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the
+blades ten to fifteen inches above the mud, whence they spring.
+
+The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of
+tapering to very small pinnæ; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into
+the sunlight, and by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have
+suggested for it the name of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from
+the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins. Common in marshes and damp
+woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh fern loves
+moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale
+in which Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in
+open sunlight on clay soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy
+environment had been long since cleared away while the deserted ferns
+persisted.
+
+(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN
+
+_Aspidium simulàtum_. THELÝPTERIS SIMULÀTA
+_Dryópteris simulata. Nephròdium simulàtum_
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+narrowed at the base. Pinnæ lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most
+often turned inward. Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.
+
+Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety.
+In some respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact
+intermediate between the two.
+
+[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_ 1. Sterile Frond.
+2. A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+Bulletin")]
+
+That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in
+1880, and it later was named _simulàtum_ by Geo. E. Davenport because of
+its similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its
+thin texture and particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close
+resemblance to the marsh fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh
+Fern," instead of the irrelevant name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland
+swamps usually in deep shade, New England to Maryland and westward. Often
+found growing with the marsh fern.
+
+(3) NEW YORK FERN
+
+_Aspidium noveboracénse_. THELÝPTERIS NOVEBORACÉNSIS
+_Dryópteris noveboracénsis. Nephròdium noveboracénse_
+
+Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinnæ lanceolate,
+pinnatifid, the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple.
+Indusium minute and beset with glands.
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern.
+August. The fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the
+midrib and veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This
+species can be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinnæ
+at its base. Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEECH FERNS
+
+
+The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them,
+they have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood
+ferns. Their stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori
+at the ends of the veins as in the polypodies. We here place them with
+the wood ferns, retaining the familiar name _Phegópteris_ but giving
+THELÝPTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are small, round and naked,
+borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the
+rootstock. Veins free. (The name _Phegópteris_ in Greek means oak or beech
+fern.)
+
+(1) OAK FERN
+
+_Phegópteris dryópteris_. THELÝPTERIS DRYÓPTERIS
+
+Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad,
+the divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments
+oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock
+slender and creeping from which fronds are produced all summer, in
+appearance like the small, ternate divisions of the bracken.
+
+This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of
+all green things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the
+uncoiling of the fronds, the three round balls suggesting the sign of the
+pawnbroker. The parts of the oak fern develop with great regularity, each
+pinna, pinnule and lobe having another exactly opposite to it nearly
+always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in Virginia, Kansas and
+Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the artificial
+rockery.
+
+[Illustration: Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_]
+
+
+
+(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calcàrea_
+
+THELÝPTERIS ROBERTIÀNA
+
+Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the
+terminal segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and
+fronds minutely glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions
+scarcely longer than the others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the
+beech ferns having formerly been classed with the polypodies. Britton and
+Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak Fern." Canada and the northwestern
+states. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_ (From Water's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]
+
+(3) BROAD BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris hexagonóptera_
+
+THELÝPTERIS HEXAGONÓPTERA
+
+Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad,
+spreading more or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent
+and often glandular beneath; pinnæ fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair
+usually much larger than those above, having the segments elongated and cut
+into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and forming a many-angled wing along
+the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the margin.
+
+The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech
+fern, and extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota
+and southward to Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody."
+According to Dodge it is most common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It
+prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said to have a pleasant, ferny odor
+when bruised. August.
+
+(4) LONG BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris polypodiòides_. THELÝPTERIS PHEGÓPTERIS
+
+Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice
+pinnatifid. Pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and
+standing forward; cut into oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin.
+
+Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister
+fern rather closely.
+
+It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and
+southward to the mountains of Virginia. July.
+
+[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. _Phegopteris polypodioides_]
+
+[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE FRAGRANT FERN
+
+_Aspídium fràgrans. Nephròdium fràgrans_
+
+THELÝPTERIS FRÀGRANS. _Dryópteris fràgrans_
+
+Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate
+and twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinnæ oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply
+pinnatifid. Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the
+large, thin, imbricated indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus,
+having the margins ragged and sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and
+chaffy.
+
+The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from
+north of the White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and
+in the Green Mountains south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to
+Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a
+singularly sweet and lasting fragrance, compared by some to strawberries,
+by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves. We have seen herbarium
+specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after several years. When
+growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness and its
+beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.
+
+[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_ (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS
+
+ASPIDIUM
+
+Fronds pinnate, the pinnæ pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinnæ reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinnæ but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinnæ short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinnæ longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_]
+
+
+
+THE WOOD FERNS
+
+
+The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the
+woods or at least shady places. Although the genus _Polýstichum_ represents
+the true shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their
+indusia have nearly the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic
+name for them all was _Aspídium_ (meaning shield), first published in 1800.
+For a long time its chief rival was _Nephròdium_ (kidney-like), 1803. Many
+modern botanists have preferred the earlier name _Dryópteris_ (1763),
+meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to its forest-loving habits.
+THELÝPTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the others.
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's
+"Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
+
+_Aspídium marginàle_. THELÝPTERIS MARGINÀLIS
+_Dryópteris marginàlis. Nephròdium marginàle_
+
+Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat
+leathery, smooth, twice pinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just
+above the base. Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed.
+Fruit-dots large, round, close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich
+woods, rather common throughout our area. The heavy rootstock rises
+slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown with shaggy, brown
+scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over bare
+rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a
+graceful circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are
+short and densely chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well.
+The fronds burdened with snow lop over among the withered leaves and
+continue green until the new ones shoot up in the spring. It is the most
+valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.
+
+(2) THE MALE FERN
+
+_Aspídium Fìlix-mas_. THELÝPTERIS FÌLIX-MAS
+_Dryópteris Fìlix-mas. Nephròdium Fìlix-mas_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from
+a shaggy rootstock. Pinnæ lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules
+oblong, obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal
+incisely lobed, distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the
+mid vein than the margin, mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.
+
+The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds
+are thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use
+in medicine is of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known
+_fìlix-mas_ of the pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties,
+but is mainly prescribed as a vermifuge, which is one of the names given to
+it. In Europe it is regarded as the typical fern, being oftener mentioned
+and figured than any other. In rocky woods, Canada, Northfield, Vt., and
+northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: The Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_ (Vermont)]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33G. _Aspidium filix mas_ 1, Illustration
+exhibiting general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of
+rhizome showing the conducting bundles a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing
+sori; a indusium b, sporangia; 4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a
+soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c, sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a,
+stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO OFFICINAL) From a German
+print, giving details]
+
+(3) GOLDIE'S FERN
+
+_Aspidium Goldiànum_. THELYPTERIS GOLDIÀNA
+_Dryopteris Goldiàna. Nephrodium Goldiànum_
+
+Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly
+ovate, especially the sterile ones. Pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, broadest
+in the middle. The divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear,
+slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very near the midvein. Indusium large,
+orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark brown to nearly black
+with a peculiar silky lustre.
+
+A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It
+delights in rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from
+Canada to Kentucky. While not common, there are numerous colonies in New
+England. It is reported from Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass.,
+and frequently west of the Connecticut River. We have often admired a large
+and beautiful colony of it on the west side of Willoughby Mountain in
+Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to a fern
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_ (Vermont, 1874.
+C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &
+Co.)]
+
+(4) THE CRESTED FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristàtum_. THELÝPTERIS CRISTÀTA
+
+_Dryopteris cristàta. Nephrodium cristàtum_
+
+Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute.
+Pinnæ two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong,
+or the lowest triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or
+cut-toothed, those nearest the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large,
+round, half way between the midvein and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked,
+with a shallow sinus.
+
+The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous
+only in winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found
+only in summer.
+
+It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with
+their dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile
+pinnæ have a way of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond
+for more light. In moist land, Canada to Kentucky.
+
+Var. _Clintoniànum_. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in
+every way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the
+midvein, the sides of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to
+New York and westward. "Rare in New England attaining its best development
+in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt. Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine
+for cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_]
+
+[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_, var.
+_Clintonianum_ (Gray Herbarium)]
+
+CRESTED MARGINAL FERN
+
+_Aspídium cristàtum X marginàle_
+
+
+Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the
+marginal shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is
+like _marginale_ and the lower like _cristàtum_, including the veining and
+texture.
+
+This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in
+his fern garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends
+are indebted for specimens.
+
+Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed
+hybrids have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern
+and its variety _intermèdium_, and with Goldie's fern; also between the
+crested fern, including Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned;
+and, in fact, between almost all pairs of species of the wood ferns,
+although we do not think they have been positively verified. Still other
+species of ferns are known to hybridize more or less, as we saw in the case
+of Scott's spleenwort.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. _Aspidium Cristatum X
+marginale_ (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium cristatum X marginale_ One of the very best for
+cultivation]
+
+(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium Boottii_. THELÝPTERIS BOOTTII
+
+_Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper
+pinnæ lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows
+each side of the midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the
+lower pinules. Indusium large, minutely glandular, variable.
+
+This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose
+ferns, but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile
+fronds wither in autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout
+the winter. It differs from it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and
+from the typical spinulose fern by its glandular indusium; but from the
+intermediate variety it is more difficult to separate it, as that also has
+indusiate glands. The collector needs to study authentic specimens and
+have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as an aid to the
+verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium Boottii_]
+
+(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium spinulòsum. THELÝPTERIS SPINULÒSA
+
+Dryopteris spinulòsa. Nephrodium spinulòsum_
+
+Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and
+one-half feet long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinnæ oblique to
+the rachis, the lower ones broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated.
+Pinnules on the inferior side of the pinnæ often elongated, especially the
+lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis being usually the longest, at
+least in the lowest pinnæ. Pinnules variously cut into spinulose-toothed
+segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.
+
+The common European type, but in this country far less common than its
+varieties. They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their
+graceful outline and spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be
+transplanted without great difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon
+them for its most effective lacework.
+
+Var. _intermèdium_ has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinnæ spreading, oblong-lanceolate.
+Pinnules pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex.
+Margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands.
+In woods nearly everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of
+this variety are gathered in our northern woods, placed in cold storage and
+sent to florists to be used in decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not
+disturbed the crop is renewed from year to year, and no great harm seems to
+result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.
+
+[Footnote A: _Horticulture_ reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly
+$100,000 were paid out in wages.]
+
+[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_ (Maine, 1877,
+Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. _intermedium_]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. AMERICANUM]
+
+A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry
+Purdie, has been named var. CONCORDIÀNUM. It has small, elliptical,
+denticulate pinnules and a glandular-pubescent indusium.
+
+Var. AMERICÀNUM (=_dilatàtum_, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical
+plant, the lower pinnæ being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate.
+Inferior pinnules on the lower pair of pinnæ conspicuously elongated. A
+variety preferring upland woods; northern New England, Greenland to the
+mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and northward.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLADDER FERNS. _Cystópteris_
+
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+
+
+The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone
+soil. (The Greek name _cystópteris_ means bladder fern, so called in
+allusion to the hood-shaped indusium.)
+
+(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystópteris bulbífera. Fìlix bulbífera_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinnæ
+lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and
+pinnæ often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed.
+Indusium short, truncate on the free side. Stipe short.
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_ (Willoughby,
+Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_]
+
+One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of
+beauty, whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very
+easily cultivated and one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes
+by the yard," says Woolson, "with the most graceful and filmy of our common
+ferns, the bladder fern." This fern and the maidenhair were introduced into
+Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first from America.
+
+It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone
+districts. While producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species
+mainly by bulblets, which, falling into a moist soil, at once send out a
+pair of growing roots, while a tiny frond starts to uncoil from the heart
+of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions
+in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
+Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas.
+
+(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris frágilis. Filix frágilis_
+
+Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve
+inches long, twice pinnate, the pinnæ often pinnatifid or cut-toothed,
+ovate-lanceolate, decurrent on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute
+at the free end. Very variable in the cutting of the pinnules.
+
+The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+_frágilis_ suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the
+first to disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and
+withered away. Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August,
+as if Nature were renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern
+suggests the blunt-lobed Woodsia, but in the latter the pinnæ and pinnules
+are usually broader and blunter, and its indusium splits into jagged lobes.
+Rather common in damp, shady places where rocks abound. In one form or
+another, found nearly throughout the world though only on mountains in the
+tropics.
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_ (Wakefield,
+Mass.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOODSIAS
+
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinnæ hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinnæ glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinnæ oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinnæ deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinnæ
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOODSIAS
+
+Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of
+simply forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often
+evanescent, either small and open, or early bursting at the top into
+irregular pieces or lobes. (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)
+
+(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. _Woódsia ilvénsis_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above,
+thickly clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the
+pinnæ crowded, sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin often confluent at maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center
+into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an
+inch or so above the rootstock.
+
+[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, _Woodsia ilvensis_]
+
+The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on
+high cliffs exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with
+silver-white, hair-like scales, especially underneath. These scales turn
+brown in age, whence the name, rusty. As the short stipes separate at the
+joints from the rootstock, they leave at the base a thick stubble, which
+serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador to North Carolina and
+westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very abundant on the
+trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense tufts.
+
+(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA
+
+_Woodsia alpìna. Woodsia hyperbòrea_
+
+Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat
+hairy beneath, pinnate. Pinnæ triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes
+few and nearly entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in _Woodsia
+ilvensis_.
+
+[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_]
+
+Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of _Woodsia ilvensis_. It
+was discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby
+Lake, Vt. Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the
+Adirondacks, who supposed it to be _Woodsia_ _glabélla_. In 1897 it was
+rediscovered at Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine,
+and British America. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, _Woodsia alpina_ (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. _Woodsia obtùsa_
+
+Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice
+pinnate, often minutely glandular. Pinnæ rather remote, triangular-ovate
+or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments.
+Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the margin of the lobes. Indusium
+conspicuous, at length splitting into several spreading, jagged lobes.
+
+[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_]
+
+This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than
+the others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward.
+On rocky banks and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty
+on account of the star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var.
+_angústa_ is a form with very narrow fronds and pinnæ. Highlands, New York.
+The type grows in Middlesex County, Mass., but is rare.
+
+(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. _Woodsia glabélla_
+
+Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinnæ
+remote at the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes.
+Stipes jointed, straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.
+
+[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_ (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+G.H.T.)]
+
+On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount
+Mansfield, Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also
+Newfoundland, New York, and far to the northwest. Not very common. It
+differs from the alpine species by the absence of scales above the joint.
+As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except for the chaffy scales at
+or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many other ferns,
+and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in extremes
+of heat and cold.
+
+(5) OREGON WOODSIA. _Woódsia oregàna_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath,
+narrowly lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse,
+pinnatifid. Segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin
+nearly always reflexed. Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus,
+divided into a few beaded hairs.
+
+Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe,
+but is much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs,
+Gaspé Peninsula, southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the
+northwest. Its eastern limit is northern Michigan.
+
+(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. _Woódsia scopulìna_
+
+Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinnæ
+triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole
+frond hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium
+hidden beneath the sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like
+divisions.
+
+In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gaspé Peninsula, Rocky
+Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.
+
+(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. _Woodsia Cathcartiàna_
+
+Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong,
+denticulate, separated by wide sinuses.
+
+Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.
+
+
+
+
+DENNSTAÉDTIA. _Dicksònia_
+
+Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous,
+cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top.
+
+(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)
+
+HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN
+
+DENNSTAÉDTIA PUNCTILÓBULA[A]
+
+_Dicksònia punctilóbula. Dicksònia pilosiúscula_
+
+[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small
+capitals represent the newer nomenclature.]
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate, pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary
+pinnæ in outline like the frond; the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and
+obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet,
+usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. Indusium fixed under the
+sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore cases.
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_ (Sudbury, Mass.
+G.E.D.)]
+
+[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]
+
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstædtia punctilobula_]
+
+While _Dennstaédtia_ is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+name _Dicksònia_ has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern
+or boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its
+long-tapering outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to
+cluster around rocks and boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the
+margin of rocky woods. It is sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for
+the fernery and one of the most decorative of the entire fern family.
+The effect of the shimmering fronds, so delicately wrought, flanked by
+evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain fern, pasture fern,
+and hairy _Dicksònia_ are other names. Canada to Tennessee and westward.
+
+Var. _cristata_ has the fronds more or less forked at the top.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]
+
+[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS
+
+_Onoclèa_. PTERÉTIS. _Mattèuccia_. _Struthiópteris_
+
+(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)
+
+It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included
+in the same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The
+sensitive fern has a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins;
+while the ostrich fern has an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and
+free veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit.
+_Obtusilobata_ Form]
+
+(1) SENSITIVE FERN. _Onoclèa sensíbilis_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock,
+broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or
+nearly entire. Veins reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds
+shorter, closely bipinnate with the pinnules rolled up into berry-like
+structures which contain the spore cases. (The name in Greek means a closed
+vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.) The sensitive
+fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile and
+fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground
+until about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or
+berries, but soon turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not
+discharge their spores until the following spring. The little berry-like
+structures of the fertile frond represent pinnules, bearing fruit-dots,
+around which they are closely rolled. As Waters remarks, "Most ferns hold
+the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps them tightly in
+the clenched fist."
+
+Var. _obtusilobatà_ is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one
+Stock _Onoclea sensibilis_ (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+Breckenridge)]
+
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds]
+
+(2) OSTRICH FERN
+
+_Onoclea struthiópteris_. PTERETIS NODULOSA
+
+_Struthiópteris Germánica_. _Matteùccia struthiópteris_
+
+Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate,
+pinnate, the numerous pinnæ deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the
+channeled stipe. Fertile fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinnæ
+revolute into a necklace form containing the sori.
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]
+
+The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the
+next year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in
+July. Seen from a distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the
+cinnamon fern. An intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds
+is sometimes found, as in the sensitive fern. This handsome species
+thrives under cultivation. For grace and dignity it is unrivaled, and for
+aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the lady fern. For the
+climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The ostrich
+fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.
+
+[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY
+
+_OSMUNDÀCEAE_
+
+This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which
+belong to the single genus.
+
+OSMÚNDA
+
+The _osmundas_ are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much
+contracted and quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular,
+short-stalked, borne on the margin of the divisions and opening into two
+valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the
+god Thor.)
+
+(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN
+
+_Osmúnda regàlis. Osmunda regàlis_, var. SPECTÁBILIS
+
+Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna
+having numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along
+the midrib. Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown
+when mature and sometimes leafy.
+
+A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great
+Linnæus, _regalis_, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The
+wine-colored stipes of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring,
+lifting gracefully their pink pinnæ and pretty panicles of bright green
+spore cases, throw an indescribable charm over the meadows and clothe even
+the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the attraction less when the
+showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are turned to brown.
+The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a foot
+above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth
+hints at somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.
+
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+
+[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern _Osmunda regalis_]
+
+The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil,
+sufficient shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places.
+Newfoundland to Virginia and northwestward.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Osmunda regalis_ (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN
+
+Osmunda Claytoniàna
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinnæ cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of
+intermediate pinnæ contracted and bearing sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniàna_]
+
+The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the
+last of May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the
+cinnamon fern by not having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the
+base of each pinna. Besides, in Clayton's fern the fronds are broader,
+blunter and thinner in texture, and the segments more rounded; the fronds
+are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn yellow in the fall, at
+times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten by the early
+frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common in
+damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North
+Carolina and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated
+and its graceful outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the
+fern garden. Var. _dubia_ has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely
+separated, and the upper-middle ones much elongated. Southern Vermont.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]
+
+(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES
+
+_Osmunda cinnamomea_
+
+Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinnæ lanceolate, pinnatifid with
+oblong, obtuse divisions. Fertile pinnæ on separate fronds, which are
+contracted and covered with brown sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _frondosa_]
+
+Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is
+soon surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of
+a charming circle of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short
+time, however, it withers and hangs down or falls to the ground. The large,
+conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns give picturesqueness to many a
+moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its crosier stage it is
+wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but leaves, at the
+base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _incisa_ (Maine)]
+
+Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and
+eat with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at
+the base of the unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund."
+The fern, itself, with its tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful
+ornament for the shady lawn, and like the interrupted fern is easy to
+cultivate. The spores of all the _osmundas_ are green, and need to
+germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and swampy
+grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some
+think it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old
+rhyme,
+
+  "Break the first brake you see,
+  Kill the first snake you see,
+  And you will conquer every enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. _glandulosa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Var. _frondòsa_ has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+towards the summit.
+
+Var. _incìsa_ has the inner pinnules of some of the pinnæ more or less
+cut-toothed.
+
+Var. _glandulòsa_ has glandular hairs on the pinnæ, rachis and even the
+stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from
+Rhode Island to Maryland.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+CURLY GRASS FAMILY
+
+SCHIZÆÀCEÆ
+
+CURLY GRASS. _Schizàea pusílla_
+
+
+Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to
+two inches high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds
+longer, three to five inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of
+minute, fruited pinnæ. Sporangia large, ovoid, sessile in a double row
+along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves, and
+provided with a complete apical ring. (_Schizæa_, from a Greek root meaning
+to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign species.)
+
+[Illustration: Curly Grass. _Schizæa pusilla_]
+
+The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when
+growing amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club
+mosses, etc. The sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
+Grand Lake, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the
+curly grass have recently been discovered in the southwest counties of Nova
+Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition, mostly in bogs and hollows of
+sandy peat or sphagnum.
+
+[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]
+
+CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN
+
+_Lygòdium palmàtum_
+
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+
+Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower
+pinnæ (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs
+with simple veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked,
+forming a terminal panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing
+the sporangia, which are similar to those of curly grass, and fixed to a
+veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
+indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig [pliant], alluding to
+the flexible stipes.)
+
+[Illustration: Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_]
+
+Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There
+was a considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North
+Hadley, Mass., not far from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872.
+Many used to decorate their homes with its handsome sprays, draping it
+gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It was known locally as the Hartford
+fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its colonies and it became scarce,
+at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law was enacted in 1867
+for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A. Weatherby states
+in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of tillage
+(mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive
+agriculture is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern
+locality. It is still found here and there in New England, New York and New
+Jersey; also in Kentucky, Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common.
+The fertile portion dies when the spores mature, but the sterile frondlets
+remain green through the winter. A handsome species for the fernery in the
+house or out of doors.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY
+
+_OPHIOGLOSSÀCEÆ_
+
+Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+_Ophioglóssum_ the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated
+and the sporangia in a simple spike. In _Botrýchium_ the sterile segment is
+more or less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound
+or rarely simple spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit.
+Spores copious, sulphur-yellow.
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE. _Ophioglóssum vulgàtum_
+
+Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing
+one smooth, entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the
+sporangia, coherent in two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek
+meaning the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of the
+sporangia.)
+
+In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare."
+New England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows
+in company with the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's
+speare ointment" had the adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and
+is said to be still used for wounds in English villages.
+
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+
+[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_]
+
+Var. _minus_, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy
+ground, New Hampshire to New Jersey.
+
+Var. _Engelmánni_. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming
+a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and
+westward.
+
+Var. _arenàrium_. (From the Latin, _arèna_, meaning sand, being found in
+a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of _Ophióglossum vulgàtum_ and
+about half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor
+soil at Holly Beach, New Jersey.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS
+
+(_Botrýchium_)
+
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+
+
+
+GRAPE FERNS
+
+_Botrýchium_
+
+Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the
+sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond
+one to three pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of
+sessile, naked, globular sporangia, opening transversely into two valves.
+Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound.
+Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur yellow. (The name in Greek means a
+cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like clusters of the sporangia.)
+
+(1) MOONWORT. _Botrýchium Lunària_
+
+Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne
+near the middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight
+pairs of lunate or fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins
+repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, two to three pinnate.
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort _Botrychium Lunaria_]
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_. Details]
+
+The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was
+reputed to open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that
+trod upon it. "Unshoe the horse" was one of the names given to it by the
+country people.
+
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+
+In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United
+States. Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and
+St. Johnsbury, Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.
+
+In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.
+
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+
+(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. _Botrychium símplex_
+
+Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment
+short-petioled, usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately
+three to seven lobed. Veins all forking from the base. Fertile segments
+simple or one to two pinnate, apex of both segments erect in the bud.
+
+In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and
+Plainfield, Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle
+it is "abundantly scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil,
+especially knolls of hill pastures." May or June.
+
+(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium lanceolàtum_
+
+BOTRÝCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMÉNTUM
+
+Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the
+top of the common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the
+acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling
+a very small specimen of the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly
+overtopping the sterile, two to three pinnate and spreading.
+
+One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+Superior. July.
+
+[Illustration: Little Grape Fern _Botrychium simplex_]
+
+[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern _Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+angustisegmentum_]
+
+(4) MATRICARY FERN
+
+_Botrychium ramòsum. Botrychium matricariæfòlium_
+
+Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle,
+usually much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both
+segments turned down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the
+fertile one.
+
+[Illustration: The Matricary Fern _Botrychium ramòsum_]
+
+The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about
+a month earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a
+taller and fleshier plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved
+species the midveins of the larger lobes are continuous, running to the
+tip; whereas in the matricary fern the midveins fork repeatedly and are
+soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two are apt to grow near each
+other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor. June.
+
+NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain _Botrychia_ in a sphagnum
+swamp in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of _Botrychium
+tenebròsum_. The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three
+inches high, with the sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many
+botanists prefer to place this fern as a variety of the matricary, but
+others regard it as a form of _Botrychium símplex_. Borders of maple
+swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York.
+
+(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_. _Botrychium ternàtum_, var.
+_oblìquum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM DISSÉCTUM, var. OBLÌQUUM
+
+Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds
+two to twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular,
+ternate, long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and
+spreading horizontally. From the main leafstock grow several pairs of
+stalked pinnæ, with the divisions ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate,
+obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile segment taller, erect, about three
+times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn. Occasionally two or three
+fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the apex of each
+segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.
+
+[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_]
+
+New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _dissectum_. Similar to the type, but with
+the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most
+beautiful of all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the
+cutting of the fronds. Maine to Florida and westward.
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_, var. _oneidénse_. Ultimate segments oblong, rounded
+at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.
+
+_Botrychium oblìquum_, var. _elongàtum_. Divisions lanceolate, elongated,
+acute.
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_]
+
+Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz
+B. lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern
+Botrychium."
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum_]
+
+(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrýchium ternàtum_, var. _intermèdium_
+
+_Botrýchium oblìquum_, var. _intermèdium_
+
+Leaf more divided than in _oblìquum_ and the numerous segments not so
+long and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var.
+_austràle_), crenulate, and more or less toothed.
+
+Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New
+England and New York. Var. _rutaefòlium_. More slender, rarely over six or
+seven inches high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions
+few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. The first variety passes
+insensibly into the second.
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Reduced)]
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Two stocks, reduced)]
+
+(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. _Botrychium virginiànum_
+
+Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the
+middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate.
+Pinnules lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or
+lanceolate and scarcely or not at all spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked,
+two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments narrow and thick, nearly
+opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from dark yellow-brown
+to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of a
+lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+distributed.
+
+[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+Newfoundland and Labrador.
+
+Var. _grácilis_. A form much reduced in size.
+
+Var. LAURENTIÀNUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile
+fronds less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to
+overlapping. Pinnules shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer
+segments strongly spatulate. Fertile spike relatively short and stout,
+strongly paniculate when well developed. Ultimate segments flat, folaceous,
+one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone district near the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and Michigan.
+
+Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate,
+previously ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately
+narrowly flattened. (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of
+September, 1919.) Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+northern New York, Illinois, and Missouri.
+
+Var. EUROPÀEUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the
+spatulate form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly
+decurrent so that the pinnæ are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests
+of Canada, and confined to calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New
+Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Montana, and British Columbia. Said
+to be rare even in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FILMY FERN FAMILY
+
+
+_HYMENOPHYLLÀCEÆ_
+
+The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely
+dissected fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on
+a bristle-like receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly
+tropical, only one of which grows as far north as Kentucky.
+
+[Illustration: Filmy Fern _Trichomanes Boschianum_ (From Waters' "Ferns",
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN
+
+_Trichómanes Boschiànum. Trichómanes rádicans_
+
+Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches
+long, thin, very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate,
+bipinnatifid. Rachis narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the
+slender bristle, which is the prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a
+vase-like, slightly two-lipped involucre.
+
+On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+"Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns."
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]
+
+[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]
+
+
+
+
+NOTED FERN AUTHORS
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+
+
+[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the
+following pages.]
+
+EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His
+grandfather was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under
+his friend, Prof. Asa Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in
+turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton. Daniel C. was professor of botany in
+Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man of graceful and winsome
+personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his writings. His
+masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto volumes,
+beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869.
+Education informal; common schools, university lectures and private study.
+Manifested early a keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and
+first president of the American Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more
+than three hundred species of ferns. Has written extensively on the ferns
+and their allies, besides publishing several standard volumes. His great
+distinction is in founding and editing the _Fern Bulletin_ through its
+twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with _The American
+Botanist_, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a prodigious
+achievement of great scientific value.
+
+[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS,
+G. DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E.
+WATERS, R. DODGE]
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853.
+Spent early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877.
+After teaching several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became
+Professor of Botany in Columbia University. He contributed numerous
+articles to the _Torrey Bulletin_, _Fern Bulletin_, and other scientific
+journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native Ferns and Their Allies,"
+continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November 16, 1907.
+
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and
+officer of the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the
+ferns, his numerous articles were published in the _Fern Bulletin_, in the
+_Torrey Bulletin_, _Rhodora_, and in separate monographs. He was a leading
+authority on the pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium
+of the native ferns, which he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural
+Society. By his gentle manners and kindly spirit he won many friends, all
+of whom were proud to recognize his distinguished ability. He cultivated
+many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway home, at Medford, Mass., and
+freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly of heart failure,
+November 29, 1907.
+
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872.
+Was graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for
+a time a close student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in
+1903, containing his "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by
+profession, he has pursued that branch of science for the last eighteen
+years. His address is Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was
+graduated at Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic
+botany, United States National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate
+curator of the same. Has specialized in scientific work on the
+pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as well as by the
+large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The _Fern Bulletin_, _Torrey
+Bulletin_, _American Fern Journal_, _Fernwort Papers_, et al., have
+profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the
+American Fern Society.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. _Née_ Smith.
+Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was
+lost at sea. As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers,"
+in 1893, and within ten years more than seventy thousand copies of the book
+had been sold. "According to Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896,
+she married Prof. James Russell Parsons, treasurer of the University of
+the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to Know the Ferns." She
+combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and graceful
+style.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War
+veteran. Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A
+careful observer and student of nature, he discovered _Aspidium simulatum_
+at Follymill, Seabrook, N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse
+9.) He discovered also the hybrid _Aspidium cristatum × Marginale_. He
+published his little book, "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England," in 1896.
+Died October 20, 1918.
+
+EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied
+at the Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He
+took up teaching for several years, spending three years in California.
+Returning East, he became a florist and began to write for various fern
+journals, giving special attention to the fern allies. He prepared the
+genera _Equisetum_ and _Isoetes_ for the seventh edition of "Gray's
+Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by discovering
+several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+Mass., September 29, 1908.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came
+to Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work
+skillfully in wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry.
+His friend, George E. Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some
+divine gift or inspiration the innermost life and feelings of the wild
+flowers and ferns, and his marvelously accurate needle transfixed them with
+revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns of Kentucky," issued in
+1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United States. He
+died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+for his health.
+
+
+
+
+FERN LITERATURE
+
+
+AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual
+subscription, $1.25.)
+
+BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.
+
+BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.
+
+BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell & Co. London.
+Quarto.
+
+BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora,
+September, 1917.
+
+CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan
+& Co. 1905. Ed. 2.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.
+
+The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.
+
+The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.
+
+Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.
+
+CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington,
+1908.
+
+COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne & Co. London.
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England
+ferns in Torrey Bulletin, Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following
+monographs are in single booklets by Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
+Aspidium cristatum × marginale, Aspidium simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and
+its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its Varieties, Notes on Botrychium
+simplex.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume,
+now out of print. W.N. Clute & Co. 1904.
+
+DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge & Son.
+London.
+
+EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin
+& Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.
+
+EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino,
+Salem. Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.
+
+EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for
+Gray's Manual, 7th ed. 1908.
+
+GILBERT, BENJ. D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.
+
+HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page & Co. Boston, 1899.
+
+HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.
+
+HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge & Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+London. 1869.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine
+plates which include all American genera. Costs about $25.
+
+Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen
+and Vol. Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of
+more species. Cost about $50.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J., & BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes
+all ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures
+illustrating each genus. Costs about $10.
+
+LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell & Daldy.
+London, 1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are
+represented. "The descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and
+the synonymy is often incorrect."
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north
+of Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.
+
+Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.
+
+Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium,
+17:541+.
+
+Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitaceæ and Isoetaceæ) of the northern
+United States, Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown,
+Illustrated Flora, etc., ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.
+
+MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston,
+1878-9.
+
+MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New
+York, 1899.
+
+PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne & Co.
+London. No date.
+
+REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America.
+Torrey Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).
+
+RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878.
+Out of print.
+
+SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan & Co. London.
+8vo.
+
+SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt & Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+print.
+
+SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.
+
+SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.
+
+STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne & Co. London, 1908.
+
+TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt & Co.
+Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt & Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.
+
+WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton & Co. Louisville, Ky.
+1878.
+
+Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton & Co. 1879. Both out of print.
+
+WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page & Co. New
+York, 1909.
+
+WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan & Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+[Illustration:
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+
+
+
+
+TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS
+
+
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+
+Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+ACÙMINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+ACÙLEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENTÍTIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+ANÁSTOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+ÁNNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHERÍDIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEGÒNIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+ARÈOLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ARTÍCULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ _bis_,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHLÒROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+CÍLIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+CÍRCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CRÒSIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+CÙNEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+CÚSPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinnæ.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICHÓTOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIMÓRPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EMÁRGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+FÍLIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INCÌSED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+INDÙSIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+LÁMINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LACÍNIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+MÙCRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+OÌDES.        A Greek ending, meaning _like_, or
+              _like to_, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+ÒÖSPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the oöspore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+PÉTIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINNÁTIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTHÁLLIUM.  (Or prothállus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERIDÓPHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+RÀCHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+SÉRRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+SÍNUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SPÁTULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SPÍNULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+SÚBULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+TÉRNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The student should have some idea of the terms _genus_, _species_ and
+_variety_, although they are not capable of exact definition.
+
+A _species_, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such
+individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to
+their common parent in all their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind
+or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind, and of a common
+origin, and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or
+rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the
+shape of the pinnæ, or the cutting of the fronds, we have _varieties_ as
+_frondòsum_, _incìsum_, etc. Or if the difference is less striking the
+word _form_ is used instead of variety, but in any given case opinions may
+differ in respect to the more fitting term.
+
+A _genus_ is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern,
+the cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar
+spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming
+the genus _Osmunda_. In like manner certain members of the clover
+group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up the genus _Trifolium_.
+
+Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into
+genera, and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true
+name, the generic name being qualified by that of the species; as in the
+cinnamon fern _Osmúnda_ (genus), _cinnamòmea_ (species).
+
+
+
+
+CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
+
+In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the
+text, and those that follow are synonyms.
+
+Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now
+adopted at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.
+
+ADIANTUM L.
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum × marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricariæfolium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes Féei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pellæa densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pellæa gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNSTÆDTIA L'HER.
+49. DENNSTÆDTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOLÆNA.R. BR.
+51. Notholæna dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Notholæna nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELLÆA. LINK
+59. Pellæa atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pellæa glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS FÉE
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. Fée.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) Fée.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZÆA.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schizæa pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
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+     content="A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada" />
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+
+Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Fern Lover's Companion
+       A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada
+
+Author: George Henry Tilton
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Keren Vergon, Leonard D Johnson and PG
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+    <center>
+      <a
+       id="fernlover"
+       name="fernlover"><img
+       src="images/fern001.jpg"
+       alt="A Fern Lover" /></a><br />
+      [Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+    </center>
+    <h1>The Fern Lover's Companion</h1>
+    <h3>A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada</h3>
+    <h3>BY</h3>
+    <h3>GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.</h3>
+<pre>
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+</pre>
+    <center>
+      <img
+       src="images/fern002.jpg"
+       border="0"
+       alt="title illustration" />
+    </center>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>DEDICATION</h3>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><img
+         src="images/fern003.jpg"
+         alt="Dedication" /></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+          to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its progress,
+          these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>CONTENTS</h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <ul>
+      <li>List of Illustrations</li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#preface">Preface</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#intro">Introduction</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#key">Key to Genera</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#class">Classification of Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#poly">The Polypodies</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a
+         href="#brack">The Bracken Group:</a>
+        <ul>
+          <li><a
+           href="#bracken">Bracken</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#clfbrk">Cliff Brakes</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#rkbrk">Rock Brake</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lip">The Lip Ferns (<i>Cheilanthes</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cloak">The Cloak Fern (<i>Nothol&aelig;na</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#chain">The Chain Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#spleen">The Spleenworts:</a></li>
+      <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+       href="#rockspleen">The Rock Spleenworts. <i>Asplenium</i></a></li>
+      <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+       href="#lrgspleen">The Large Spleenworts. <i>Athyrium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hart">Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a
+         href="#shield">The Shield Ferns:</a>
+        <ul>
+          <li><a
+           href="#holly">Christmas and Holly Fern</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#marsh">Marsh Fern Tribe</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#beech">The Beech Ferns</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#fragrant">The Fragrant Fern</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#wood">The Wood Ferns</a></li>
+          <li><a
+           href="#bladder">The Bladder Ferns</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#woodsias">The Woodsias</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#boulder">The Boulder Fern (<i>Dennst&aelig;dtia</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensitive">Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#flowering">The Flowering Ferns (<i>Osmunda</i>)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curly">Curly Grass and Climbing Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#adder">Adder's Tongue</a></li>
+      <li>
+        <a
+         href="#grape">The Grape Ferns:</a>
+        <ul>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#grapekey">Key to the Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#moonwort">Moonwort</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#littlegrape">Little Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#lancegrape">Lance-leaved Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#matricary">Matricary Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#commongrape">Common Grape Fern</a></li>
+          <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a
+           href="#rattlesnake">Rattlesnake Fern</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmy">Filmy Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#authors">Noted Fern Authors</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#literature">Fern Literature</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#timelist">Time List for Fruiting of Ferns</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#glossary">Glossary</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#meaningof">Note: Meaning of Genus and Species</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#checklist">Checklist</a></li>
+    </ul>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h3>
+    <br />
+    <ul>
+      <li><a
+       href="#fernlover">A Fern Lover</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#prothalliumi">Prothallium Diagram</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#frondi">Pinnate Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bifrondi">Bipinnate Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#pinfrondi">Pinnatifid Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sporei">Spore Cases</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#testeri">Linen Tester</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curlyi">Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamoni">Cinnamon Fern. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensitivei">Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostrichi">Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea Struthiopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#interrupti">Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoniana</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#climbi">Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#floweri">Flowering Fern. <i>Osmunda regalis spectabilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#adderi">Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#grapei">Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#polypodyi">Polypody. <i>Polypodium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#beechi">Beech Fern. <i>Phegopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cloaki">Cloak Fern. <i>Nothol&aelig;na</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmyi">Filmy Fern. <i>Trichomanes</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brackenii">Bracken. <i>Pteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidi">Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cliffi">Cliff Brake. <i>Pell&aelig;a</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lipi">Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#rocki">Rock Brake. <i>Cryptogramma</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#chaini">Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#shieldi">Shield Fern. <i>Polystichum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#woodi">Wood Fern. <i>Aspidium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bladderi">Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#woodsiai">Woodsia</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hayi">Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#harti">Hart's Tongue. <i>Scolopendrium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#walki">Walking Fern. <i>Camptosorus</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspleniumi">Asplenium Type</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#athyriumi">Athyrium Type</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sporangiai">Sporangia of the Five Families</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#indusiumi">Indusium</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#commonpolyi">Common Polypody. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sorii">Sori of Polypody</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#polymassi">Polypody in mass (Greenwood)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#grayi">Gray Polypody. <i>Polypodium incanum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brakei">Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brackeni">Bracken. Fertile Frond</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brackvari">Bracken, var. <i>pseudocaudata</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidsprayi">Spray of Maidenhair</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidsorii">Sori of Maidenhair</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidenhairi">Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#alpinei">Alpine Maidenhair</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#venusi">Venus-Hair Fern. <i>Adiantum capillus-veneris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#purplei">Purple Cliff Brake. <i>Pell&aelig;a atropurpurea</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#densei">Dense Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma densa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#slenderi">Slender Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma Stelleri</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#parsleyi">Parsley Fern. <i>Cryptogramma acrostichoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#alabamai">Alabama Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes alabamensis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hairyi">Hairy Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes lanosa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#slenderlipi">Slender Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes F&eacute;ei</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#slenderpini">Pinn&aelig; of Slender Lip Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#powderi">Powdery Cloak Fern. <i>Nothol&aelig;na dealbata</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#commonchaini">Common Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia virginica</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#netchaini">Net-veined Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia areolata</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#spleeni">The Spleenworts</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#pinspleeni">Pinnatifid Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium pinnatifidum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#scotti">Scott's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium ebenoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#greeni">Green Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium viride</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidspleeni">Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#maidspleenworti">Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i>
+      (Fernery)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ebonyi">Ebony Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium platyneuron</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bradleyi">Bradley's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Bradleyi</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#mountaini">Mountain Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium montanum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ruei">Rue Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Ruta-muraria</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladyrooti">Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladysorii">Sori of Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium angustum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladyvari">Varieties of Lady Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ladylowi">Lowland Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium asplenioides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#silverspleeni">Silvery Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium acrostichoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#narrowspleeni">Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium
+      angustifolium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#athyriumpini">Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Athyrium angustifolium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#scolosorii">Sori of <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hartstoni">Hart's Tongue. <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#walkingi">Walking Fern. <i>Camptosorus rhizophyllus</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#christmasi">Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#christvari">Varieties of Christmas Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#brauni">Braun's Holly Fern. <i>Polystichum Braunii</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hollyi">Holly Fern. <i>Polystichum Lonchitis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#marshi">Marsh Fern. <i>Aspidium Thelypteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#marshmassi">Marsh Fern, in the mass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#massi">Massachusetts Fern. <i>Aspidium simulatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#nyi">New York Fern. <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspidiumsorii">Sori of <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspidiumpini">Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#oaki">Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Dryopteris</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#noaki">Northern Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Robertiana</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#broadi">Broad Beech Fern. <i>Aspidium hexagonoptera</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#longi">Long Beech Fern. <i>Aspidium polypedioides</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#fragranti">Fragrant Fern. <i>Aspidium fragrans</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#marginali">Marginal Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crowni">Crown of Fronds of <i>Aspidium marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspimargi">Sori of <i>Aspidium marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#malei">Male Fern. <i>Aspidium Filix-mas</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspifilixi"><i>Aspidium Filix-mas</i> and details</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#goldi">Goldie's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium Goldianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#goldmassi"><i>Aspidium Goldianum</i>, in the mass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cresti">Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crest2i">Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i> (No. 2)</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#clintoni">Clinton's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i> var.
+      <i>Clintonianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crestmargi">Crested Marginal Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum &times;
+      marginale</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspicristi"><i>Aspidium cristatum &times; marginale</i>, in the mass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bootti">Boott's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium Boottii</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#spini">Spinulose Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspispini"><i>Aspidium spinulosum</i> var. <i>intermedium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#aspiameri"><i>Aspidium spinulosum</i> var. <i>americanum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bulbleti">Bulblet Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cystoi"><i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i> with sprouting bulb</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#fragili">Fragile Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris fragilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#rusti">Rusty Woodsia. <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#northwoodi">Northern Woodsia. <i>Woodsia alpina</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#alpwoodi">Details of Alpine Woodsia</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bluntwoodi">Blunt-lobed Woodsia. <i>Woodsia obtusa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#smoothwoodi">Smooth Woodsia. <i>Woodsia glabella</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#hayscentedi">Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#forkedi">Forked variety of <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#dennfieldi">Field View of <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#dennpini">Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensemeadi">Meadow View of Sensitive Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#obtusformi">Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensisori">Sori of Sensitive Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensionoi">Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#sensiferti">Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same
+      Plant</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostriferti">Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea Struthiopteris</i>. Fertile
+      Fronds</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostriferti2">Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ostrisori">Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#royali">Royal Fern. <i>Osmunda regalis spectabilis</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#royalsori">Sori of Royal Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#interruptclayi">Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoniana</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#interruptferti">Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamonleavi">Cinnamon Fern. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamonleafi">Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#cinnamonvari">Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#osmundaglani"><i>Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curlygrassi">Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a pusilla</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#curlyspori">Sporangia of Curly Grass</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#climbpalmi">Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium palmatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#addertoni">Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum vulgatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#mooni">Moonwort. <i>Botrychium Lunaria</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#moondeti">Moonwort, Details</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lgrapei">Little Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium simplex</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#lancegrapei">Lance-leaved Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium
+      lanceolatum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#matricaryi">Matricary Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium ramosum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#comgrapei">Common Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium obliquum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#botryi"><i>Botrychium obliquum</i> var. <i>dissectum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#botryobliqi"><i>Botrychium obliquum</i> var. <i>oneidense</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ternatei">Ternate Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium ternatum</i> var.
+      <i>intermedium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#ternatevari">Ternate Grape Fern. <i>B. ternatum</i> var.
+      <i>intermedium</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#rattlei">Rattlesnake Fern. <i>Botrychium virginianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmyferni">Filmy Fern. <i>Trichomanes Boschianum</i></a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#filmyfruiti">Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#crosiersi">Crosiers</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#authorsi">Noted Fern Authors</a></li>
+      <li><a
+       href="#bladdersprayi">Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern</a></li>
+    </ul>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3><a
+     id="preface"
+     name="preface">PREFACE</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <img
+     src="images/fern012.gif"
+     align="left"
+     border="0"
+     alt="fancy A" />
+    <p>A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know little of
+    their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts, adorning the rugged
+    cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or waving their stately fronds on the
+    borders of woodlands, he feels their call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be
+    to receive instruction from a living teacher: His next preference would be the
+    companionship of a good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If
+    he will con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while he
+    quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may hope to learn
+    the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a single season.</p>
+    <p>Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when Williamson
+    published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute issued, "Our Ferns in Their
+    Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton, Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons,
+    Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson, and others. All their works are now out of
+    print except Clute's just mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both
+    of these are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+    scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to the genera;
+    while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive charm that creates for
+    it a constant demand.</p>
+    <p>We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive, handbook,
+    designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the average student in
+    learning their names and meaning. Its geographical limits include the northeastern
+    states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows in the main the seventh edition of Gray's
+    Manual, while the emendations set forth in <i>Rhodora</i>, of October, 1919, and also
+    a few terms of later adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the
+    more familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type. In
+    every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent terms from
+    which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily for lovers of Nature,
+    many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms, the common English names are
+    everywhere given prominence, and strange to say are less subject to change and
+    controversy than the Latin. There is no doubt what species is meant when one speaks
+    of the Christmas fern, the ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern,
+    etc. The use of the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the
+    scientific terms.</p>
+    <p>A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing the
+    scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have marked each
+    accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute (&acute;) accent, the former showing
+    that the vowel over which it stands has its long sound, while the latter indicates
+    the short or modified sound. Let it be remembered that any syllable with either of
+    these marks over it is the accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short
+    according to the slant of the mark.</p>
+    <p>We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose. Our
+    interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we collected our
+    first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found here a fine colony of the
+    climbing fern (<i>Lygodium</i>). We recall the slender fronds climbing over the low
+    bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in their native habitat. We have since
+    collected and studied specimens of nearly every New England fern, and have carefully
+    examined most of the other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the
+    librarian, Mr. William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport
+    herbarium in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of the
+    daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger unmounted
+    collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1] finding here a very
+    large and fine assortment of <i>Botrychiums</i>, including a real <i>B. ternatum</i>
+    from Japan.</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]</h5>
+    <p>For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of the
+    <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To him we
+    are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and especially for
+    helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness of the <i>American Fern
+    Journal</i> and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow. To our friend, Mr. C.H.
+    Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of the checklist and for much helpful
+    advice, and we are grateful to Mr. S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural
+    History, for numerous courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his
+    expert and helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.</p>
+    <p>The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+    negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp, pioneer and
+    chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been photographed from the
+    author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few are from the choice herbarium of Mr.
+    George E. Davenport, and also a few reprints have been made from fern books, for
+    which due credit is given. The Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is
+    reprinted from Clute's "Our Ferns in Their Haunts."</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="intro"
+     name="intro">INTRODUCTION</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <img
+     src="images/fern016.gif"
+     align="left"
+     border="0"
+     alt="fancy T" />
+    <p>Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in the
+    highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are reinforced by
+    woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect while permitting
+    graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their frequent finely cut borders,
+    and their rich shades of green combine to make them objects of rare beauty; while
+    their unique vernation and method of fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of
+    reproduction invest them with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and
+    culture to the thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure
+    the ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <center>
+<pre>
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+</pre>
+    </center>
+    <p>As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as swamps,
+    ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be found along
+    mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny crevice in some high
+    cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating little plants, which protect
+    themselves from drought by assuming a mantle of light wool, or of hair and chaff,
+    with, perhaps, a covering of white powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a
+    layer of moist air next to the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.</p>
+    <p>Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection" ferns,
+    reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of rain, and lo! they
+    are green and flourishing.</p>
+    <p>Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch to the
+    vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or more.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>REPRODUCTION</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <p>Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+    rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be, single
+    fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the cinnamon fern.
+    The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets, while the walking leaf
+    bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.</p>
+    <br />
+    <center>
+      <a
+       id="prothalliumi"
+       name="prothalliumi"></a><img
+       src="images/fern018sm.jpg"
+       border="0"
+       alt="Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium" />
+      <p>[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]</p>
+    </center>
+    <p>Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as a
+    fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little one-celled
+    bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A spore falls upon damp soil and
+    germinates, producing a small, green, shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime,
+    which is called a proth&aacute;llium (or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root
+    hairs grow to give it stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs
+    known as anther&iacute;dia and archeg&ograve;nia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+    stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active, spiral bodies
+    called &aacute;ntheroz&ograve;ids, which lash about in the moisture of the proth&aacute;llium until they
+    find the archeg&ograve;nia, the cells of which are so arranged in each case as to form a
+    tube around the central cell, which is called the &ograve;&ouml;sphere, or egg-cell, the point to
+    be fertilized. When one of the entering &aacute;ntheroz&ograve;ids reaches this point the desired
+    change is effected, and the canal of the archeg&ograve;nium closes. The empty &ograve;&ouml;sphere
+    becomes the quickened &ograve;&ouml;sphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds normally by
+    the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem, first leaf, etc., while
+    the proth&aacute;llium no longer needed to sustain its offspring withers away.[1]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that the
+    reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the naked
+    eye.]</h5>
+    <p>Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the proth&aacute;llus by a budding
+    process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature "fulfills herself
+    in many ways."[2]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is ap&oacute;gamy
+    (apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from the frond
+    without spores, for which process the term ap&oacute;spory is used. (Meaning, literally,
+    without spores.)]</h5>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>VERNATION</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <p>All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+    watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real crosier is a
+    bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered with "fern wool," which
+    birds often use in lining their nests. This wool usually disappears later as the
+    crosier unfolds into the broad green blade. The development of plant shoots from the
+    bud is called vernation (Latin, <i>ver</i> meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling
+    of ferns, "circinnate vernation."</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>VEINS</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <p>The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do not
+    connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When the veins intersect
+    they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or network), and their meshes are
+    called ar&egrave;ol&aelig; or &aacute;reoles (Latin, <i>areola</i>, a little open space).</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <h4>EXPLANATION OF TERMS</h4>
+          <br />
+          <br />
+
+          <p>A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, <i>pinna</i>, a feather), when its
+          primary divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A
+          frond is bipinnate (Latin, <i>bis</i>, twice) when the lobes of the pinn&aelig;
+          extend to the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the
+          pinn&aelig; are called pinnules. When a frond is trip&iacute;nnate the last complete
+          divisions are called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinn&aacute;tifid when
+          its lobes extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle
+          lobes of the pinn&aacute;tifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinn&aelig; of a frond are often
+          pinn&aacute;tifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate in its
+          lower part and become pinn&aacute;tifid higher up as in the pinn&aacute;tifid spleenwort just
+          mentioned (Fig. 3).</p>
+          <p>The divisions of a pinn&aacute;tifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinn&aacute;tifid or
+          tripinn&aacute;tifid leaf, ultimate segments.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="frondi"
+         name="frondi"><img
+         src="images/fern020.gif"
+         align="right"
+         border="0"
+         alt="Fig. 1" /></a><br />
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Fig. 1]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="bifrondi"
+         name="bifrondi"><img
+         src="images/fern021.gif"
+         border="0"
+         alt="Fig. 2" /></a></td>
+        <td><a
+         id="pinfrondi"
+         name="pinfrondi"><img
+         src="images/fern021_3.gif"
+         border="0"
+         alt="Fig. 3" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Fig. 2]</p>
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Fig. 3]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <a
+     id="sporei"
+     name="sporei"><img
+     src="images/fern022.gif"
+     alt="Spore Cases" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fig. 4]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>SPOR&Agrave;NGIA AND FRUIT DOTS</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <p>Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or spor&aacute;ngia (Fig. 4).
+    They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin of a frond, either
+    on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like racemes on separate stalks. Sori
+    (singular <i>sorus</i>, a heap), or fruit dots may be naked as in the polypody, but
+    are usually covered with a thin, delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a
+    dress, or mantle). The family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of
+    its indusium; e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+    cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped, etc.</p>
+    <p>In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a vertical,
+    elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm closely coiled (Fig. 4).
+    As the spores mature, the ring contracts and bursts with considerable force,
+    scattering the spores. The spores of the different genera mature at different times
+    from May to September. A good time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting
+    season. (For times of fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on
+    page 220.)</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>HELPFUL HINTS</h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <p>The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:</p>
+    <a
+     id="testeri"
+     name="testeri"><img
+     src="images/fern023.gif"
+     align="right"
+     alt="A good lens" /></a>
+    <p>1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the sori,
+    veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these items may aid in
+    identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a convenient two-bladed pocket
+    glass for about two dollars.[1]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is mounted in
+    a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector to use both hands. A
+    tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]</h5>
+    <p>[Illustration: Linen Tester]</p>
+    <p>2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it can
+    spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to grow. It is
+    decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants. Pick your fern leaf down
+    close to the root-stock, including a portion of that also, if it can be spared. Place
+    your fronds between newspaper sheets and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or
+    other absorbent paper). Cover with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of
+    several pounds, leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then
+    cured, change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets. The
+    regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually 3-3/4 by 1-3/4
+    inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.</p>
+<pre>
+    HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+    <i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum vulgatum</i>,
+    L. (Adder's Tongue)
+    Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+    August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+    Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+    but often overlooked
+</pre>
+    <p>Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now ready to be
+    laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12 inches. It is well to
+    jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This is the method in use at
+    the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course, be modified to suit one's own
+    taste or convenience. The young collector can begin by simply pressing his specimens
+    between the leaves of a book, the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them
+    in a blank book designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he
+    can cut out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+    done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at the back.
+    Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount the specimens on
+    these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing those of the same genus
+    together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though crude, will serve for a beginning,
+    while stimulating his interest, and advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him
+    collect, press, and mount as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date
+    and place of collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of
+    pleasant hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.</p>
+    <p>We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying the
+    living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts, habits, and
+    structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student, while familiarizing
+    yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not neglect the scientific names,
+    which often hold the key to their meaning. Repeat over and over the name of each
+    genus in soliloquy and in conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern
+    with its family name--"<i>Adiantum</i>," "<i>Polystichum</i>," "<i>Asplenium</i>,"
+    and all the rest. Fix them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and
+    growing knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr. Davenport,
+    loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly stroke their leaves,
+    and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by the All-wise Interpreter.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="key"
+     name="key">KEY TO THE GENERA</a></h4>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <p>This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our Ferns in
+    Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of these are from
+    Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt &amp; Co.</p>
+    <p>As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some species
+    to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a fertile frond, but
+    one in as good condition as possible. For convenience the ferns may be considered in
+    two classes.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4>I</h4>
+    <h4>THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES AND NOT
+    ON THE BACK OF FRONDS<br /><br />
+    A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE<br />
+     (Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)</h4>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="curlyi"
+         name="curlyi"><img
+         src="images/fern027.jpg"
+         alt="Curly Grass. Schiz&aelig;a" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+          fronds thread-like and tortuous.</p>
+          <p>Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+          sporangia; fruit in early spring.</p>
+          <p>Cinnamon Fern. <i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="cinnamoni"
+         name="cinnamoni"><img
+         src="images/fern027b.jpg"
+         alt="Cinnamon Fern. Osmunda cinnamomea" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="sensitivei"
+         name="sensitivei"><img
+         src="images/fern028.jpg"
+         alt="Sensitive Fern. Onoclea" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+          comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinn&aacute;tifid sterile fronds.</p>
+          <p>Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinn&aelig;; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+          frond tall, pinn&aacute;tifid; fruit late.</p>
+          <p>Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea struthiopteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="ostrichi"
+         name="ostrichi"><img
+         src="images/fern028b.jpg"
+         alt="Ostrich Fern. Onoclea struthiopteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <h4>B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE</h4>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="interrupti"
+         name="interrupti"><img
+         src="images/fern028c.jpg"
+         alt="Interrupted Fern. Osmunda Claytoniana" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of fertile
+          pinn&aelig;.</p>
+          <p>Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoniana</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="climbi"
+         name="climbi"><img
+         src="images/fern029.jpg"
+         alt="Climbing Fern. Lygodium" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinn&aelig; palmate; rachis
+          twining.</p>
+          <p>Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="floweri"
+         name="floweri"><img
+         src="images/fern029b.jpg"
+         alt="Royal Fern. Osmunda regalis" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Sterile pinn&aelig; pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+          forming a panicle at the top.</p>
+          <p>Royal Fern. <i>Osmunda regalis</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="adderi"
+         name="adderi"><img
+         src="images/fern030a.gif"
+         alt="Adder's Tongue. Ophioglossum" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+          sterile.</p>
+          <p>Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+          spike.</p>
+          <p>Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+          in spikes.</p>
+          <p>Grape Ferns. Moonwort. <i>Botrychium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="grapei"
+         name="grapei"><img
+         src="images/fern030b.jpg"
+         alt="Moonwort. Botrychium" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>II</h4>
+    <h4>THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS</h4>
+    <h4>A. INDUSIUM WANTING</h4>
+    <br />
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="polypodyi"
+         name="polypodyi"><img
+         src="images/fern031.jpg"
+         alt="Polypody. Polypodium." /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.</p>
+          <p>Polypody. <i>Polypodium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.</p>
+          <p>Beech Ferns. <i>Phegopteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="beechi"
+         name="beechi"><img
+         src="images/fern031b.jpg"
+         alt="Beech Ferns. Phegopteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="cloaki"
+         name="cloaki"><img
+         src="images/fern032.gif"
+         alt="Cloak Ferns. Nothol&aelig;na" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the fronds
+          covered with whitish powder.</p>
+          <p>Cloak Ferns. <i>Nothol&aelig;na</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+
+    <h4>B. INDUSIUM PRESENT</h4>
+    <br />
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="filmyi"
+         name="filmyi"><img
+         src="images/fern032b.gif"
+         alt="Filmy Fern. Trichomanes" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+          of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.</p>
+          <p>Filmy Fern. <i>Trichomanes</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.</p>
+          <p>(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+          Bracken. Brake. <i>Pteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="brackenii"
+         name="brackenii"><img
+         src="images/fern032c.jpg"
+         alt="Bracken. Brake. Pteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="maidi"
+         name="maidi"><img
+         src="images/fern033.jpg"
+         alt="Maidenhair. Adiantum" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+          broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.</p>
+          <p>Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+          pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. <i>Pell&aelig;a</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="cliffi"
+         name="cliffi"><img
+         src="images/fern033b.gif"
+         alt="Cliff brakes. Pell&aelig;a" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="lipi"
+         name="lipi"><img
+         src="images/fern033c.jpg"
+         alt="Lip Ferns. Cheilanthes" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+          or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip Ferns.
+          <i>Cheilanthes</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+          so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile fronds
+          broad. Rock brakes. <i>Cryptogramma</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="rocki"
+         name="rocki"><img
+         src="images/fern034a.gif"
+         alt="Rock brakes. Cryptogramma" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="chaini"
+         name="chaini"><img
+         src="images/fern034b.jpg"
+         alt="Chain Ferns. Woodwardia" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.</p>
+          <p>(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+          tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. <i>Woodwardia</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.</p>
+          <p>Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in rocky
+          woods. Shield Ferns. <i>Polystichum</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="shieldi"
+         name="shieldi"><img
+         src="images/fern034c.gif"
+         alt="Shield Ferns. Polystichum" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="woodi"
+         name="woodi"><img
+         src="images/fern035a.jpg"
+         alt="Wood Ferns. Aspidium" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. <i>Aspidium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+          soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+          Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. <i>Cystopteris</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="bladderi"
+         name="bladderi"><img
+         src="images/fern035b.gif"
+         alt="Bladder Ferns. Cystopteris" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="woodsiai"
+         name="woodsiai"><img
+         src="images/fern035c.jpg"
+         alt="Woodsia" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+          often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+          least at the base, and growing in tufts. <i>Woodsia</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+          leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+          Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="hayi"
+         name="hayi"><img
+         src="images/fern036a.jpg"
+         alt="Hayscented Fern. Dennst&aelig;dtia" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="harti"
+         name="harti"><img
+         src="images/fern036b.jpg"
+         alt="Hart's Tongue. Scolopendrium" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see <i>Athyrium</i>.)</p>
+          <p>Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+          oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+          <i>Scolopendrium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+          parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined at
+          the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern.
+          <i>Camptosorus</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="walki"
+         name="walki"><img
+         src="images/fern036c.gif"
+         alt="Walking Fern. Camptosorus" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="aspleniumi"
+         name="aspleniumi"><img
+         src="images/fern037a.jpg"
+         alt="Spleenworts. Asplenium" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+          opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+          <i>Asplenium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+          The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium</i>.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="athyriumi"
+         name="athyriumi"><img
+         src="images/fern037b.jpg"
+         alt="Lady Fern. Athyrium" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4><a
+     id="class"
+     name="class">DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS</a></h4>
+    <br />
+    <p>In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five distinct
+    families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be treated, is that of
+    the <i>real ferns (Polypodi&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with sixty species and several chief varieties.
+    Then follow the <i>flowering ferns (Osmund&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with three species; the <i>curly
+    grass</i> and <i>climbing ferns (Schiz&aelig;&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with two species; the <i>adder's
+    tongue</i> and <i>grape ferns (Ophiogloss&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with seven species; and the
+    <i>filmy ferns (Hymenophyll&agrave;ce&aelig;)</i> with one species.</p>
+    <p>Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of ferns have
+    five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.</p>
+    <a
+     id="sporangiai"
+     name="sporangiai"><img
+     src="images/fern038a.gif"
+     alt="Sporangia of the Five Families" /></a>
+    <p>Fig. 1-4: Sporangia of the Five Families]</p>
+    <p>1. The Fern Family proper (<i>Polypodi&agrave;ce&aelig;</i>) has the spore cases stalked and
+    bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots containing the
+    spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2), or covered by an indusium,
+    as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).</p>
+    <p>2. The Royal Fern Family (<i>Osmunda</i>) has the spore cases stalked with only a
+    rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).</p>
+    <p>3. The Climbing Fern Family (<i>Lygodium, Schiz&aelig;a</i>) has the spore cases sessile
+    in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring around the upper
+    portion (Fig. 5).[1]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]</h5>
+    <p>4. The Adder's Tongue Family (<i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum, Botr&yacute;chium</i>) has simple spore
+    cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit (Fig.
+    6).</p>
+    <p>5. The Filmy Fern Family (<i>Trich&oacute;manes</i>) has the spore cases along a
+    bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly two-lipped
+    involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).</p>
+    <a
+     id="indusiumi"
+     name="indusiumi"><img
+     src="images/fern039a.gif"
+     alt="Indusium" /></a>
+    <p>Fig. 5-7: Indusium</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4>THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS</h4>
+    <h4><i>POLYPODI&Agrave;CE&AElig;</i></h4>
+    <p>Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia), which are
+    collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back of the frond or form
+    lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia surrounded by vertical, elastic
+    rings bursting transversely and scattering the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often
+    covered, at least when young, by a membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="poly"
+     name="poly">THE POLYPODIES</a></h4>
+    <h4>1. POLYPODY. <i>Polypodium</i></h4>
+    <p>(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)</p>
+    <p>Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are covered
+    with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the back of the frond
+    in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia pedicelled, provided with a
+    vertical ring which bursts transversely. A large genus with about 350 species, widely
+    distributed, mostly in tropical regions.</p>
+    <h4>(1) COMMON POLYPODY. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall, smooth,
+    oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway between the midrib and
+    the margin, but nearer the margin.</p>
+    <a
+     id="commonpolyi"
+     name="commonpolyi"><img
+     src="images/fern041a.jpg"
+     alt="Common Polypody. Polypodium vulgare" /></a>
+    <p>Common Polypody. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i></p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="sorii"
+         name="sorii"><img
+         src="images/fern041b.gif"
+         alt="Fruited Frond" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+          out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+          back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks after
+          their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's seal. The
+          polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the fronds cling
+          together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers their beauty a
+          long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including Europe and Japan.</p>
+          <p>In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted
+          mass.</p>
+          <p>Var. <i>cambricum</i> has segments broader and more or less strongly
+          toothed.</p>
+          <p>Var. <i>cristatum</i> has the segments forked at the ends.</p>
+          <p>Several other forms are also found.</p>
+          <p>Fruited Frond</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="polymassi"
+         name="polymassi"><img
+         src="images/fern042a.jpg"
+         alt="Common Polypody. Polypodium vulgare" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>The Common Polypody. <i>Polypodium vulgare</i> (Photographed by Miles
+          Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <h4>(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY</h4>
+    <h4><i>Polypodium inc&agrave;num. P. polypodi&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinn&aacute;tifid, gray and scurfy
+    underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather small, near
+    the margin and obscured by the chaff.</p>
+    <a
+     id="grayi"
+     name="grayi"><img
+     src="images/fern043a.jpg"
+     alt="Gray or Hoary Polypody. Polypodium incanum" /></a>
+    <p>Gray or Hoary Polypody. <i>Polypodium incanum</i></p>
+    <p>In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the Greek
+    ending <i>oides</i> (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it often grows
+    on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north as Staten Island. It
+    is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly by moisture after seeming to be
+    dead from long drouth. July to September. Widely distributed in tropical America.
+    Often called Tree-Polypody.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="brack"
+     name="brack">THE BRACKEN GROUP</a></h3>
+    <p>Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of which
+    serve as indusia.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="bracken"
+     name="bracken">1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Pt&egrave;ris aquilina</i>. PTER&Iacute;DIUM LATI&Uacute;SCULUM[1]</h4>
+    <h5>[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in part
+    the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]</h5>
+    <p>Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the widely
+    spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less pinn&aacute;tifid.
+    Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin of the ultimate divisions
+    whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek, <i>pteron</i>, a wing, the feathery
+    fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="brakei"
+     name="brakei"><img
+     src="images/fern045a.jpg"
+     alt="Common Bracken or Brake" /></a>
+    <p>Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. <i>Pteris aquilina</i> (Providence
+    County, R.I.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="brackeni"
+     name="brackeni"><img
+     src="images/fern046.jpg"
+     alt="Fertile Frond of Common Bracken" /></a>
+    <p>A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. <i>Pteris aquilina</i> (Suffolk County,
+    Mass.)</p>
+<pre>
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+</pre>
+    <p>The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It flourishes in
+    thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant shade. It is found in all
+    parts of the world, and is said to be the most common of all our North American
+    ferns. In a cross section of the mature stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof"
+    and "King Charles in the oak," and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of
+    an oak tree. It was the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed
+    to bear the mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).</p>
+<pre>
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+</pre>
+    <p>This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.</p>
+<pre>
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+  SHAKESPEARE.
+</pre>
+    <p>The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of our
+    English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc., and fern (meaning
+    the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel, Fernside, Farnsworth, etc.
+    Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale, Fernwood, and others. Although the
+    bracken is coarse and common, it makes a desirable background for rockeries, or other
+    fern masses. The young ferns should be transplanted in early spring with as much of
+    the long, running rootstock as possible.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>pseudocaud&agrave;ta</i> has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is a
+    common southern form.</p>
+    <a
+     id="brackvari"
+     name="brackvari"><img
+     src="images/fern048.gif"
+     alt="pseudocaudata" /></a>
+    <p>Var. <i>pseudocaudata</i></p>
+    <h4>2. MAIDENHAIR. <i>Adiantum</i></h4>
+    <p>Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends of
+    free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered portion of the
+    pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches of the leaves very slender
+    and polished.</p>
+    <p>(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the leaves.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i></h4>
+    <p>A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches high,
+    the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal, recurved branches, the
+    pinn&aelig; all springing from the upper side. Pinnules triangular-oblong, bearing short
+    sori on their inwardly reflexed margins which form the indusium.</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidsprayi"
+     name="maidsprayi"><img
+     src="images/fern049.jpg"
+     alt="A Spray of Maidenhair" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidsorii"
+     name="maidsorii"><img
+     src="images/fern050.jpg"
+     alt="Sori of Maidenhair" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fruiting Pinn&aelig; of Maidenhair]</p>
+    <p>The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also sheds
+    water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with their divisions
+    all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern, known and admired by every
+    one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested by the black, wiry roots growing
+    from the slender rootstock, or by the dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it,
+    "because the black roots, like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of
+    signatures' to be good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the
+    'syrup of capillaire'[A] (<i>Am. Botanist</i>, November, 1921). While the maidenhair
+    is not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our section,
+    westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.</p>
+    <p>"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many localities,
+    it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm. Its chosen haunts are
+    dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides sloping to the river. In such
+    retreats you find the feathery fronds tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in
+    their neighborhood you find, also, the very spirit of the woods."<br />
+    MRS. PARSONS.</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+    indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+    breathing.]</h5>
+    <a
+     id="maidenhairi"
+     name="maidenhairi"><img
+     src="images/fern051.jpg"
+     alt="Common Maidenhair. Adiantum pedatum" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i> (Reading, Mass.,
+    Kingman)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="alpinei"
+     name="alpinei"><img
+     src="images/fern052.jpg"
+     alt="Alpine Maidenhair" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. <i>Adiantum pedatum</i>, Var. <i>aleuticum</i>
+    (Fernald and Collins, Gasp&eacute; County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray Herbarium)]</p>
+    <p>The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade. Along
+    with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern border.</p>
+    <p>Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+    abundant on the high tableland of the Gasp&eacute; Peninsula, Quebec, where it is said to
+    cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six to ten inches high,
+    growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the pinnules finely toothed instead of
+    rounded and the indusia often lunate, rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in
+    <i>Rhodora</i>, November, 1905.) Also found in northern Vermont, and to the
+    northwestward.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. <i>Adiantum Cap&iacute;llus-Veneris</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate below.
+    Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and irregularly incised.
+    Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the ribs of a fan.</p>
+    <a
+     id="venusi"
+     name="venusi"><img
+     src="images/fern054.jpg"
+     alt="Venus Hair Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. <i>Adiantum Capillus-Veneris</i>]</p>
+    <p>While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is confined to
+    the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as Virginia, where it meets, but
+    scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The medicinal properties of <i>Adiantum
+    pedatum</i> were earlier ascribed to the more southern species, which is common in
+    Great Britain, but, like many another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long
+    since defunct.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="clfbrk"
+     name="clfbrk">3. CLIFF BRAKES. <i>Pell&agrave;ea</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+    dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line of the
+    bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile segments which are
+    more or less membranous. (Pell&aelig;a, from the Greek <i>pellos</i>, meaning dusky, in
+    allusion to the dark stipes.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. <i>Pell&aelig;a atropurp&ugrave;rea</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and harsh to the
+    touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply pinnate, or bipinnate
+    below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly
+    entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about
+    twice forked. Basal scales extending into long, slender tips, colorless or
+    yellow.</p>
+    <a
+     id="purplei"
+     name="purplei"><img
+     src="images/fern056.jpg"
+     alt="Purple Cliff Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. <i>Pell&aelig;a atropurpurea</i>]</p>
+    <p>Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout the
+    winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky ledges with a
+    preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and mature fronds its pinn&aelig;
+    are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes are purplish, its leaves are
+    bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the
+    cliffs thrives in cultivation. Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and
+    valuable. It is not only beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green
+    emphasizing all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+    cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal fire or
+    radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect, and if allowed to
+    dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when put in a moist atmosphere.
+    It makes but one imperative demand, and that is the privilege of standing still.
+    Overzealous culturists usually like to turn things around, but revolving cliffs are
+    not in the natural order of things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to
+    changes of light and warped and twisted fronds result."</p>
+    <p>Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+    <i>cristata</i> has forked pinn&aelig; somewhat crowded toward the summit of the frond.
+    Missouri.</p>
+    <h4>(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE</h4>
+    <h4><i>Pell&agrave;ea glabella. Pell&agrave;ea atropurp&ugrave;rea</i>, var. <i>Bushii</i></h4>
+    <p>Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark polished
+    stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales having a few bluntish
+    teeth on each edge. Pinn&aelig; sub-opposite, divergent, narrowly oblong, obtuse; base
+    truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally auricled; lower pinn&aelig; often with
+    orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile pinn&aelig; broader, bluish or greenish glaucous
+    above, often crowded to overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern
+    range, growing from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found
+    rarely, if at all, in southern New England.</p>
+    <a
+     id="densei"
+     name="densei"><img
+     src="images/fern058.jpg"
+     alt="Dense Cliff Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma densa</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma densa. Pella&egrave;a densa</i></h4>
+    <p>Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the slender cliff
+    brake under the genus <i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma</i>, which is so nearly like <i>Pellaea</i>
+    that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptogr&aacute;mma means in Greek a
+    <i>hidden line</i>, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden beneath the reflexed
+    margin.</p>
+    <p>The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:</p>
+    <p>Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches, triangular-ovate,
+    pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments linear, sharp-pointed, mostly
+    fertile, having the margins entire and recurved, giving the sori the appearance of
+    half-open pods. Sterile fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts
+    ("<i>densa</i>") slender, wiry, light-brown.</p>
+    <p>This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices in
+    rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it produces spores
+    in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading, and its fertile fronds
+    are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and begin to fruit when very small.
+    Gasp&eacute; and Mt. Albert in the Province of Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far
+    west.</p>
+    <h4>(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma Stell&egrave;ri. Pella&egrave;a gr&aacute;cilis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with few
+    pinn&aelig;. The lower pinn&aelig; pinnately parted into three to five divisions, those of the
+    fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile, obovate or ovate,
+    crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone rocks. Quebec and New
+    Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and to the northwest.</p>
+    <a
+     id="slenderi"
+     name="slenderi"><img
+     src="images/fern060.jpg"
+     alt="Slender Cliff Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. <i>Cryptogramma Stelleri</i>]</p>
+    <p>We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone cliffs
+    of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto whose sides were
+    kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near its charming abode high on
+    the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by its pleasing, simple name, "Pell&aelig;a
+    gracilis," now changed for scientific reasons, but we still like the old name
+    better.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="rkbrk"
+     name="rkbrk">(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma acrostich&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear and
+    pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants spring from
+    crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes of the fertile fronds
+    are about twice as long as the sterile, making two tiers of fronds.</p>
+    <a
+     id="parsleyi"
+     name="parsleyi"><img
+     src="images/fern061.jpg"
+     alt="Parsley Fern or Rock Brake" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. <i>Cryptogramma acrostichoides</i>
+    (California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus <i>Cryptogr&aacute;mma</i>. The
+    indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed to the
+    midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out flat and exposing
+    the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock brake," calls it a border
+    species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic America to Lake Huron, Lake
+    Superior, Colorado and California.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="lip"
+     name="lip">4. LIP FERNS. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with much
+    divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and roundish, but
+    afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and sometimes herbaceous,
+    formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the whole pinnule. Veins free, but
+    often obscure. Most of the ferns of this genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where
+    rain is sometimes absent for weeks and months. For this reason they protect
+    themselves by a covering of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of
+    water from the plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the
+    surface of the frond. (In Greek the word means <i>lip flower</i>, alluding to the
+    lip-like indusia.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes alabam&eacute;nsis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinn&aelig; numerous,
+    oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above. Pinnules
+    triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the base. Indusia pale,
+    membranous and continuous except between the lobes. Stipes black, slender and
+    tomentose at the base.</p>
+    <a
+     id="alabamai"
+     name="alabamai"><img
+     src="images/fern063.jpg"
+     alt="Alabama Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes alabamensis</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within our
+    limits by its smooth pinn&aelig;. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to Kentucky, and Alabama,
+    and westward to Arizona.</p>
+    <h4>(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes lan&ograve;sa, C. v&eacute;stita</i></h4>
+    <a
+     id="hairyi"
+     name="hairyi"><img
+     src="images/fern064.jpg"
+     alt="Hairy Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]</p>
+    <p>Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinn&aacute;tifid pinnules; seven to
+    fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinn&aelig;
+    triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed and forming
+    separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening sporangia.</p>
+    <p>This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from clefts and
+    ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two following species. Unlike
+    most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not partial to limestone, but grows on
+    other rocks as well. It has been found as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near
+    New York, and in New Jersey, Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.</p>
+    <h4>(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. <i>Cheil&aacute;nthes toment&ograve;sa</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinn&aelig; and
+    pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender, whitish,
+    obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal one is twice as long
+    as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow margin forming a continuous,
+    membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown, densely woolly.</p>
+    <p>By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in the most
+    exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the "rarest, tallest and
+    handsomest of the lip ferns."</p>
+    <p>Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas and
+    Arizona.</p>
+    <h4>(4) SLENDER LIP FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cheil&aacute;nthes F&eacute;ei, C. lanugin&ograve;sa</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds three
+    to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly articulated hairs,
+    twice or thrice pinnate. Pinn&aelig; ovate, the lowest deltoid. Pinnules divided into
+    minute, densely crowded segments, the herbaceous margin recurved and forming an
+    almost continuous indusium.</p>
+    <a
+     id="slenderlipi"
+     name="slenderlipi"><img
+     src="images/fern066.jpg"
+     alt="Slender Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]</p>
+    <p>The slender lip fern, known also as F&eacute;e's fern, is much the smallest of the lip
+    ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only one-third as
+    tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it. The fronds form tangled
+    mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota
+    to British Columbia, and south to Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.</p>
+    <a
+     id="slenderpini"
+     name="slenderpini"><img
+     src="images/fern067.jpg"
+     alt="Pinn&aelig; of Slender Lip Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinn&aelig; of Slender Lip Fern. <i>Cheilanthes F&eacute;ei</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="cloak"
+     name="cloak">5. CLOAK FERN. <i>Nothol&agrave;ena</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the pinnules, at
+    first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without indusium. Veins free.
+    Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower surface hairy, or tomentose or
+    powdery. Includes about forty species, mostly American, but only one within our
+    limits. (Greek name means <i>spurious cloak</i>, alluding to the rudimentary or
+    counterfeit indusium.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. <i>Nothol&agrave;ena dealb&agrave;ta</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the base,
+    tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface of the very small
+    segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with a pure, white powder; hence,
+    the specific name <i>dealbata</i>, which means whitened. Sori brown at length; veins
+    free.</p>
+    <p>There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits. The dry,
+    white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect them from too rapid
+    evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and sunny places. This delicate
+    rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas,
+    Colorado, and southwestward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="powderi"
+     name="powderi"><img
+     src="images/fern069.jpg"
+     alt="Powdery Cloak Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. <i>Notholaena dealbata</i> (Kansas) (G.E.
+    Davenport)]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="chain"
+     name="chain">THE CHAIN FERNS. <i>Woodwardia</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly two-pinnate
+    fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or more chain-like rows,
+    parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by its outer margin to a veinlet and
+    opening on the inner side. In our section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J.
+    Woodward, an English botanist.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. <i>Woodwardia virg&iacute;nica</i></h4>
+    <p>Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+    pinnate, the pinn&aelig; deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong in
+    chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinn&aelig; and the lobes, confluent when
+    ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles) beneath the fruit-dots,
+    thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in July.</p>
+    <a
+     id="commonchaini"
+     name="commonchaini"><img
+     src="images/fern070.jpg"
+     alt="Common Chain Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia virginica</i>]</p>
+    <p>The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow in
+    crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the chain fern rise
+    singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at intervals all summer. The
+    sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds. There are usually more sterile than
+    fertile blades, especially in dense shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry
+    swamp in Melrose, Mass., where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and
+    other swamp bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+    frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces the south.
+    Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast, and often in company
+    with the narrow-leaved species.</p>
+    <a
+     id="netchaini"
+     name="netchaini"><img
+     src="images/fern072.jpg"
+     alt="Net-Veined Chain Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. <i>Woodwardia areolata</i> (Stratford,
+    Conn.)]</p>
+    <h4>(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN</h4>
+    <h4>NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Woodwardia areol&agrave;ta. W. angustif&ograve;lia</i></h4>
+    <p>Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile ones
+    nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with lanceolate,
+    serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate; fertile fronds taller,
+    twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear divisions, the areoles and
+    fruit-dots in a single row each side of the secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the
+    tissues.</p>
+    <p>This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow near each
+    other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near Boston, and both have
+    been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and doubtless in other towns along the
+    coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's
+    Bay. The net-veined species has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the
+    latter the spore cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and
+    rolling up of the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of
+    long, narrow pinn&aelig;. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+    segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations between the
+    fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness. Waters calls them the
+    "<i>obtusilob&agrave;ta</i> form."</p>
+    <a
+     id="spleeni"
+     name="spleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern074a.jpg"
+     alt="Spleenworts" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's 5.
+    Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="spleen"
+     name="spleen">THE SPLEENWORTS</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h4><a
+     id="rockspleen"
+     name="rockspleen">A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. <i>Aspl&egrave;nium</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when young.
+    Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper side of a fertile
+    veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of rhizome and stipes narrow,
+    of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.</p>
+    <h4>(1) PINN&Agrave;TIFID SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium pinnat&iacute;f&iacute;dum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinn&aacute;tifid or pinnate near the base,
+    tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or the lower pair
+    acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted, two to four inches long,
+    brownish beneath, green above.</p>
+    <p>Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited, it is
+    extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence southward to
+    Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks. Resembles the walking fern,
+    and its tip sometimes takes root.</p>
+    <h4>(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium eben&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinn&aacute;tifid or pinnate below,
+    tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from a broad base.
+    Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis brown.</p>
+    <a
+     id="pinspleeni"
+     name="pinspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern076a.jpg"
+     alt="Pinnatifid Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium pinnatifidum</i> a, Small
+    Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry
+    Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="scotti"
+     name="scotti"><img
+     src="images/fern077a.jpg"
+     alt="Scott's Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium ebenoides</i> a, from Virginia; b,
+    from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is a
+    hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by Miss Margaret
+    Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of its parents. It was
+    discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a suburb of Philadelphia, and
+    described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama,
+    Missouri, and southward. Rare, but said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana,
+    Ala.</p>
+    <a
+     id="greeni"
+     name="greeni"><img
+     src="images/fern078a.jpg"
+     alt="Green Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium v&iacute;ride</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium v&iacute;ride</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinn&aelig; roundish-ovate,
+    crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks tufted, short, brownish below,
+    green above. Rachis green.</p>
+    <p>Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in 1876. Found
+    sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr. This rare and delicate
+    little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the maidenhair spleenwort, which,
+    however, has dark stipes instead of green.</p>
+    <p>Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidspleeni"
+     name="maidspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern079a.jpg"
+     alt="Maidenhair Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium Trich&oacute;manes</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches long,
+    linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinn&aelig; roundish-oblong or oval, entire or finely
+    crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins forking and evanescent.</p>
+    <p>Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be looked
+    for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone. July.</p>
+    <a
+     id="maidspleenworti"
+     name="maidspleenworti"><img
+     src="images/fern080a.jpg"
+     alt="Maidenhair Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Trichomanes</i> (From Woolson's
+    "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT</h4>
+    <p><i>Asplenium p&aacute;rvulum. A. res&iacute;liens</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinn&aelig;
+    opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base. Stipes and
+    rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.</p>
+    <p>This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and ebony
+    spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in being smaller
+    and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of the same size. Mountains
+    of Virginia to Kansas and southward.</p>
+    <h4>(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT</h4>
+    <p><i>Asplenium platyn&egrave;uron. A. eb&egrave;neum</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the fertile ones
+    much taller, and pinnate. Pinn&aelig; scarcely an inch long, the lower ones very much
+    shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or incised, the base auricled. Sori
+    numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")</p>
+    <p>This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and on
+    rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come upon it many
+    times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.</p>
+    <p>A lightly incised form of the pinn&aelig; has been described as var. <i>serratum</i>. A
+    handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named <i>Horton&aelig;</i>
+    (also called <i>incisum</i>) has plume-like fronds with the pinn&aelig; cut into oblique
+    lobes, which are coarsely serrate.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ebonyi"
+     name="ebonyi"><img
+     src="images/fern082.jpg"
+     alt="Ebony Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium platyneuron</i> (Melrose, Mass.,
+    G.E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="bradleyi"
+     name="bradleyi"><img
+     src="images/fern083.jpg"
+     alt="Bradley's Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. <i>Asplenium Bradleyi</i> a, from Maryland;
+    b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium Br&aacute;dleyi</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinn&aelig; oblong-ovate,
+    obtuse, incised or pinn&aacute;tifid into oblong, toothed lobes. The basal pinn&aelig; have broad
+    bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked. Stipes and rachis dark brown and the
+    sori short, near the midrib.</p>
+    <p>A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and confined
+    mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and Alabama, westward to
+    Arkansas.</p>
+    <h4>(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium montanum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long, somewhat
+    leathery, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft into oblong or
+    ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less divided. Rachis green, broad,
+    and flat.</p>
+    <a
+     id="mountaini"
+     name="mountaini"><img
+     src="images/fern085.gif"
+     alt="Mountain Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]</p>
+    <p>Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of rocks
+    and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest. July. Rare.
+    Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species, "Common on all sandstone
+    cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks by the banks of streams."</p>
+    <h4>(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. <i>Asplenium Ruta-mur&agrave;ria</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to three
+    pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture. Divisions few,
+    stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised at the apex. Veins
+    forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon confluent.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ruei"
+     name="ruei"><img
+     src="images/fern086.jpg"
+     alt="Rue Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. <i>A. Ruta-muraria</i> (Top, Lake Huron--Lower
+    Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium of Geo. E.
+    Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and is rather
+    rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common, growing everywhere on
+    walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby Mountain, Vt., to Michigan,
+    Missouri, Kentucky and southward.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="lrgspleen"
+     name="lrgspleen">B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. <i>Ath&yacute;rium</i></a></h4>
+    <p>The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in rich
+    soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock spleenworts
+    just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus <i>Asplenium</i> because
+    their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly curved, but others are
+    inclined to follow the practice of the British botanists and put them into a separate
+    group under <i>Ath&yacute;rium</i>. Nearly all agree that the lady fern, with its variously
+    curved sori, should be placed here, and many others would place the silvery
+    spleenwort in the same genus, partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In
+    regard to the last member of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more
+    doubt. The sori taken separately would place it with the <i>Aspleniums</i>, but
+    considering its size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely
+    allied to the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+    three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more definite adopt
+    Clute's felicitous phrase.</p>
+    <h4>THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN</h4>
+    <h4>1. THE LADY FERNS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, tapering
+    towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules oblong-lanceolate,
+    cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously curved. Indusium delicate, often
+    reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in some forms confluent at maturity.</p>
+    <p>Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer nomenclature
+    separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct species, which should be
+    carefully studied.[A]</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in <i>Rhodora</i> of September,
+    1917.]</h5>
+    <h4>(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATH&Yacute;RIUM ANG&Uacute;STUM</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspl&egrave;nium F&igrave;lix-femina</i></h4>
+    <p>The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how the
+    thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In the Lowland
+    Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe bases, and so may be
+    distinguished from its sister fern.</p>
+    <p>One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during the
+    summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring. The undecayed
+    bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the same purpose.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladyrooti"
+     name="ladyrooti"><img
+     src="images/fern089a.jpg"
+     alt="Upland Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern089b.jpg"
+     alt="split lengthwise" />
+    <p>[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp;
+    Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladysorii"
+     name="ladysorii"><img
+     src="images/fern090.jpg"
+     alt="Sori of Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. <i>Athyrium angustum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old fronds.
+    Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved, often
+    horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but without glands.
+    Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the middle.</p>
+    <p>This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian Provinces. The
+    fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties have been pointed out,
+    but the fern student, having first learned to identify the species, will gradually
+    master the few leading varieties as he meets them.</p>
+    <p>Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature incline to
+    cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These are varieties T&Yacute;PICUM
+    and EL&Agrave;TIUS, both with the pinn&aelig; obliquely ascending (including variety
+    <i>angustum</i> of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader fronds with the pinnules
+    of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat acute and strongly toothed or
+    pinnatifid.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladyvari"
+     name="ladyvari"><img
+     src="images/fern091.jpg"
+     alt="Varieties of Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--lst and 2nd, Var. <i>typicum;
+    3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Var. RUB&Eacute;LLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand at a wide
+    angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed or pinnatifid with obtuse
+    teeth. This variety favors regions with cool summers, or dense shade in warmer
+    regions. The term RUB&Eacute;LLUM alludes to the reddish stems so often seen but this sign
+    alone may not determine the variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species,
+    being a common New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of
+    the species in southern Nova Scotia.</p>
+    <p>Among other varieties named by Butters are CONF&Eacute;RTUM, having the pinnules
+    irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of the pinnules
+    broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance; LACINI&Agrave;TUM with pinnules
+    very irregular in size and shape, with many long, acute teeth, which project in
+    various directions. "An abnormal form which looks as if it had been nibbled when
+    young."</p>
+    <p>These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN</h4>
+    <h4>ATH&Yacute;RIUM ASPLENI&Ograve;IDES</h4>
+    <p>Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the fronds.
+    Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few, seldom persistent,
+    rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly deltoid, lanceolate, widest near
+    the base, the second pair of pinn&aelig; commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia
+    (hairs) ending in glands. Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ladylowi"
+     name="ladylowi"><img
+     src="images/fern093.jpg"
+     alt="Lowland Lady Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+    Herbarium)]</p>
+    <p>The following two forms are named by Butters:</p>
+    <p>F. T&Yacute;PICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+    Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.</p>
+    <p>F. SUBTRIPINN&Agrave;TUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular, lanceolate,
+    and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet situations in half shade.
+    Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.</p>
+    <p>Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes up the
+    Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in Pennsylvania and
+    southern New England, and their identification can hardly fail to awaken in the
+    student a keen interest.</p>
+    <p>Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real <i>Ath&yacute;rium
+    f&igrave;lix-f&eacute;mina</i> is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but is rather
+    a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky Mountain region and
+    identical with <i>Ath&yacute;rium cyclos&ograve;rum</i>.</p>
+    <p>But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old <i>Ath&yacute;rium
+    f&igrave;lix-f&eacute;mina</i>, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within our
+    limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.</p>
+    <p>Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus <i>Asplenium</i>, mentions the
+    form "<i>ex&igrave;le</i>, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations and often
+    fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's "<i>ang&uacute;stum</i>,"
+    and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally unimportant that have
+    been described of this species."</p>
+    <p>The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its best is
+    a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have noticed that in the
+    late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of its forms become disfigured and
+    present a rather blotched and coarse appearance." The lady fern has inspired several
+    poems, which have been quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following
+    lines are from the pen of Calder Campbell:</p>
+    <p>"But not by burne in wood or dale Grows anything so fair As the palmy crest of
+    emerald pale Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn To gold her delicate hair."</p>
+    <p>Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing stipes
+    of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green of the
+    foliage.</p>
+    <p>In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the curved
+    sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age, although such
+    changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the poetic Davenport may be
+    helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm about the various forms of the
+    lady fern, which soon enables one to know it from its peculiarly graceful motion by
+    merely gently swaying a frond in the hand." Spores ripen in August.</p>
+    <p>The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to crowd
+    aside its neighbors.</p>
+    <h4>(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATH&Yacute;RIUM ACROSTICH&Ograve;IDES</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspl&egrave;nium acrostich&ograve;ides. Aspl&egrave;nium thelypter&ograve;ides</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinn&aelig;
+    deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong, obtuse, minutely
+    toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when
+    young.</p>
+    <a
+     id="silverspleeni"
+     name="silverspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern096.jpg"
+     alt="Silvery Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium acrostichoides</i>]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern097.jpg"
+     alt="Silvery Spleenwort" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]</p>
+    <p>The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear until
+    late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper surface of the
+    fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the Marsh fern tribe, which it
+    somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly straight, clear-cut sori of the
+    fertile fronds are very attractive, and the lower ones, as well as those at the
+    slender tips of the pinn&aelig;, are frequently double.</p>
+    <p>Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward. Generally
+    distributed but hardly common.</p>
+    <h4>(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT</h4>
+    <h4>ATH&Yacute;RIUM ANGUSTIF&Ograve;LIUM. <i>Asplenium angustif&ograve;lium</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+    linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower. Fruit-dots
+    linear. Indusium slightly convex.</p>
+    <a
+     id="narrowspleeni"
+     name="narrowspleeni"><img
+     src="images/fern098.jpg"
+     alt="Narrow-leaved Spleenwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. <i>Athyrium angustifolium</i> (Vermont)
+    (Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and southward.
+    September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden, Conn., and Danville, Vt.
+    Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to severe weather, as its thin and
+    delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson writes of it, "There is nothing in the
+    fern kingdom which looks so cool and refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this
+    clear-cut, delicately made-up fern."</p>
+    <a
+     id="athyriumpini"
+     name="athyriumpini"><img
+     src="images/fern099.jpg"
+     alt="Pinn&aelig; and Sori" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinn&aelig; and Sori of <i>Athyrium angustifolium</i>]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="hart"
+     name="hart">HART'S TONGUE</a></h3>
+    <h4><i>Scolop&eacute;ndrium</i>. PHYLL&Igrave;TIS</h4>
+    <p>Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to it, the
+    indusium appearing to be double. (<i>Scolopendrium</i> is the Greek for centipede,
+    whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. <i>Phyllitis</i> is the ancient Greek
+    name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.</p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <h4>(1) <i>Scolopendrium vulg&agrave;re</i></h4>
+          <h4>PHYLL&Igrave;TIS SCOLOP&Eacute;NDRIUM</h4>
+          <p>Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+          base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+          bright green.</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="scolosorii"
+         name="scolosorii"><img
+         src="images/fern100.jpg"
+         alt="Sori" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+        </td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Sori of <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i>]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and Scolopendrium
+    Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in Ontario and New Brunswick.
+    One of the rarest of our native ferns, although very common in Great Britain. This
+    plant is said to be easily cultivated, and to produce numerous varieties. According
+    to Woolson, "No rockery is complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy,
+    undulating fronds of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+    cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+    England."</p>
+    <a
+     id="hartstoni"
+     name="hartstoni"><img
+     src="images/fern103.jpg"
+     alt="Hart's Tongue" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. <i>Scolopendrium vulgare</i> (Base of calcareous
+    rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF</h3>
+    <h4><i>Camptos&ograve;rus</i></h4>
+    <p>Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in <i>Aspl&egrave;nium</i>, but irregularly scattered on
+    either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones sometimes
+    confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name from the Greek
+    meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.</p>
+    <h4><i>Camptos&ograve;rus rhizophyllus</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at the
+    base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a new plant. Veins
+    reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes elongated and may even take
+    root.</p>
+    <p>This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the tips
+    taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other rocks. Shapleigh
+    and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon), and Connecticut, Mt. Toby,
+    Mass., and western New England; also Canada to Georgia and westward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="walkingi"
+     name="walkingi"><img
+     src="images/fern105.jpg"
+     alt="Walking Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Walking Fern. <i>Camptosorus rhizophyllus</i>]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="shield"
+     name="shield">THE SHIELD FERNS</a></h3>
+    <h4><a
+     id="holly"
+     name="holly">THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i></h4>
+    <p>These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed under the
+    genus <i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i>, which has the sori round and covered with a circular
+    indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood ferns, on the other
+    hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the fronds by the sinus.
+    (<i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i> is the Greek for many rows, the sori of some species being in
+    many ranks.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN</h4>
+    <p><i>Pol&yacute;stichum acrostich&ograve;ides. Asp&iacute;dium acrostich&ograve;ides</i></p>
+    <p>Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to two feet
+    long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped, auricled on the
+    upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinn&aelig; contracted toward the top, bearing
+    two rows of sori, which soon become confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium
+    orbicular, fixed by its depressed center.</p>
+    <p><i>F. inc&igrave;sum</i> is a form in which the pinn&aelig; are much incised.</p>
+    <p><i>F. cr&iacute;spum</i> has the edges of its pinn&aelig; crisped and ruffled. The name
+    Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness for
+    winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome at Christmas
+    time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance the beauty of the other
+    ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous mass of earth should be included and
+    its roots should not be disturbed.</p>
+    <a
+     id="christmasi"
+     name="christmasi"><img
+     src="images/fern105.jpg"
+     alt="Christmas Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i>]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern106.jpg"
+     alt="Christmas Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="christvari"
+     name="christvari"><img
+     src="images/fern107.jpg"
+     alt="Christmas Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Christmas Fern. <i>Polystichum acrostichoides</i> Top, Forked Form;
+    Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]</p>
+    <h4>(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN</h4>
+    <p><i>Polystichum Br&aacute;unii. Asp&iacute;dium acule&agrave;tum Br&aacute;unii</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate, tapering both
+    ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly rectangular at the base,
+    sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and hairs. Fruit-dots small and near
+    the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire. Stipes chaffy with brown scales.</p>
+    <a
+     id="brauni"
+     name="brauni"><img
+     src="images/fern109.jpg"
+     alt="Braun's Holly Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. <i>Polystichum Braunii</i> (Willoughby
+    Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]</p>
+    <p>This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have collected it
+    in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt. Mansfield, Randolph, and
+    elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H., and Fernald reports it as common in
+    northern Maine. It also grows in the mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and
+    westward. It was formerly thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (<i>P.
+    acule&agrave;tum</i>), which has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain
+    green through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.</p>
+    <h4>(3) HOLLY FERN. <i>Polystichum Lonch&igrave;tis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches long.
+    Pinn&aelig; broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly auricled on the
+    upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between the margin and midrib.</p>
+    <a
+     id="hollyi"
+     name="hollyi"><img
+     src="images/fern110.jpg"
+     alt="Holly Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada, West,
+    Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <p>The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+    bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonch&igrave;tis (like a spear) refers to its sharp
+    teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador to Alaska, and south
+    to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its southern limits nearly coincide
+    with the northern limits of the Christmas fern.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="marsh"
+     name="marsh">THE MARSH FERN TRIBE</a></h3>
+    <p>Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which have a
+    close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the wood ferns, which
+    also belong to the shield fern family.</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE MARSH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium thel&yacute;pteris</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS PAL&Uacute;STRIS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris thel&yacute;pteris. Nephr&ograve;dium thel&yacute;pteris</i></h4>
+    <a
+     id="marshi"
+     name="marshi"><img
+     src="images/fern111.jpg"
+     alt="Marsh Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]</p>
+    <p>These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. <i>Asp&iacute;dium</i>,
+    Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions of Gray's
+    Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its friends.
+    <i>Dry&oacute;pteris</i>, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood and Britton and
+    Brown and has grown in favor. <i>Nephr&ograve;dium</i>, meaning kidney-like, favored by
+    Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most fitting name. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS, meaning
+    lady fern, is found to be the earliest name in use and according to rule the correct
+    one.</p>
+    <a
+     id="marshmassi"
+     name="marshmassi"><img
+     src="images/fern112.jpg"
+     alt="Marsh Fern, in the mass" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. <i>Aspidium Thelypteris</i>]</p>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base. Pinn&aelig;
+    horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply pinnatifid. Lobes
+    obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed over the sori. Veins once
+    forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the blades ten to fifteen inches above
+    the mud, whence they spring.</p>
+    <p>The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+    readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of tapering
+    to very small pinn&aelig;; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into the sunlight, and
+    by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have suggested for it the name
+    of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins.
+    Common in marshes and damp woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh
+    fern loves moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+    A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale in which
+    Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in open sunlight on clay
+    soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy environment had been long since
+    cleared away while the deserted ferns persisted.</p>
+    <h4>(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium simul&agrave;tum</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS SIMUL&Agrave;TA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris simulata. Nephr&ograve;dium simul&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat narrowed at
+    the base. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most often turned inward.
+    Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.</p>
+    <p>Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety. In some
+    respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact intermediate between the
+    two.</p>
+    <a
+     id="massi"
+     name="massi"><img
+     src="images/fern114.gif"
+     alt="Massachusetts Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. <i>Aspidium simulatum</i> 1. Sterile Frond. 2.
+    A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+    Bulletin")]</p>
+    <p>That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in 1880, and
+    it later was named <i>simul&agrave;tum</i>&gt; by Geo. E. Davenport because of its
+    similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its thin texture and
+    particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close resemblance to the marsh
+    fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh Fern," instead of the irrelevant
+    name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland swamps usually in deep shade, New England to
+    Maryland and westward. Often found growing with the marsh fern.</p>
+    <h4>(3) NEW YORK FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium noveborac&eacute;nse</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS NOVEBORAC&Eacute;NSIS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris noveborac&eacute;nsis. Nephr&ograve;dium noveborac&eacute;nse</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, pinnatifid,
+    the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple. Indusium minute and
+    beset with glands.</p>
+    <a
+     id="nyi"
+     name="nyi"><img
+     src="images/fern115.jpg"
+     alt="New York Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: New York Fern. <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i>]</p>
+    <p>Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern. August. The
+    fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the midrib and veins.</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspidiumsorii"
+     name="aspidiumsorii"><img
+     src="images/fern116.jpg"
+     alt="New York Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp;
+    Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspidiumpini"
+     name="aspidiumpini"><img
+     src="images/fern117.jpg"
+     alt="New York Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: New York Fern. <i>Aspidium noveboracense</i>]</p>
+    <p>When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This species can
+    be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinn&aelig; at its base.
+    Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="beech"
+     name="beech">THE BEECH FERNS</a></h3>
+    <p>The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them, they
+    have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood ferns. Their
+    stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori at the ends of the veins
+    as in the polypodies. We here place them with the wood ferns, retaining the familiar
+    name <i>Pheg&oacute;pteris</i> but giving THEL&Yacute;PTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are
+    small, round and naked, borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe
+    continuous with the rootstock. Veins free. (The name <i>Pheg&oacute;pteris</i> in Greek
+    means oak or beech fern.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) OAK FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Pheg&oacute;pteris dry&oacute;pteris</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS DRY&Oacute;PTERIS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad, the
+    divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments oblong,
+    obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock slender and creeping
+    from which fronds are produced all summer, in appearance like the small, ternate
+    divisions of the bracken.</p>
+    <p>This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of all green
+    things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the uncoiling of the fronds,
+    the three round balls suggesting the sign of the pawnbroker. The parts of the oak
+    fern develop with great regularity, each pinna, pinnule and lobe having another
+    exactly opposite to it nearly always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in
+    Virginia, Kansas and Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the
+    artificial rockery.</p>
+    <a
+     id="oaki"
+     name="oaki"><img
+     src="images/fern119.jpg"
+     alt="Oak Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Dryopteris</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calc&agrave;rea</i></h4>
+    <h4>THEL&Yacute;PTERIS ROBERTI&Agrave;NA</h4>
+    <p>Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the terminal
+    segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and fronds minutely
+    glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions scarcely longer than the
+    others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the beech ferns having formerly been
+    classed with the polypodies. Britton and Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak
+    Fern." Canada and the northwestern states. Rare.</p>
+    <a
+     id="noaki"
+     name="noaki"><img
+     src="images/fern120.jpg"
+     alt="Northern Oak Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. <i>Phegopteris Robertiana</i> (From Water's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="broadi"
+     name="broadi"><img
+     src="images/fern121.jpg"
+     alt="BROAD BEECH FERN" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]</p>
+    <h4>(3) BROAD BEECH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Phegopteris hexagon&oacute;ptera</i></h4>
+    <h4>THEL&Yacute;PTERIS HEXAGON&Oacute;PTERA</h4>
+    <p>Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad, spreading more
+    or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent and often glandular
+    beneath; pinn&aelig; fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair usually much larger than those
+    above, having the segments elongated and cut into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and
+    forming a many-angled wing along the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the
+    margin.</p>
+    <p>The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech fern, and
+    extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota and southward to
+    Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody." According to Dodge it is most
+    common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said
+    to have a pleasant, ferny odor when bruised. August.</p>
+    <h4>(4) LONG BEECH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Phegopteris polypodi&ograve;ides</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS PHEG&Oacute;PTERIS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice pinnatifid.
+    Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and standing forward; cut into
+    oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the margin.</p>
+    <p>Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+    usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister fern rather
+    closely.</p>
+    <p>It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and southward to
+    the mountains of Virginia. July.</p>
+    <p><a
+     id="longi"
+     name="longi"><img
+     src="images/fern123.jpg"
+     alt="Long Beech Fern" /></a></p>
+    <p>[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. <i>Phegopteris polypodioides</i>]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern124.jpg"
+     alt="Long Beech Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="fragrant"
+     name="fragrant">THE FRAGRANT FERN</a></h3>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium fr&agrave;grans. Nephr&ograve;dium fr&agrave;grans</i></h4>
+    <h4>THEL&Yacute;PTERIS FR&Agrave;GRANS. <i>Dry&oacute;pteris fr&agrave;grans</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate and
+    twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinn&aelig; oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply pinnatifid.
+    Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the large, thin, imbricated
+    indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus, having the margins ragged and
+    sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and chaffy.</p>
+    <p>The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+    England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from north of the
+    White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and in the Green Mountains
+    south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and
+    Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a singularly sweet and lasting fragrance,
+    compared by some to strawberries, by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves.
+    We have seen herbarium specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after
+    several years. When growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness
+    and its beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.</p>
+    <a
+     id="fragranti"
+     name="fragranti"><img
+     src="images/fern126.jpg"
+     alt="Fragrant Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. <i>Aspidium fragrans</i> (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS</h3>
+<pre>
+ASPIDIUM
+Fronds pinnate, the pinn&aelig; pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinn&aelig; reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinn&aelig; but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinn&aelig; short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinn&aelig; longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+</pre>
+    <a
+     id="marginali"
+     name="marginali"><img
+     src="images/fern128.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium marginale</i>]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="wood"
+     name="wood">THE WOOD FERNS</a></h3>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+     <p>The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the woods or
+    at least shady places. Although the genus <i>Pol&yacute;stichum</i> represents the true
+    shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their indusia have nearly
+    the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic name for them all was
+    <i>Asp&iacute;dium</i> (meaning shield), first published in 1800. For a long time its chief
+    rival was <i>Nephr&ograve;dium</i> (kidney-like), 1803. Many modern botanists have preferred
+    the earlier name <i>Dry&oacute;pteris</i> (1763), meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to
+    its forest-loving habits. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the
+    others.</p>
+    <br />
+     <a
+     id="crowni"
+     name="crowni"><img
+     src="images/fern129.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's "Ferns,"
+    Doubleday, Page &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspimargi"
+     name="aspimargi"><img
+     src="images/fern130.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]</p>
+		<br />
+    <br />
+    <h4>(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium margin&agrave;le</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS MARGIN&Agrave;LIS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris margin&agrave;lis. Nephr&ograve;dium margin&agrave;le</i></h4>
+		<br />
+    <p>Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat leathery,
+    smooth, twice pinnate. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just above the base.
+    Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots large, round,
+    close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich woods, rather common throughout our
+    area. The heavy rootstock rises slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown
+    with shaggy, brown scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over
+    bare rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a graceful
+    circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are short and densely
+    chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well. The fronds burdened with snow
+    lop over among the withered leaves and continue green until the new ones shoot up in
+    the spring. It is the most valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE MALE FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium F&igrave;lix-mas</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS F&Igrave;LIX-MAS</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dry&oacute;pteris F&igrave;lix-mas. Nephr&ograve;dium F&igrave;lix-mas</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from a
+    shaggy rootstock. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules oblong,
+    obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal incisely lobed,
+    distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the mid vein than the margin,
+    mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.</p>
+    <p>The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds are
+    thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use in medicine is
+    of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known <i>f&igrave;lix-mas</i> of the
+    pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties, but is mainly prescribed as a
+    vermifuge, which is one of the names given to it. In Europe it is regarded as the
+    typical fern, being oftener mentioned and figured than any other. In rocky woods,
+    Canada, Northfield, Vt., and northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the
+    world.</p>
+    <a
+     id="malei"
+     name="malei"><img
+     src="images/fern132.jpg"
+     alt="The Male Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Male Fern. <i>Aspidium Filix-mas</i> (Vermont)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspifilixi"
+     name="aspifilixi"><img
+     src="images/fern133.jpg"
+     alt="The Male Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: FIG. 33G. <i>Aspidium filix mas</i> 1, Illustration exhibiting
+    general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of rhizome showing the
+    conducting bundles; a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing sori; a indusium b, sporangia;
+    4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c,
+    sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a, stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO
+    OFFICINAL) From a German print, giving details]</p>
+    <h4>(3) GOLDIE'S FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium Goldi&agrave;num</i>. THELYPTERIS GOLDI&Agrave;NA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris Goldi&agrave;na. Nephrodium Goldi&agrave;num</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly ovate,
+    especially the sterile ones. Pinn&aelig; deeply pinnatifid, broadest in the middle. The
+    divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear, slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very
+    near the midvein. Indusium large, orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark
+    brown to nearly black with a peculiar silky lustre.</p>
+    <p>A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It delights in
+    rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from Canada to Kentucky. While
+    not common, there are numerous colonies in New England. It is reported from
+    Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass., and frequently west of the Connecticut
+    River. We have often admired a large and beautiful colony of it on the west side of
+    Willoughby Mountain in Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to
+    a fern garden.</p>
+    <a
+     id="goldi"
+     name="goldi"><img
+     src="images/fern135.jpg"
+     alt="Goldie's Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium Goldianum</i> (Vermont, 1874.
+    C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="goldmassi"
+     name="goldmassi"><img
+     src="images/fern136.jpg"
+     alt="Goldie's Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &amp;
+    Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(4) THE CRESTED FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium crist&agrave;tum</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS CRIST&Agrave;TA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris crist&agrave;ta. Nephrodium crist&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute. Pinn&aelig;
+    two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong, or the lowest
+    triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or cut-toothed, those nearest
+    the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large, round, half way between the midvein
+    and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked, with a shallow sinus.</p>
+    <p>The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous only in
+    winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found only in
+    summer.</p>
+    <p>It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with their
+    dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile pinn&aelig; have a way
+    of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond for more light. In moist
+    land, Canada to Kentucky.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>Clintoni&agrave;num</i>. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in every
+    way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the midvein, the sides
+    of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to New York and westward. "Rare
+    in New England attaining its best development in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt.
+    Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine for cultivation.</p>
+    <a
+     id="cresti"
+     name="cresti"><img
+     src="images/fern138.jpg"
+     alt="Crested Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i> (Reading, Mass.,
+    Kingman)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="crest2i"
+     name="crest2i"><img
+     src="images/fern139.jpg"
+     alt="Crested Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="clintoni"
+     name="clintoni"><img
+     src="images/fern140.jpg"
+     alt="Clinton's Wood Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. <i>Aspidium cristatum</i>, var.
+    <i>Clintonianum</i> (Gray Herbarium)]</p>
+    <h4>CRESTED MARGINAL FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Asp&iacute;dium crist&agrave;tum X margin&agrave;le</i></h4>
+    <p>Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the marginal
+    shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is like <i>marginale</i>
+    and the lower like <i>crist&agrave;tum</i>, including the veining and texture.</p>
+    <p>This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+    described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in his fern
+    garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends are indebted for
+    specimens.</p>
+    <p>Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed hybrids
+    have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern and its variety
+    <i>interm&egrave;dium</i>, and with Goldie's fern; also between the crested fern, including
+    Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned; and, in fact, between almost all
+    pairs of species of the wood ferns, although we do not think they have been
+    positively verified. Still other species of ferns are known to hybridize more or
+    less, as we saw in the case of Scott's spleenwort.</p>
+    <a
+     id="crestmargi"
+     name="crestmargi"><img
+     src="images/fern142.jpg"
+     alt="Crested Marginal Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. <i>Aspidium Cristatum X
+    marginale</i> (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="aspicristi"
+     name="aspicristi"><img
+     src="images/fern143.jpg"
+     alt="Aspidium cristatum X marginale" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium cristatum X marginale</i> One of the very best for
+    cultivation]</p>
+    <h4>(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium Boottii</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS BOOTTII</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper pinn&aelig;
+    lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows each side of the
+    midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the lower pinules. Indusium large,
+    minutely glandular, variable.</p>
+    <p>This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose ferns,
+    but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile fronds wither in
+    autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout the winter. It differs from
+    it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and from the typical spinulose fern by its
+    glandular indusium; but from the intermediate variety it is more difficult to
+    separate it, as that also has indusiate glands. The collector needs to study
+    authentic specimens and have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as
+    an aid to the verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+    puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.</p>
+    <a
+     id="bootti"
+     name="bootti"><img
+     src="images/fern144.jpg"
+     alt="Aspidium Boottii" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium Boottii</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Aspidium spinul&ograve;sum</i>. THEL&Yacute;PTERIS SPINUL&Ograve;SA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dryopteris spinul&ograve;sa. Nephrodium spinul&ograve;sum</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and one-half feet
+    long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinn&aelig; oblique to the rachis, the lower ones
+    broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated. Pinnules on the inferior side of the
+    pinn&aelig; often elongated, especially the lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis
+    being usually the longest, at least in the lowest pinn&aelig;. Pinnules variously cut into
+    spinulose-toothed segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.</p>
+    <p>The common European type, but in this country far less common than its varieties.
+    They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their graceful outline and
+    spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be transplanted without great
+    difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon them for its most effective
+    lacework.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>interm&egrave;dium</i> has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+    Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinn&aelig; spreading, oblong-lanceolate. Pinnules
+    pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex. Margin of the
+    indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands. In woods nearly
+    everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of this variety are gathered in
+    our northern woods, placed in cold storage and sent to florists to be used in
+    decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not disturbed the crop is renewed from year
+    to year, and no great harm seems to result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.</p>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: <i>Horticulture</i> reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+    have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly $100,000
+    were paid out in wages.]</h5>
+    <a
+     id="spini"
+     name="spini"><img
+     src="images/fern146.jpg"
+     alt="Spinulose Shield Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i> (Maine, 1877,
+    Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]</p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="aspispini"
+         name="aspispini"><img
+         src="images/fern147a.jpg"
+         alt="Aspidium spinulosum" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i>, var. <i>intermedium</i>]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: <i>Aspidium spinulosum</i>, var. AMERICANUM]</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="aspiameri"
+         name="aspiameri"><img
+         src="images/fern147b.jpg"
+         alt="Aspidium spinulosum" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <p>A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry Purdie,
+    has been named var. CONCORDI&Agrave;NUM. It has small, elliptical, denticulate pinnules and
+    a glandular-pubescent indusium.</p>
+    <p>Var. AMERIC&Agrave;NUM (=<i>dilat&agrave;tum</i>, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+    triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical plant, the
+    lower pinn&aelig; being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate. Inferior pinnules on
+    the lower pair of pinn&aelig; conspicuously elongated. A variety preferring upland woods;
+    northern New England, Greenland to the mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania,
+    Michigan and northward.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="bladder"
+     name="bladder">THE BLADDER FERNS. <i>Cyst&oacute;pteris</i></a></h3>
+<pre>
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+</pre>
+    <p>The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone soil.
+    (The Greek name <i>cyst&oacute;pteris</i> means bladder fern, so called in allusion to the
+    hood-shaped indusium.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cyst&oacute;pteris bulb&iacute;fera. F&igrave;lix bulb&iacute;fera</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinn&aelig;
+    lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and pinn&aelig;
+    often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed. Indusium short,
+    truncate on the free side. Stipe short.</p>
+    <a
+     id="bulbleti"
+     name="bulbleti"><img
+     src="images/fern149.jpg"
+     alt="Bulblet Bladder Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i> (Willoughby,
+    Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="cystoi"
+     name="cystoi"><img
+     src="images/fern150.jpg"
+     alt="Bulblet Bladder Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris bulbifera</i>]</p>
+    <p>One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of beauty,
+    whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very easily cultivated and
+    one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes by the yard," says Woolson,
+    "with the most graceful and filmy of our common ferns, the bladder fern." This fern
+    and the maidenhair were introduced into Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first
+    from America.</p>
+    <p>It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone districts. While
+    producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species mainly by bulblets, which,
+    falling into a moist soil, at once send out a pair of growing roots, while a tiny
+    frond starts to uncoil from the heart of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby
+    Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River,
+    Newfoundland to Manitoba, Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and
+    Arkansas.</p>
+    <h4>(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Cystopteris fr&aacute;gilis. Filix fr&aacute;gilis</i></h4>
+    <p>Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve inches long,
+    twice pinnate, the pinn&aelig; often pinnatifid or cut-toothed, ovate-lanceolate, decurrent
+    on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute at the free end. Very variable in the
+    cutting of the pinnules.</p>
+    <p>The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+    <i>fr&aacute;gilis</i> suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the first to
+    disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and withered away.
+    Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August, as if Nature were
+    renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern suggests the blunt-lobed
+    Woodsia, but in the latter the pinn&aelig; and pinnules are usually broader and blunter,
+    and its indusium splits into jagged lobes. Rather common in damp, shady places where
+    rocks abound. In one form or another, found nearly throughout the world though only
+    on mountains in the tropics.</p>
+    <a
+     id="fragili"
+     name="fragili"><img
+     src="images/fern152.jpg"
+     alt="Fragile Bladder Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern153.jpg"
+     alt="Fragile Bladder Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. <i>Cystopteris fragilis</i> (Wakefield,
+    Mass.)]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>KEY TO THE WOODSIAS</h3>
+<pre>
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinn&aelig; hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinn&aelig; glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinn&aelig; oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinn&aelig; deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinn&aelig;
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="woodsias"
+     name="woodsias">THE WOODSIAS</a></h3>
+    <p>Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of simply
+    forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often evanescent,
+    either small and open, or early bursting at the top into irregular pieces or lobes.
+    (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. <i>Wo&oacute;dsia ilv&eacute;nsis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above, thickly
+    clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the pinn&aelig; crowded,
+    sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the margin often confluent at
+    maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center into slender hairs which are curled
+    over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an inch or so above the rootstock.</p>
+    <a
+     id="rusti"
+     name="rusti"><img
+     src="images/fern155.jpg"
+     alt="Rusty Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i>]</p>
+    <p>The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on high cliffs
+    exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with silver-white, hair-like
+    scales, especially underneath. These scales turn brown in age, whence the name,
+    rusty. As the short stipes separate at the joints from the rootstock, they leave at
+    the base a thick stubble, which serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador
+    to North Carolina and westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very
+    abundant on the trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense
+    tufts.</p>
+    <h4>(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Woodsia alp&igrave;na. Woodsia hyperb&ograve;rea</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat hairy
+    beneath, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes few and nearly
+    entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i>.</p>
+    <a
+     id="northwoodi"
+     name="northwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern157.jpg"
+     alt="Northern Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. <i>Woodsia alpina</i>]</p>
+    <p>Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of <i>Woodsia ilvensis</i>. It was
+    discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+    Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the Adirondacks, who
+    supposed it to be <i>Woodsia</i> <i>glab&eacute;lla</i>. In 1897 it was rediscovered at
+    Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine, and British America.
+    Rare.</p>
+    <a
+     id="alpwoodi"
+     name="alpwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern158.jpg"
+     alt="Northern Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, <i>Woodsia alpina</i> (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+    Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. <i>Woodsia obt&ugrave;sa</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice pinnate,
+    often minutely glandular. Pinn&aelig; rather remote, triangular-ovate or oblong, pinnately
+    parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments. Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the
+    margin of the lobes. Indusium conspicuous, at length splitting into several
+    spreading, jagged lobes.</p>
+    <a
+     id="bluntwoodi"
+     name="bluntwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern159.jpg"
+     alt="Blunt-lobed Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. <i>Woodsia obtusa</i>]</p>
+    <p>This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than the
+    others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward. On rocky banks
+    and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty on account of the
+    star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var. <i>ang&uacute;sta</i> is a form with
+    very narrow fronds and pinn&aelig;. Highlands, New York. The type grows in Middlesex
+    County, Mass., but is rare.</p>
+    <h4>(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. <i>Woodsia glab&eacute;lla</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; remote at
+    the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes. Stipes jointed,
+    straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.</p>
+    <a
+     id="smoothwoodi"
+     name="smoothwoodi"><img
+     src="images/fern160.jpg"
+     alt="Smooth Woodsia" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. <i>Woodsia glabella</i> (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+    G.H.T.)]</p>
+    <p>On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount Mansfield,
+    Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also Newfoundland, New York,
+    and far to the northwest. Not very common. It differs from the alpine species by the
+    absence of scales above the joint. As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except
+    for the chaffy scales at or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many
+    other ferns, and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in
+    extremes of heat and cold.</p>
+    <h4>(5) OREGON WOODSIA. <i>Wo&oacute;dsia oreg&agrave;na</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath, narrowly
+    lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid. Segments
+    ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin nearly always reflexed.
+    Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus, divided into a few beaded hairs.</p>
+    <p>Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe, but is
+    much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs, Gasp&eacute; Peninsula,
+    southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the northwest. Its eastern limit
+    is northern Michigan.</p>
+    <h4>(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. <i>Wo&oacute;dsia scopul&igrave;na</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinn&aelig;
+    triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole frond
+    hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium hidden beneath the
+    sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like divisions.</p>
+    <p>In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gasp&eacute; Peninsula, Rocky
+    Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.</p>
+    <h4>(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. <i>Woodsia Cathcarti&agrave;na</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+    glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong, denticulate,
+    separated by wide sinuses.</p>
+    <p>Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.</p>
+    <h4>DENNSTA&Eacute;DTIA. <i>Dicks&ograve;nia</i></h4>
+    <p>Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+    Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous, cup-shaped
+    indusium which is open at the top.</p>
+    <p>(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="boulder"
+     name="boulder">HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4>DENNSTA&Eacute;DTIA PUNCTIL&Oacute;BULA[A]</h4>
+    <h4><i>Dicks&ograve;nia punctil&oacute;bula. Dicks&ograve;nia pilosi&uacute;scula</i></h4>
+    <h5>[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small capitals
+    represent the newer nomenclature.]</h5>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy, ovate-lanceolate,
+    pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary pinn&aelig; in outline like the frond;
+    the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots
+    minute, each on a recurved toothlet, usually one at the upper margin of each lobe.
+    Indusium fixed under the sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore
+    cases.</p>
+    <a
+     id="hayscentedi"
+     name="hayscentedi"><img
+     src="images/fern163.jpg"
+     alt="Hayscented Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i> (Sudbury, Mass.
+    G.E.D.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="forkedi"
+     name="forkedi"><img
+     src="images/fern164.jpg"
+     alt="Hayscented Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]</p>
+    <a
+     id="dennfieldi"
+     name="dennfieldi"><img
+     src="images/fern165.jpg"
+     alt="Hayscented Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. <i>Dennst&aelig;dtia punctilobula</i>]</p>
+    <p>While <i>Dennsta&eacute;dtia</i> is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+    name <i>Dicks&ograve;nia</i> has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern or
+    boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its long-tapering
+    outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to cluster around rocks and
+    boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the margin of rocky woods. It is
+    sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for the fernery and one of the most
+    decorative of the entire fern family. The effect of the shimmering fronds, so
+    delicately wrought, flanked by evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain
+    fern, pasture fern, and hairy <i>Dicks&ograve;nia</i> are other names. Canada to Tennessee
+    and westward.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>cristata</i> has the fronds more or less forked at the top.</p>
+    <a
+     id="dennpini"
+     name="dennpini"><img
+     src="images/fern166.jpg"
+     alt="Pinnule and Sori" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]</p>
+    <a
+     id="sensemeadi"
+     name="sensemeadi"><img
+     src="images/fern167.jpg"
+     alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="sensitive"
+     name="sensitive">THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Onocl&egrave;a</i>. PTER&Eacute;TIS. <i>Matt&egrave;uccia</i>. <i>Struthi&oacute;pteris</i></h4>
+    <p>(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)</p>
+    <p>It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included in the
+    same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The sensitive fern has
+    a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins; while the ostrich fern has
+    an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and free veins.</p>
+    <a
+     id="obtusformi"
+     name="obtusformi"><img
+     src="images/fern168.jpg"
+     alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit. <i>Obtusilobata</i>
+    Form]</p>
+    <h4>(1) SENSITIVE FERN. <i>Onocl&egrave;a sens&iacute;bilis</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock, broadly
+    triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or nearly entire. Veins
+    reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds shorter, closely bipinnate with the
+    pinnules rolled up into berry-like structures which contain the spore cases. (The
+    name in Greek means a closed vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.)
+    The sensitive fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile
+    and fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground until
+    about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or berries, but soon
+    turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not discharge their spores until
+    the following spring. The little berry-like structures of the fertile frond represent
+    pinnules, bearing fruit-dots, around which they are closely rolled. As Waters
+    remarks, "Most ferns hold the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps
+    them tightly in the clenched fist."</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>obtusilobat&agrave;</i> is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+    partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.</p>
+    <a
+     id="sensisori"
+     name="sensisori"><img
+     src="images/fern169.jpg"
+     alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]</p>
+    <table summary="">
+      <tr>
+        <td><a
+         id="sensionoi"
+         name="sensionoi"><img
+         src="images/fern170a.jpg"
+         alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a></td>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one Stock
+          <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i> (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+          Breckenridge)]</p>
+        </td>
+      </tr>
+      <tr>
+        <td>
+          <p>[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. <i>Onoclea sensibilis</i>]</p>
+        </td>
+        <td><a
+         id="sensiferti"
+         name="sensiferti"><img
+         src="images/fern170b.jpg"
+         alt="Sensitive Fern" /></a></td>
+      </tr>
+    </table>
+    <a
+     id="ostriferti"
+     name="ostriferti"><img
+     src="images/fern171.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. <i>Onoclea Struthiopteris</i>. Fertile Fronds]</p>
+    <h4>(2) OSTRICH FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Onoclea struthi&oacute;pteris</i>. PTERETIS NODULOSA</h4>
+    <h4><i>Struthi&oacute;pteris Germ&aacute;nica</i>. <i>Matte&ugrave;ccia struthi&oacute;pteris</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate, pinnate,
+    the numerous pinn&aelig; deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the channeled stipe. Fertile
+    fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinn&aelig; revolute into a necklace form
+    containing the sori.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ostriferti2"
+     name="ostriferti2"><img
+     src="images/fern172.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]</p>
+    <p>The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the next
+    year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in July. Seen from a
+    distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the cinnamon fern. An
+    intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds is sometimes found, as in
+    the sensitive fern. This handsome species thrives under cultivation. For grace and
+    dignity it is unrivaled, and for aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the
+    lady fern. For the climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The
+    ostrich fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ostrisori"
+     name="ostrisori"><img
+     src="images/fern173.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+    <h3>II</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="flowering"
+     name="flowering">THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY</a></h3>
+    <h3><i>OSMUND&Agrave;CEAE</i></h3>
+    <p>This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which belong
+    to the single genus.</p>
+    <h4>OSM&Uacute;NDA</h4>
+    <p>The <i>osmundas</i> are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+    thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much contracted and
+    quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular, short-stalked, borne on the
+    margin of the divisions and opening into two valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring
+    obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the god Thor.)</p>
+    <h4>(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Osm&uacute;nda reg&agrave;lis. Osmunda reg&agrave;lis</i>, var. SPECT&Agrave;BILIS</h4>
+    <p>Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna having
+    numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along the midrib.
+    Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown when mature and
+    sometimes leafy.</p>
+    <p>A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great Linn&aelig;us,
+    <i>regalis</i>, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The wine-colored stipes
+    of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring, lifting gracefully their pink
+    pinn&aelig; and pretty panicles of bright green spore cases, throw an indescribable charm
+    over the meadows and clothe even the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the
+    attraction less when the showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are
+    turned to brown. The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a
+    foot above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth hints at
+    somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+</pre>
+    <a
+     id="royali"
+     name="royali"><img
+     src="images/fern175.jpg"
+     alt="Royal or Flowering Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern <i>Osmunda regalis</i>]</p>
+    <p>The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil, sufficient
+    shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places. Newfoundland to Virginia
+    and northwestward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="royalsori"
+     name="royalsori"><img
+     src="images/fern176.jpg"
+     alt="Osmunda regalis" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sori of <i>Osmunda regalis</i> (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+    &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN</h4>
+    <h4>Osmunda Claytoni&agrave;na</h4>
+    <p>Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinn&aelig; cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+    Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of intermediate
+    pinn&aelig; contracted and bearing sporangia.</p>
+    <a
+     id="interruptclayi"
+     name="interruptclayi"><img
+     src="images/fern177.jpg"
+     alt="Interrupted Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. <i>Osmunda Claytoni&agrave;na</i>]</p>
+    <p>The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the last of
+    May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the cinnamon fern by not
+    having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the base of each pinna. Besides, in
+    Clayton's fern the fronds are broader, blunter and thinner in texture, and the
+    segments more rounded; the fronds are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn
+    yellow in the fall, at times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten
+    by the early frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common
+    in damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North Carolina
+    and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated and its graceful
+    outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the fern garden. Var. <i>dubia</i>
+    has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely separated, and the upper-middle ones
+    much elongated. Southern Vermont.</p>
+    <a
+     id="interruptferti"
+     name="interruptferti"><img
+     src="images/fern178.jpg"
+     alt="Interrupted Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]</p>
+    <h4>(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES</h4>
+    <p><i>Osmunda cinnamomea</i></p>
+    <p>Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinn&aelig; lanceolate, pinnatifid with oblong,
+    obtuse divisions. Fertile pinn&aelig; on separate fronds, which are contracted and covered
+    with brown sporangia.</p>
+    <a
+     id="cinnamonleavi"
+     name="cinnamonleavi"><img
+     src="images/fern179.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]</p>
+    <a
+     id="cinnamonleafi"
+     name="cinnamonleafi"><img
+     src="images/fern180.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]</p>
+    <a
+     id="cinnamonvari"
+     name="cinnamonvari"><img
+     src="images/fern181.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. <i>frondosa</i>]</p>
+    <p>Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is soon
+    surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of a charming circle
+    of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short time, however, it withers and
+    hangs down or falls to the ground. The large, conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns
+    give picturesqueness to many a moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its
+    crosier stage it is wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but
+    leaves, at the base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern182.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. <i>incisa</i> (Maine)]</p>
+    <p>Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and eat
+    with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at the base of the
+    unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund." The fern, itself, with its
+    tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful ornament for the shady lawn, and like the
+    interrupted fern is easy to cultivate. The spores of all the <i>osmundas</i> are
+    green, and need to germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and
+    swampy grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some think
+    it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old rhyme,</p>
+    <p>"Break the first brake you see, Kill the first snake you see, And you will conquer
+    every enemy."</p>
+    <a
+     id="osmundaglani"
+     name="osmundaglani"><img
+     src="images/fern183.jpg"
+     alt="Osmunda cinnamomea" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. <i>glandulosa</i> (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+    Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>frond&ograve;sa</i> has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+    towards the summit.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>inc&igrave;sa</i> has the inner pinnules of some of the pinn&aelig; more or less
+    cut-toothed.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>glandul&ograve;sa</i> has glandular hairs on the pinn&aelig;, rachis and even the
+    stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from Rhode
+    Island to Maryland.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>III</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="curly"
+     name="curly">CURLY GRASS FAMILY</a></h3>
+    <h3>SCHIZ&AElig;&Agrave;CE&AElig;</h3>
+    <h4>CURLY GRASS. <i>Schiz&agrave;ea pus&iacute;lla</i></h4>
+    <p>Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to two inches
+    high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds longer, three to five
+    inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of minute, fruited pinn&aelig;. Sporangia
+    large, ovoid, sessile in a double row along the single vein of the narrow divisions
+    of the fertile leaves, and provided with a complete apical ring. (<i>Schiz&aelig;a</i>,
+    from a Greek root meaning to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign
+    species.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="curlygrassi"
+     name="curlygrassi"><img
+     src="images/fern184.jpg"
+     alt="Curly Grass" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Curly Grass. <i>Schiz&aelig;a pusilla</i>]</p>
+    <p>The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when growing
+    amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club mosses, etc. The
+    sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey, Grand Lake, Nova Scotia,
+    and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the curly grass have recently been
+    discovered in the southwest counties of Nova Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition,
+    mostly in bogs and hollows of sandy peat or sphagnum.</p>
+    <a
+     id="curlyspori"
+     name="curlyspori"><img
+     src="images/fern185.gif"
+     alt="Curly Grass" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]</p>
+    <h4>CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Lyg&ograve;dium palm&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+<pre>
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+</pre>
+    <p>Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower pinn&aelig;
+    (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs with simple
+    veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked, forming a terminal
+    panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing the sporangia, which are similar
+    to those of curly grass, and fixed to a veinlet by the inner side next the base, one
+    or rarely two covered by each indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig
+    [pliant], alluding to the flexible stipes.)</p>
+    <a
+     id="climbpalmi"
+     name="climbpalmi"><img
+     src="images/fern186.jpg"
+     alt="Climbing Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Climbing Fern. <i>Lygodium palmatum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There was a
+    considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North Hadley, Mass., not far
+    from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872. Many used to decorate their
+    homes with its handsome sprays, draping it gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It
+    was known locally as the Hartford fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its
+    colonies and it became scarce, at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law
+    was enacted in 1867 for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A.
+    Weatherby states in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of
+    tillage (mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+    cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive agriculture
+    is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern locality. It is still
+    found here and there in New England, New York and New Jersey; also in Kentucky,
+    Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common. The fertile portion dies when the
+    spores mature, but the sterile frondlets remain green through the winter. A handsome
+    species for the fernery in the house or out of doors.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>IV</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="adder"
+     name="adder">ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY</a><br />
+     <i>OPHIOGLOSS&Agrave;CE&AElig;</i></h3>
+    <p>Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+    <i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum</i> the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated and
+    the sporangia in a simple spike. In <i>Botr&yacute;chium</i> the sterile segment is more or
+    less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound or rarely simple
+    spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit. Spores copious,
+    sulphur-yellow.</p>
+    <p>ADDER'S TONGUE. <i>Ophiogl&oacute;ssum vulg&agrave;tum</i></p>
+    <p>Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing one smooth,
+    entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the sporangia, coherent in
+    two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek meaning the tongue of a snake,
+    in allusion to the narrow spike of the sporangia.)</p>
+    <p>In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare." New
+    England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows in company with
+    the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's speare ointment" had the
+    adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and is said to be still used for wounds
+    in English villages.</p>
+<pre>
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+</pre>
+    <a
+     id="addertoni"
+     name="addertoni"><img
+     src="images/fern189.jpg"
+     alt="Adder's Tongue" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. <i>Ophioglossum vulgatum</i>]</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>minus</i>, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+    yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy ground,
+    New Hampshire to New Jersey.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>Engelm&aacute;nni</i>. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+    thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming a fine
+    network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and westward.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>aren&agrave;rium</i>. (From the Latin, <i>ar&egrave;na</i>, meaning sand, being found in
+    a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of <i>Ophi&oacute;glossum vulg&agrave;tum</i> and about
+    half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor soil at Holly
+    Beach, New Jersey.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="grapekey"
+     name="grapekey">KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS</a></h3>
+<pre>
+(<i>Botr&yacute;chium</i>)
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="grape"
+     name="grape">GRAPE FERNS</a></h3>
+    <h4><i>Botr&yacute;chium</i></h4>
+    <p>Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the sheathed
+    stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond one to three
+    pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of sessile, naked, globular
+    sporangia, opening transversely into two valves. Sterile segment of the frond
+    ternately or pinnately divided or compound. Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur
+    yellow. (The name in Greek means a cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like
+    clusters of the sporangia.)</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="moonwort"
+     name="moonwort">(1) MOONWORT. <i>Botr&yacute;chium Lun&agrave;ria</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne near the
+    middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight pairs of lunate or
+    fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins repeatedly forking; fertile segment
+    panicled, two to three pinnate.</p>
+    <a
+     id="mooni"
+     name="mooni"><img
+     src="images/fern191.gif"
+     alt="Moonwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Moonwort <i>Botrychium Lunaria</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="moondeti"
+     name="moondeti"><img
+     src="images/fern192.jpg"
+     alt="Moonwort" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Moonwort. <i>Botrychium Lunaria</i>. Details]</p>
+    <p>The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was reputed to
+    open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that trod upon it. "Unshoe
+    the horse" was one of the names given to it by the country people.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+</pre>
+    <p>In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United States.
+    Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and St. Johnsbury,
+    Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.</p>
+    <p>In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.</p>
+<pre>
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+</pre>
+    <h4><a
+     id="littlegrape"
+     name="littlegrape">(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. <i>Botrychium s&iacute;mplex</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment short-petioled,
+    usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately three to seven lobed. Veins
+    all forking from the base. Fertile segments simple or one to two pinnate, apex of
+    both segments erect in the bud.</p>
+    <p>In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and Plainfield,
+    Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle it is "abundantly
+    scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil, especially knolls of hill
+    pastures." May or June.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="lancegrape"
+     name="lancegrape">(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botrychium lanceol&agrave;tum</i></h4>
+    <h4>BOTR&Yacute;CHIUM ANGUSTISEGM&Eacute;NTUM</h4>
+    <p>Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the top of the
+    common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the acute lobes
+    lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling a very small specimen of
+    the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly overtopping the sterile, two to three
+    pinnate and spreading.</p>
+    <p>One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+    Superior. July.</p>
+    <a
+     id="lgrapei"
+     name="lgrapei"><img
+     src="images/fern194a.gif"
+     alt="Little Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Little Grape Fern <i>Botrychium simplex</i>]</p>
+    <a
+     id="lancegrapei"
+     name="lancegrapei"><img
+     src="images/fern194b.gif"
+     alt="Lance-leaved Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern <i>Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+    angustisegmentum</i>]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="matricary"
+     name="matricary">(4) MATRICARY FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botrychium ram&ograve;sum. Botrychium matricari&aelig;f&ograve;lium</i></h4>
+    <p>Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle, usually
+    much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both segments turned
+    down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the fertile one.</p>
+    <a
+     id="matricaryi"
+     name="matricaryi"><img
+     src="images/fern195.jpg"
+     alt="The Matricary Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: The Matricary Fern <i>Botrychium ramosum</i>]</p>
+    <p>The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about a month
+    earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a taller and fleshier
+    plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved species the midveins of the
+    larger lobes are continuous, running to the tip; whereas in the matricary fern the
+    midveins fork repeatedly and are soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two
+    are apt to grow near each other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor.
+    June.</p>
+    <p>NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain <i>Botrychia</i> in a sphagnum swamp
+    in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of <i>Botrychium tenebr&ograve;sum</i>.
+    The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three inches high, with the
+    sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many botanists prefer to place this fern
+    as a variety of the matricary, but others regard it as a form of <i>Botrychium
+    s&iacute;mplex</i>. Borders of maple swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New
+    York.</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="commongrape"
+     name="commongrape">(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN</a></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botrychium obl&igrave;quum</i>. <i>Botrychium tern&agrave;tum</i>, var. <i>obl&igrave;quum</i></h4>
+    <h4>BOTRYCHIUM DISS&Eacute;CTUM, var. OBL&Igrave;QUUM</h4>
+    <p>Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds two to
+    twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular, ternate,
+    long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and spreading horizontally.
+    From the main leafstock grow several pairs of stalked pinn&aelig;, with the divisions
+    ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate, obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile
+    segment taller, erect, about three times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn.
+    Occasionally two or three fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the
+    apex of each segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.</p>
+    <a
+     id="comgrapei"
+     name="comgrapei"><img
+     src="images/fern197.jpg"
+     alt="Common Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. <i>Botrychium obliquum</i>]</p>
+    <p>New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.</p>
+    <p><i>Botrychium obliquum</i>, var. <i>dissectum</i>. Similar to the type, but with
+    the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most beautiful of
+    all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the cutting of the fronds.
+    Maine to Florida and westward.</p>
+    <p><i>Botrychium obl&igrave;quum</i>, var. <i>oneid&eacute;nse</i>. Ultimate segments oblong,
+    rounded at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+    perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.</p>
+    <p><i>Botrychium obl&igrave;quum</i>, var. <i>elong&agrave;tum</i>. Divisions lanceolate,
+    elongated, acute.</p>
+    <a
+     id="botryobliqi"
+     name="botryobliqi"><img
+     src="images/fern198.jpg"
+     alt="Botrychium obliquum" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Botrychium obliquum</i> var. <i>oneidense</i>]</p>
+    <p>Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz B.
+    lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern Botrychium."</p>
+    <a
+     id="botryi"
+     name="botryi"><img
+     src="images/fern199.png"
+     alt="Botrychium obliquum" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: <i>Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum</i>]</p>
+    <h4>(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Botr&yacute;chium tern&agrave;tum</i>, var. <i>interm&egrave;dium</i></h4>
+    <h4><i>Botr&yacute;chium obl&igrave;quum</i>, var. <i>interm&egrave;dium</i></h4>
+    <p>Leaf more divided than in <i>obl&igrave;quum</i> and the numerous segments not so long
+    and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var. <i>austr&agrave;le</i>),
+    crenulate, and more or less toothed.</p>
+    <p>Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New England and
+    New York. Var. <i>rutaef&ograve;lium</i>. More slender, rarely over six or seven inches
+    high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions few, broadly ovate, the
+    lowest sublunate. The first variety passes insensibly into the second.</p>
+    <a
+     id="ternatei"
+     name="ternatei"><img
+     src="images/fern200a.jpg"
+     alt="Ternate Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern <i>Botrychium ternatum</i> var.
+    <i>intermedium</i> (Reduced)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="ternatevari"
+     name="ternatevari"><img
+     src="images/fern200b.jpg"
+     alt="Ternate Grape Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern <i>Botrychium ternatum</i> var.
+    <i>intermedium</i> (Two stocks, reduced)]</p>
+    <h4><a
+     id="rattlesnake"
+     name="rattlesnake">(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. <i>Botrychium virgini&agrave;num</i></a></h4>
+    <p>Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the middle of
+    the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate. Pinnules lanceolate,
+    deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or lanceolate and scarcely or not at all
+    spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked, two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments
+    narrow arid thick, nearly opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from
+    dark yellow-brown to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of
+    a lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+    distributed.</p>
+    <a
+     id="rattlei"
+     name="rattlei"><img
+     src="images/fern202.jpg"
+     alt="Rattlesnake Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. <i>Botrychium virginianum</i> (From Waters's
+    "Ferns," Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <p>Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+    Newfoundland and Labrador.</p>
+    <p>Var. <i>gr&aacute;cilis</i>. A form much reduced in size.</p>
+    <p>Var. LAURENTI&Agrave;NUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile fronds
+    less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to overlapping. Pinnules
+    shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer segments strongly spatulate.
+    Fertile spike relatively short and stout, strongly paniculate when well developed.
+    Ultimate segments flat, folaceous, one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone
+    district near the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and
+    Michigan.</p>
+    <p>Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate, previously
+    ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately narrowly flattened.
+    (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of September, 1919.) Nova Scotia,
+    Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, northern New York, Illinois, and
+    Missouri.</p>
+    <p>Var. EUROP&Agrave;EUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+    segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the spatulate
+    form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly decurrent so that
+    the pinn&aelig; are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests of Canada, and confined to
+    calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario,
+    Montana, and British Columbia. Said to be rare even in Europe.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3>V</h3>
+    <h3><a
+     id="filmy"
+     name="filmy">THE FILMY FERN FAMILY</a><br />
+     <i>HYMENOPHYLL&Agrave;CE&AElig;</i></h3>
+    <p>The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely dissected
+    fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on a bristle-like
+    receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly tropical, only one of which
+    grows as far north as Kentucky.</p>
+    <a
+     id="filmyferni"
+     name="filmyferni"><img
+     src="images/fern204.jpg"
+     alt="Filmy Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Filmy Fern <i>Trichomanes Boschianum</i> (From Waters' "Ferns",
+    Henry Holt &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <h4>FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN</h4>
+    <h4><i>Trich&oacute;manes Boschi&agrave;num. Trich&oacute;manes r&aacute;dicans</i></h4>
+    <p>Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches long, thin,
+    very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnatifid. Rachis
+    narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the slender bristle, which is the
+    prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a vase-like, slightly two-lipped
+    involucre.</p>
+    <p>On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+    "Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.</p>
+    <a
+     id="filmyfruiti"
+     name="filmyfruiti"><img
+     src="images/fern205.jpg"
+     alt="Filmy Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns." Henry Holt
+    &amp; Co.)]</p>
+    <a
+     id="crosiersi"
+     name="crosiersi"><img
+     src="images/fern206a.jpg"
+     alt="Ostrich Fern" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern206b.jpg"
+     alt="Cinnamon Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]</p>
+    &gt;<img
+     src="images/fern206c.jpg"
+     alt="Marginal Shield Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern206d.jpg"
+     alt="Lady Fern Crosiers" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]</p>
+    <img
+     src="images/fern207.jpg"
+     alt="Crosiers of Christmas Fern" />
+    <p>[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]</p>
+    <h3><a
+     id="authors"
+     name="authors">NOTED FERN AUTHORS</a></h3>
+    <h3>BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES</h3>
+    <p>[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the following
+    pages.]</p>
+    <p>EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His grandfather
+    was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under his friend, Prof. Asa
+    Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton.
+    Daniel C. was professor of botany in Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man
+    of graceful and winsome personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his
+    writings. His masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto
+    volumes, beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.</p>
+    <p>CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869. Education
+    informal; common schools, university lectures and private study. Manifested early a
+    keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and first president of the American
+    Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more than three hundred species of ferns. Has
+    written extensively on the ferns and their allies, besides publishing several
+    standard volumes. His great distinction is in founding and editing the <i>Fern
+    Bulletin</i> through its twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with
+    <i>The American Botanist</i>, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a
+    prodigious achievement of great scientific value.</p>
+    <a
+     id="authorsi"
+     name="authorsi"><img
+     src="images/fern209.jpg"
+     alt="Noted Writers on Ferns" /></a>
+    <p>[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS, G.
+    DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E. WATERS, R.
+    DODGE]</p>
+    <p>UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853. Spent
+    early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877. After teaching
+    several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became Professor of Botany in
+    Columbia University. He contributed numerous articles to the <i>Torrey Bulletin</i>,
+    <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, and other scientific journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native
+    Ferns and Their Allies," continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November
+    16, 1907.</p>
+    <p>DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and officer of
+    the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the ferns, his numerous
+    articles were published in the <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, in the <i>Torrey Bulletin</i>,
+    <i>Rhodora</i>, and in separate monographs. He was a leading authority on the
+    pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium of the native ferns, which
+    he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. By his gentle manners and
+    kindly spirit he won many friends, all of whom were proud to recognize his
+    distinguished ability. He cultivated many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway
+    home, at Medford, Mass., and freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly
+    of heart failure, November 29, 1907.</p>
+    <p>WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872. Was
+    graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for a time a close
+    student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in 1903, containing his
+    "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by profession, he has pursued that
+    branch of science for the last eighteen years. His address is Bureau of Standards,
+    Washington, D.C.</p>
+    <p>MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was graduated at
+    Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic botany, United States
+    National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate curator of the same. Has specialized
+    in scientific work on the pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as
+    well as by the large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+    Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The <i>Fern Bulletin</i>, <i>Torrey
+    Bulletin</i>, <i>American Fern Journal</i>, <i>Fernwort Papers</i>, et al., have
+    profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the American
+    Fern Society.</p>
+    <p>PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. <i>N&eacute;e</i> Smith.
+    Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was lost at sea.
+    As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers," in 1893, and within ten
+    years more than seventy thousand copies of the book had been sold. "According to
+    Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896, she married Prof. James Russell Parsons,
+    treasurer of the University of the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to
+    Know the Ferns." She combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and
+    graceful style.</p>
+    <p>DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War veteran.
+    Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A careful observer and
+    student of nature, he discovered <i>Aspidium simulatum</i> at Follymill, Seabrook,
+    N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse 9.) He discovered also the hybrid
+    <i>Aspidium cristatum &times; Marginale</i>. He published his little book, "Ferns and Fern
+    Allies of New England," in 1896. Died October 20, 1918.</p>
+    <p>EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied at the
+    Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He took up teaching for
+    several years, spending three years in California. Returning East, he became a
+    florist and began to write for various fern journals, giving special attention to the
+    fern allies. He prepared the genera <i>Equisetum</i> and <i>Isoetes</i> for the
+    seventh edition of "Gray's Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by
+    discovering several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+    Mass., September 29, 1908.</p>
+    <p>WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came to
+    Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work skillfully in
+    wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry. His friend, George E.
+    Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some divine gift or inspiration the
+    innermost life and feelings of the wild flowers and ferns, and his marvelously
+    accurate needle transfixed them with revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns
+    of Kentucky," issued in 1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United
+    States. He died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+    for his health.</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="literature"
+     name="literature">FERN LITERATURE</a></h4>
+    <p>AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual subscription,
+    $1.25.)</p>
+    <p>BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.</p>
+    <p>BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.</p>
+    <p>BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell &amp; Co. London.
+    Quarto.</p>
+    <p>BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora, September,
+    1917.</p>
+    <p>CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan &amp;
+    Co. 1905. Ed. 2.</p>
+    <p>CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York,
+    1901.</p>
+    <p>Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.</p>
+    <p>The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.</p>
+    <p>The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.</p>
+    <p>Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.</p>
+    <p>CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington, 1908.</p>
+    <p>COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne &amp; Co. London.</p>
+    <p>DAVENPORT, GEO.E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts Horticultural
+    Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England ferns in Torrey Bulletin,
+    Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following monographs are in single booklets by
+    Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Aspidium cristatum &times; marginale, Aspidium
+    simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its
+    Varieties, Notes on Botrychium simplex.</p>
+    <p>DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume, now
+    out of print. W.N. Clute &amp; Co. 1904.</p>
+    <p>DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge &amp; Son.
+    London.</p>
+    <p>EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin &amp;
+    Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.</p>
+    <p>EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino, Salem.
+    Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.</p>
+    <p>EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for Gray's
+    Manual, 7th ed. 1908.</p>
+    <p>GILBERT, BENJ.D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.</p>
+    <p>HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page &amp; Co. Boston, 1899.</p>
+    <p>HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.</p>
+    <p>HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge &amp; Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+    London. 1869.</p>
+    <p>HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine plates
+    which include all American genera. Costs about $25.</p>
+    <p>Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen and Vol.
+    Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of more species. Cost
+    about $50.</p>
+    <p>HOOKER, SIR W.J., &amp; BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes all
+    ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures illustrating each
+    genus. Costs about $10.</p>
+    <p>LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell &amp; Daldy. London,
+    1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are represented. "The
+    descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and the synonymy is often
+    incorrect."</p>
+    <p>MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north of
+    Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.</p>
+    <p>Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.</p>
+    <p>Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium, 17:541+.</p>
+    <p>Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitace&aelig; and Isoetace&aelig;) of the northern United States,
+    Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown, Illustrated Flora, etc.,
+    ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.</p>
+    <p>MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston, 1878-9.</p>
+    <p>MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.</p>
+    <p>PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New York,
+    1899.</p>
+    <p>PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne &amp; Co.
+    London. No date.</p>
+    <p>REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America. Torrey
+    Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).</p>
+    <p>RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.</p>
+    <p>ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878. Out of
+    print.</p>
+    <p>SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan &amp; Co. London.
+    8vo.</p>
+    <p>SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt &amp; Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+    print.</p>
+    <p>SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.</p>
+    <p>SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.</p>
+    <p>STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne &amp; Co. London, 1908.</p>
+    <p>TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.</p>
+    <p>UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt &amp; Co.
+    Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.</p>
+    <p>WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt &amp; Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.</p>
+    <p>WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+    Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.</p>
+    <p>WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton &amp; Co. Louisville, Ky.
+    1878.</p>
+    <p>Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton &amp; Co. 1879. Both out of print.</p>
+    <p>WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page &amp; Co. New York,
+    1909.</p>
+    <p>WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan &amp; Co. New York,
+    1901. <a
+     id="bladdersprayi"
+     name="bladdersprayi"><img
+     src="images/fern216.gif"
+     alt="Poem" /></a><br />
+     [Illustration:</p>
+<pre>
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="timelist"
+     name="timelist">TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS</a></h4>
+<pre>
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+</pre>
+    Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+<pre>
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="glossary"
+     name="glossary">GLOSSARY</a></h3>
+<pre>
+AC&Ugrave;MINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+AC&Ugrave;LEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENT&Iacute;TIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+AN&Agrave;STOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+&Agrave;NNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHER&Iacute;DIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEG&Ograve;NIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+AR&Egrave;OLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ART&Iacute;CULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ <i>bis</i>,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHL&Ograve;ROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+C&Iacute;LIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+C&Iacute;RCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CR&Ograve;SIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+C&Ugrave;NEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+C&Uacute;SPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinn&aelig;.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICH&Oacute;TOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIM&Oacute;RPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EM&Agrave;RGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+F&Iacute;LIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INC&Igrave;SED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+IND&Ugrave;SIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+L&Agrave;MINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LAC&Iacute;NIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+M&Ugrave;CRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+O&Igrave;DES.        A Greek ending, meaning <i>like</i>, or
+              <i>like to</i>, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+&Ograve;&Ouml;SPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the o&ouml;spore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+P&Eacute;TIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINN&Agrave;TIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTH&Agrave;LLIUM.  (Or proth&aacute;llus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERID&Oacute;PHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+R&Agrave;CHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+S&Eacute;RRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+S&Iacute;NUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SP&Agrave;TULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SP&Iacute;NULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+S&Uacute;BULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+T&Eacute;RNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+</pre>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h4><a
+     id="meaningof"
+     name="meaningof">NOTE</a></h4>
+    <p>The student should have some idea of the terms <i>genus</i>, <i>species</i> and
+    <i>variety</i>, although they are not capable of exact definition.</p>
+    <p>A <i>species</i>, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+    all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such individuals bear
+    an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to their common parent in all
+    their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind or species of fern with the fronds
+    evidently of one kind, and of a common origin, and all producing individuals of their
+    own kind by their spores or rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from
+    the type in the shape of the pinn&aelig;, or the cutting of the fronds, we have
+    <i>varieties</i> as <i>frond&ograve;sum</i>, <i>inc&igrave;sum</i>, etc. Or if the difference is
+    less striking the word <i>form</i> is used instead of variety, but in any given case
+    opinions may differ in respect to the more fitting term.</p>
+    <p>A <i>genus</i> is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+    having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern, the
+    cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar spore cases borne
+    in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming the genus <i>Osmunda</i>. In
+    like manner certain members of the clover group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up
+    the genus <i>Trifolium</i>.</p>
+    <p>Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into genera,
+    and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true name, the generic
+    name being qualified by that of the species; as in the cinnamon fern <i>Osm&uacute;nda</i>
+    (genus), <i>cinnam&ograve;mea</i> (species).</p>
+    <br />
+    <br />
+
+    <h3><a
+     id="checklist"
+     name="checklist">CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA</a></h3>
+    <p>In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the text, and
+    those that follow are synonyms.</p>
+    <p>Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now adopted
+    at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.</p>
+<pre>
+ADIANTUM L.
+
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum &times; marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricari&aelig;folium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes F&eacute;ei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pell&aelig;a densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pell&aelig;a gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNST&AElig;DTIA L'HER.
+
+49. DENNST&AElig;DTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOL&AElig;NA.R. BR.
+
+51. Nothol&aelig;na dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Nothol&aelig;na nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELL&AElig;A. LINK
+
+59. Pell&aelig;a atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pell&aelig;a glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS F&Eacute;E
+
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. F&eacute;e.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) F&eacute;e.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZ&AElig;A.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schiz&aelig;a pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+</pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
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+  </body>
+</html>
+
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+Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Fern Lover's Companion
+       A Guide for the Northeastern States and Canada
+
+Author: George Henry Tilton
+
+Release Date: February 28, 2004 [EBook #11365]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE FERN LOVER'S COMPANION ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Charles Aldarondo, Keren Vergon, Leonard D Johnson and PG
+Distributed Proofreaders
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: A Fern Lover]
+
+The Fern Lover's Companion
+
+
+A Guide for the Northeastern States
+and Canada
+
+BY
+
+GEORGE HENRY TILTON, A.M.
+
+  "This world's no blot for us
+  Nor blank; it means intensely and it means good
+  To find its meaning is my meat and drink."
+
+[Illustration]
+
+
+
+
+DEDICATION
+
+
+To Alice D. Clark, engraver of these illustrations, who has spared no pains
+to promote the artistic excellence of this work, and to encourage its
+progress, these pages are dedicated with the high regards of THE AUTHOR.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+List of Illustrations
+Preface
+Introduction
+Key to Genera
+Classification of Ferns
+The Polypodies
+The Bracken Group:
+  Bracken
+  Cliff Brakes
+  Rock Brake
+The Lip Ferns (_Cheilanthes_)
+The Cloak Fern (_Notholaena_)
+The Chain Ferns
+The Spleenworts:
+  The Rock Spleenworts. _Asplenium_
+  The Large Spleenworts. _Athyrium_
+Hart's Tongue and Walking Leaf
+The Shield Ferns:
+  Christmas and Holly Fern
+  Marsh Fern Tribe
+  The Beech Ferns
+  The Fragrant Fern
+  The Wood Ferns
+  The Bladder Ferns
+The Woodsias
+The Boulder Fern (_Dennstaedtia_)
+Sensitive and Ostrich Ferns
+The Flowering Ferns (_Osmunda_)
+Curly Grass and Climbing Fern
+Adder's Tongue
+The Grape Ferns:
+  Key to the Grape Fern
+  Moonwort
+  Little Grape Fern
+  Lance-leaved Grape Fern
+  Matricary Fern
+  Common Grape Fern
+  Rattlesnake Fern
+Filmy Fern
+Noted Fern Authors
+Fern Literature
+Time List for Fruiting of Ferns
+Glossary
+Note: Meaning of Genus and Species
+Checklist
+
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
+
+
+A Fern Lover
+Prothallium Diagram
+Pinnate Frond
+Bipinnate Frond
+Pinnatifid Frond
+Spore Cases
+Linen Tester
+Curly Grass. _Schizaea_
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_
+Flowering Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_
+Grape Fern. _Botrychium_
+Polypody. _Polypodium_
+Beech Fern. _Phegopteris_
+Cloak Fern. _Notholaena_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_
+Bracken. _Pteris_
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum_
+Cliff Brake. _Pellaea_
+Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes_
+Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma_
+Chain Fern. _Woodwardia_
+Shield Fern. _Polystichum_
+Wood Fern. _Aspidium_
+Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris_
+Woodsia
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_
+Asplenium Type
+Athyrium Type
+Sporangia of the Five Families
+Indusium
+Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_
+Sori of Polypody
+Polypody in mass (Greenwood)
+Gray Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_
+Brake. Bracken. Sterile Frond
+Bracken. Fertile Frond
+Bracken, var. _pseudocaudata_
+Spray of Maidenhair
+Sori of Maidenhair
+Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_
+Alpine Maidenhair
+Venus-Hair Fern. _Adiantum capillus-veneris_
+Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellaea atropurpurea_
+Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_
+Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_
+Parsley Fern. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+Hairy Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes lanosa_
+Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Feei_
+Pinnae of Slender Lip Fern
+Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena dealbata_
+Common Chain Fern. _Woodwardia virginica_
+Net-veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_
+The Spleenworts
+Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (Fernery)
+Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_
+Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+Mountain Spleenwort. _Asplenium montanum_
+Rue Spleenwort. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+Rootstock of Lady Fern (Two parts)
+Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_
+Varieties of Lady Fern
+Lowland Lady Fern. _Athyrium asplenioides_
+Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_
+Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Pinnae and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_
+Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_
+Varieties of Christmas Fern
+Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_
+Holly Fern. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_
+Marsh Fern, in the mass
+Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_
+New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Pinnae and Sori of _Aspidium noveboracense_
+Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_
+Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_
+Broad Beech Fern. _Aspidium hexagonoptera_
+Long Beech Fern. _Aspidium polypedioides_
+Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_
+Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_
+Crown of Fronds of _Aspidium marginale_
+Sori of _Aspidium marginale_
+Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_ and details
+Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_
+_Aspidium Goldianum_, in the mass
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_
+Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (No. 2)
+Clinton's Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ var. _Clintonianum_
+Crested Marginal Fern. _Aspidium cristatum x marginale_
+_Aspidium cristatum x marginale_, in the mass
+Boott's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Boottii_
+Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _intermedium_
+_Aspidium spinulosum_ var. _americanum_
+Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_
+_Cystopteris bulbifera_ with sprouting bulb
+Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_
+Rusty Woodsia. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_
+Details of Alpine Woodsia
+Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_
+Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_
+Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Forked variety of _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Field View of _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Pinnae and Sori of _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_
+Meadow View of Sensitive Fern
+Obtusilobata Forms of Sensitive Fern, Leaf to Fruit
+Sori of Sensitive Fern
+Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on Same Plant
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds
+Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds
+Sori and Sporangia of Ostrich Fern
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis spectabilis_
+Sori of Royal Fern
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_
+Interrupted Fern. Fertile Pinnules Spread Open
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_
+Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations
+Two Varieties of Cinnamon Fern
+_Osmunda cinnamomea glandulosa_
+Curly Grass. _Schizaea pusilla_
+Sporangia of Curly Grass
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+Moonwort, Details
+Little Grape Fern. _Botrychium simplex_
+Lance-leaved Grape Fern. _Botrychium lanceolatum_
+Matricary Grape Fern. _Botrychium ramosum_
+Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _dissectum_
+_Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Ternate Grape Fern. _B. ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes Boschianum_
+Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern
+Crosiers
+Noted Fern Authors
+Spray of the Bulblet Bladder Fern
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+
+A lover of nature feels the fascination of the ferns though he may know
+little of their names and habits. Beholding them in their native haunts,
+adorning the rugged cliffs, gracefully fringing the water-courses, or
+waving their stately fronds on the borders of woodlands, he feels their
+call to a closer acquaintance. Happy would he be to receive instruction
+from a living teacher: His next preference would be the companionship of a
+good fern book. Such a help we aim to give him in this manual. If he will
+con it diligently, consulting its glossary for the meaning of terms while
+he quickens his powers of observation by studying real specimens, he may
+hope to learn the names and chief qualities of our most common ferns in a
+single season.
+
+Our most productive period in fern literature was between 1878, when
+Williamson published his "Ferns of Kentucky," and 1905, when Clute
+issued, "Our Ferns in Their Haunts." Between these flourished D.C. Eaton,
+Davenport, Waters, Dodge, Parsons, Eastman, Underwood, A.A. Eaton, Slosson,
+and others. All their works are now out of print except Clute's just
+mentioned and Mrs. Parsons' "How to Know the Ferns." Both of these
+are valuable handbooks and amply illustrated. Clute's is larger, more
+scholarly, and more inclusive of rare species, with an illustrated key to
+the genera; while Mrs. Parsons' is more simple and popular, with a naive
+charm that creates for it a constant demand.
+
+We trust there is room also for this unpretentious, but progressive,
+handbook, designed to stimulate interest in the ferns and to aid the
+average student in learning their names and meaning. Its geographical
+limits include the northeastern states and Canada. Its nomenclature follows
+in the main the seventh edition of Gray's Manual, while the emendations
+set forth in _Rhodora_, of October, 1919, and also a few terms of later
+adoption are embodied, either as synonyms or substitutes for the more
+familiar Latin names of the Manual, and are indicated by a different type.
+In every case the student has before him both the older and the more recent
+terms from which to choose. However, since the book is written primarily
+for lovers of Nature, many of whom are unfamiliar with scientific terms,
+the common English names are everywhere given prominence, and strange to
+say are less subject to change and controversy than the Latin. There is
+no doubt what species is meant when one speaks of the Christmas fern, the
+ostrich fern, the long beech fern, the interrupted fern, etc. The use of
+the common names will lead to the knowledge and enjoyment of the scientific
+terms.
+
+A friend unfamiliar with Latin has asked for pointers to aid in pronouncing
+the scientific names of ferns. Following Gray, Wood, and others we have
+marked each accented syllable with either the grave (`) or acute ()
+accent, the former showing that the vowel over which it stands has its long
+sound, while the latter indicates the short or modified sound. Let it be
+remembered that any syllable with either of these marks over it is the
+accented syllable, whose sound will be long or short according to the slant
+of the mark.
+
+We have appropriated from many sources such material as suited our purpose.
+Our interest in ferns dates back to our college days at Amherst, when we
+collected our first specimens in a rough, bushy swamp in Hadley. We found
+here a fine colony of the climbing fern (_Lygodium_). We recall the slender
+fronds climbing over the low bushes, unique twiners, charming, indeed, in
+their native habitat. We have since collected and studied specimens of
+nearly every New England fern, and have carefully examined most of the
+other species mentioned in this book. By courtesy of the librarian, Mr.
+William P. Rich, we have made large use of the famous Davenport herbarium
+in the Massachusetts Horticultural library, and through the kindness of
+the daughter, Miss Mary E. Davenport, we have freely consulted the larger
+unmounted collection of ferns at the Davenport homestead, at Medford,[1]
+finding here a very large and fine assortment of _Botrychiums_, including a
+real _B. ternatum_ from Japan.
+
+[Footnote 1: Recently donated to the Gray Herbarium.]
+
+For numerous facts and suggestions we are indebted to the twenty volumes of
+the _Fern Bulletin_, and also to its able editor, Mr. Willard N. Clute. To
+him we are greatly obligated for the use of photographs and plates, and
+especially for helpful counsel on many items. We appreciate the helpfulness
+of the _American Fern Journal_ and its obliging editor, Mr. E.J. Winslow.
+To our friend, Mr. C.H. Knowlton, our thanks are due for the revision of
+the checklist and for much helpful advice, and we are grateful to Mr.
+S.N.F. Sanford, of the Boston Society of Natural History, for numerous
+courtesies; but more especially to Mr. C.A. Weatherby for his expert and
+helpful inspection of the entire manuscript.
+
+The illustrations have been carefully selected; many of them from original
+negatives bequeathed to the author by his friend, Henry Lincoln Clapp,
+pioneer and chief promoter of school gardens in America. Some have been
+photographed from the author's herbarium, and from living ferns. A few
+are from the choice herbarium of Mr. George E. Davenport, and also a few
+reprints have been made from fern books, for which due credit is given. The
+Scott's spleenwort, on the dedication page, is reprinted from Clute's "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts."
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION
+
+
+Thoreau tells us, "Nature made a fern for pure leaves." Fern leaves are in
+the highest order of cryptogams. Like those of flowering plants they are
+reinforced by woody fibres running through their stems, keeping them erect
+while permitting graceful curves. Their exquisite symmetry of form, their
+frequent finely cut borders, and their rich shades of green combine to make
+them objects of rare beauty; while their unique vernation and method of
+fruiting along with their wonderful mystery of reproduction invest them
+with marked scientific interest affording stimulus and culture to the
+thoughtful mind. By peculiar enchantments these charming plants allure the
+ardent Nature-lover to observe their haunts and habits.
+
+  "Oh, then most gracefully they wave
+  In the forest, like a sea,
+  And dear as they are beautiful
+  Are these fern leaves to me."
+
+As a rule the larger and coarser ferns grow in moist, shady situations, as
+swamps, ravines, and damp woods; while the smaller ones are more apt to be
+found along mountain ranges in some dry and even exposed locality. A tiny
+crevice in some high cliff is not infrequently chosen by these fascinating
+little plants, which protect themselves from drought by assuming a mantle
+of light wool, or of hair and chaff, with, perhaps, a covering of white
+powder as in some cloak ferns--thus keeping a layer of moist air next to
+the surface of the leaf, and checking transpiration.
+
+Some of the rock-loving ferns in dry places are known as "resurrection"
+ferns, reviving after their leaves have turned sere and brown. A touch of
+rain, and lo! they are green and flourishing.
+
+Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch
+to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or
+more.
+
+
+REPRODUCTION
+
+Ferns are propagated in various ways. A frequent method is by perennial
+rootstocks, which often creep beneath the surface, sending up, it may be,
+single fronds, as in the common bracken, or graceful leaf-crowns, as in the
+cinnamon fern. The bladder fern is propagated in part from its bulblets,
+while the walking leaf bends over to the earth and roots at the tip.
+
+[Illustration: MALE SHIELD FERN. Fern Reproduction by the Prothallium]
+
+Ferns are also reproduced by spores, a process mysterious and marvellous as
+a fairy tale. Instead of seeds the fern produces spores, which are little
+one-celled bodies without an embryo and may be likened to buds. A
+spore falls upon damp soil and germinates, producing a small, green,
+shield-shaped patch much smaller than a dime, which is called a prothallium
+(or prothallus). On its under surface delicate root hairs grow to give it
+stability and nutriment; also two sorts of reproductive organs known as
+antheridia and archegonia, the male and female growths analogous to the
+stamens and pistils in flowers. From the former spring small, active,
+spiral bodies called antherozoids, which lash about in the moisture of
+the prothallium until they find the archegonia, the cells of which are so
+arranged in each case as to form a tube around the central cell, which is
+called the ooesphere, or egg-cell, the point to be fertilized. When one
+of the entering antherozoids reaches this point the desired change is
+effected, and the canal of the archegonium closes. The empty ooesphere
+becomes the quickened ooesphore whose newly begotten plant germ unfolds
+normally by the multiplication of cells that become, in turn, root, stem,
+first leaf, etc., while the prothallium no longer needed to sustain its
+offspring withers away.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the accompanying illustration, it should be remembered that
+the reproductive parts of a fern are microscopic and cannot be seen by the
+naked eye.]
+
+Fern plants have been known to spring directly from the prothallus by a
+budding process apart from the organs of fertilization, showing that Nature
+"fulfills herself in many ways."[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: The scientific term for this method of reproduction is apogamy
+(apart from marriage). Sometimes the prothallus itself buds directly from
+the frond without spores, for which process the term apospory is used.
+(Meaning, literally, without spores.)]
+
+
+VERNATION
+
+All true ferns come out of the ground head foremost, coiled up like a
+watch-spring, and are designated as "fiddle-heads," or crosiers. (A real
+crosier is a bishop's staff.) Some of these odd young growths are covered
+with "fern wool," which birds often use in lining their nests. This wool
+usually disappears later as the crosier unfolds into the broad green blade.
+The development of plant shoots from the bud is called vernation (Latin,
+_ver_ meaning spring), and this unique uncoiling of ferns, "circinnate
+vernation."
+
+
+VEINS
+
+The veins of a fern are free, when, branching from the mid-vein, they do
+not connect with each other, and simple when they do not fork. When
+the veins intersect they are said to anastomose (Greek, an opening, or
+network), and their meshes are called areolae or areoles (Latin, _areola_, a
+little open space).
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF TERMS
+
+A frond is said to be pinnate (Latin, _pinna_, a feather), when its primary
+divisions extend to the rachis, as in the Christmas fern (Fig. 1). A frond
+is bipinnate (Latin, _bis_, twice) when the lobes of the pinnae extend to
+the midvein as in the royal fern (Fig. 2). These divisions of the pinnae are
+called pinnules. When a frond is tripinnate the last complete divisions are
+called ultimate pinnules or segments. A frond is pinnatifid when its lobes
+extend halfway or more to the rachis or midvein as in the middle lobes
+of the pinnatifid spleenwort (Fig. 3). The pinnae of a frond are often
+pinnatifid when the frond itself is pinnate; and a frond may be pinnate
+in its lower part and become pinnatifid higher up as in the pinnatifid
+spleenwort just mentioned (Fig. 3).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+The divisions of a pinnatifid leaf are called segments; of a bipinnatifid
+or tripinnatifid leaf, ultimate segments.
+
+
+SPORANGIA AND FRUIT DOTS
+
+Fern spores are formed in little sacs known as spore-cases or sporangia
+(Fig. 4). They are usually clustered in dots or lines on the back or margin
+of a frond, either on or at the end of a small vein, or in spike-like
+racemes on separate stalks. Sori (singular _sorus_, a heap), or fruit dots
+may be naked as in the polypody, but are usually covered with a thin,
+delicate membrane, known as the indusium (Greek, a dress, or mantle). The
+family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium;
+e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias,
+cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped,
+etc.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+In many ferns the sporangia are surrounded in whole or in part by a
+vertical, elastic ring (annulus) reminding one of a small, brown worm
+closely coiled (Fig. 4). As the spores mature, the ring contracts and
+bursts with considerable force, scattering the spores. The spores of the
+different genera mature at different times from May to September. A good
+time to collect ferns is just before the fruiting season. (For times of
+fruiting see individual descriptions or chronological chart on page 220.)
+
+
+HELPFUL HINTS
+
+The following hints may be helpful to the young collector:
+
+1. A good lens with needles for dissecting is very helpful in examining the
+sori, veins, glands, etc., as an accurate knowledge of any one of these
+items may aid in identifying a given specimen. Bausch and Lomb make a
+convenient two-bladed pocket glass for about two dollars.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: In the linen tester here figured (cost $1.50) the lens is
+mounted in a brass frame which holds it in position, enabling the dissector
+to use both hands. A tripod lens will also be found cheap and serviceable.]
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Do not exterminate or weaken a fern colony by taking more plants than it
+can spare. In small colonies of rare ferns take a few and leave the rest to
+grow. It is decidedly ill-bred to rob a locality of its precious plants.
+Pick your fern leaf down close to the root-stock, including a portion of
+that also, if it can be spared. Place your fronds between newspaper sheets
+and lay "dryers" over them (blotting paper or other absorbent paper). Cover
+with a board or slat frame, and lay on this a weight of several pounds,
+leaving it for twenty-four hours; if the specimens are not then cured,
+change the dryers. Mount the prepared specimens on white mounting sheets.
+The regulation size is 16-1/2 by 11-1/2 inches. The labels are usually
+3-3/4 by 1-3/4 inches. A sample will suggest the proper inscription.
+
+  HERBARIUM OF JOHN DOE
+  _Ophioglossum vulgatum_, L.
+  (Adder's Tongue)
+  Willoughby Lake, Vt.
+  August 19, 1911. Wet meadow.
+  Coll. X.Y.Z. Rather common
+  but often overlooked
+
+Place the label at the lower right-hand corner of the sheet, which is now
+ready to be laid in the genus cover, usually of manila paper 16-1/2 by 12
+inches.
+
+It is well to jot down important memoranda at the time of collecting. This
+is the method in use at the Gray Herbarium in Cambridge. It can, of course,
+be modified to suit one's own taste or convenience. The young collector can
+begin by simply pressing his specimens between the leaves of a book,
+the older and coarser the better; and he can mount them in a blank book
+designed for the purpose, or if he has only a common blank book, he can cut
+out some of the leaves, alternately with others left in place, as is often
+done with a scrap book, that when the book is full it may not be crowded at
+the back. Or he can use sheets of blank paper of any uniform size and mount
+the specimens on these with gummed strips, and then group them, placing
+those of the same genus together. Such an extemporized herbarium, though
+crude, will serve for a beginning, while stimulating his interest, and
+advancing his knowledge of the ferns. Let him collect, press, and mount
+as many varieties as possible, giving the name with date and place of
+collecting, etc. Such a first attempt may be kept as a reminder of pleasant
+hours spent in learning the rudiments of a delightful study.
+
+We cannot insist too strongly upon the necessity of handling and studying
+the living plant. Every student needs to observe for himself the haunts,
+habits, and structure of real ferns. We would say to the young student,
+while familiarizing yourself with the English names of the ferns, do not
+neglect the scientific names, which often hold the key to their meaning.
+Repeat over and over the name of each genus in soliloquy and in
+conversation until your mind instantly associates each fern with its family
+name--"_Adiantum_," "_Polystichum_," "_Asplenium_," and all the rest. Fix
+them in the memory for a permanent asset. With hard study and growing
+knowledge will come growing attachment. How our great expert, Mr.
+Davenport, loved the ferns! He would handle them with gentle touch, fondly
+stroke their leaves, and devoutly study their structure, as if inspired by
+the All-wise Interpreter.
+
+  "Move along these shades
+  In gentleness of heart: with gentle hand
+  Touch--for there is a spirit in the woods."
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GENERA
+
+
+This key, in illustrating each genus, follows the method of Clute in "Our
+Ferns in Their Haunts," but substitutes other and larger specimens. Five of
+these are from Waters' "Ferns" by permission of Henry Holt & Co.
+
+As the indusium, which often determines the name of a fern, is apt in some
+species to wither early, it is important to secure for study not only a
+fertile frond, but one in as good condition as possible. For convenience
+the ferns may be considered in two classes.
+
+
+I
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION IN GREENISH, BERRY-LIKE STRUCTURES
+AND NOT ON THE BACK OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. FRUITING FRONDS WHOLLY FERTILE
+
+(Fertile and sterile fronds entirely unlike)
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit in a one-sided spike in two ranks; plants very small; sterile
+fronds thread-like and tortuous.
+
+Curly Grass. _Schizaea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit in a club-shaped, brown or cinnamon-colored spike loaded with
+sporangia; fruit in early spring.
+
+Cinnamon Fern. _Osmunda cinnamomea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in berry-like, greenish structures in a twice pinnate spike, which
+comes up much later than the broad and coarse pinnatifid sterile fronds.
+
+Wet ground. Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+4. Fruit in pod-like or necklace-like pinnae; fertile frond pinnate; sterile
+frond tall, pinnatifid; fruit late.
+
+Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea struthiopteris_.
+
+
+B. FRUITING FRONDS PARTLY STERILE
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruiting portion in the middle of the frond; two to four pairs of
+fertile pinnae.
+
+Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruiting portion at the apex of the frond. Sterile pinnae palmate; rachis
+twining.
+
+Climbing Fern. _Lygodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile pinnae pinnate; fronds large, fertile portion green, turning brown,
+forming a panicle at the top.
+
+Royal Fern. _Osmunda regalis_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruiting portion seemingly on a separate stock a few inches above the
+sterile.
+
+Sterile part an entire, ovate, green leaf near the middle; fertile part a
+spike.
+
+Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Sterile portion more or less divided; fruit in racemes or panicles, rarely
+in spikes.
+
+Grape Ferns. Moonwort. _Botrychium_.
+
+
+II
+
+THOSE WHICH HAVE THE FRUITING PORTION ON THE BACK OR MARGIN OF FRONDS
+
+
+A. INDUSIUM WANTING
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Fruit-dots large, roundish; fronds evergreen. Rock species.
+
+Polypody. _Polypodium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Fruit-dots small, roundish; fronds triangular.
+
+Beech Ferns. _Phegopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Fruit in lines on the margin of the pinnules; under surface of the
+fronds covered with whitish powder.
+
+Cloak Ferns. _Notholaena_.
+
+
+B. INDUSIUM PRESENT
+
+[Illustration]
+
+1. Sori on the edge of a pinnule terminating a vein; sporangia at the base
+of a long, bristle-like receptacle surrounded by a cup-shaped indusium.
+
+Filmy Fern. _Trichomanes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+2. Indusium formed by the reflexed margin of the pinnules.
+
+(1) Sporangia on a continuous line; fronds large, ternate; indusium narrow.
+Bracken. Brake. _Pteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Sporangia in oblong sori under a reflexed tooth of a pinnule; indusium
+broad; rachis dark and shining. Maidenhair. _Adiantum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Sori in roundish or elongated masses.
+
+Indusium broad, nearly continuous, fronds mostly smooth, somewhat leathery,
+pinnate. Rock species. Cliff brakes. _Pellaea_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium narrow, seldom continuous, formed by the margin of separate lobes
+or of the whole pinnules; often inconspicuous, fronds usually hairy. Lip
+Ferns. _Cheilanthes_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium of the reflexed edges, at first reaching to the midrib, or nearly
+so; later opening out nearly flat; fruiting pinnules pod-like; sterile
+fronds broad. Rock brakes. _Cryptogramma_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+3. Indusium never formed of the margin of the frond. Sori various.
+
+(1) Fruit-dots oblong, parallel with the midrib, somewhat sunken in the
+tissues of the frond. Water-loving species. Chain Ferns. _Woodwardia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(2) Fruit-dots and indusium roundish.
+
+Indusium shield-shaped, fixed by the center. Evergreen glossy ferns in
+rocky woods. Shield Ferns. _Polystichum_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cordate, fixed by the sinus. Wood Ferns. _Aspidium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium hood-shaped, fixed centrally behind the sorus and arching over it,
+soon withering, often illusive. Fronds two to three pinnate, very graceful.
+Moisture-loving species. Bladder Ferns. _Cystopteris_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium star-shaped, of a few irregular segments fixed beneath the sorus,
+often obscure. Mostly small, rock-loving plants, usually rather chaffy, at
+least at the base, and growing in tufts. _Woodsia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Indusium cup-shaped, fixed beneath the sorus, supported by the tooth of a
+leaf; sporangia borne in an elevated, globular receptacle open at the top.
+Fronds finely cut. Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+(3) Fruit-dots and indusium linear. (But see _Athyrium_.)
+
+Very long, nearly at right angles to the midrib, double; blade thick
+oblong-lanceolate, entire; heart-shaped at the base. Hart's Tongue.
+_Scolopendrium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Shorter and irregularly scattered on the under side of the frond, some
+parallel to the midrib, others oblique to it, and often in pairs or joined
+at the ends; blade tapering to a slender tip. Walking Fern. _Camptosorus_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, straight, mostly oblique to the midrib. Indusium rather narrow,
+opening toward the midrib, fronds lobed or variously divided. Spleenworts.
+_Asplenium_.
+
+[Illustration]
+
+Short, indusium usually more or less curved and frequently crossing a vein.
+The large spleenworts including Lady Fern. _Athyrium_.
+
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTIVE TEXT OF THE FERNS
+
+
+In this manual our native ferns are grouped scientifically under five
+distinct families. By far the largest of these groups, and the first to be
+treated, is that of the _real ferns (Polypodiaceae)_ with sixty species and
+several chief varieties. Then follow the _flowering ferns (Osmundaceae)_
+with three species; the _curly grass_ and _climbing ferns (Schizaeaceae)_
+with two species; the _adder's tongue_ and _grape ferns (Ophioglossaceae)_
+with seven species; and the _filmy ferns (Hymenophyllaceae)_ with one
+species.
+
+Corresponding with these five families, the sporangia or spore cases of
+ferns have five quite distinct forms on which the families are founded.
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 1]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 2]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 3]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 4]
+
+1. The Fern Family proper (_Polypodiaceae_) has the spore cases stalked and
+bound by a vertical, elastic ring (Fig. 1). The clusters of fruit-dots
+containing the spore cases may be open and naked as in polypody (Fig. 2),
+or covered by an indusium, as in the shield ferns (Fig. 3).
+
+2. The Royal Fern Family (_Osmunda_) has the spore cases stalked with only
+a rudimentary ring on one side, which opens longitudinally (Fig. 4).
+
+3. The Climbing Fern Family (_Lygodium, Schizaea_) has the spore cases
+sessile in rows; they are small, nut-like bodies with the elastic ring
+around the upper portion (Fig. 5).[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: These figures are enlarged.]
+
+4. The Adder's Tongue Family (_Ophioglossum, Botrychium_) has simple spore
+cases without a ring, and discharges its spores through a transverse slit
+(Fig. 6).
+
+5. The Filmy Fern Family (_Trichomanes_) has the spore cases along
+a bristle-like receptacle and surrounded by an urn-shaped, slightly
+two-lipped involucre; ring transverse and opening vertically (Fig. 7).
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 5]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 6]
+
+[Illustration: Fig. 7]
+
+
+
+
+THE FERN FAMILY PROPER OR REAL FERNS
+
+_POLYPODIACEAE_
+
+
+Green, leafy plants whose spores are borne in spore-cases (sporangia),
+which are collected in dots or clusters (fruit-dots or sori) on the back
+of the frond or form lines along the edge of its divisions. Sporangia
+surrounded by vertical, elastic rings bursting transversely and scattering
+the spores. Fruit-dots (sori) often covered, at least when young, by a
+membrane called the indusium. Spores brown.
+
+
+THE POLYPODIES
+
+1. POLYPODY. _Polypodium_
+
+(From the Greek meaning many-footed, alluding to the branching rootstocks.)
+
+Simple ferns with stipes articulated to the creeping rootstocks, which are
+covered with brown, chaffy scales. Fruit-dots round, naked, arranged on the
+back of the frond in one or more rows each side of the midrib. Sporangia
+pedicelled, provided with a vertical ring which bursts transversely. A
+large genus with about 350 species, widely distributed, mostly in tropical
+regions.
+
+(1) COMMON POLYPODY. _Polypodium vulgare_
+
+Fronds somewhat leathery in texture, evergreen, four to ten inches tall,
+smooth, oblong, and nearly pinnate. The large fruit-dots nearly midway
+between the midrib and the margin, but nearer the margin.
+
+[Illustration: Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_]
+
+Common everywhere on cliffs, usually in half shade, and may at times spring
+out of decaying logs or the trunks of trees. As the jointed stipes, harking
+back to some ancient mode of fern growth, fall away from the rootstocks
+after their year of greenness, they leave behind a scar as in Solomon's
+seal. The polypody is a gregarious plant. By intertwining its roots the
+fronds cling together in "cheerful community," and a friendly eye discovers
+their beauty a long way off. August. Abounds in every clime, including
+Europe and Japan.
+
+In transplanting, sections should be cut, not pulled from the matted mass.
+
+Var. _cambricum_ has segments broader and more or less strongly toothed.
+
+Var. _cristatum_ has the segments forked at the ends.
+
+Several other forms are also found.
+
+[Illustration: Fruited Frond]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Polypody. _Polypodium vulgare_ (Photographed by
+Miles Greenwood, Melrose, Mass.)]
+
+(2) GRAY OR HOARY POLYPODY
+
+_Polypodium incanum. P. polypodioides_
+
+Fronds oblong, two to seven inches long, deeply pinnatifid, gray and scurfy
+underneath with peltate scales having a dark center. Fruit-dots rather
+small, near the margin and obscured by the chaff.
+
+[Illustration: Gray or Hoary Polypody. _Polypodium incanum_]
+
+In appearance the gray polypody is much like the common species, as the
+Greek ending _oides_ (like) implies. In Florida and neighboring states it
+often grows on trees; farther north mostly on rocks. Reported as far north
+as Staten Island. It is one of the "resurrection" ferns, reviving quickly
+by moisture after seeming to be dead from long drouth. July to September.
+Widely distributed in tropical America. Often called Tree-Polypody.
+
+
+
+
+THE BRACKEN GROUP
+
+
+Sporangia near or on the margin of the segments, the reflexed portions of
+which serve as indusia.
+
+
+1. BRACKEN OR BRAKE
+
+_Pteris aquilina_. PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: The use of small capitals in the scientific names indicates in
+part the newer nomenclature which many botanists are inclined to adopt.]
+
+Fronds broadly triangular, ternate, one to three feet high or more, the
+widely spreading branches twice pinnate, the lower pinnules more or less
+pinnatifid. Sporangia borne in a continuous line along the lower margin
+of the ultimate divisions whose reflexed edges form the indusium. (Greek,
+_pteron_, a wing, the feathery fronds suggesting the wings of a bird.)
+
+[Illustration: Common Bracken or Brake, a Sterile Frond. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Providence County, R.I.)]
+
+[Illustration: A Fertile Frond of Common Bracken. _Pteris aquilina_
+(Suffolk County, Mass.)]
+
+  "The heath this night must be my bed,
+  The bracken curtain for my head."
+  SCOTT.
+
+The outlines of the young bracken resemble the little oak fern. It
+flourishes in thickets and open pastures, often with poor soil and scant
+shade. It is found in all parts of the world, and is said to be the most
+common of all our North American ferns. In a cross section of the mature
+stipe superstition sees "the devil's hoof" and "King Charles in the oak,"
+and any one may see or think he sees the outlines of an oak tree. It was
+the bracken, or eagle fern, as some call it, which was supposed to bear the
+mysterious "fern seed," but only on midsummer eve (St. John's eve).
+
+  "But on St. John's mysterious night,
+  Confest the mystic fern seed fell."
+
+This enabled its possessor to walk invisible.
+
+  "We have the receipt for fern-seed,
+  We walk invisible."
+SHAKESPEARE.
+
+
+The word brake or bracken is one of the many plant names from which some of
+our English surnames are derived, as Brack, Breck, Brackenridge, etc.,
+and fern (meaning the bracken) is seen in Fern, Fearns, Fernham, Fernel,
+Fernside, Farnsworth, etc. Also, in names of places as Ferney, Ferndale,
+Fernwood, and others. Although the bracken is coarse and common, it makes a
+desirable background for rockeries, or other fern masses. The young ferns
+should be transplanted in early spring with as much of the long, running
+rootstock as possible.
+
+Var. _pseudocaudata_ has longer, narrower and more distant pinnules, and is
+a common southern form.
+
+[Illustration: Var. _pseudocaudata_]
+
+
+
+2. MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum_
+
+Ferns with much divided leaves and short, marginal sori borne at the ends
+of free-forking veins, on the under side of the reflexed and altered
+portion of the pinnules, which serves as an indusium. Stipes and branches
+of the leaves very slender and polished.
+
+(Greek, unwetted, because drops of water roll off without wetting the
+leaves.)
+
+(1) COMMON MAIDENHAIR. _Adiantum pedatum_
+
+A graceful fern of shady glen and rocky woodland, nine to eighteen inches
+high, the black, shining stalks forked at the top into two equal,
+recurved branches, the pinnae all springing from the upper side. Pinnules
+triangular-oblong, bearing short sori on their inwardly reflexed margins
+which form the indusium.
+
+[Illustration: A Spray of Maidenhair]
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnae of Maidenhair]
+
+The maidenhair has a superficial resemblance to the meadow rue, which also
+sheds water, but it may be known at once by its black, shining stalks with
+their divisions all borne on one side. It is indeed a most delicate fern,
+known and admired by every one. The term maidenhair may have been suggested
+by the black, wiry roots growing from the slender rootstock, or by the
+dark, polished stems, or, as Clute explains it, "because the black roots,
+like hair, were supposed, according to the 'doctrine of signatures' to be
+good for falling hair, and the plant was actually used in the 'syrup of
+capillaire'[A] (_Am. Botanist_, November, 1921). While the maidenhair is
+not very common, it is widely distributed, being found throughout our
+section, westward to California, and northward to the British Provinces.
+
+"Though the maidenhair has a wide range, and grows abundantly in many
+localities, it possesses a quality of aloofness which adds to its charm.
+Its chosen haunts are dim, moist hollows in the woods, or shaded hillsides
+sloping to the river. In such retreats you find the feathery fronds
+tremulous on their glistening stalks, and in their neighborhood you find,
+also, the very spirit of the woods."
+
+
+MRS. PARSONS.
+
+[Footnote A: It may be stated that capillaire syrup besides the use here
+indicated was highly esteemed as a pectoral for the relief of difficult
+breathing.]
+
+[Illustration: Common Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: Alpine Maidenhair. _Adiantum pedatum_, Var. _aleuticum_
+(Fernald and Collins, Gaspe County, Quebec, 1906) (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The fern is not hard to cultivate if allowed sufficient moisture and shade.
+Along with the ostrich fern it makes a most excellent combination in a fern
+border.
+
+Var. ALEUTICUM, or Alpine Maidenhair. A beautiful northern form especially
+abundant on the high tableland of the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec, where it is
+said to cover hundreds of acres. In the east it is often dwarfed--six
+to ten inches high, growing in tufts with stout rootstocks, having the
+pinnules finely toothed instead of rounded and the indusia often lunate,
+rarely twice as long as broad. (Fernald in _Rhodora_, November, 1905.) Also
+found in northern Vermont, and to the northwestward.
+
+(2) THE VENUS-HAIR FERN. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_
+
+Fronds with a continuous main rachis, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate
+below. Pinnules, fan-shaped on slender, black stalks, long, deeply and
+irregularly incised. Veins extending from the base of the pinnules like the
+ribs of a fan.
+
+[Illustration: Venus Hair Fern. _Adiantum Capillus-Veneris_]
+
+While our common maidenhair is a northern fern, the Venus-hair Fern is
+confined to the southern states. It is rarely found as far north as
+Virginia, where it meets, but scarcely overlaps its sister fern. The
+medicinal properties of _Adiantum pedatum_ were earlier ascribed to the
+more southern species, which is common in Great Britain, but, like many
+another old remedy, "the syrup of capillaire" is long since defunct.
+
+
+
+3. CLIFF BRAKES. _Pellaea_
+
+Sporangia borne on the upper part of the free veins inside the margins, in
+dot-like masses, but may run together, as in the continuous fruiting line
+of the bracken. Indusium formed of the reflexed margins of the fertile
+segments which are more or less membranous. (Pellaea, from the Greek
+_pellos_, meaning dusky, in allusion to the dark stipes.)
+
+(1) PURPLE CLIFF BRAKE. _Pellaea atropurpurea_
+
+Stipes dark purple or reddish-brown, polished and decidedly hairy and
+harsh to the touch, at least on one side. Fronds coriaceous, pale, simply
+pinnate, or bipinnate below; the divisions broadly linear or oblong, or
+the sterile sometimes oval, chiefly entire, somewhat heart-shaped, or
+else truncate at the stalked base. Veins about twice forked. Basal scales
+extending into long, slender tips, colorless or yellow.
+
+[Illustration: Purple Cliff Brake. _Pellaea atropurpurea_]
+
+Another name is "the winter brake," as its fronds remain green throughout
+the winter, especially in its more southern ranges. It grows on rocky
+ledges with a preference for limestone, and often in full sun. In large and
+mature fronds its pinnae are apt to be extremely irregular. While its stipes
+are purplish, its leaves are bluish-green, and its scales light-brown or
+yellow. Strange to say, this brake of the cliffs thrives in cultivation.
+Woolson says of it, "This fern is interesting and valuable. It is not only
+beautiful in design, but unique in color, a dark blue-green emphasizing
+all the varying tints about it--a first-class fern for indoor winter
+cultivation. It is a rapid grower, flourishing but a few feet from coal
+fire or radiator, in a north or south window. It quickly forgives neglect,
+and if allowed to dry up out of doors or indoors, recovers in due time when
+put in a moist atmosphere. It makes but one imperative demand, and that is
+the privilege of standing still. Overzealous culturists usually like to
+turn things around, but revolving cliffs are not in the natural order of
+things. The slender black stipes are very susceptible to changes of light
+and warped and twisted fronds result."
+
+Dry, calcareous rocks, southern New England and westward. Rare. Var.
+_cristata_ has forked pinnae somewhat crowded toward the summit of the
+frond. Missouri.
+
+
+(2) SMOOTH CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Pellaea glabella. Pellaea atropurpurea_, var. _Bushii_
+
+Naked with a few, scattered, spreading hairs, smooth surface and dark
+polished stipes. Rhizome short with membranous, orange or brown scales
+having a few bluntish teeth on each edge. Pinnae sub-opposite, divergent,
+narrowly oblong, obtuse; base truncate, cordate or clasping, occasionally
+auricled; lower pinnae often with orbicular or cordate pinnules. Sterile
+pinnae broader, bluish or greenish glaucous above, often crowded to
+overlapping. The smooth cliff brake has a decidedly northern range, growing
+from northern Vermont to Missouri, and northwestward, but found rarely, if
+at all, in southern New England.
+
+[Illustration: Dense Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma densa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+(3) DENSE CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptogramma densa. Pellaea densa_
+
+Modern botanists are inclined to place the dense cliff brake and the
+slender cliff brake under the genus _Cryptogramma_, which is so nearly like
+_Pellaea_ that one hesitates to choose between them. The word Cryptogramma
+means in Greek a _hidden line_, alluding to the line of sporangia hidden
+beneath the reflexed margin.
+
+The dense cliff brake may be described as follows:
+
+Stipes three to nine inches tall, blades one to three inches,
+triangular-ovate, pinnate at the summit, and tripinnate below. Segments
+linear, sharp-pointed, mostly fertile, having the margins entire and
+recurved, giving the sori the appearance of half-open pods. Sterile
+fronds sharply serrate. Stipes in dense tufts ("_densa_") slender, wiry,
+light-brown.
+
+This rare little fern is a northern species and springs from tiny crevices
+in rocks, preferring limestone. Like many other rock-loving species, it
+produces spores in abundance, having no other effective means of spreading,
+and its fertile fronds are much more numerous than the sterile ones, and
+begin to fruit when very small. Gaspe and Mt. Albert in the Province of
+Quebec, Grey County, Ontario, and in the far west.
+
+
+(4) SLENDER CLIFF BRAKE
+
+_Cryptogramma Stelleri. Pellaea gracilis_
+
+Fronds (including stipes) three to six inches long, thin and slender with
+few pinnae. The lower pinnae pinnately parted into three to five divisions,
+those of the fertile fronds oblong or linear-oblong; those of the sterile,
+obovate or ovate, crenulate, decurrent at the base. Confined to limestone
+rocks. Quebec and New Brunswick, to Vermont, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and
+to the northwest.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Cliff Brake. _Cryptogramma Stelleri_]
+
+We have collected this dainty and attractive little fern on the limestone
+cliffs of Mt. Horr, near Willoughby Lake, Vt. It grew in a rocky grotto
+whose sides were kept moist by dripping water. How we liked to linger near
+its charming abode high on the cliff! And we liked also to speak of it by
+its pleasing, simple name, "Pellaea gracilis," now changed for scientific
+reasons, but we still like the old name better.
+
+
+(5) THE ROCK BRAKE. PARSLEY FERN
+
+_Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds very dissimilar; segments of the fertile, linear
+and pod-like; of the sterile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, and toothed. The plants
+spring from crevices of rocks and are from six to eight inches high. Stipes
+of the fertile fronds are about twice as long as the sterile, making two
+tiers of fronds.
+
+[Illustration: Parsley Fern or Rock Brake. _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_
+(California and Oregon) (Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+The parsley fern is the typical species of the genus _Cryptogramma_. The
+indusium is formed of the altered margin of the pinnule, at first reflexed
+to the midrib, giving it a pod-like appearance, but at length opening out
+flat and exposing the sporangia. Clute, speaking of this fern as "the rock
+brake," calls it a border species, as its home is in the far north--Arctic
+America to Lake Huron, Lake Superior, Colorado and California.
+
+
+
+4. LIP FERNS. _Cheilanthes_
+
+Mostly small southern ferns growing on rocks, pubescent or tomentose with
+much divided leaves. Sori at the end of the veins at first small and
+roundish, but afterwards more or less confluent. The indusium whitish and
+sometimes herbaceous, formed of the reflexed margin of the lobes or of the
+whole pinnule. Veins free, but often obscure. Most of the ferns of this
+genus grow in dry, exposed situations, where rain is sometimes absent for
+weeks and months. For this reason they protect themselves by a covering
+of hairs, scales or wool, which hinders the evaporation of water from the
+plant by holding a layer of more or less saturated air near the surface of
+the frond. (In Greek the word means _lip flower_, alluding to the lip-like
+indusia.)
+
+(1) ALABAMA LIP FERN. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_
+
+Fronds smooth, two to ten inches long, lanceolate, bipinnate. Pinnae
+numerous, oblong-lanceolate, the lower usually smaller than those above.
+Pinnules triangular-oblong, mostly acute, often auricular or lobed at the
+base. Indusia pale, membranous and continuous except between the lobes.
+Stipes black, slender and tomentose at the base.
+
+[Illustration: Alabama Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes alabamensis_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+This species of lip fern may be distinguished from all the others within
+our limits by its smooth pinnae. On rocks--mountains of Virginia to
+Kentucky, and Alabama, and westward to Arizona.
+
+(2) HAIRY LIP FERN. _Cheilanthes lanosa, C. vestita_
+
+[Illustration: Hairy Lip Fern]
+
+Fronds twice pinnate, lanceolate with oblong, pinnatifid pinnules; seven
+to fifteen inches tall, slender and rough with rusty, jointed hairs. Pinnae
+triangular-ovate, usually distant, the ends of the rounded lobes reflexed
+and forming separate involucres which are pushed back by the ripening
+sporangia.
+
+This species like the other lip ferns is fond of rocks, springing from
+clefts and ledges. While hairy it is much less tomentose than the two
+following species. Unlike most of the rock-loving ferns this species is not
+partial to limestone, but grows on other rocks as well. It has been found
+as far north as New Haven, Conn., also near New York, and in New Jersey,
+Georgia, and westward to Wyoming and southward.
+
+(3) WOOLLY LIP FERN. _Cheilanthes tomentosa_
+
+Fronds eight to eighteen inches long, lanceolate-oblong, tripinnate. Pinnae
+and pinnules ovate-oblong, densely woolly especially beneath, with slender,
+whitish, obscurely jointed hairs. Of the ultimate segments the terminal
+one is twice as long as the others. Pinnules distant, the reflexed, narrow
+margin forming a continuous, membranous indusium. Stipe stout, dark brown,
+densely woolly.
+
+By donning its thick coat of wool this species is prepared to grow in
+the most exposed situations of the arid southwest. It is said to be the
+"rarest, tallest and handsomest of the lip ferns."
+
+Mountains of Virginia and Kentucky to Georgia, and west to Missouri, Texas
+and Arizona.
+
+(4) SLENDER LIP FERN
+
+_Cheilanthes Feei, C. lanuginosa_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, slender, at first hairy, dark brown, shining. Fronds
+three to eight inches long, ovate-lanceolate, with thickish, distinctly
+articulated hairs, twice or thrice pinnate. Pinnae ovate, the lowest
+deltoid. Pinnules divided into minute, densely crowded segments, the
+herbaceous margin recurved and forming an almost continuous indusium.
+
+[Illustration: Slender Lip Fern]
+
+The slender lip fern, known also as Fee's fern, is much the smallest of the
+lip ferns, averaging, Clute tells us, "but two inches high." This is only
+one-third as tall as the woolly lip fern and need not be mistaken for it.
+The fronds form tangled mats difficult to unravel. It grows on dry rocks
+and cliffs--Illinois and Minnesota to British Columbia, and south to Texas,
+New Mexico and Arizona.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnae of Slender Lip Fern. _Cheilanthes Feei_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+
+
+5. CLOAK FERN. _Notholaena_
+
+Small ferns with fruit-dots borne beneath the revolute margin of the
+pinnules, at first roundish, but soon confluent into a narrow band without
+indusium. Veins free. Fronds one to several times pinnate, the lower
+surface hairy, or tomentose or powdery. Includes about forty species,
+mostly American, but only one within our limits. (Greek name means
+_spurious cloak_, alluding to the rudimentary or counterfeit indusium.)
+
+(1) POWDERY CLOAK FERN. _Notholaena dealbata_
+
+Fronds two to six inches long, triangular-ovate, acute, broadest at the
+base, tripinnate. Stalks tufted, wiry, shining, dark brown. Upper surface
+of the very small segments green, smooth, the lower densely coated with
+a pure, white powder; hence, the specific name _dealbata_, which means
+whitened. Sori brown at length; veins free.
+
+There are several species of cloak ferns, but only one within our limits.
+The dry, white powder which covers them doubtless is designed to protect
+them from too rapid evaporation of moisture, as they all inhabit dry and
+sunny places. This delicate rock-loving fern is found in the clefts of dry
+limestone rocks in Missouri, Kansas, Colorado, and southwestward.
+
+
+
+THE CHAIN FERNS. _Woodwardia_
+
+Large and somewhat coarse ferns of swampy woods with pinnate or nearly
+two-pinnate fronds, and oblong or linear fruit-dots, arranged in one or
+more chain-like rows, parallel to and near the midribs. Indusium fixed by
+its outer margin to a veinlet and opening on the inner side. In our
+section there are two species. (Named for Thomas J. Woodward, an English
+botanist.)
+
+[Illustration: Powdery Cloak Fern. _Notholaena
+dealbata_ (Kansas) (G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: The Common Chain Fern.
+_Woodwardia virginica_]
+
+(1) THE COMMON CHAIN FERN. _Woodwardia virginica_
+
+Sterile and fertile fronds similar in outline, two to four feet high, once
+pinnate, the pinnae deeply incised with oblong segments. Fruit-dots oblong
+in chain-like rows along the midrib both of the pinnae and the lobes,
+confluent when ripe. Veins forming narrow rows of net-like spaces (areoles)
+beneath the fruit-dots, thence free to the margin. The spores ripen in
+July.
+
+The sterile fronds resemble those of the cinnamon fern, but the latter grow
+in crowns, with a single frond in the center, while the fronds of the
+chain fern rise singly from the creeping rootstock, which sends them up at
+intervals all summer. The sori are borne on the backs of fertile fronds.
+There are usually more sterile than fertile blades, especially in dense
+shade. We have waded repeatedly through a miry swamp in Melrose, Mass.,
+where the wild calla flourishes along with the blueberry and other swamp
+bushes, and have found the chain fern in several shaded spots, but every
+frond was sterile. It is said that when exposed to the sun it always faces
+the south. Swamps, Maine to Florida, especially along the Atlantic Coast,
+and often in company with the narrow-leaved species.
+
+[Illustration: Net-Veined Chain Fern. _Woodwardia areolata_ (Stratford,
+Conn.)]
+
+(2) NET-VEINED CHAIN FERN
+
+NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN FERN
+
+_Woodwardia areolata. W. angustifolia_
+
+Root stocks creeping and chaffy. Sterile and fertile fronds unlike; sterile
+ones nine to twelve inches tall, deltoid-ovate. Broadest at the base, with
+lanceolate, serrulate divisions united by a broad wing. Veins areolate;
+fertile fronds taller, twelve to twenty inches high with narrowly linear
+divisions, the areoles and fruit-dots in a single row each side of the
+secondary midrib, the latter sunk in the tissues.
+
+This species is less common than the Virginia fern, but they often grow
+near each other. We have collected both in the Blue Hill reservation near
+Boston, and both have been found in Hingham, Medford, and Reading, and
+doubtless in other towns along the coast. Mrs. Parsons speaks of finding
+them in the flat, sandy country near Buzzard's Bay. The net-veined species
+has some resemblance to the sensitive fern, but in the latter the spore
+cases are shut up in small pods formed by the contracting and rolling up of
+the lobes, whereas the chain fern bears its sori on the under side of long,
+narrow pinnae. Besides, the sterile fronds of the latter have serrulate
+segments. As in the sensitive fern there are many curious gradations
+between the fertile and sterile fronds, both in shape and fruitfulness.
+Waters calls them the "_obtusilobata_ form."
+
+[Illustration: The Spleenworts 1. Narrow-leaved 2. Ebony 3. Rue 4. Scott's
+5. Maidenhair 6. Green 7. Mountain]
+
+
+THE SPLEENWORTS
+
+
+A. THE ROCK SPLEENWORTS. _Asplenium_
+
+Small, evergreen ferns. Fruit-dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate when
+young. Indusium straight or rarely curved, fixed lengthwise on the upper
+side of a fertile veinlet, opening toward the midrib. Veins free. Scales of
+rhizome and stipes narrow, of firm texture and with thick-walled cells.
+
+(1) PINNATIFID SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_
+
+Fronds four to six inches long, lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate near the
+base, tapering above into a slender prolongation. Lobes roundish-ovate, or
+the lower pair acuminate. Fruit-dots irregular, numerous. Stipes tufted,
+two to four inches long, brownish beneath, green above.
+
+Although this fern, like all the small spleenworts, is heavily fruited,
+it is extremely rare. It is found as far north as Sharon, Conn., thence
+southward to Georgia, to Arkansas and Missouri. On cliffs and rocks.
+Resembles the walking fern, and its tip sometimes takes root.
+
+(2) SCOTT'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium ebenoides_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches long, broadly lanceolate, pinnatifid or pinnate
+below, tapering to a prolonged and slender apex. Divisions lanceolate from
+a broad base. Fruit-dots straight or slightly curved. Stipe and rachis
+brown.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnatifid Spleenwort. _Asplenium pinnatifidum_ a, Small
+Plants from Harper's Ferry; b, Sori on Young Fronds (From Waters's "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Scott's Spleenwort. _Asplenium ebenoides_ a, from Virginia;
+b, from Alabama; c, from Maryland (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+Resembles the last, and like that has been known to root at the tip. It is
+a hybrid between the walking fern and the ebony spleenwort, as proved by
+Miss Margaret Slosson, and may be looked for in the immediate vicinity of
+its parents. It was discovered by R.R. Scott, in 1862, at Manayunk, Pa., a
+suburb of Philadelphia, and described by him in the Gardener's Monthly of
+September, 1865. Vermont to Alabama, Missouri, and southward. Rare, but
+said to be plentiful in a deep ravine near Havana, Ala.
+
+[Illustration: Green Spleenwort. _Asplenium viride_]
+
+(3) GREEN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium viride_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches long, linear, pinnate, pale green. Pinnae
+roundish-ovate, crenate, with indistinct and forking midveins. Stalks
+tufted, short, brownish below, green above. Rachis green.
+
+Discovered at Smuggler's Notch, Mt. Mansfield, Vt., by C.G. Pringle in
+1876. Found sparingly at Willoughby Lake, high on the cliffs of Mt. Horr.
+This rare and delicate little plant bears a rather close resemblance to the
+maidenhair spleenwort, which, however, has dark stipes instead of green.
+
+Northern New England, west and northwest on shaded limestone rocks.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_]
+
+(4) MAIDENHAIR SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Trichomanes_
+
+Stipes densely tufted, purple-brown, shining. Fronds three to eight inches
+long, linear, dark green, rather rigid. Pinnae roundish-oblong or oval,
+entire or finely crenate, attached at the base by a narrow point. Midveins
+forking and evanescent.
+
+Not very common, but distributed almost throughout North America. May be
+looked for wherever there are ledges, as it does not require limestone.
+July.
+
+[Illustration: Maidenhair Spleenwort. _Asplenium Trichomanes_ (From
+Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+(5) SMALL SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium parvulum. A. resiliens_
+
+Fronds four to ten inches tall, narrowly linear, rather firm, erect. Pinnae
+opposite, oblong, entire or finely crenate, and auricled at the base.
+Stipes and rachis black and shining. Midveins continuous.
+
+This small fern is a southern species half way between the maidenhair and
+ebony spleenworts, but rather more like the latter from which it differs in
+being smaller and thicker, and in having the fertile and sterile fronds of
+the same size. Mountains of Virginia to Kansas and southward.
+
+(6) EBONY SPLEENWORT
+
+_Asplenium platyneuron. A. ebeneum_
+
+Fronds upright, eight to eighteen inches high, linear-lanceolate, the
+fertile ones much taller, and pinnate. Pinnae scarcely an inch long, the
+lower ones very much shorter, alternate, spreading, finely serrate or
+incised, the base auricled. Sori numerous, rather near the midvein, stipe
+and rachis lustrous brown. ("Ebony.")
+
+This rigidly upright but graceful fern flourishes in rocky, open woods, and
+on rich, moist banks, often in the neighborhood of red cedars. Having come
+upon it many times in our rambles, we should say it was not uncommon.
+
+A lightly incised form of the pinnae has been described as var. _serratum_.
+A handsome form discovered in Vermont in 1900 by Mrs. Horton and named
+_Hortonae_ (also called _incisum_) has plume-like fronds with the pinnae cut
+into oblique lobes, which are coarsely serrate.
+
+[Illustration: Ebony Spleenwort. _Asplenium platyneuron_ (Melrose, Mass.,
+G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Bradley's Spleenwort. _Asplenium Bradleyi_ a, from Maryland;
+b, from Kentucky (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(7) BRADLEY'S SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Bradleyi_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, pinnate, three to ten inches long. Pinnae
+oblong-ovate, obtuse, incised or pinnatifid into oblong, toothed lobes.
+The basal pinnae have broad bases, and blunt tips and are slightly stalked.
+Stipes and rachis dark brown and the sori short, near the midrib.
+
+A rare and beautiful fern growing on rocks preferring limestone and
+confined mostly to the southern states. Newburg, N.Y., to Kentucky and
+Alabama, westward to Arkansas.
+
+(8) MOUNTAIN SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium montanum_
+
+Fronds ovate-lanceolate from a broad base, two to eight inches long,
+somewhat leathery, pinnate. Pinnae ovate-oblong, the lowest pinnately cleft
+into oblong or ovate cut-toothed lobes, the upper ones less and less
+divided. Rachis green, broad, and flat.
+
+[Illustration: Mountain Spleenwort (From the "Fern Bulletin")]
+
+Small evergreen ferns of a bluish-green color, growing in the crevices of
+rocks and cliffs. Connecticut to Ohio, Kentucky, Arkansas and southwest.
+July. Rare. Williams, in his "Ferns of Kentucky," says of this species,
+"Common on all sandstone cliffs and specimens are large on sheltered rocks
+by the banks of streams."
+
+(9) RUE SPLEENWORT. _Asplenium Ruta-muraria_
+
+Fronds evergreen, small, two to seven inches long, deltoid-ovate, two to
+three pinnate below, simply pinnate above, rather leathery in texture.
+Divisions few, stalked, from cuneate to roundish-ovate, toothed or incised
+at the apex. Veins forking. Rachis and stipe green. Sori few, soon
+confluent.
+
+[Illustration: The Rue Spleenwort. _A. Ruta-muraria_ (Top, Lake
+Huron--Lower Left, Mt. Toby, Mass.--Lower Right, Vermont) (From Herbarium
+of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+This tiny fern grows from small fissures in the limestone cliffs, and
+is rather rare in this country; but in Great Britain it is very common,
+growing everywhere on walls and ruins. From Mt. Toby, Mass., and Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt., to Michigan, Missouri, Kentucky and southward.
+
+
+B. THE LARGE SPLEENWORTS. _Athyrium_
+
+The following species, which are often two to three feet high and grow in
+rich soil, are quite different in appearance and habits from the small rock
+spleenworts just described. Some botanists have kept them in the genus
+_Asplenium_ because their sori are usually rather straight or only slightly
+curved, but others are inclined to follow the practice of the British
+botanists and put them into a separate group under _Athyrium_. Nearly all
+agree that the lady fern, with its variously curved sori, should be placed
+here, and many others would place the silvery spleenwort in the same genus,
+partly because of its frequently doubled sori. In regard to the last member
+of the group, the narrow-leaved spleenwort, there is more doubt. The sori
+taken separately would place it with the _Aspleniums_, but considering its
+size, structure, habits of growth and all, it seems more closely allied to
+the two larger ferns than to the little rock species. We shall group the
+three together as the large spleenworts, or for the sake of being more
+definite adopt Clute's felicitous phrase.
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY FERN AND ITS KIN
+
+
+1. THE LADY FERNS
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, broadly lanceolate, or ovate-oblong,
+tapering towards the apex, bipinnate. Pinnae lanceolate, numerous. Pinnules
+oblong-lanceolate, cut-toothed or incised. Fruit-dots short, variously
+curved. Indusium delicate, often reniform, or shaped like a horseshoe, in
+some forms confluent at maturity.
+
+Widely distributed, common and varying greatly in outline. The newer
+nomenclature separates the lady fern of our section into two distinct
+species, which should be carefully studied.[A]
+
+[Footnote A: See monograph by F.K. Butters in _Rhodora_ of September,
+1917.]
+
+(1) THE UPLAND LADY FERN. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM
+
+_Asplenium Filix-femina_
+
+The rootstock or rhizome of the Upland Lady Fern here pictured shows how
+the thick, fleshy bases of the old fronds conceal the rootstock itself. In
+the Lowland Lady Fern the rootstock is but slightly concealed by old stipe
+bases, and so may be distinguished from its sister fern.
+
+One design of such rootstocks is to store up food (mostly starch), during
+the summer to nourish the young plants as they shoot forth the next spring.
+The undecayed bases of the old stipes are also packed with starch for the
+same purpose.
+
+[Illustration: Rootstock of the Upland Lady Fern]
+
+[Illustration: The same split lengthwise (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Lady Fern. _Athyrium angustum_]
+
+Rootstocks horizontal, quite concealed by the thick, fleshy bases of old
+fronds. Scales of the long, tufted stipes dark brown. Indusium curved,
+often horseshoe-shaped, usually toothed or fringed with fine hairs, but
+without glands. Fronds bipinnate, one to three feet high, widest near the
+middle.
+
+This is the common species of northern New England and the Canadian
+Provinces. The fronds differ very widely in form and a great many varieties
+have been pointed out, but the fern student, having first learned to
+identify the species, will gradually master the few leading varieties as he
+meets them.
+
+Those growing in warm, sunny places where the fruit-dots when mature
+incline to cover the whole back of the frond are called "sun forms." These
+are varieties TYPICUM and ELATIUS, both with the pinnae obliquely ascending
+(including variety _angustum_ of D.C. Eaton), but the latter has broader
+fronds with the pinnules of the sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+acute and strongly toothed or pinnatifid.
+
+[Illustration: Varieties of Lady Fern Left to right--1st and 2nd, Var.
+_typicum; 3d, elatius; 4th, rubellum; 5th, uncertain, perhaps confertum_]
+
+Var. RUBELLUM has the sori distinct even when mature; its pinnules stand
+at a wide angle from the rachis of the pinna and are strongly toothed
+or pinnatifid with obtuse teeth. This variety favors regions with cool
+summers, or dense shade in warmer regions. The term RUBELLUM alludes to
+the reddish stems so often seen but this sign alone may not determine the
+variety. It occurs throughout the range of the species, being a common
+New England fern. Fernald remarks that this is also a common form of the
+species in southern Nova Scotia.
+
+Among other varieties named by Butters are CONFERTUM, having the pinnules
+irregularly lobed and toothed; joined by a membranous wing, the lobes of
+the pinnules broad and overlapping, giving the fern a compact appearance;
+LACINIATUM with pinnules very irregular in size and shape, with many long,
+acute teeth, which project in various directions. "An abnormal form which
+looks as if it had been nibbled when young."
+
+These varieties are represented in the Gray Herbarium.
+
+(2) THE LOWLAND LADY FERN
+
+ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES
+
+Rootstocks creeping, not densely covered with the persistent bases of the
+fronds. Stipes about as long as the blade. Scales of the stipe very few,
+seldom persistent, rarely over 3-16 of an inch long. Fronds narrowly
+deltoid, lanceolate, widest near the base, the second pair of pinnae
+commonly longest. Indusia ciliate, the cilia (hairs) ending in glands.
+Spores dark, netted or wrinkled.
+
+[Illustration: Lowland Lady Fern. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES (From the Gray
+Herbarium)]
+
+The following two forms are named by Butters:
+
+F. TYPICUM. The usual form frequent in eastern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
+Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Ohio, and Missouri.
+
+F. SUBTRIPINNATUM. An unusually large and rare form with triangular,
+lanceolate, and pinnatifid pinnules, having blunt, oblong segments. Wet
+situations in half shade. Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Virginia.
+
+Our lowland or southern lady fern flourishes in the southern states, comes
+up the Atlantic Coast until it meets the upland or northern species in
+Pennsylvania and southern New England, and their identification can hardly
+fail to awaken in the student a keen interest.
+
+Our American botanists are inclined to think that the real _Athyrium
+filix-femina_ is not to be found in the northeastern United States, but
+is rather a western species, with its habitat in California and the Rocky
+Mountain region and identical with _Athyrium cyclosorum_.
+
+But whatever changes may occur in the scientific name of the old _Athyrium
+filix-femina_, the name lady fern will not change, but everywhere within
+our limits it will hold its own as a familiar term.
+
+Underwood, writing of the lady fern under the genus _Asplenium_, mentions
+the form "_exile_, small, starved specimens growing in very dry situations
+and often fruiting when only a few inches high." He also mentions Eaton's
+"_angustum_," and alludes to the "Remaining sixty-three varieties equally
+unimportant that have been described of this species."
+
+The lady fern is common in moist woods, by walls and roadsides, and at its
+best is a truly handsome species, although, like Mrs. Parsons, we have
+noticed that in the late summer it loses much of its delicacy. "Many of
+its forms become disfigured and present a rather blotched and coarse
+appearance." The lady fern has inspired several poems, which have been
+quoted more or less fully in the fern books. The following lines are from
+the pen of Calder Campbell:
+
+  "But not by burne in wood or dale
+  Grows anything so fair
+  As the palmy crest of emerald pale
+  Of the lady fern when the sunbeams turn
+  To gold her delicate hair."
+
+Referring, perhaps, to the fair colors of the unfolding crosiers revealing
+stipes of a clear wine color in striking contrast with the delicate green
+of the foliage.
+
+In identifying this fern the novice should bear in mind the tendency of the
+curved sori of youth to become straightened and even confluent with age,
+although such changes are rather unreliable. Possibly the suggestion of the
+poetic Davenport may be helpful to some that there is "An indefinable charm
+about the various forms of the lady fern, which soon enables one to know it
+from its peculiarly graceful motion by merely gently swaying a frond in the
+hand." Spores ripen in August.
+
+The lady fern is very easy to cultivate and when once established is apt to
+crowd aside its neighbors.
+
+(3) SILVERY SPLEENWORT. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES
+
+_Asplenium acrostichoides. Asplenium thelypteroides_
+
+Fronds two to four feet tall, pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle.
+Pinnae deeply pinnatifid, linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Lobes oblong,
+obtuse, minutely toothed, each bearing two rows of oblong or linear
+fruit-dots. Indusium silvery when young.
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. _Athyrium acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Silvery Spleenwort. Athyrium acrostichoides]
+
+The sterile fronds come up first and the taller, fertile ones do not appear
+until late in June. Where there are no fruit-dots the hairs on the upper
+surface of the fronds will help to distinguish it from specimens of the
+Marsh fern tribe, which it somewhat resembles. The regular rows of nearly
+straight, clear-cut sori of the fertile fronds are very attractive, and
+the lower ones, as well as those at the slender tips of the pinnae, are
+frequently double.
+
+Rich woods and moist, shady banks, New England to Kentucky and westward.
+Generally distributed but hardly common.
+
+(4) NARROW-LEAVED SPLEENWORT
+
+ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. _Asplenium angustifolium_
+
+Fronds one to four feet tall, pinnate. Pinnae numerous, thin, short-stalked,
+linear-lanceolate, acuminate, those of the fertile fronds narrower.
+Fruit-dots linear. Indusium slightly convex.
+
+[Illustration: Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. _Athyrium angustifolium_ (Vermont)
+(Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+In rich woods from southern Canada and New Hampshire to Minnesota and
+southward. September. Not common. Mt. Toby, Mass., Berlin and Meriden,
+Conn., and Danville, Vt. Can be cultivated but should not be exposed to
+severe weather, as its thin and delicate fronds are easily injured. Woolson
+writes of it, "There is nothing in the fern kingdom which looks so cool and
+refreshing on a hot day as a mass of this clear-cut, delicately made-up
+fern."
+
+[Illustration: Pinnae and Sori of _Athyrium angustifolium_]
+
+
+
+
+HART'S TONGUE
+
+_Scolopendrium_. PHYLLITIS
+
+Sori linear, a row on either side of the midvein, and at right angles to
+it, the indusium appearing to be double. (_Scolopendrium_ is the Greek for
+centipede, whose feet the sori were thought to resemble. _Phyllitis_ is the
+ancient Greek name for a fern.) Only one species in the United States.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Scolopendrium vulgare_]
+
+(1) _Scolopendrium vulgare_
+
+PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM
+
+Fronds thick and leathery, oblong-lanceolate from an auricled, heart-shaped
+base, ten to twenty inches long and one to two inches wide. Margin entire,
+bright green.
+
+In shaded ravines under limestone cliffs. Chittenango Falls, and
+Scolopendrium Lake, central New York, and Tennessee. Also, locally in
+Ontario and New Brunswick. One of the rarest of our native ferns, although
+very common in Great Britain. This plant is said to be easily cultivated,
+and to produce numerous varieties. According to Woolson, "No rockery is
+complete without the Hart's Tongue, the long, glossy, undulating fronds
+of which are sufficiently unique to distinguish any collection." In
+cultivation it "needs light protection through the winter in northern New
+England."
+
+[Illustration: Hart's Tongue. _Scolopendrium vulgare_ (Base of calcareous
+rocks, Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada)]
+
+
+WALKING FERN. WALKING LEAF
+
+_Camptosorus_
+
+Fruit-dots oblong or linear as in _Asplenium_, but irregularly scattered on
+either side of the reticulated veins of the simple frond, the outer ones
+sometimes confluent at their ends, forming crooked lines (hence, the name
+from the Greek meaning crooked sori). Only one species within our limits.
+
+_Camptosorus rhizophyllus_
+
+Fronds evergreen, leathery, four to eighteen inches long, heart-shaped at
+the base, but tapering towards the apex, which often roots and forms a
+new plant. Veins reticulated. The auricles of this species are sometimes
+elongated and may even take root.
+
+This curious and interesting fern is one of the finest for rockeries, the
+tips taking root in rock-fissures. Shaded limestone, or sometimes other
+rocks. Shapleigh and Winthrop, Me., rarely in New Hampshire (Lebanon),
+and Connecticut, Mt. Toby, Mass., and western New England; also Canada to
+Georgia and westward.
+
+[Illustration: Walking Fern. _Camptosorus rhizophyllus_]
+
+
+
+
+THE SHIELD FERNS
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS AND HOLLY FERNS
+
+_Polystichum_
+
+These have been grouped with the wood ferns, but are now usually placed
+under the genus _Polystichum_, which has the sori round and covered with
+a circular indusium fixed to the frond by its depressed center. The wood
+ferns, on the other hand, have a kidney-shaped indusium attached to the
+fronds by the sinus. (_Polystichum_ is the Greek for many rows, the sori of
+some species being in many ranks.)
+
+(1) THE CHRISTMAS FERN
+
+_Polystichum acrostichoides. Aspidium acrostichoides_
+
+Stipes clothed with pale, brown scales. Frond rigid and evergreen, one to
+two feet long, lanceolate, pinnate. Pinnae linear-lanceolate, scythe-shaped,
+auricled on the upper side, and with bristly teeth; fertile pinnae
+contracted toward the top, bearing two rows of sori, which soon become
+confluent and cover the entire surface. Indusium orbicular, fixed by its
+depressed center.
+
+_F. incisum_ is a form in which the pinnae are much incised.
+
+_F. crispum_ has the edges of its pinnae crisped and ruffled. The name
+Christmas fern, due to John Robinson, of Salem, Mass., suggests its fitness
+for winter decoration. Its deep green and glossy fronds insure it a welcome
+at Christmas time. "Its mission is to cheer the winter months and enhance
+the beauty of the other ferns by contrast." In transplanting, a generous
+mass of earth should be included and its roots should not be disturbed.
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_]
+
+[Illustration: Christmas Fern. _Polystichum acrostichoides_ Top, Forked
+Form; Bottom, Incised Form (Maine)]
+
+(2) BRAUN'S HOLLY FERN
+
+_Polystichum Braunii. Aspidium aculeatum Braunii_
+
+Fronds thick, rigid, one to two feet long, spreading, lanceolate,
+tapering both ways, bipinnate. Pinnules ovate or oblong, truncate, nearly
+rectangular at the base, sharply toothed and covered beneath with chaff and
+hairs. Fruit-dots small and near the mid veins. Indusium orbicular, entire.
+Stipes chaffy with brown scales.
+
+[Illustration: Braun's Holly Fern. _Polystichum Braunii_ (Willoughby
+Mountain, Vt.) (Herbarium of G.H.T.)]
+
+This handsome fern is rather common in northern New England. We have
+collected it in the Willoughby Lake region, Vt., and it is found at Mt.
+Mansfield, Randolph, and elsewhere in that state; also at Gorham, N.H.,
+and Fernald reports it as common in northern Maine. It also grows in the
+mountains of New York and Pennsylvania, and westward. It was formerly
+thought to be a variety of the prickly shield fern (_P. aculeatum_), which
+has a very wide range and numerous varieties. The fronds remain green
+through the winter but the stipes weaken and fall over.
+
+(3) HOLLY FERN. _Polystichum Lonchitis_
+
+Fronds linear-lanceolate, short-stalked and rigid, eight to fifteen inches
+long. Pinnae broadly lanceolate-falcate or the lowest triangular, strongly
+auricled on the upper side, densely spinulose-toothed. Sori midway between
+the margin and midrib.
+
+[Illustration: Holly Fern. Polystichum Lonchitis (Nottawasaga, Canada,
+West, Right, Alaska, Left) (Herbarium of C.E. Davenport)]
+
+The name holly fern suggests its resemblance to holly leaves with their
+bristle-tipped teeth. The specific name lonchitis (like a spear) refers to
+its sharp teeth. A northern species growing in rocky woods from Labrador
+to Alaska, and south to Niagara Falls, Lake Superior and westward. Its
+southern limits nearly coincide with the northern limits of the Christmas
+fern.
+
+
+
+
+THE MARSH FERN TRIBE
+
+
+Under this designation Clute has grouped three of the shield ferns, which
+have a close family resemblance, and has thus distinguished them from the
+wood ferns, which also belong to the shield fern family.
+
+(1) THE MARSH FERN
+
+_Aspidium thelypteris_. THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS
+_Dryopteris thelypteris. Nephrodium thelypteris_
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern]
+
+These are all good names and each one is worthy to be chosen. _Aspidium_,
+Greek for shield, in use for a century, adopted in all the seven editions
+of Gray's Manual, is still the most familiar and pleasing term to its
+friends. _Dryopteris_, Greek for oak fern, has been chosen by Underwood
+and Britton and Brown and has grown in favor. _Nephrodium_, meaning
+kidney-like, favored by Davenport, Waters and, of late, Clute, is a most
+fitting name. THELYPTERIS, meaning lady fern, is found to be the earliest
+name in use and according to rule the correct one.
+
+[Illustration: The Marsh Fern. _Aspidium Thelypteris_]
+
+Fronds pinnate, lanceolate, slightly or not at all narrowed at the base.
+Pinnae horizontal or slightly recurved, linear-lanceolate and deeply
+pinnatifid. Lobes obtuse, but appear acute when their margins are reflexed
+over the sori. Veins once forked. Indusium minute. Stipes tall, lifting the
+blades ten to fifteen inches above the mud, whence they spring.
+
+The fronds of the marsh fern are apt to be sterile in deep shade. It may be
+readily distinguished from the New York fern by its broad base, instead of
+tapering to very small pinnae; by its long stalk, lifting the blade up into
+the sunlight, and by the revolute margins of the fertile fronds, which have
+suggested for it the name of "snuff-box" fern. It is separated from
+the Massachusetts fern by its forked veins. Common in marshes and damp
+woodlands; Canada to Florida and westward. While the marsh fern loves
+moisture and shade it is sometimes found in dry, open fields. Miss Lilian
+A. Cole, of Union, Me., reports a colony as growing on land above the swale
+in which Twayblade and Adder's Tongue are found, "around rock heaps in
+open sunlight on clay soil, but homely and twisted," as if a former woodsy
+environment had been long since cleared away while the deserted ferns
+persisted.
+
+(2) MASSACHUSETTS FERN
+
+_Aspidium simulatum_. THELYPTERIS SIMULATA
+_Dryopteris simulata. Nephrodium simulatum_
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to three feet long, oblong-lanceolate, somewhat
+narrowed at the base. Pinnae lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid, the lower most
+often turned inward. Veins simple. Indusium glandular. Sori rather large.
+
+Resembles the marsh fern, of which it was once thought to be a variety.
+In some respects it is also like the New York fern, and is in fact
+intermediate between the two.
+
+[Illustration: Massachusetts Fern. _Aspidium simulatum_ 1. Sterile Frond.
+2. A Fruiting Pinnule. 3. Pinnule enlarged showing venation (From the "Fern
+Bulletin")]
+
+That it is a distinct species was first pointed out by Raynal Dodge in
+1880, and it later was named _simulatum_ by Geo. E. Davenport because of
+its similarity to a form of the lady fern. It may be identified by its
+thin texture and particularly by its simple veins. On account of its close
+resemblance to the marsh fern, Clute would call it "The lance-leaved Marsh
+Fern," instead of the irrelevant name of Massachusetts Fern. Woodland
+swamps usually in deep shade, New England to Maryland and westward. Often
+found growing with the marsh fern.
+
+(3) NEW YORK FERN
+
+_Aspidium noveboracense_. THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS
+_Dryopteris noveboracensis. Nephrodium noveboracense_
+
+Fronds pinnate, tapering both ways from the middle. Pinnae lanceolate,
+pinnatifid, the lowest pairs gradually shorter and deflexed. Veins simple.
+Indusium minute and beset with glands.
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+Very common in woodlands, preferring a dryer soil than the marsh fern.
+August. The fronds are pale green, delicate and hairy beneath along the
+midrib and veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of New York Fern (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt &
+Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: New York Fern. _Aspidium noveboracense_]
+
+When bruised its resinous glands give out a pleasing, ferny odor. This
+species can be distinguished from every other by the greatly reduced pinnae
+at its base. Throughout North America east of the Mississippi.
+
+
+
+
+THE BEECH FERNS
+
+
+The beech ferns are often classed with the polypodies, because, like them,
+they have no indusium; but in other ways they are more akin to the wood
+ferns. Their stipes are not jointed to the root stock, nor are their sori
+at the ends of the veins as in the polypodies. We here place them with
+the wood ferns, retaining the familiar name _Phegopteris_ but giving
+THELYPTERIS as a synonym. The fruit-dots are small, round and naked,
+borne on the back of the veins below the apex. Stipe continuous with the
+rootstock. Veins free. (The name _Phegopteris_ in Greek means oak or beech
+fern.)
+
+(1) OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris dryopteris_. THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS
+
+Fronds glabrous, broadly triangular, ternate, four to seven inches broad,
+the divisions widely spreading, each division pinnate at the base. Segments
+oblong, obtuse, entire or toothed. Fruit-dots near the margin. Rootstock
+slender and creeping from which fronds are produced all summer, in
+appearance like the small, ternate divisions of the bracken.
+
+This dainty fern has fronds of a delicate yellow-green, "the greenest of
+all green things growing." Its ternate character is shown even in the
+uncoiling of the fronds, the three round balls suggesting the sign of the
+pawnbroker. The parts of the oak fern develop with great regularity, each
+pinna, pinnule and lobe having another exactly opposite to it nearly
+always. In rocky woods, common northward; also in Virginia, Kansas and
+Colorado. A fine species for cultivation at the base of the artificial
+rockery.
+
+[Illustration: Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Dryopteris_]
+
+
+
+(2) THE NORTHERN OAK FERN
+
+_Phegopteris Robertiana. Phegopteris calcarea_
+
+THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA
+
+Resembles the oak fern, but with fronds rather larger, especially the
+terminal segment; also more rigid and coarser in appearance. Stalks and
+fronds minutely glandular beneath. Lower pinnules of the lateral divisions
+scarcely longer than the others. Often called "Limestone Polypody," the
+beech ferns having formerly been classed with the polypodies. Britton and
+Brown designate it as the "Scented Oak Fern." Canada and the northwestern
+states. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Oak Fern. _Phegopteris Robertiana_ (From Water's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: BROAD BEECH FERN. Phegopteris hexagonoptera]
+
+(3) BROAD BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris hexagonoptera_
+
+THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA
+
+Fronds triangular, broader than long, seven to twelve inches broad,
+spreading more or less horizontally at the summit of the stipe; pubescent
+and often glandular beneath; pinnae fragrant, lanceolate, the lowest pair
+usually much larger than those above, having the segments elongated and cut
+into lobes. Basal segments decurrent and forming a many-angled wing along
+the main rachis. Fruit-dots small, near the margin.
+
+The broad beech fern is usually larger than its sister, the long beech
+fern, and extends farther south, ranging from New England to Minnesota
+and southward to Florida. It is sometimes called "six-angled polypody."
+According to Dodge it is most common in Rhode Island and Connecticut. It
+prefers rather dry, open woods. It is said to have a pleasant, ferny odor
+when bruised. August.
+
+(4) LONG BEECH FERN
+
+_Phegopteris polypodioides_. THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS
+
+Fronds triangular, longer than broad, four to six inches long, twice
+pinnatifid. Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, the lowest pair deflexed and
+standing forward; cut into oblong, obtuse segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin.
+
+Compared with the broad beech fern this is the more northern species. While
+usually quite distinct in structure, it sometimes approaches its sister
+fern rather closely.
+
+It prefers deep woods and shaded banks. Newfoundland to Alaska and
+southward to the mountains of Virginia. July.
+
+[Illustration: Long Beech Fern. _Phegopteris polypodioides_]
+
+[Illustration: The Long Beech Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE FRAGRANT FERN
+
+_Aspidium fragrans. Nephrodium fragrans_
+
+THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. _Dryopteris fragrans_
+
+Fronds four to twelve inches high, glandular-aromatic, narrowly lanceolate
+and twice pinnate or nearly so. Pinnae oblong-lanceolate, pinnate or deeply
+pinnatifid. Pinnules toothed or entire nearly covered beneath with the
+large, thin, imbricated indusia which are orbicular with a narrow sinus,
+having the margins ragged and sparingly glanduliferous. Stipe short and
+chaffy.
+
+The fragrant fern grows on high cliffs among the mountains of northern New
+England. It is reported from scattered stations in northern Maine, from
+north of the White Mountains and from Sunapee Lake in New Hampshire, and
+in the Green Mountains south to central Vermont, New Brunswick and to
+Minnesota. Found also in Alaska and Greenland. This much-coveted fern has a
+singularly sweet and lasting fragrance, compared by some to strawberries,
+by others to new-mown hay and sweet brier leaves. We have seen herbarium
+specimens that were mildly and pleasantly odorous after several years. When
+growing the fern may be tested "by its fragrance, its stickiness and its
+beautiful brown curls." Evergreen. Spores ripen the middle of August.
+
+[Illustration: Fragrant Fern. _Aspidium fragrans_ (Mt. Mansfield. Vt.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOOD FERNS
+
+ASPIDIUM
+
+Fronds pinnate, the pinnae pinnatifid;
+    Blade soft and thin, not evergreen;
+        Lower pinnae reduced to mere lobes
+                                                   New York Fern
+        Lower pinnae but slightly reduced;
+            Veins simple......................Massachusetts Fern
+            Veins forked..............................Marsh Fern
+
+    Blade rather thick (subcoreaceous) mostly evergreen;
+        Fronds small, narrow, glandular, rock species
+                                                   Fragrant Fern
+        Fronds large, two or more feet high;
+            Lower pinnae short, broadly triangular
+                                              Crested Shield Fern
+            Lower pinnae longer;
+                Sori close to the margin.... Marginal Shield Fern
+                Sori nearer the midvein;
+                    Frond lanceolate....................Male Fern
+                    Frond ovate..............Goldie's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds twice pinnate with the lower pinnules pinnatifid
+                                              Boott's Shield Fern
+
+Fronds nearly thrice pinnate................Spinulose Shield Fern
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. _Aspidium marginale_]
+
+
+
+THE WOOD FERNS
+
+
+The ferns of this group, not counting the small fragrant fern, prefer the
+woods or at least shady places. Although the genus _Polystichum_ represents
+the true shield ferns, the wood ferns are also thus designated, as their
+indusia have nearly the shape of small, roundish shields. The old generic
+name for them all was _Aspidium_ (meaning shield), first published in 1800.
+For a long time its chief rival was _Nephrodium_ (kidney-like), 1803. Many
+modern botanists have preferred the earlier name _Dryopteris_ (1763),
+meaning oak fern, alluding, perhaps, to its forest-loving habits.
+THELYPTERIS, still earlier (1762), may supersede the others.
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern. Aspidium marginale (From Woolson's
+"Ferns," Doubleday, Page & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+(1) MARGINAL SHIELD FERN, EVERGREEN WOOD FERN
+
+_Aspidium marginale_. THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS
+_Dryopteris marginalis. Nephrodium marginale_
+
+Fronds from a few inches to three feet long, ovate-oblong, somewhat
+leathery, smooth, twice pinnate. Pinnae lanceolate, acuminate, broadest just
+above the base. Pinnules oblong, often slightly falcate, entire or toothed.
+Fruit-dots large, round, close to the margin. Rocky hillsides in rich
+woods, rather common throughout our area. The heavy rootstock rises
+slightly above the ground and is clothed at the crown with shaggy, brown
+scales. Its rising caudex, often creeping for several inches over bare
+rocks, suggests the habit of a tree fern. In early spring it sends up a
+graceful circle of large, handsome, bluish-green blades. The stipes are
+short and densely chaffy. No other wood fern endures the winter so well.
+The fronds burdened with snow lop over among the withered leaves and
+continue green until the new ones shoot up in the spring. It is the most
+valuable of all the wood ferns for cultivation.
+
+(2) THE MALE FERN
+
+_Aspidium Filix-mas_. THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS
+_Dryopteris Filix-mas. Nephrodium Filix-mas_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, pinnate, one to three feet high growing in a crown from
+a shaggy rootstock. Pinnae lanceolate, tapering from base to apex. Pinnules
+oblong, obtuse, serrate at the apex, obscurely so at the sides, the basal
+incisely lobed, distant, the upper confluent. Fruit-dots large, nearer the
+mid vein than the margin, mostly on the lower half of each fertile segment.
+
+The male fern resembles the marginal shield fern in outline, but the fronds
+are thinner, are not evergreen, and the sori are near the midvein. Its use
+in medicine is of long standing. Its rootstock produces the well-known
+_filix-mas_ of the pharmacist. This has tonic and astringent properties,
+but is mainly prescribed as a vermifuge, which is one of the names given to
+it. In Europe it is regarded as the typical fern, being oftener mentioned
+and figured than any other. In rocky woods, Canada, Northfield, Vt., and
+northwest to the great lakes, also in many parts of the world.
+
+[Illustration: The Male Fern. _Aspidium Filix-mas_ (Vermont)]
+
+[Illustration: FIG. 33G. _Aspidium filix mas_ 1, Illustration
+exhibiting general habit; a, young leaves: 2, transverse section of
+rhizome showing the conducting bundles a: 3, portion of the leaf bearing
+sori; a indusium b, sporangia; 4, longitudinal; 5, transverse section of a
+soris; a, leaf; b, indusium; c, sporangia: 6, a single sporangium; a,
+stalk; c, annulus; d, spores. (After WOSSIDLO OFFICINAL) From a German
+print, giving details]
+
+(3) GOLDIE'S FERN
+
+_Aspidium Goldianum_. THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA
+_Dryopteris Goldiana. Nephrodium Goldianum_
+
+Fronds two to four feet high and often one foot broad, pinnate, broadly
+ovate, especially the sterile ones. Pinnae deeply pinnatifid, broadest
+in the middle. The divisions (eighteen or twenty pairs) oblong-linear,
+slightly toothed. Fruit-dots very near the midvein. Indusium large,
+orbicular, with a deep, narrow sinus. Scales dark brown to nearly black
+with a peculiar silky lustre.
+
+A magnificent species, the tallest and largest of the wood ferns. It
+delights in rich woodlands where there is limestone. Its range is from
+Canada to Kentucky. While not common, there are numerous colonies in New
+England. It is reported from Fairfield, Me., Spencer and Mt. Toby, Mass.,
+and frequently west of the Connecticut River. We have often admired a large
+and beautiful colony of it on the west side of Willoughby Mountain in
+Vermont. It is easily cultivated and adds grace and dignity to a fern
+garden.
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Shield Fern. _Aspidium Goldianum_ (Vermont, 1874.
+C.G. Pringle) (Herbarium of G.E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: Goldie's Fern (From Woolson's "Ferns," Doubleday, Page &
+Co.)]
+
+(4) THE CRESTED FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristatum_. THELYPTERIS CRISTATA
+
+_Dryopteris cristata. Nephrodium cristatum_
+
+Fronds one to two feet long, linear-oblong or lanceolate, pinnate, acute.
+Pinnae two to three inches long, broadest at the base, triangular-oblong,
+or the lowest triangular. Divisions oblong, obtuse, finely serrate or
+cut-toothed, those nearest the rachis sometimes separate. Fruit-dots large,
+round, half way between the midvein and the margin. Indusium smooth, naked,
+with a shallow sinus.
+
+The short sterile fronds, though spreading out gracefully, are conspicuous
+only in winter; while the fertile fronds, tall, narrow and erect, are found
+only in summer.
+
+It is one of our handsomest evergreen ferns and even the large sori, with
+their dark spore cases and white indusia, are very attractive. The fertile
+pinnae have a way of turning their faces upward toward the apex of the frond
+for more light. In moist land, Canada to Kentucky.
+
+Var. _Clintonianum_. Clinton's Wood Fern. Resembles the type, but is in
+every way larger. Divisions eight to sixteen pairs. Fruit-dots near the
+midvein, the sides of the sinus often overlapping. South central Maine to
+New York and westward. "Rare in New England attaining its best development
+in western sections." (Dodge.) Mt. Toby, Mass., Hanover, N.H. July. Fine
+for cultivation.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_ (Reading, Mass.,
+Kingman)]
+
+[Illustration: The Crested Shield Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_]
+
+[Illustration: Clinton's Wood Fern. _Aspidium cristatum_, var.
+_Clintonianum_ (Gray Herbarium)]
+
+CRESTED MARGINAL FERN
+
+_Aspidium cristatum X marginale_
+
+
+Both the crested fern and Clinton's fern appear to hybridize with the
+marginal shield fern with the result that the upper part of the frond is
+like _marginale_ and the lower like _cristatum_, including the veining and
+texture.
+
+This form was discovered by Raynal Dodge, verified by Margaret Slosson and
+described by Geo. E. Davenport, who had a small colony under cultivation in
+his fern garden at Medford, Mass., and to him the writer and other friends
+are indebted for specimens.
+
+Found occasionally throughout New England and New Jersey. Other supposed
+hybrids have been found between the marginal shield and the spinulose fern
+and its variety _intermedium_, and with Goldie's fern; also between the
+crested fern, including Clinton's variety and each of the others mentioned;
+and, in fact, between almost all pairs of species of the wood ferns,
+although we do not think they have been positively verified. Still other
+species of ferns are known to hybridize more or less, as we saw in the case
+of Scott's spleenwort.
+
+[Illustration: Crested Marginal Fern. A Hybrid. _Aspidium Cristatum X
+marginale_ (Fernery of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium cristatum X marginale_ One of the very best for
+cultivation]
+
+(5) BOOTT'S SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium Boottii_. THELYPTERIS BOOTTII
+
+_Dryopteris Boottii. Nephrodium Boottii_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate, the upper
+pinnae lanceolate, the lower triangular with spinulose teeth. Sori in rows
+each side of the midvein, one to each tooth and often scattering on the
+lower pinules. Indusium large, minutely glandular, variable.
+
+This fern has been thought to be a hybrid between the crested and spinulose
+ferns, but is now regarded as distinct. Like the crested fern its fertile
+fronds wither in autumn, while its sterile blades remain green throughout
+the winter. It differs from it, however, by being twice pinnate below, and
+from the typical spinulose fern by its glandular indusium; but from the
+intermediate variety it is more difficult to separate it, as that also has
+indusiate glands. The collector needs to study authentic specimens and
+have in mind the type, with its rather long, narrow blade as an aid to the
+verbal description, and even then he will often find it an interesting
+puzzle. Shaded swamps throughout our area.
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium Boottii_]
+
+(6) SPINULOSE SHIELD FERN
+
+_Aspidium spinulosum. THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA
+
+Dryopteris spinulosa. Nephrodium spinulosum_
+
+Stipes with a few pale brown deciduous scales. Fronds one to two and
+one-half feet long, ovate-lanceolate, twice pinnate. Pinnae oblique to
+the rachis, the lower ones broadly triangular, the upper ones elongated.
+Pinnules on the inferior side of the pinnae often elongated, especially the
+lower pair, the pinnule nearest the rachis being usually the longest, at
+least in the lowest pinnae. Pinnules variously cut into spinulose-toothed
+segments. Indusium smooth, without marginal glands.
+
+The common European type, but in this country far less common than its
+varieties. They all prefer rich, damp woods, and because of their
+graceful outline and spiny-toothed lobes are very attractive. They can be
+transplanted without great difficulty, and the fern garden depends upon
+them for its most effective lacework.
+
+Var. _intermedium_ has the scales of the stipe brown with darker center.
+Fronds ovate-oblong, often tripinnate. Pinnae spreading, oblong-lanceolate.
+Pinnules pinnately cleft, the oblong lobes spinulose-toothed at the apex.
+Margin of the indusium denticulate and beset with minute, stalked glands.
+In woods nearly everywhere--our most common form. Millions of fronds of
+this variety are gathered in our northern woods, placed in cold storage and
+sent to florists to be used in decorations.[A] As long as the roots are not
+disturbed the crop is renewed from year to year, and no great harm seems to
+result. Canada to Kentucky and westward.
+
+[Footnote A: _Horticulture_ reports that twenty-eight million fern leaves
+have been shipped from Bennington, Vt., in a single season; and that nearly
+$100,000 were paid out in wages.]
+
+[Illustration: Spinulose Shield Fern. _Aspidium spinulosum_ (Maine, 1877,
+Herbarium of Geo. E. Davenport)]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. _intermedium_]
+
+[Illustration: _Aspidium spinulosum_, var. AMERICANUM]
+
+A tripinnate form of this variety discovered at Concord, Mass., by Henry
+Purdie, has been named var. CONCORDIANUM. It has small, elliptical,
+denticulate pinnules and a glandular-pubescent indusium.
+
+Var. AMERICANUM (=_dilatatum_, syn.). Fronds broader, ovate or
+triangular-ovate in outline. A more highly developed form of the typical
+plant, the lower pinnae being often very broad, and the fronds tripinnate.
+Inferior pinnules on the lower pair of pinnae conspicuously elongated. A
+variety preferring upland woods; northern New England, Greenland to the
+mountains of North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Michigan and northward.
+
+
+
+
+THE BLADDER FERNS. _Cystopteris_
+
+  "Mark ye the ferns that clothe these dripping rocks,
+  Their hair-like stalks, though trembling 'neath the shock
+  Of falling spraydrops, rooted firmly there."
+
+
+The bladder ferns are a dainty, rock-loving family partial to a limestone
+soil. (The Greek name _cystopteris_ means bladder fern, so called in
+allusion to the hood-shaped indusium.)
+
+(1) THE BULBLET BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris bulbifera. Filix bulbifera_
+
+Fronds lanceolate, elongated, one to three feet long, twice pinnate. Pinnae
+lanceolate-oblong, pointed, horizontal, the lowest pair longest. Rachis and
+pinnae often bearing bulblets beneath. Pinnules toothed or deeply lobed.
+Indusium short, truncate on the free side. Stipe short.
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_ (Willoughby,
+Vt., 1904, G.H.T.)]
+
+[Illustration: Bulblet Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris bulbifera_]
+
+One of the most graceful and attractive of our native ferns; an object of
+beauty, whether standing alone or massed with other growths. It is very
+easily cultivated and one of the best for draping. "We may drape our homes
+by the yard," says Woolson, "with the most graceful and filmy of our common
+ferns, the bladder fern." This fern and the maidenhair were introduced into
+Europe in 1628 by John Tradescant, the first from America.
+
+It delights in shaded ravines and dripping hillsides in limestone
+districts. While producing spores freely it seems to propagate its species
+mainly by bulblets, which, falling into a moist soil, at once send out a
+pair of growing roots, while a tiny frond starts to uncoil from the heart
+of the bulb. Mt. Toby, Mass., Willoughby Mountain, Vt., calcareous regions
+in Maine, and west of the Connecticut River, Newfoundland to Manitoba,
+Wisconsin and Iowa; south to northern Georgia, Alabama and Arkansas.
+
+(2) THE COMMON BLADDER FERN
+
+_Cystopteris fragilis. Filix fragilis_
+
+Stipe long and brittle. Fronds oblong-lanceolate, five to twelve
+inches long, twice pinnate, the pinnae often pinnatifid or cut-toothed,
+ovate-lanceolate, decurrent on the winged rachis. Indusium appearing acute
+at the free end. Very variable in the cutting of the pinnules.
+
+The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name
+_fragilis_ suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the
+first to disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and
+withered away. Often, however, a new crop springs up by the last of August,
+as if Nature were renewing her youth. In outline the fragile bladder fern
+suggests the blunt-lobed Woodsia, but in the latter the pinnae and pinnules
+are usually broader and blunter, and its indusium splits into jagged lobes.
+Rather common in damp, shady places where rocks abound. In one form or
+another, found nearly throughout the world though only on mountains in the
+tropics.
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern, Fruited Portion]
+
+[Illustration: Fragile Bladder Fern. _Cystopteris fragilis_ (Wakefield,
+Mass.)]
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE WOODSIAS
+
+Stipes not jointed:
+    Indusium ample, segments broad, frond without hairs.
+                                          Obtuse Woodsia.
+    Pinnae hispidulous, with white jointed hairs beneath.
+                                  Rocky Mountain Woodsia.
+    Fronds bright green, pinnae glabrous, oblong.
+                                          Oregon Woodsia.
+    Fronds dull green, lanceolate, glandular beneath.
+                                      Cathcart's Woodsia.
+Stipes obscurely jointed near the base:
+    Fronds more or less chaffy, pinnae oblong to ovate,
+    crowded.                               Rusty Woodsia.
+    Fronds linear, smooth, pinnae deltoid or orbicular.
+                                          Smooth Woodsia.
+    Fronds lanceolate, a few white scales beneath; pinnae
+    deltoid-ovate.                        Alpine Woodsia.
+
+
+
+
+THE WOODSIAS
+
+Small, tufted, pinnately divided ferns. Fruit-dots borne on the back of
+simply forked, free veins. Indusium fixed beneath the sori, thin and often
+evanescent, either small and open, or early bursting at the top into
+irregular pieces or lobes. (Named for James Woods, an English botanist.)
+
+(1) RUSTY WOODSIA. _Woodsia ilvensis_
+
+Fronds oblong-lanceolate, three to ten inches high, rather smooth above,
+thickly clothed underneath with rusty, bristle-like chaff. Pinnate, the
+pinnae crowded, sessile, cut into oblong segments. Fruit-dots near the
+margin often confluent at maturity. Indusium divided nearly in the center
+into slender hairs which are curled over the sporangia. Stipes jointed an
+inch or so above the rootstock.
+
+[Illustration: Rusty Woodsia, _Woodsia ilvensis_]
+
+The rusty Woodsia is decidedly a rock-loving fern, and often grows on
+high cliffs exposed to the sun; its rootstock and fronds are covered with
+silver-white, hair-like scales, especially underneath. These scales turn
+brown in age, whence the name, rusty. As the short stipes separate at the
+joints from the rootstock, they leave at the base a thick stubble, which
+serves to identify the fern. Exposed rocks, Labrador to North Carolina and
+westward. Rather common in New England. Said to be very abundant on the
+trap rock hillocks about Little Falls, N.J., where it grows in dense tufts.
+
+(2) NORTHERN WOODSIA. ALPINE WOODSIA
+
+_Woodsia alpina. Woodsia hyperborea_
+
+Fronds narrowly lanceolate, two to six inches long, smooth above, somewhat
+hairy beneath, pinnate. Pinnae triangular-ovate, obtuse, lobed, the lobes
+few and nearly entire. Fruit-dots rarely confluent. Indusium as in _Woodsia
+ilvensis_.
+
+[Illustration: Details of Northern Woodsia. _Woodsia alpina_]
+
+Thought by some botanists to be a smooth form of _Woodsia ilvensis_. It
+was discovered in the United States by Horace Mann, in 1863, at Willoughby
+Lake, Vt. Twenty years or more later it was collected by C.H. Peck in the
+Adirondacks, who supposed it to be _Woodsia_ _glabella_. In 1897 it was
+rediscovered at Willoughby Lake by C.H. Pringle. New York, Vermont, Maine,
+and British America. Rare.
+
+[Illustration: Northern Woodsia, _Woodsia alpina_ (From Waters' "Ferns,"
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+(3) BLUNT-LOBED WOODSIA. _Woodsia obtusa_
+
+Fronds broadly lanceolate, ten to eighteen inches long, nearly twice
+pinnate, often minutely glandular. Pinnae rather remote, triangular-ovate
+or oblong, pinnately parted into obtuse, oblong, toothed segments.
+Veins forked. Fruit-dots on or near the margin of the lobes. Indusium
+conspicuous, at length splitting into several spreading, jagged lobes.
+
+[Illustration: Blunt-lobed Woodsia. _Woodsia obtusa_]
+
+This is our most common species of Woodsia and it has a wider range than
+the others, extending from Maine and Nova Scotia to Georgia and westward.
+On rocky banks and cliffs. The sori of this species have a peculiar beauty
+on account of the star-shaped indusium, as it splits into fragments. Var.
+_angusta_ is a form with very narrow fronds and pinnae. Highlands, New York.
+The type grows in Middlesex County, Mass., but is rare.
+
+(4) SMOOTH WOODSIA. _Woodsia glabella_
+
+Fronds two to five inches high, very delicate, linear, pinnate. Pinnae
+remote at the base, roundish-ovate, very obtuse with a few crenate lobes.
+Stipes jointed, straw-colored. Hairs of the indusium few and minute.
+
+[Illustration: Smooth Woodsia. _Woodsia glabella_ (Willoughhy Mountain, Vt.
+G.H.T.)]
+
+On moist, mossy, mostly calcareous rocks, northern New England, Mount
+Mansfield, Willoughby, and Bakersfield Ledge, Vt., Gorham, N.H., also
+Newfoundland, New York, and far to the northwest. Not very common. It
+differs from the alpine species by the absence of scales above the joint.
+As the name implies, the plant is smooth, except for the chaffy scales at
+or near the rootstock, which mark all the Woodsias, and many other ferns,
+and which serve as a protective covering against sudden changes in extremes
+of heat and cold.
+
+(5) OREGON WOODSIA. _Woodsia oregana_
+
+Fronds two to ten inches high, smooth, bright green, glandular beneath,
+narrowly lance-oblong, bipinnatifid. Pinnse triangular-oblong, obtuse,
+pinnatifid. Segments ovate or oblong, obtuse, crenate, the teeth or margin
+nearly always reflexed. Indusium minute, concealed beneath the sorus,
+divided into a few beaded hairs.
+
+Like the obtuse Woodsia this fern has no joint near the base of the stipe,
+but is much smaller and has several points of difference. Limestone cliffs,
+Gaspe Peninsula, southern shore of Lake Superior, Colorado, Oregon to the
+northwest. Its eastern limit is northern Michigan.
+
+(6) ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODSIA. _Woodsia scopulina_
+
+Fronds six to fifteen inches long [smooth], lanceolate, pinnatifid. Pinnae
+triangular-ovate, the lowest pair shortened. Under surface of the whole
+frond hispidulous with minute, white hairs and stalked glands. Indusium
+hidden beneath the sporangia, consisting mostly of a few hair-like
+divisions.
+
+In crevices of rocks, mountains of West Virginia, Gaspe Peninsula, Rocky
+Mountains, and westward to Oregon and California.
+
+(7) CATHCART'S WOODSIA. _Woodsia Cathcartiana_
+
+Fronds eight to twelve inches high, lanceolate, bipinnatifid, finely
+glandular-puberulent. Pinnse oblong; the lower distant segments oblong,
+denticulate, separated by wide sinuses.
+
+Rocky river banks, west Michigan to northeast Minnesota.
+
+
+
+
+DENNSTAEDTIA. _Dicksonia_
+
+Fruit-dots small, globular, marginal, each on the apex of a vein or fork.
+Sporangia borne on an elevated, globular receptacle in a membranous,
+cup-shaped indusium which is open at the top.
+
+(Named in honor of August Wilhelm Dennstaed.)
+
+HAYSCENTED FERN. BOULDER FERN
+
+DENNSTAEDTIA PUNCTILOBULA[A]
+
+_Dicksonia punctilobula. Dicksonia pilosiuscula_
+
+[Footnote A: We again remind our readers that the Latin names in small
+capitals represent the newer nomenclature.]
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, minutely glandular and hairy,
+ovate-lanceolate, pale green, very thin and mostly bipinnate. Primary
+pinnae in outline like the frond; the secondary, pinnatifid into oblong and
+obtuse, cut-toothed lobes. Fruit-dots minute, each on a recurved toothlet,
+usually one at the upper margin of each lobe. Indusium fixed under the
+sporangia, appearing like a tiny green cup filled with spore cases.
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_ (Sudbury, Mass.
+G.E.D.)]
+
+[Illustration: Forked Variety of Hayscented Fern]
+
+
+[Illustration: Hayscented Fern. _Dennstaedtia punctilobula_]
+
+While _Dennstaedtia_ is the approved scientific name of this species, the
+name _Dicksonia_ has come to be used almost as commonly as hay scented fern
+or boulder fern. It is one of our most graceful and delicate species, its
+long-tapering outline suggesting the bulblet bladder fern. It delights to
+cluster around rocks and boulders in upland fields and pastures and in the
+margin of rocky woods. It is sweet-scented in drying. A fine species for
+the fernery and one of the most decorative of the entire fern family.
+The effect of the shimmering fronds, so delicately wrought, flanked by
+evergreens, is highly artistic. Fine-haired mountain fern, pasture fern,
+and hairy _Dicksonia_ are other names. Canada to Tennessee and westward.
+
+Var. _cristata_ has the fronds more or less forked at the top.
+
+[Illustration: Pinnule and Sori]
+
+[Illustration: Mass of Sensitive Fern]
+
+
+
+
+THE SENSITIVE AND OSTRICH FERNS
+
+_Onoclea_. PTERETIS. _Matteuccia_. _Struthiopteris_
+
+(Last three names applied to Ostrich Fern only.)
+
+It is a question whether the sensitive and ostrich fern should be included
+in the same genus. They are similar in many respects, but not in all. The
+sensitive fern has a running rootstock, scattered fronds, and netted veins;
+while the ostrich fern has an upright rootstock, fronds in crowns, and
+free veins.
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. Gradations from Leaf to Fruit.
+_Obtusilobata_ Form]
+
+(1) SENSITIVE FERN. _Onoclea sensibilis_
+
+Fronds one to three feet high, scattered along a creeping rootstock,
+broadly triangular, deeply pinnatifid, with segments sinuately lobed or
+nearly entire. Veins reticulated with fine meshes. The fertile fronds
+shorter, closely bipinnate with the pinnules rolled up into berry-like
+structures which contain the spore cases. (The name in Greek means a closed
+vessel, in allusion to the berry-like fertile segments.) The sensitive
+fern is so called from its being very sensitive to frost. The sterile and
+fertile fronds are totally unlike, the latter not coming out of the ground
+until about July, when they appear like rows of small, green grapes or
+berries, but soon turn dark and remain erect all winter, and often do not
+discharge their spores until the following spring. The little berry-like
+structures of the fertile frond represent pinnules, bearing fruit-dots,
+around which they are closely rolled. As Waters remarks, "Most ferns hold
+the sori in the open hand, but the sensitive fern grasps them tightly in
+the clenched fist."
+
+Var. _obtusilobata_ is an abortive form with the fertile segments only
+partially developed. The illustration shows several intermediate forms.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of Sensitive Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern. _Onoclea sensibilis_]
+
+[Illustration: Sensitive Fern, Fertile and Sterile Fronds on one
+Stock _Onoclea sensibilis_ (From the collection of Mr. and Mrs. L.P.
+Breckenridge)]
+
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. _Onoclea Struthiopteris_. Fertile Fronds]
+
+(2) OSTRICH FERN
+
+_Onoclea struthiopteris_. PTERETIS NODULOSA
+
+_Struthiopteris Germanica_. _Matteuccia struthiopteris_
+
+Fronds two to eight feet high, growing in a crown; broadly lanceolate,
+pinnate, the numerous pinnae deeply pinnatifid, narrowed toward the
+channeled stipe. Fertile fronds shorter, pinnate with margins of the pinnae
+revolute into a necklace form containing the sori.
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern. Sterile Fronds (New Hampshire)]
+
+The rootstocks send out slender, underground stolons which bear fronds the
+next year. Sterile fronds appear throughout the summer, fertile ones in
+July. Seen from a distance its graceful leaf-crowns resemble those of the
+cinnamon fern. An intermediate form between the fertile and sterile fronds
+is sometimes found, as in the sensitive fern. This handsome species
+thrives under cultivation. For grace and dignity it is unrivaled, and for
+aggressiveness it is, perhaps, equaled only by the lady fern. For the
+climax of beauty it should be combined with the maidenhair. The ostrich
+fern is fairly common in alluvial soil over the United States and Canada.
+
+[Illustration: Sori and sporangia of Ostrich Fern]
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE FLOWERING FERN FAMILY
+
+_OSMUNDACEAE_
+
+This family is represented in North America by three species, all of which
+belong to the single genus.
+
+OSMUNDA
+
+The _osmundas_ are tall swamp ferns growing in large crowns from strong,
+thickened rootstocks; the fruiting portion of the fertile frond much
+contracted and quite unlike the sterile. Sporangia large, globular,
+short-stalked, borne on the margin of the divisions and opening into two
+valves by a longitudinal slit. Ring obscure. (From Osmunder, a name of the
+god Thor.)
+
+(1) FLOWERING FERN, ROYAL FERN
+
+_Osmunda regalis. Osmunda regalis_, var. SPECTABILIS
+
+Fronds pale green, one to six feet high; sterile part bipinnate, each pinna
+having numerous pairs of lance-oblong, serrulate pinnules alternate along
+the midrib. Fruiting panicle of the frond six to twelve inches long, brown
+when mature and sometimes leafy.
+
+A magnificent fern, universally admired. Well named by the great
+Linnaeus, _regalis_, royal, indeed, in its type of queenly beauty. The
+wine-colored stipes of the uncoiling fronds shooting up in early spring,
+lifting gracefully their pink pinnae and pretty panicles of bright green
+spore cases, throw an indescribable charm over the meadows and clothe even
+the wet, stagnant swamps with beauty nor is the attraction less when the
+showy fronds expand in summer and the green sporangia are turned to brown.
+The stout rootstocks are often erect, rising several inches to a foot
+above the ground, as if in imitation of a tree fern. The poet Wordworth
+hints at somewhat different origin of the name from that given here.
+
+  "Fair ferns and flowers and chiefly that tall fern
+   So stately of the Queen Osmanda named."
+
+[Illustration: Royal or Flowering Fern _Osmunda regalis_]
+
+The royal fern may be transplanted with success if given good soil,
+sufficient shade and plenty of water. Common in swamps and damp places.
+Newfoundland to Virginia and northwestward.
+
+[Illustration: Sori of _Osmunda regalis_ (From Waters's "Ferns," Henry Holt
+& Co.)]
+
+(2) INTERRUPTED FERN. CLAYTON'S FERN
+
+Osmunda Claytoniana
+
+Fronds pinnate, one to five feet high. Pinnae cut into oblong, obtuse lobes.
+Fertile fronds taller than the sterile, having from one to five pairs of
+intermediate pinnae contracted and bearing sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern. _Osmunda Claytoniana_]
+
+The fronds have a bluish-green tint; they mature their spores about the
+last of May. The sterile fronds may be distinguished from those of the
+cinnamon fern by not having retained, like those, a tuft of wool at the
+base of each pinna. Besides, in Clayton's fern the fronds are broader,
+blunter and thinner in texture, and the segments more rounded; the fronds
+are also more inclined to curve outwards. They turn yellow in the fall, at
+times "flooding the woods with golden light," but soon smitten by the early
+frosts they wither and disappear. The interrupted fern is rather common in
+damp, rocky woods and pastures; Newfoundland to Minnesota, south to North
+Carolina and Missouri. Although fond of moisture it is easily cultivated
+and its graceful outlines make it worthy of a prominent place in the
+fern garden. Var. _dubia_ has the pinnules of the sterile frond widely
+separated, and the upper-middle ones much elongated. Southern Vermont.
+
+[Illustration: Interrupted Fern with the Fertile Pinnules Spread Open]
+
+(3) CINNAMON FERN. BRAKES
+
+_Osmunda cinnamomea_
+
+Fronds one to six feet long, pinnate. Pinnae lanceolate, pinnatifid with
+oblong, obtuse divisions. Fertile pinnae on separate fronds, which are
+contracted and covered with brown sporangia.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Leaf Gradations]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern. Gradations from Sterile to Fertile Fronds]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _frondosa_]
+
+Each fertile frond springs up at first outside the sterile ones, but is
+soon surrounded and overtopped by them and finds itself in the center of
+a charming circle of green leaves curving gracefully outwards. In a short
+time, however, it withers and hangs down or falls to the ground. The large,
+conspicuous clusters of cinnamon ferns give picturesqueness to many a
+moist, hillside pasture and swampy woodyard. In its crosier stage it is
+wrapped in wool, which falls away as the fronds expand, but leaves, at the
+base of each pinna, a tiny tuft, as if to mark its identity.
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern, var. _incisa_ (Maine)]
+
+Many people in the country call the cinnamon fern the "buckhorn brake," and
+eat with relish the tender part which they find deep within the crown at
+the base of the unfolding fronds. This is known as the "heart of Osmund."
+The fern, itself, with its tall, recurving leaves makes a beautiful
+ornament for the shady lawn, and like the interrupted fern is easy to
+cultivate. The spores of all the _osmundas_ are green, and need to
+germinate quickly or they lose their vitality. Common in low and swampy
+grounds in eastern North America and South America and Japan. May. Some
+think it was this species which was coupled with the serpent in the old
+rhyme,
+
+  "Break the first brake you see,
+  Kill the first snake you see,
+  And you will conquer every enemy."
+
+[Illustration: Osmunda cinnamomea, var. _glandulosa_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Var. _frondosa_ has its fronds partly sterile below and irregularly fertile
+towards the summit.
+
+Var. _incisa_ has the inner pinnules of some of the pinnae more or less
+cut-toothed.
+
+Var. _glandulosa_ has glandular hairs on the pinnae, rachis and even the
+stipes of the sterile frond. This is known only on the coastal plain from
+Rhode Island to Maryland.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+CURLY GRASS FAMILY
+
+SCHIZAEACEAE
+
+CURLY GRASS. _Schizaea pusilla_
+
+
+Small, slender ferns with linear or thready leaves, the sterile, one to
+two inches high and tortuous or "curled like corkscrews"; fertile fronds
+longer, three to five inches, and bearing at the top about five pairs of
+minute, fruited pinnae. Sporangia large, ovoid, sessile in a double row
+along the single vein of the narrow divisions of the fertile leaves, and
+provided with a complete apical ring. (_Schizaea_, from a Greek root meaning
+to split, alluding to the cleft leaves of foreign species.)
+
+[Illustration: Curly Grass. _Schizaea pusilla_]
+
+The curly grass is so minute that it is difficult to distinguish it when
+growing amid its companion plants, the grasses, mosses, sundews, club
+mosses, etc. The sterile leaves are evergreen. Pine barrens of New Jersey,
+Grand Lake, Nova Scotia, and in New Brunswick. Several new stations for the
+curly grass have recently been discovered in the southwest counties of Nova
+Scotia by the Gray Herbarium expedition, mostly in bogs and hollows of
+sandy peat or sphagnum.
+
+[Illustration: Sporangia of Curly Grass]
+
+CLIMBING FERN. HARTFORD FERN
+
+_Lygodium palmatum_
+
+  "And where upon the meadow's breast
+  The shadow of the thicket lies."
+  BRYANT.
+
+Fronds slender, climbing or twining, three to five feet long. The lower
+pinnae (frondlets) sterile, roundish, five to seven lobed, distant in pairs
+with simple veins; the upper fertile, contracted, several times forked,
+forming a terminal panicle; the ultimate segments crowded, and bearing
+the sporangia, which are similar to those of curly grass, and fixed to a
+veinlet by the inner side next the base, one or rarely two covered by each
+indusium. (From the Greek meaning like a willow twig [pliant], alluding to
+the flexible stipes.)
+
+[Illustration: Climbing Fern. _Lygodium palmatum_]
+
+Fifty years ago this beautiful fern was more common than at present. There
+was a considerable colony in a low, alluvial meadow thicket at North
+Hadley, Mass., not far from Mt. Toby, where we collected it freely in 1872.
+Many used to decorate their homes with its handsome sprays, draping it
+gracefully over mirrors and pictures. It was known locally as the Hartford
+fern. Greedy spoilers ruthlessly robbed its colonies and it became scarce,
+at least in the Mt. Toby region. In Connecticut a law was enacted in 1867
+for its protection and with good results. But as Mr. C.A. Weatherby states
+in the American Fern Journal (Vol. II, No. 4), the encroachments of tillage
+(mainly of tobacco, which likes the same soil), are forcing it from its
+cherished haunts, thus jeopardizing its survival. Doubtless an aggressive
+agriculture is in part responsible for its scarcity in the more northern
+locality. It is still found here and there in New England, New York and New
+Jersey; also in Kentucky, Tennessee and Florida, but is nowhere common.
+The fertile portion dies when the spores mature, but the sterile frondlets
+remain green through the winter. A handsome species for the fernery in the
+house or out of doors.
+
+
+
+
+IV
+
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY
+
+_OPHIOGLOSSACEAE_
+
+Plants more or less fern-like consisting of a stem with a single leaf. In
+_Ophioglossum_ the leaf or sterile segment is entire, the veins reticulated
+and the sporangia in a simple spike. In _Botrychium_ the sterile segment is
+more or less incised, the veins free, and the sori in a panicle or compound
+or rarely simple spike. Sporangia naked, opening by a transverse slit.
+Spores copious, sulphur-yellow.
+
+ADDER'S TONGUE. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_
+
+Rootstock erect, fleshy. Stem simple, two to ten inches high, bearing
+one smooth, entire leaf about midway, and a terminal spike embracing the
+sporangia, coherent in two ranks on its edges. (Generic name from the Greek
+meaning the tongue of a snake, in allusion to the narrow spike of the
+sporangia.)
+
+In moist meadows or rarely on dry slopes. "Overlooked rather than rare."
+New England states and in general widely distributed. July. Often grows
+in company with the ragged orchis. The ancient ointment known as "adder's
+speare ointment" had the adder's tongue leaves as a chief ingredient, and
+is said to be still used for wounds in English villages.
+
+  "For them that are with newts or snakes or adders stung,
+  He seeketh out a herb that's called adder's tongue."
+
+[Illustration: Adder's Tongue. _Ophioglossum vulgatum_]
+
+Var. _minus_, smaller; fronds often in pairs. The sterile segment
+yellowish-green, attached usually much below the middle of the plant. Sandy
+ground, New Hampshire to New Jersey.
+
+Var. _Engelmanni_. (Given specific rank in Gray.) Has the sterile segment
+thicker and cuspidate, the stipe slender and the secondary veins forming
+a fine network within the meshes of the principal ones. Virginia and
+westward.
+
+Var. _arenarium_. (From the Latin, _arena_, meaning sand, being found in
+a sandy soil.) Probably a depauperate form of _Ophioglossum vulgatum_ and
+about half as large. A colony of these ferns was discovered growing in poor
+soil at Holly Beach, New Jersey.
+
+
+
+
+KEY TO THE GRAPE FERNS
+
+(_Botrychium_)
+
+Plant large, fruiting in June, sterile part much divided:
+                                                  Rattlesnake Fern.
+Plant smaller:
+    Fruiting in autumn, sterile part long-stalked, triangular.
+                                                  Common Grape Fern.
+    Fruiting in summer:
+        Plant fleshy, sterile part mostly with lunate segments.
+                                                           Moonwort.
+        Plant less fleshy, segments not lunate:
+            Sterile part short-stalked above the middle of the stem.
+                                                     Matricary Fern.
+            Sterile part stalked usually below middle of stem.
+                                                  Little Grape Fern.
+            Sterile part sessile near the top of the stem.
+                                            Lance-leaved Grape Fern.
+
+
+
+GRAPE FERNS
+
+_Botrychium_
+
+Rootstock very short, erect with clustered fleshy roots; the base of the
+sheathed stalk containing the bud for the next year's frond. Fertile frond
+one to three pinnate, the contracted divisions bearing a double row of
+sessile, naked, globular sporangia, opening transversely into two valves.
+Sterile segment of the frond ternately or pinnately divided or compound.
+Veins free. Spores copious, sulphur yellow. (The name in Greek means a
+cluster of grapes, alluding to the grape-like clusters of the sporangia.)
+
+(1) MOONWORT. _Botrychium Lunaria_
+
+Very fleshy, three to ten inches high, sterile segment subsessile, borne
+near the middle of the plant, oblong, simple pinnate with three to eight
+pairs of lunate or fan-shaped divisions, obtusely crenate, the veins
+repeatedly forking; fertile segment panicled, two to three pinnate.
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort _Botrychium Lunaria_]
+
+[Illustration: Moonwort. _Botrychium Lunaria_. Details]
+
+The moonwort was formerly associated with many superstitions and was
+reputed to open all locks at a mere touch, and to unshoe all horses that
+trod upon it. "Unshoe the horse" was one of the names given to it by the
+country people.
+
+  "Horses that feeding on the grassy hills,
+  Tread upon moonwort with their hollow heels,
+  Though lately shod, at night go barefoot home
+  Their maister musing where their shoes be gone."
+
+In dry pastures, Lake Superior and northward, but rare in the United
+States. Willoughby, Vt., where the author found a single plant in 1904, and
+St. Johnsbury, Vt. Also New York, Michigan and westward.
+
+In England said to be local rather than rare. Sometimes called Lunary.
+
+  "Then sprinkled she the juice of rue
+  With nine drops of the midnight dew
+  From Lunary distilling."
+  DRAYTON.
+
+(2) LITTLE GRAPE FERN. _Botrychium simplex_
+
+Fronds two to four inches high, very variable. Sterile segment
+short-petioled, usually near the middle, simple and roundish or pinnately
+three to seven lobed. Veins all forking from the base. Fertile segments
+simple or one to two pinnate, apex of both segments erect in the bud.
+
+In moist woods and fields, Canada to Maryland and westward; Conway and
+Plainfield, Mass., Berlin and Litchfield, Conn. Rare. According to Pringle
+it is "abundantly scattered over Vermont, its habitat usually poor soil,
+especially knolls of hill pastures." May or June.
+
+(3) LANCE-LEAVED GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium lanceolatum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM
+
+Frond two to nine inches high, both sterile and fertile segments at the
+top of the common stalk. Sterile segment triangular, twice pinnatifid, the
+acute lobes lanceolate, incised or toothed, scarcely fleshy, resembling
+a very small specimen of the rattlesnake fern. Fertile segment slightly
+overtopping the sterile, two to three pinnate and spreading.
+
+One of the constant companions of the rattlesnake fern. New England to Lake
+Superior. July.
+
+[Illustration: Little Grape Fern _Botrychium simplex_]
+
+[Illustration: Lance-leaved Grape Fern _Botrychium lanceolatum Botrychium
+angustisegmentum_]
+
+(4) MATRICARY FERN
+
+_Botrychium ramosum. Botrychium matricariaefolium_
+
+Fronds small, one to twelve inches high. Sterile segment above the middle,
+usually much divided. Fertile segment twice or thrice pinnate. Apex of both
+segments turned down in the bud, the sterile overtopping and clasping the
+fertile one.
+
+[Illustration: The Matricary Fern _Botrychium ramosum_]
+
+The matricary fern differs from the preceding in ripening its spores about
+a month earlier, in having its sterile frond stalked, besides being a
+taller and fleshier plant. It may also be noted that in the lance-leaved
+species the midveins of the larger lobes are continuous, running to the
+tip; whereas in the matricary fern the midveins fork repeatedly and are
+soon indistinguishable from the veinlets. The two are apt to grow near each
+other, with the rattlesnake fern as a near neighbor. June.
+
+NOTE. In 1897 A.A. Eaton discovered certain _Botrychia_ in a sphagnum
+swamp in New Hampshire, to which he gave the specific name of _Botrychium
+tenebrosum_. The plants were very small, not averaging above two or three
+inches high, with the sterile blade sessile or slightly stalked. Many
+botanists prefer to place this fern as a variety of the matricary, but
+others regard it as a form of _Botrychium simplex_. Borders of maple
+swamps, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York.
+
+(5) COMMON GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_. _Botrychium ternatum_, var.
+_obliquum_
+
+BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM, var. OBLIQUUM
+
+Rootstock short, its base including the buds of succeeding years. Fronds
+two to twelve inches or more high. Leafy or sterile segment triangular,
+ternate, long-petioled, springing from near the base of the plant, and
+spreading horizontally. From the main leafstock grow several pairs of
+stalked pinnae, with the divisions ovate-oblong, acutish, crenate-serrulate,
+obliquely cordate or subcordate. Fertile segment taller, erect, about three
+times pinnate, maturing its fruit in autumn. Occasionally two or three
+fertile spikes grow on the same plant. In vernation the apex of each
+segment is bent down with a slight curve inward.
+
+[Illustration: Common Grape Fern. _Botrychium obliquum_]
+
+New England to Virginia, westward to Minnesota and southward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _dissectum_. Similar to the type, but with
+the divisions very finely dissected or incisely many-toothed, the most
+beautiful of all the grape ferns. There is considerable variety in the
+cutting of the fronds. Maine to Florida and westward.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _oneidense_. Ultimate segments oblong, rounded
+at the apex, crenulate-serrate, less divided than any of the others and,
+perhaps, less common. Vermont to Central New York.
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _elongatum_. Divisions lanceolate, elongated,
+acute.
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum_ var. _oneidense_]
+
+Note: A Botrychium not uncommon in Georgia and Alabama, named by Swartz
+B. lunarioides, deserves careful study. It is known as the "Southern
+Botrychium."
+
+[Illustration: _Botrychium obliquum, var. dissectum_]
+
+(6) TERNATE GRAPE FERN
+
+_Botrychium ternatum_, var. _intermedium_
+
+_Botrychium obliquum_, var. _intermedium_
+
+Leaf more divided than in _obliquum_ and the numerous segments not so
+long and pointed, but large, fleshy, ovate or obovate (including var.
+_australe_), crenulate, and more or less toothed.
+
+Sandy soil, pastures and open woods. More northerly in its range--New
+England and New York. Var. _rutaefolium_. More slender, rarely over six or
+seven inches high; sterile segment about two inches broad, its divisions
+few, broadly ovate, the lowest sublunate. The first variety passes
+insensibly into the second.
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Reduced)]
+
+[Illustration: Ternate Grape Fern _Botrychium ternatum_ var. _intermedium_
+(Two stocks, reduced)]
+
+(7) RATTLESNAKE FERN. _Botrychium virginianum_
+
+Fronds six inches to two feet high. Sterile segment sessile above the
+middle of the plant, broadly triangular, thin, membranaceous, ternate.
+Pinnules lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid; ultimate segments oblong or
+lanceolate and scarcely or not at all spatulate. Fertile part long-stalked,
+two to three pinnate, its ultimate segments narrow and thick, nearly
+opaque in dried specimens. Mature sporangia varying from dark yellow-brown
+to almost black. Open sporangia close again and are flattened or of a
+lenticular form. In rich, deciduous woods, rather common and widely
+distributed.
+
+[Illustration: Rattlesnake Fern. _Botrychium virginianum_ (From Waters's
+"Ferns," Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+Prince Edward Island, Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas, and north to
+Newfoundland and Labrador.
+
+Var. _gracilis_. A form much reduced in size.
+
+Var. LAURENTIANUM. A conspicuous variety having thick and heavy sterile
+fronds less finely divided than the type, with the segments crowded to
+overlapping. Pinnules shorter than the type, tending to be ovate, outer
+segments strongly spatulate. Fertile spike relatively short and stout,
+strongly paniculate when well developed. Ultimate segments flat, folaceous,
+one mm. wide. Mostly confined to the limestone district near the Gulf of
+St. Lawrence, Labrador, Newfoundland, Quebec, Maine, and Michigan.
+
+Var. INTERMEDIUM. Segments of sterile fronds ultimately much spatulate,
+previously ovate, not overlapping. Segments of fertile fronds ultimately
+narrowly flattened. (For this and the other varieties see Rhodora of
+September, 1919.) Nova Scotia, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
+northern New York, Illinois, and Missouri.
+
+Var. EUROPAEUM. Fertile frond less finely dissected than in type. Ultimate
+segments more obtuse than in type; has but very slight tendency towards the
+spatulate form of the two previous varieties. Pinnules lanceolate, strongly
+decurrent so that the pinnae are merely pinnatifid. In coniferous forests
+of Canada, and confined to calcareous regions. Quebec, New Brunswick, New
+Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Ontario, Montana, and British Columbia. Said
+to be rare even in Europe.
+
+
+
+
+V
+
+THE FILMY FERN FAMILY
+
+
+_HYMENOPHYLLACEAE_
+
+The filmy ferns are small, delicate plants with membranaceous, finely
+dissected fronds from slender, creeping rootstocks. Sporangia sessile on
+a bristle-like receptacle. There are about one hundred species, mostly
+tropical, only one of which grows as far north as Kentucky.
+
+[Illustration: Filmy Fern _Trichomanes Boschianum_ (From Waters' "Ferns",
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+FILMY FERN. BRISTLE FERN
+
+_Trichomanes Boschianum. Trichomanes radicans_
+
+Rootstocks creeping, filiform, stipes ascending, one to three inches
+long, thin, very delicate, pellucid, much divided, oblong-lanceolate,
+bipinnatifid. Rachis narrowly winged. Sporangia clustered around the
+slender bristle, which is the prolongation of a vein, and surrounded by a
+vase-like, slightly two-lipped involucre.
+
+On moist, dripping sandstone cliffs, Kentucky to Alabama. Often called the
+"Killarney fern," as it grows about the lakes of Killarney in Ireland.
+
+[Illustration: Fruiting Pinnules of Filmy Fern (From Waters's "Ferns."
+Henry Holt & Co.)]
+
+[Illustration: Ostrich Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Cinnamon Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Marginal Shield Fern]
+
+[Illustration: Lady Fern Crosiers]
+
+[Illustration: Fiddleheads or Crosiers of Christmas Fern]
+
+
+
+
+NOTED FERN AUTHORS
+
+BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
+
+
+[The works of these authors are listed under "Fern Literature" in the
+following pages.]
+
+EATON, DANIEL CADY. Born at Gratiot, Mich., September 12, 1834. His
+grandfather was Amos Eaton, noted botanist and author. Studied botany under
+his friend, Prof. Asa Gray, who had studied with Prof. John Torrey, who in
+turn was a pupil of Amos Eaton. Daniel C. was professor of botany in
+Yale College, for more than thirty years. A man of graceful and winsome
+personality, an authority on ferns, and widely known by his writings. His
+masterpiece was "The Ferns of North America" in two large, quarto volumes,
+beautifully illustrated. He died June 29, 1895.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD NELSON. Born at Painted Post, N.Y., February 26, 1869.
+Education informal; common schools, university lectures and private study.
+Manifested early a keen interest in birds and flowers. Was founder and
+first president of the American Fern Society. Collected in Jamaica more
+than three hundred species of ferns. Has written extensively on the ferns
+and their allies, besides publishing several standard volumes. His great
+distinction is in founding and editing the _Fern Bulletin_ through its
+twenty volumes, when he combined this publication with _The American
+Botanist_, which is now on its twenty-eighth volume, the whole a prodigious
+achievement of great scientific value.
+
+[Illustration: Noted Writers on Ferns W.N. CLUTE, D.C. EATON, F.T. PARSONS,
+G. DAVENPORT, J. WILLIAMSON, L.M. UNDERWOOD, W.R MAXON, A.A. EATON, C.E.
+WATERS, R. DODGE]
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIUS MARCUS. Born at New Woodstock, N.Y., October 26, 1853.
+Spent early life on a farm. Was graduated from Syracuse University in 1877.
+After teaching several years in his alma mater and elsewhere, he became
+Professor of Botany in Columbia University. He contributed numerous
+articles to the _Torrey Bulletin_, _Fern Bulletin_, and other scientific
+journals. His scholarly book, "Our Native Ferns and Their Allies,"
+continued unexcelled through six editions. He died November 16, 1907.
+
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. EDWARD. Born in Boston, August 3, 1833. A promoter and
+officer of the Middlesex Institute. An accurate and diligent student of the
+ferns, his numerous articles were published in the _Fern Bulletin_, in the
+_Torrey Bulletin_, _Rhodora_, and in separate monographs. He was a leading
+authority on the pteridophyta, and collected a large and choice herbarium
+of the native ferns, which he donated to the Massachusetts Horticultural
+Society. By his gentle manners and kindly spirit he won many friends, all
+of whom were proud to recognize his distinguished ability. He cultivated
+many of our rare native ferns in his Fellsway home, at Medford, Mass., and
+freely gave specimens to his friends. He died suddenly of heart failure,
+November 29, 1907.
+
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL EASTER. Born in Baltimore County, Md., September 14, 1872.
+Was graduated at Johns Hopkins University in 1895. Ph.D. in 1899. Was for
+a time a close student of ferns, and issued his notable book, "Ferns," in
+1903, containing his "Analytical Key Based on the Stipes." A chemist by
+profession, he has pursued that branch of science for the last eighteen
+years. His address is Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM RALPH. Born at Oneida, N.Y., February 27, 1877. Was
+graduated at Syracuse University in 1898. Began as aid in cryptogamic
+botany, United States National Herbarium, 1899, and is now associate
+curator of the same. Has specialized in scientific work on the
+pteridophyta, distinguishing himself by the excellence as well as by the
+large number of his publications, the more important being "Studies of
+Tropical American Ferns," Nos. 1 to 6. The _Fern Bulletin_, _Torrey
+Bulletin_, _American Fern Journal_, _Fernwort Papers_, et al., have
+profited from his expert and up-to-date knowledge. He is president of the
+American Fern Society.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES THEODORA. Born in New York, December 5, 1861. _Nee_ Smith.
+Married Commander William Starr Dana of the United States Navy, who was
+lost at sea. As Mrs. Dana, she published, "How to Know the Wild Flowers,"
+in 1893, and within ten years more than seventy thousand copies of the book
+had been sold. "According to Season" appeared in 1894. In February, 1896,
+she married Prof. James Russell Parsons, treasurer of the University of
+the State of New York. In 1899 she published, "How to Know the Ferns." She
+combined a thorough knowledge of her subject with an easy and graceful
+style.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. Born at Newburyport, Mass., September 9, 1844. Civil War
+veteran. Wounded at Port Hudson, June 28, 1863. A machinist by trade. A
+careful observer and student of nature, he discovered _Aspidium simulatum_
+at Follymill, Seabrook, N.H., in 1880. (Whittier's "My Playmate," verse
+9.) He discovered also the hybrid _Aspidium cristatum x Marginale_. He
+published his little book, "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England," in 1896.
+Died October 20, 1918.
+
+EATON, ALVAH AUGUSTUS. Born at Seabrook, N.H., November 20, 1865. Studied
+at the Putnam School in Newburyport, but was largely self-educated. He
+took up teaching for several years, spending three years in California.
+Returning East, he became a florist and began to write for various fern
+journals, giving special attention to the fern allies. He prepared the
+genera _Equisetum_ and _Isoetes_ for the seventh edition of "Gray's
+Manual." He proved the keenness of his observing powers by discovering
+several ferns new to the United States. Died at his home in North Easton,
+Mass., September 29, 1908.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Born in Abernathy, Scotland, about the year 1838. He came
+to Louisville, Ky., to live in 1866. A wood-carver by trade, he could work
+skillfully in wood or metal, and after a time established a brass foundry.
+His friend, George E. Davenport, writes of him: "He caught as by some
+divine gift or inspiration the innermost life and feelings of the wild
+flowers and ferns, and his marvelously accurate needle transfixed them with
+revivifying power on paper or metal." His "Ferns of Kentucky," issued in
+1878, was the first handbook on ferns published in the United States. He
+died June 17, 1884, in the mountains of West Virginia, whither he had gone
+for his health.
+
+
+
+
+FERN LITERATURE
+
+
+AMERICAN FERN JOURNAL. 1910. The American Fern Society. (Annual
+subscription, $1.25.)
+
+BELAIRS, NONA. Hardy Ferns. Smith, Elder and Co. London, 1865.
+
+BRITISH FERN GAZETTE.
+
+BRITTEN, JAMES. European Ferns. Colored Plates. Cassell & Co. London.
+Quarto.
+
+BUTTERS, F.K. Athyrium. Study of the American Lady Ferns. Rhodora,
+September, 1917.
+
+CAMPBELL, D.H. Structure and Development of the Mosses and Ferns. Macmillan
+& Co. 1905. Ed. 2.
+
+CLUTE, WILLARD N. Our Ferns in Their Haunts. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+Fern Collector's Guide. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1902.
+
+The Fern Allies. Frederick A. Stokes Co. New York, 1905.
+
+The Fern Bulletin. Founder and Editor. 20 vols. 1893-1912.
+
+Combined with The American Botanist. Joliet, Ill. 1912.
+
+CONARD, HENRY S. Structure and History of Hayscented Fern. Washington,
+1908.
+
+COOK, M.C. Fern-book for Everybody. E. Warne & Co. London.
+
+DAVENPORT, GEO. E. Catalog of Davenport Herbarium, Massachusetts
+Horticultural Society. 1879. Numerous Monographs and Notes on New England
+ferns in Torrey Bulletin, Fern Bulletin, and Rhodora. The following
+monographs are in single booklets by Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
+Aspidium cristatum x marginale, Aspidium simulatum, Aspidium spinulosum and
+its Varieties, Botrychium ternatum and its Varieties, Notes on Botrychium
+simplex.
+
+DODGE, RAYNAL. The Ferns and Fern Allies of New England--very small volume,
+now out of print. W.N. Clute & Co. 1904.
+
+DRUERY, CHARLES T. British Ferns and Their Varieties. Routledge & Son.
+London.
+
+EASTMAN, HELEN. New England Ferns and Their Common Allies. Houghton Mifflin
+& Co. Boston, 1904. Out of print.
+
+EATON, DANIEL C. The Ferns of North America. 2 vols. 1879-80. S.E. Cassino,
+Salem. Drawings by J.H. Emerton and C.E. Faxon.
+
+EATON, A.A. Specialist in Fern Allies. Prepared Equisetum and Isoetes for
+Gray's Manual, 7th ed. 1908.
+
+GILBERT, BENJ. D. List of North American Pteridophytes. 1901. Utica, N.Y.
+
+HERVEY, ALPHAEUS B. Wayside Flowers and Ferns. Page & Co. Boston, 1899.
+
+HEMSLEY, ALFRED. Book of Fern Culture. John Lane. London, 1908.
+
+HIBBARD, SHIRLEY. The Fern Garden. Groombridge & Sons. 5 Paternoster Row,
+London. 1869.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J. Genera Filicum. Large 8vo. London, 1842. Contains fine
+plates which include all American genera. Costs about $25.
+
+Species Filicum. 5 vols. 8vo. London, 1846-64. Vol. II contains seventeen
+and Vol. Ill contains two plates of American ferns with descriptions of
+more species. Cost about $50.
+
+HOOKER, SIR W.J., & BAKER. Synopsis Filicum 2d ed. 1874. 8vo. Describes
+all ferns then known, including the American species. Has also figures
+illustrating each genus. Costs about $10.
+
+LOWE, EDWARD J. Ferns British and Exotic. 9 vols. 8vo. Bell & Daldy.
+London, 1868. 550 plates, some very poor. Some American ferns are
+represented. "The descriptions," says John Robinson, "are worthless, and
+the synonymy is often incorrect."
+
+MAXON, WILLIAM R. A List of Ferns and Fern Allies of North America, north
+of Mexico, etc. National Museum, 23:619-651. 1901.
+
+Numerous Monographs and Notes on American Ferns in current magazines.
+
+Studies of Tropical American Ferns. United States National Herbarium,
+17:541+.
+
+Pteridophyta (excepting Equisitaceae and Isoetaceae) of the northern
+United States, Canada and the British Possessions. In Britton and Brown,
+Illustrated Flora, etc., ed. 2, pp. 1-54. 1913. New York.
+
+MEEHAN, THOMAS. Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States. Boston,
+1878-9.
+
+MOORE, THOMAS. Nature-printed British Ferns. 2 vols. London, 1859.
+
+PARSONS, FRANCES T. How to Know the Ferns. Charles Scribner's Sons. New
+York, 1899.
+
+PRATT, ANNE. The Ferns of Great Britain and Their Allies. F. Warne & Co.
+London. No date.
+
+REDFIELD, JOHN. Geographical Distribution of the Ferns of North America.
+Torrey Bulletin, VI, 1-7. (1875).
+
+RHODORA. Journal of the New England Botanical Club. January, 1899, to date.
+
+ROBINSON, JOHN. Ferns in Their Homes and Ours. S.E. Cassino. Salem, 1878.
+Out of print.
+
+SACHS, JULIUS. Text Book of Botany. (Translated.) Macmillan & Co. London.
+8vo.
+
+SLOSSON, MARGARET. How Ferns Grow. Henry Holt & Co. New York. 1906. Out of
+print.
+
+SMALL, JOHN K. Ferns of Tropical Florida. New York, 1918.
+
+SMITH, JOHN. Historia Filicum. London, 1875. Amply illustrated, reliable.
+
+STEP, EDWARD. Wayside and Woodland Ferns. F. Warne & Co. London, 1908.
+
+TIDESTROM, IVAR. Elysium Marianum. Washington, D.C.
+
+UNDERWOOD, LUCIEN M. Our Native Ferns and Their Allies. Henry Holt & Co.
+Edition 6. 1900. Valuable. Out of print.
+
+WATERS, CAMPBELL E. Ferns. Henry Holt & Co. 1903. Out of print. Scarce.
+
+WEATHERBY, C.A. Changes in the Nomenclature of the Gray's Manual of Ferns.
+Important article in the Rhodora of October, 1919.
+
+WILLIAMSON, JOHN. Ferns of Kentucky. J.P. Morton & Co. Louisville, Ky.
+1878.
+
+Fern Etchings. J.P. Morton & Co. 1879. Both out of print.
+
+WOOLSON, GRACE A. Ferns and How to Grow Them. Doubleday, Page & Co. New
+York, 1909.
+
+WRIGHT, MABEL O. Flowers and Ferns in Their Haunts. Macmillan & Co. New
+York, 1901.
+
+[Illustration:
+  "Fringing the stream at every turn,
+  Swung low the waving fronds of fern."
+  WHITTIER.]
+
+
+
+
+TIMES OF THE FRUITING OF FERNS
+
+
+  "Ah! well I mind the calendar
+  Faithful through a thousand years
+  Of the painted race of flowers."--EMERSON.
+
+Compiled from Dodge's "Ferns and Fern Allies of New England"
+
+May 25.       Little Grape Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+May 30.       Cinnamon Fern.
+June 5.       Ostrich Fern.
+June 10.      Frondosa variety of Cinnamon Fern.
+June 15.      Matricary Grape Fern.
+June 20.      Royal Fern. Interrupted Fern.
+June 25.      Rattlesnake Fern.
+June 30.      Oak Fern. Spinulose Wood Fern and Varieties.
+July 5.       Fragile Bladder Fern. Christmas Fern.
+July 10.      Long Beech Fern. Crested Shield Fern. Boott's
+              Shield Fern.
+July 15.      Moonwort. Virginia Chain Fern. Adder's
+              Tongue. Crested Marginal Shield Fern.
+July 20.      Slender Cliff Brake. Blunt-Lobed Woodsia.
+July 25.      Purple Cliff Brake. Bulblet Bladder Fern.
+              Mountain Spleen wort.
+July 30.      Goldie's Shield Fern. Marginal Shield Fern.
+              Clinton's Wood Fern.
+August 5.     Wall Rue. Walking Fern. Lady Fern.
+August 10.    Alpine Woodsia. Smooth Woodsia. Common
+              Polypody. Maidenhair Fern. Fragrant
+              Shield Fern. Scott's Spleenwort. Braun's
+              Holly Fern.
+August 15.    Rusty Woodsia. Silvery Spleen wort. Lance-leaved
+              Grape Fern.
+August 20.    Ebony and Maidenhair Spleenworts. Hayscented
+              Fern. New York Fern.
+August 25.    Broad Beech Fern.
+August 30.    Marsh Fern.
+September 5.  Bracken or Brake.
+September 10. Climbing Fern. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort.
+September 15. Massachusetts Fern. Green Spleenwort. Sensitive
+              Fern. Ternate Grape Fern.
+September 30. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.
+
+
+
+GLOSSARY
+
+ACUMINATE.    Gradually tapering to a point.
+ACULEATE.     Prickly. Beset with prickles.
+ACUTE.        Sharp pointed, but not tapering.
+ADVENTITIOUS. Irregular, incidental. Growing out
+              of the usual or normal position.
+ANASTOMOSING. Connected by cross veins and forming
+              a network as in the Sensitive
+              ferns.
+ANNULUS.      A jointed, elastic ring surrounding
+              the spore cases in most ferns.
+ANTHERIDIA.   The male organs on a prothallium.
+APEX          The top or pointed end of leaf or frond.
+ (plu. APICES).
+ARCHEGONIA.   The female organs on a prothallium.
+AREOLA.       A space formed by intersecting
+              veins; a mesh.
+AURICLE.      An ear-shaped lobe at the base.
+ARTICULATE.   Jointed; having a joint or node.
+AXIL.         The angle formed by a leaf or
+              branch with the stem.
+BI (Latin,    Two, twice, doubly.
+ _bis_,
+ twice).
+BLADE.        The expanded, leafy portion of a frond.
+BULBLET.      A small bulb, borne on a leaf or in
+              its axil.
+CAUDATE.      With a slender, tail-like appendage.
+CAUDEX.       A trunk or stock of a plant; especially
+              of a tree fern.
+CHAFF.        Thin, dry scales of a yellowish-brown
+              color.
+CHLOROPHYLL.  The green coloring matter of plants.
+CILIATE.      Fringed with fine hairs.
+CIRCINATE.    Coiled downward from the apex, as
+              in the young fronds of a fern.
+CLAVATE.      Club-shaped.
+COMPOUND.     Divided into two or more parts.
+CONFLUENT.    Blended together.
+CORDATE.      Heart-shaped.
+CRENATE.      Scalloped with rounded teeth; said of margins.
+CROSIER.      An uncoiling frond.
+CUNEATE.      Wedge-shaped.
+CUSPIDATE.    Hard pointed, tipped with a cusp.
+DECIDUOUS.    Falling away when done growing--not evergreen.
+DECOMPOUND.   More than once compounded or divided.
+DECURRENT.    Running down the stem below the
+              point of insertion, as the bases of some pinnae.
+DECUMBENT.    Not erect; trailing, bending along
+              the ground, but with the apex ascending.
+DEFLEXED.     Bent or turned abruptly downward.
+DENTATE.      Toothed. Having the teeth of a
+              margin directed outward.
+DICHOTOMOUS.  Forking regularly in pairs.
+DIMORPHOUS.   Of two forms; said of ferns whose
+              fertile fronds are unlike the sterile.
+EMARGINATE.   Notched at the apex.
+ENTIRE.       Without divisions, lobes, or teeth.
+FALCATE.      Scythe-shaped, slightly curved upward.
+FERTILE.      Bearing spores.
+FILIFORM.     Thread-like; long, slender, and terete.
+FILMY.        Having a thin membrane; gauzy;
+              said of the filmy fern fronds.
+FLABELLATE.   Fan-shaped; broad and rounded at
+              the summit and narrow at the base.
+FROND.        A fern leaf or blade; may include
+              both stipe and blade, or only the
+              latter--called also lamina.
+GLABROUS.     Smooth; not rough or hairy.
+GLAND.        A small secreting organ, globular or
+               pear-shaped; it is often stalked.
+GLAUCOUS.     Covered with a fine bloom, bluish-white
+              and powdery, in appearance
+              like a plum.
+HASTATE.      Like an arrowhead with the lobes
+              spreading.
+IMBRICATE.    Overlapping, like shingles on a roof.
+INCISED.      Cut irregularly into sharp lobes.
+INDUSIUM.     The thin membrane covering the
+              sori in some ferns.
+INVOLUCRE.    In ferns, an indusium; in filmy
+              ferns, cup-shaped growths encircling
+              the sporangia.
+LAMINA.       A blade; the leafy portion of a fern.
+LACINIATE.    Slashed; cut into narrow, irregular
+              lobes.
+LANCEOLATE.   Lance-shaped; broadest above the
+              base and tapering to the apex.
+LOBE.         A small rounded segment of a frond.
+MIDRIB.       The main rib or vein of a segment,
+              pinnule, pinna, or frond; a midvein.
+MUCRONATE.    Ending abruptly in a short, sharp
+              point.
+OBLONG.       From two to four times longer than
+              broad and with sides nearly parallel.
+OBTUSE.       Blunt or rounded at the end.
+OIDES.        A Greek ending, meaning _like_, or
+              _like to_, as polypodioides--like to a
+              polypody.
+OOeSPHERE.     The egg-cell in fern reproduction--becoming
+              the ooespore when fertilized.
+OVATE.        Egg-shaped with the broader end
+              downward.
+PALMATE.      Having lobes radiating like the
+              fingers of a hand.
+PANICLE.      A loose compound cluster of flowers
+              or sporangia with irregular stems.
+PEDICEL.      A tiny stalk, especially the stalk of
+              the sporangia.
+PELLUCID.     Clear, transparent.
+PERSISTENT.   Remaining on the plant for a long
+              time, as leaves through the winter.
+PETIOLE.      The same as stalk or stipe.
+PINNA.        One of the primary divisions of a frond.
+PINNATE.      Feather-like; with the divisions of
+              the frond extending fully to the rachis.
+PINNATIFID.   Having the divisions of the frond
+              extend halfway or more to the
+              rachis or mid vein.
+PINNULE.      A secondary pinna. In a bipinnate
+              frond one of the smaller divisions
+              extending to the secondary midvein.
+PROCUMBENT.   Lying on the ground.
+PROTHALLIUM.  (Or prothallus.) A delicate, cellular,
+              leaf-like structure produced
+              from a fern spore, and bearing the
+              sexual organs.
+PTERIDOPHYTA. A group of flowerless plants embracing
+              ferns, horsetails, club mosses, etc.
+PUBESCENT.    Covered with fine, soft hairs; downy.
+RACHIS.       The continuation of the stipe
+              through the blade or leafy portion
+              of the fern.
+REFLEXED.     Bent abruptly downward or backward.
+RENIFORM.     Kidney-shaped.
+REVOLUTE.     Rolled backward from the margin or apex.
+ROOTSTOCK.    (Or rhizome.) An underground
+              stem, from which the fronds are produced.
+SCAPE.        A naked stem rising from the ground.
+SEGMENT.      One of the smaller divisions of a
+              pinnatifid frond.
+SERRATE.      Having the margin sharply cut into
+              teeth pointing forward.
+SERRULATE.    The same only with smaller teeth.
+SESSILE.      Without a stalk.
+SINUS.        A cleft or rounded curve between two lobes.
+SINUATE.      With strongly wavy margins.
+SORUS         A cluster of sporangia; a fruit dot.
+(plu. SORI).
+SPATULATE.    Shaped like a druggist's spatula or
+              a flattened spoon.
+SPIKE.        An elongated cluster of sessile sporangia.
+SPINULOSE.    Spiny; set with small, sharp spines.
+SPORANGE (plu. A spore case. A tiny globe in which
+  SPORANGIA). the spores are produced.
+STIPE.        The stem of a fern from the ground
+              up to the leafy portion; the leaf stalk.
+STOLON.       An underground branch or runner.
+SUBULATE.     Awl-shaped.
+TERNATE.      With three nearly equal divisions.
+TRUNCATE.     Ending abruptly as if cut off.
+TUFT.         Things flexible, closely grouped into
+              a bunch or cluster.
+VENATION.     The veining of a frond or leaf.
+VERNATION.    The arrangement of leaves in the bud.
+WHORL.        A circle of leaves around a stem.
+WINGED.       Margined by a thin expansion of the rachis.
+
+
+
+
+NOTE
+
+
+The student should have some idea of the terms _genus_, _species_ and
+_variety_, although they are not capable of exact definition.
+
+A _species_, or kind, is in botany the unit of classification. It embraces
+all such individuals as may have originated in a common stock. Such
+individuals bear an essential resemblance to each other, as well as to
+their common parent in all their parts. E.g., the Cinnamon fern is a kind
+or species of fern with the fronds evidently of one kind, and of a common
+origin, and all producing individuals of their own kind by their spores or
+rootstocks. When such individuals differ perceptibly from the type in the
+shape of the pinnae, or the cutting of the fronds, we have _varieties_ as
+_frondosum_, _incisum_, etc. Or if the difference is less striking the
+word _form_ is used instead of variety, but in any given case opinions may
+differ in respect to the more fitting term.
+
+A _genus_ is an assemblage of species closely related to each other, and
+having more points of resemblance than of difference; e.g., the royal fern,
+the cinnamon fern, and the interrupted fern are alike in having similar
+spore cases borne in a somewhat similar manner on the fronds, and forming
+the genus _Osmunda_. In like manner certain members of the clover
+group--red, white, yellow, etc., make up the genus _Trifolium_.
+
+Thus individuals are grouped into species and species are associated into
+genera, and the two groups are united to give each fern or plant its true
+name, the generic name being qualified by that of the species; as in the
+cinnamon fern _Osmunda_ (genus), _cinnamomea_ (species).
+
+
+
+
+CHECK LIST OF THE FERNS OF NORTHEASTERN AMERICA
+
+In the following list the first name is usually the one adopted in the
+text, and those that follow are synonyms.
+
+Names printed in small capitals are those of the newer nomenclature, now
+adopted at the Gray Herbarium but not in the Manual.
+
+ADIANTUM L.
+1.  Adiantum Capillus-Veneris L.
+2.  Adiantum pedatum L.
+    Var. ALEUTICUM RUPR.
+
+ASPIDIUM SW.
+3.  Aspidium Boottii. Tuckerm.
+    Dryopteris Boottii. (Tuckerm.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS BOOTTII. (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl.
+4.  Aspidium cristatum. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris cristata. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA. (L.) Nieuwl.
+5.  Aspidium cristatum var. Clintonianum. D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris cristata var. Clintoniana. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS CRISTATA var. CLINTONIANA. (D.C. Eaton.) Weatherby.
+6.  Aspidium cristatum x marginale. Davenp.
+7.  Aspidium Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris Filix-mas. (L.) Sw.
+    THELYPTERIS FILIX-MAS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+8.  Aspidium fragrans. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris fragrans. (L.) Schott.
+    THELYPTERIS FRAGRANS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+9.  Aspidium Goldianum. Hook.
+    Dryopteris Goldiana. (Hook.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS GOLDIANA. (Hook.) Nieuwl.
+10. Aspidium marginale. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris marginalis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS MARGINALIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+11. Aspidium noveboracense. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris noveboracensis. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS. (L.) Nieuwl.
+12. Aspidium simulatum. Davenp.
+    Dryopteris simulata. Davenp.
+    THELYPTERIS SIMULATA. (Davenp.) Nieuwl.
+13. Aspidium spinulosum. (O.F. Muell.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa. (O.F. Muell.) Kuntze.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA. (O.F. Muell.) Nieuwl.
+14. Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium. (Muhl.) D.C. Eaton.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. intermedia. (Muhl.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. INTERMEDIA. (Muhl.) Nieuwl.
+15. Aspidium spinulosum var. concordianum. (Davenp.) Eastman.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. CONCORDIANA. (Davenp.) Weatherby.
+16. Aspidium spinulosum var. dilatatum. (Hoff.) Gray.
+    Dryopteris spinulosa var. dilatata. (Hoff.) Underw.
+    THELYPTERIS SPINULOSA var. AMERICANA. (Fisch.) Weatherby.
+17. Aspidium thelypteris. (L.) Sw.
+    Dryopteris thelypteris. (L.) A. Gray.
+    THELYPTERIS PALUSTRIS. Schott.
+
+ASPLENIUM L.
+
+18. Asplenium Bradleyi. D.C. Eaton.
+19. Asplenium platyneuron. (L.) Oakes.
+    Asplenium ebeneum. Ait.
+20. Asplenium ebenoides. R.R. Scott.
+21. Asplenium montanum. Willd.
+22. Asplenium parvulum. Mart, and Gal.
+    Asplenium resiliens. Kze.
+23. Asplenium pinnatifidum. Nutt.
+24. Asplenium Ruta-muraria. L.
+25. Asplenium Trichomanes. L.
+26. Asplenium viride. Huds.
+
+ATHYRIUM. ROTH
+
+27. ATHYRIUM ACROSTICHOIDES. (Sw.) Diels.
+    Asplenium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Asplenium thelypteroides. Michx.
+28. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM. (Michx.) Milde.
+    Asplenium angustifolium. Michx.
+    Asplenium pycnocarpon. Spreng.
+29. ATHYRIUM ANGUSTUM. (Willd.) Presl.
+    Athyrium filix-femina. American Authors not Roth.
+    Asplenium filix-femina. American Authors not Bernh.
+30. ATHYRIUM ASPLENIOIDES. (Michx.) Desv.
+
+BOTRYCHIUM. SW.
+
+31. Botrychium lanceolatum. (Gmel.) Angstroem.
+    BOTRYCHIUM ANGUSTISEGMENTUM. (Pease and Moore.) Fernald.
+32. BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM. Spreng.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. dissectum. (Spreng.) Clute.
+33. Botrychium obliquum. Muhl.
+    BOTRYCHIUM DISSECTUM var. OBLIQUUM. (Muhl.) Clute.
+34. Botrychium lunaria. (L.) Sw.
+35. Botrychium ramosum. (Roth.) Aschers.
+    Botrychium matricariaefolium. A. Br.
+    Botrychium neglectum. Wood.
+36. Botrychium simplex. E. Hitchcock.
+37. Botrychium ternatum. (Thunb.) Sw. Var. intermedium. D.C. Eaton.
+    Botrychium obliquum var. intermedium. (D.C. Eaton.) Underw.
+38. Botrychium virginianum. (L.) Sw.
+
+CAMPTOSORUS. LINK
+
+39. Camptosorus rhizophyllus. (L.) Link.
+
+CHEILANTHES. SW.
+
+40. Cheilanthes alabamensis. (Buckley.) Kunze.
+41. Cheilanthes Feei. Moore.
+    Cheilanthes lanuginosa. Nutt.
+42. Cheilanthes lanosa. (Michx.) Watt.
+    Cheilanthes vestita. Sw.
+43. Cheilanthes tomentosa. Link.
+
+CRYPTOGRAMMA.R. BR.
+44. Cryptogramma densa. (Brack.) Diels.
+    Pellaea densa. (Brack.) Hook.
+45. Cryptogramma Stelleri. (Gmel.) Prantl.
+    Pellaea gracilis. (Michx.) Hook.
+46. Cryptogramma acrostichoides. R. Br.
+
+CYSTOPTERIS. BERNH.
+47. Cystopteris bulbifera. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix bulbifera. (L.) Underw.
+48. Cystopteris fragilis. (L.) Bernh.
+    Filix fragilis. (L.) Underw.
+
+DENNSTAEDTIA L'HER.
+49. DENNSTAEDTIA PUNCTILOBULA. (Michx.) Moore.
+    Dicksonia pilosiuscula. Willd.
+
+LYGODIUM SW.
+50. Lygodium palmatum. (Bernh.) Sw.
+
+NOTHOLAENA.R. BR.
+51. Notholaena dealbata. (Pursh.) Kunze.
+    Notholaena nivea var. dealbata. (Pursh.) Davenp.
+
+ONOCLEA L.
+52. Onoclea sensibilis. L.
+53. Onoclea Struthiopteris. (L.) Hoff.
+    Struthiopteris Germanica. Willd.
+    Matteuccia Struthiopteris. (L.) Todaro.
+    PTERETIS NODULOSA. (Michx.) Nieuwl.
+
+OPHIOGLOSSUM. (TOURN.) L.
+
+54. Ophioglossum vulgatum. L.
+    Ophioglossum vulgatum var. minus. Moore.
+55. Ophioglossum Engelmanni. Prantl.
+
+OSMUNDA.L.
+56. Osmunda cinnamomea. L.
+57. Osmunda Claytoniana. L.
+58. Osmunda regalis. L.
+    OSMUNDA REGALIS var. SPECTABILIS. (Willd.) Gray.
+
+PELLAEA. LINK
+59. Pellaea atropurpurea. (L.) Link.
+60. Pellaea glabella. Mett.
+
+PHEGOPTERIS FEE
+61. Phegopteris Dryopteris. (L.) Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS DRYOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+62. Phegopteris hexagonoptera. (Michx.) Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA. (Michx.) Weatherby.
+63. Phegopteris polypodioides Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS PHEGOPTERIS. (L.) Slosson.
+    Phegopteris Phegopteris. (L.) Underw.
+64. Phegopteris Robertiana. (Hoff.) A. Br.
+    Phegopteris calcarea. Fee.
+    THELYPTERIS ROBERTIANA. (Hoff.) Slosson.
+
+POLYPODIUM.L.
+65. Polypodium vulgare. L.
+66. Polypodium polypodioides. (L.) Watt.
+    Polypodium incanum. Sw.
+
+POLYSTICHUM. ROTH
+
+67. Polystichum acrostichoides. (Michx.) Schott.
+    Aspidium acrostichoides. Sw.
+    Dryopteris acrostichoides. (Michx.) Kuntze.
+68. Polystichum Braunii. (Spenner.) Fee.
+    Dryopteris Braunii. (Spenner.) Underw.
+    Aspidium aculeatum var. Braunii. Doel.
+69. Polystichum Lonchitis. (L.) Roth.
+    Aspidium Lonchitis. Sw.
+    Dryopteris Lonchitis. Kuntze.
+
+PTERIS.L.
+
+70. Pteris aquilina. L.
+    Pteridium aquilinum. (L.) Kuhn.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM. (Desv.) Maxon.
+    PTERIDIUM LATIUSCULUM var. PSEUDOCAUDATUM. (Clute.) Maxon.
+
+SCHIZAEA.J.E. SMITH
+
+71. Schizaea pusilla. Pursh.
+72. Scolopendrium vulgare. J.E. Smith.
+    PHYLLITIS SCOLOPENDRIUM. (L.) Newman.
+
+TRICHOMANES.L.
+
+73. Trichomanes radicans. Sw.
+    Trichomanes Boschianum. Sturm.
+
+WOODSIA.R. BY.
+
+74. Woodsia glabella. R. Br.
+75. Woodsia alpina. (Bolton.) S.F. Gray.
+    Woodsia hyperborea. R. Br.
+76. Woodsia ilvensis. (L.) R. Br.
+77. Woodsia Cathcartiana. B.L. Robinson.
+78. Woodsia obtusa. (Spreng.) Torr.
+79. Woodsia oregana. D.C. Eaton.
+80. Woodsia scopulina. D.C. Eaton.
+
+WOODWARDIA.J.E. SMITH
+81. Woodwardia virginica. Sm.
+82. Woodwardia areolata. (L.) Moore.
+    Woodwardia angustifolia. Sm.
+
+
+
+THE PETRIFIED FERN
+
+  In a valley, centuries ago,
+  Grew a little fern-leaf green and slender,
+  Veining delicate and fibers tender,
+  Waving when the wind crept down so low;
+  Rushes tall and moss and grass grew round it,
+  Playful sunbeams darted in and found it,
+  Drops of dew stole down by night and crowned it.
+  But no foot of man e'er came that way--
+  Earth was young and keeping holiday.
+
+  Monster fishes swam the silent main,
+  Stately forests waved their giant branches,
+  Mountains hurled their snowy avalanches,
+  Mammoth creatures stalked across the plain,
+  Nature reveled in grand mysteries;
+  But the little fern was not of these,
+  Did not slumber with the hills and trees,
+  Only grew and waved its wild, sweet way;
+  No one came to note it day by day.
+
+  Earth, one time, put on a frolic mood,
+  Heaved the rocks and changed the mighty motion
+  Of the deep, strong currents of the ocean;
+  Moved the plain and shook the haughty wood,
+  Crushed the little fern in soft, moist clay,
+  Covered it and hid it safe away.
+  Oh, the long, long centuries since that day!
+  Oh, the changes! Oh, life's bitter cost!
+  Since the useless little fern was lost.
+
+  Useless? Lost? There came a thoughtful man
+  Searching Nature's secrets far and deep;
+  From a fissure in a rocky steep
+  He withdrew a stone o'er which there ran
+  Fairy pencilings, a quaint design,
+  Leafage, veining, fibers clear and fine,
+  And the fern's life lay in every line!
+  So, I think, God hides some souls away,
+  Sweetly to surprise us the last day!--M.B. BRANCH.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of Project Gutenberg's The Fern Lover's Companion, by George Henry Tilton
+
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